First, study the motive

Chapter one Introduction

Section one, research motive and question are defined

First, study the motive

Since lifting a curfew in 1987, the politics ' democratization ' and ' liberalization ' of Taiwan, it has been the hot problem that the academia has discussed all the time . But most discussions concentrate on authoritative system democratization and these two of understanding of the social collective movement to face mainly. Comparatively speaking , study political between changes and social another of sport important to face --The political culture (politial culture ), compare and neglected.

Our times, ' the modernization ' has already become a stream of irresistible tides , make numerous developing countries been involved in this world trend initiativly or passivly. Modernized course, undoubtedly, the transition of the attitude that will influence the type of political culture.

The so-called ' political culture ' refers to the attitudes toward political system of people, and the attitude toward one's own roles acted in political system. Or ' political attitude, one kind of the value , emotion , information and technical ability are distributed specially '. ( Almond and Verba, 1963:

13)Political culture is people's understanding that one kind of political system and political operation is inherent , appraisal and emotional orientation. As the important component of the social values, political culture is the social psychological foundation of supporting the political life, ( Almond and Powell, 1992: 39)Political culture does not immobilize, it will change under inherent condition function . The transition of most political orientations of people in a society, namely the changes and transition of the political culture of mainstream, the direction in political development, there is great and key influence, this is the deep reason that a lot of countries do not stagger along in the course of pursueing democratization after the war two times.

Pass the modernized course of decades after the war two times, some is

not that the western countries will already stridden into successfully or stride

into the industrialization national ranks soon. Since movement of teaching beginners, a kind of political form generally accepted of democratic politics the most already, so these already or enter the modernized country, will all face the arduous task of setting up and consolidating democratic politics. According to the research of Gobriel A.Almond and Sidney Verba ,etc., the development of a steady and effective democratic government, do not only rely on government's structure and political structure , and rely on the people orientation to the political course even more, this kind of orientation is behavior of a kind of political culture. Unless political culture can support the democratic system , the chance that this kind of system succeeds is very remote . Almond thinks , citizen's culture is most suitable for the democratic politics system, because citizen's culture is a form coordinated with the steady , democratic system most, ( Almond and Verba, 1963: 498)Almond initial definition of citizen's culture is: Citizen's culture is a kind of loyal participant's culture, and a kind of participant of political culture and political structure culture. ( Almond and Verba, 1963: 31)However, in the political lives of the third world countries in the vast non- western civilization, it was exactly this kind of participant's political culture that lacked.

First, probe into the factor that the political culture in Taiwan makes the transition

Before the modernization, most third world countries are still in traditional agricultural societies or tribal society states, their political culture types of mainstream are mostly subject's culture and villager's culture. After the World War II, under the push of the decolonization tide, numerous third world countries obtained independence. Some Newly Independent Countries attempt on the basis of already existing villager's culture or subject's culture, set up the democratic politics of the western type . But, setting up the political system on these two kinds of mixing type political culture, is often unstable.

( Almond and Verba, 1963: 24-26)Can the national political culture of

mainstream of these non- western civilization backgrounds make the transition

as the participant's political culture in the modernized course? And then

produce citizen's culture to consolidate by reaching democracy? This one

question, is it have subject political east Asian countries of culture but speech for less than one year to rely mainly on Confucianism especially, this question is more outstanding , there is value studied even more.

Since the fifties of the 20th century, the outstanding one as

socio-economic development of east Asia, after decades of development,

Taiwan has realized the modernizations of economy and society, have realized

the democratization of politics progressively too. The modernization of Taiwan

has not only improved the people's material living condition but also influenced

and changed the Taiwanese people's mode of thinking and values from a lot of

respects, especially the people's political attitude and political value orientation,

make the political cultural orientation of the mainstream of the society of

Taiwan change from traditional subject's political culture into the democratic

politics culture consert with modernized democratic political system system

gradually, namely participant's political culture. In the fifties and the sisties of

