This concept of culture that the earliest definition is political is Almond, Almond thinks ' every kind of political system is planted in a kind of specific orientation way to the political behavior. ' ( Almond, 1963: 13)and ' a political one word of culture mean the special political orientation - the attitude toward political system and each part, and the attitude toward one's own roles acted in political system. ! -! -The political culture of a country is the political special distribution among people of target's
orientation way. ' ( Almond,1963: 13)These political target's orientations including cognition and appraisal to country , government form , policy , political role in the political system ,etc.. This kind of psychological orientation to the political target includes three respects (Almond, 1963:
16):
1.Cognitive orientation, knowledge and faith outputted about political system , persons who bear , its introduction of his role and role that that is to say;
2.The orientation of the emotion, or about political system , its role , the emotions of personnel and behavior;
3.The orientation appraised , about the political target's judgement and opinion, especially those involve standard and criterion of value, political target who can combine together with information and emotion .
In brief, Almond is defined political culture as: Distributed in people or the ethnicity, the cognition , emotion and appraising the orientation to the political phenomenon.
Almond was here in 1966 ( 1966: 22)<<comparative political science: System , course and policy >>Have defined and done intact and authoritative definition to political culture again in one book:
Political culture is a set of political attitudes , faith and emotion that a nationality prevails in specific period. This political culture is to take shape by this national history and now society , economic , political activity process. The attitude type that people formed in the past experience has important influence on political behavior in the future. Political culture influences the politics of the behavior , they of each person who serves as political role to require the content and response to law.
So, Almond divides citizen's culture into ten following subjects again:
First, individual output cognition of activity to political system and government, including government output to which kind of influence individual have; Whether individual cares about politics and government's affairs ; Basic political knowledge which individual has.
Second, the personal attitude toward political system, including the national sense of pride related to political system; Expectation to the thing that politics outputs; Emotion input to politics.
Third, personal party groupings faith, including the appraisal on the supporter of this party and other party groupings; The faith of party groupings of the family united by marriage holds a any attitude when to the thing that children get married; To the attitude participating in the political activity.
Fourth, citizen's sense of duty, including individual, to the cognition participating in the local social and political affairs.
The fifth, citizen's sense of competence, how to be estimated including individual influences the ability of the central authorities and local government decision activity to oneself; Whether they seek help from the public organization while exerting one's influence.
The sixth, the people's sense of competence that sub, including when individual meets the crudefiber crop and appeals for the government, what response is expected to receive.
The seventh, participate in , the relation with loyal politics , mean that the higher citizen's sense of competence is in citizen's sense of competence and politics, participating in the political activity actively , the sense of loyalty to political system is higher, believe in the democratic system too.
The eighth, the relation that the social attitude cooperates with citizen, including individual character generous, show understanding others , easy to make up the political group; General social trust is easy to change into political trust; The person holding the open , neutrality attitude on belief in the party groupings is apt to reach political cooperation.
The ninth, social organization and relation of citizen's ability , for example, , especially members of the political organization of social organization, have higher sense of competence than other people's citizen; Be able to move ing type members while organizing, have higher sense of competence than other
people's citizen; The person with multiple member's identity, have higher ability than other people's citizen.
The tenth, the political socialized relation with citizen's ability , including the person who participates in family's decision in early years, the general political sense of competence was higher; Participating in the decision of the school and person of office's decision, the political sense of competence is higher.
In the argumentation that this thesis will be behind, regard political culture of Taiwan as case study, discuss these subjects in detail . Should notice here, subject one to seven, mean every political attitude, do not involve the social attitude . Subject eight to ten, mean the relation between political attitude and social attitude and psychological factor. This differentiation is very important, because the social attitude is a content that is generally neglected in all kinds of domestic political culture research projects at present exactly . Almond thinks , the political attitude is mainly a citizen, to the political system, the government outputs and inputs the activity , local transaction management , cognition of citizen's one's own responsibility and ability , emotion and appraises to politics. Equally an important one is, the place where political attitude and social attitude are bounded, there is a general trust sense in societies; Open , tolerant individual character ; The democracy in the social organizations of different forms is participated in used toing. They are in close relation with political attitude, influence and transform each other between the two.
These two parts of subject that the Almond definition and it made are summed up are added up, draw a clear a roughly demarcation line on political cultural research objects.