the 20th century, Taiwan was a society with distinct subject's cultural color ,

because historical tradition, social base and influence that the Kuomintang's

authority rule, traditional subject's culture has been the political culture of

mainstream of the society of Taiwan at that time all the time . But from the

transition and growth and improvement of Taiwanese people's whole level of

education of the middle class to the modern industrialized city society of

traditional agricultural society with the society of Taiwan, the political sense of

participation of the Taiwanese people is strengthened gradually, under the

circumstances that Taiwan politics objects to the sport and the Kuomintang

and carries on the push of the democratization political reform and trains

voluntarily , changes are taking place too in the political culture of mainstream

of the society of Taiwan. Especially since 1990s, Taiwan has succeeded in

realizing the transition from authoritative political system to the democratic

political system, the setting-up and running smoothly of the modern democratic

political system, prove that participant's political cultural orientation has already

occupied the leading status among the Taiwanese people and political elite. So,

this thesis thinks that Taiwanese society has already realized the transition

from subject's political culture and participant's political culture gradually. But,

this transition does not reach democracy to consolidate in order to finish the

goal of democratization yet, Taiwanese society must still continue making

great efforts in building the direction of constructing citizen's society .

In the research of the modernized question, the scholars' research focal point and direction mostly concentrate on modernized condition , government policy , modernized way , road, and some countries' modernization succeeds in studying with the unsuccessful reason, a scholar pays attention to and studies the modernized course to people's society and politics attitude , influence of faith , values few. Research of this text probe into contemporary modernized course of Taiwan how influence social values and between they and policy, Taiwan of people from numerous respect especially Attitude that manage, make society and politics values, Taiwan of people take place enormous change. Studying on Taiwan, success with modernized economy in Taiwan makes Taiwan listed in the ranks of the newly industrializing country by the end of the 70 s, and is praised as four little dragons of east Asia, has caused people to study the modernized experience in Taiwan and upsurge in the road. Since the 1990s, the political system of Taiwan has realized the transition from authoritative politics to democratic politics successfully, cause the researcher's strong concern again. But seldom a scholar pays close attention to the thing to that promotes and supports the politics of Taiwan to make the transition on the social psychological foundation of the back - Transition of the political culture in Taiwan. Why the change like this takes place for the political culture of contemporary Taiwan mainstream, have those factors promoted the changes of political cultural orientations of people? The deep research that nobody carries on for a long time of this question, this is the first research motive of a thesis.

Second, look for the predicament that the political culture in Taiwan makes the transition

Second, through the transition of the long-term, Taiwan has already

possessed the intension of participating in type political culture, but the

democratic politics of Taiwan seems difficult to be satisfactory again, any

question has happened on earth in the middle of this? Perhaps it is a

deficiency a system? Perhaps it is that a decree is not complete enough? But

what a thesis is cared about even more must use lasting political culture to

support the democratic system of Taiwan is it that the depth is insufficient?

Need to change? Does it just contribute to offering the solid social psychological foundation for democratic politics of Taiwan how to adjust?

Probe into the predicament that the political culture in Taiwan makes the transition and look for the solution, thus it is the second motive in a thesis in order to the democratic politics of consolidating Taiwan to build and construct sane citizen's culture.

Third, explore the laws of political cultural changes

Third, in theory of studying in political culture, on the other hand because since Almond and Verba propose formally that political culture defines , carries on political cultural research, scholar's study on political culture all around the world is still confined to the investigation and analysis of the political culture current situations of the concept theoretical research of political culture or some countries, lack it about political cultural changes or the theory or positive research of making the transition; On the other hand , entered the impact with modernized economy , society , politics that large quantities of developing countries of the modernized ranks passed decades in latter half of the 20th century, my political role's attitudes to the political system and since of people, namely political culture is changing enormously, influencing the development of these national political systems. Because of the reason of two above-mentioned respects, make politically cultural changes or the question of making the transition become an important , necessary to carry on further investigation on it theory subject. Probed into the modernized coursing , those factors have influenced or promoted changes and transition of political culture, and study political culture making the transition or changes , can not merely remedy political culture about the political cultural changes theory and deficiency of analysing the respect of real example while studying , and can pass the research to the thing that the modernized national political culture of course make the transition , look for the universal laws of political cultural changes under the modernized condition , the theory of enriching political culture and studying. This third motive studied by a thesis.

Fourth, build the practice tactics of constructing Taiwanese

citizen's society

If the government type attitude in the 20th century is a government of the ' bureaucracy ', will be then the arrival of the times of ' citizen's doctrine ' in the 21st century in the future. President Chen Shui-bian has already perceived this trend in the future while running for the Taibei mayor in 1994, namely has put forward the slogan of ' citizen's doctrine ' at first , and promote the implementation of this idea with various kinds of ways promptly after taking up an official post in it, offer the channel of participating in urban construction and concrete method to citizens. And the trend of the indiscreet and negligent citizen's doctrine that mayor Ma Yingjiu has not dared either, besides extending this idea in 1998 election, more concrete proposition ' community's doctrine ', action that ' citizens participate in ', and promote and implement the relevant plan of citizen's doctrine

continuously after taking up an official post . What is interesting is, Chen Shui-bian went still one step further to be elected the tenth president of the Republic of China with the slogan of ' the whole civil administration office ' in 2000. Entering Taiwan in the 21st century, ' the people ' , ' the whole people ' ,etc. demand and walk back and forth the totem that Buddha has already become the political personage's election war, but after finishing in election war, ' people master one's own affairs ', ideal of ' the whole civil administration office ' will you please implement on earth, or is the one that just become mood for the moment satisfied and unreal?

True, history of real democratization of Taiwan is not long, the experience that the

citizen participates in still dislikes too insufficiently, but constitutional reform ,

flourishing development of people's independence sports in recent years, how

much has excited the people and can think more deeply that the political culture

with stable democracy in Taiwan face . Citizen's doctrine and idea which the

citizen participate in must be set up on the basis of solid democratic politics,

not merely need cooperation on the system, need setting about from culture

and idea even more. But the things of nearly ten or twenty years that and really

move towards the way of democratic politics in our country, not only the setting-up

of the system has not been complete yet, the forming of the democratic idea and

cultivation of people's quality are also all not ripe, so, build and construct a

citizen's society in order to train Taiwanese citizen's culture from real practice

tactics, enable Taiwanese political culture to make the transition and succeed, this is the fourth research motive in a thesis.

Second, the question is defined First, question background

I am engaged in the citizen law policy education of high school and university for a long time, I experience deeply that Taiwan really has her unique personalities as a modern and human society. And the strength of moulding of this unique personality , lead and come from the state power and people's society in fact the uneven official belongs to the relation. The more important thing is, since the Hans immigrants society forms nine 0 times in the 20th century, Taiwan has never set up complete ' citizen's social body '. Colonize the government from Qing Dynasty to Japan, and then it reach the Republic of China government,whose name is only in Taiwan ' immigrant society ', ' colonize it society ', ' anti-communism base ', intact ' national society ' all, entity , Taiwan of consciousness ignore intend for a long time. But economically liberalized the policy from the Kuomintang and practised to Sun Yat-sen politically ' train the idea of the policy ', bludgon such uneven official into belonging to the relation gradually, and then build and construct one's own political culture, why it will be reason among them? Will you please find out the laws of changes? If can find out the laws of changes, how does that build constructing and is suitable for ' citizen's culture ' of the democratic state from historical experience? This bunches of questions cause the thought that I study the political culture in Taiwan and make the transition, and write the plan of the thesis with this theme , sign up for the state-run political doctor's class of predecessor of research institute of the Three People's Principles research institute of normal university of Taiwan entrance examination, after being enrolled, continue caring about the development of this question continuously, finally, determine the theme taking ' the transition of the political culture in Taiwan ' as thesis for the Doctorate .