U.S.A. political cultural researcher Lucian Pye of name " political culture and politics develop " in what he and Verba edit Have used the political culture of Verba to define in one book, namely political culture and limits the political activity values of holding circumstances to make up by a set of experience faith, symbol of expressing. Political culture includes political ideal and two respects of operation rule of government form. But Lucian Pye still thinks further, ' not all people can include the attitudes and emotions of politics in political culture, because some attitudes and emotions are too transient and slight can't influence basic politics to develop ; In on the other hand, a lot of obvious political faith - if believing in the sense basically of the the interpersonal relationships non-, to time and progress orientation,etc. - It is but very important to develop politics. ' ( Pye&Verba, 1965: 7)
The definition of Pye to political culture adopts the view of Almond equally, for example, he acknowledges that political culture is ' the political behavior orientation of a certain specific way ' (Pye&Verba, 1965: 9); He think, ' political culture one in the political system in good order , field of subjectivity, it last the government form one it the contents , organization the normal and connections not social of behavior not personal ' (Pye&Verba, 1965: 11). Can see he and Almond's close place from it. In addition a little, Pye think on target regulation having two standards; ' the first, it is not people's all political attitude and emotion that can belong to political culture , only those often , obviously influence attitude and emotion of basic political development, just belong to this category. Second, there is a lot of non- political faith , for example believing in the sense basically to interpersonal relationships , behavior orientation to time and progressive possibility ,etc., they influence politics to develop deeply, belong to this category too. ' ( Pye&Verba, 1965: 13)contrast
from beginning to end, these views and Almond of Pye are unanimous.
But Pye and Almond are different to some extent. Because Pye is often meaning of summarizing political culture under the backgrounds of developing countries, so his explanation often gives play to the classical definition of Almond to some extent. He society ,etc. as spirit , the citizen's emotion and reason , the leader's style and behavioural norm of the collection of various kinds of traditional , public organizations of the society ,etc. as, we can appreciate his place different from Almond from it. Pye has spoken of some traditional political values conflicts while discussing the relevant subjects while developing in politics, if free and equal, pointed out the factor which should be trained in political development at the same time , such as to country's whole loyal sense. Comparatively all these are that Almond is less likely to be involved, but belong to the important research object.
In addition, here <<Political , personality and national construction; Burma seeks to approve >>In,think Pye it is political for culture from ' people to orientation of accumulation of course not political form, including people's understanding about the behavior , question and decision of enforcement of the political rights; Political belief of political leader and social elite; Judge yardstick ,etc. of moral standard and the ability on it is political without being appraised in people adopt at the time of behavior '. (Stupid Xun is original in vain, Li Wei becomes and translates, 1993: 7)Contrasting ten subjects in "
citizen's culture " in the above, we can find out , these are in the evolution when politics is participated in less more, ordinary people's observation and appraisal of the power elite.
In addition, as the researcher of more political and more political development, Pye has also probed into five major crises in the political
evolution deeply, including two political culture crises. Pye is pointed out, ' politics is developed or there are three key factor with modernized politics, namely the enlargement which the citizen participated in; Enhancement that the political system is authoritative; The division and integrating of the organization, these three contents are often not harmonious and unanimous in the course of developing, often conflict; Once the conflict coexists, will cause a series of questions , the society faces the crisis. In political culture, one approves the crisis, the conflict when point between local group and country , traditional and modern , among native soil and the world. Second, proper crisis, shown as the people and discontented with, the spirit and goal to the government are suspected , thus disagree with the governance of the incumbent leader. ' (the original,become Li Wei it translate, 1993: 11)subject these, one that is in Almond involve less in making, but for study China political culture to worth consulting in modern times. They are roughly correspondent to the eighth that Almond discuss in " citizen's culture " to the tenth subject, namely is involved in general culture , has shown the citizen's social attitude close ties with political attitude.
Though the western scholar has other definitions of all sorts of political culture, but the most authoritative and most popular definition while studying that the circle rules of Almond ,etc. are the political culture. This is that political culture that this text adopts and admits is defined too. During the process of studying the political culture in Taiwan and making the transition, this text will want a large number of scholar's survey materials and data about political culture of our country used. Not only easy to study like this, but also avoided different understanding that is defined to political culture.