Second, question intension

The politics of Taiwan is developed and can be democratized from the

authoritative system smoothly, there are a lot of reasons, expound the fact in great numbers richness, but why it will be social psychological foundation of democratization? How do these collective psychological orientations take shape? Object to the choice and insistance of sports and political lush Great Britain in modernized , social changes of economy , politics, what influence is there to the Taiwanese people's political orientation? 1990 times subject cultural consciousness of Taiwan take shape gradually, but Taiwan political transition of culture very heavy predicament have still? How to build the culture of constructing a citizen whose ripe , stability , reason are suitable for firm development of democratic politics? How to mould the awareness of the obligations of citizens and build and construct citizen's society on the real tactics, this is that a thesis should explain and want the key problem solved .

Third, research range

This thesis regards transition of the political culture in Taiwan as the theme of studying, time finish getting up with World War II till the beginning of 21st century probably, the setting-up of moulding with reason , predicament , citizen's culture that political culture make the transition and citizen's society faces for what has been expounded the fact mainly.

Section two, research purpose and importance

First, study the purpose

The research purpose of this thesis is three:

First, probe into the type of the traditional political culture in Taiwan and form the reason.

Second, understand that modernized , social changes of economy , political lush Great Britain and politics object to the influence that the movement make the transition to the political culture in Taiwan, and attempt to find out the law making the transition.

Third, analyse nine 0 times , the political culture of the participating in type of

Taiwan has already been set up tentatively, but ripe citizen's political culture

does not take shape yet , among them where is the reason? This text hopes to

find out the solution, and build and construct the democratic Taiwanese

awareness of the obligations of citizens to form citizen's society with the real tactics.

Two , importance

It is an important problem of political values development and change in a contemporary society of Taiwan that political culture makes the transition, it has reflected the state of development of the society of Taiwan and politics from a side, it is an important breakthrough point that we study economic development of contemporary Taiwan society and politics. Discussion of the main factor through making the transition in promoting contemporary Taiwanese political culture of this text, aim at analysing that the political culture of mainstream of the society of Taiwan in the modernized course makes the transition from traditional subject's political culture the politics for the participant consert with democratic political system is gentle Social economic base , condition and law of melting. It is realized progressively under the economic , social modernization and condition of the democratization of politics in Taiwan that the contemporary Taiwanese political culture of mainstream makes the transition, at the same time the transition of the political culture of the mainstream of Taiwan promoted the course of the democratization of politics of Taiwan conversely. Because political culture is the social psychological foundation that the political system has and keeps, the nature and type of the political culture of the mainstream determine the type of the political system and direction of political development, so, study the origin that the political culture of the mainstream of Taiwan makes the transition, can understand that these promote social psychological reason of deep layer that Taiwan carries on the democratization of politics , for studying and expecting that there are important theory meaning and realistic meaning in political developing direction of Taiwan. This is the first importance of this research.

Taiwan is a typical representative in a modernized development way in east

Asia, at the same time it is that the third world countries succeed in realizing

one of the modernized typical representatives after the war too. Economy of

Taiwan, the experiences of social modernization and democratization of

politics, there are the same politics , economy , society and culture background

and take a certain certainty of national historical development of the same modernized road basically to represent east Asia. So, there is meaning of universality in the experience of Taiwan, can offer valuable reference and enlightenment for development of the third world countries in these modernized course . Taiwan is that modernized and political culture makes the transition in one of the comparatively successful countries in the contemporary third world countries, and there is civilization culture background different from the Western countries , so political culture of Taiwan make the transition at the same time representing late near modernized national society and politics psychological a certain certainty and commonality of development and change too. Studying Taiwanese political culture has a typical meaning to make the transition too. Because it is an important issue that can't be avoided that the vast third world countries in the modernized course face that political culture makes the transition, so, the origin of studying the political culture in Taiwan and making the transition can not merely summarize the reason , condition and law why the political culture of contemporary Taiwan mainstream make the transition , and can also be in order to study other having the same economic culture and social background and country in the modernized course, offer reference for its political cultural changes and political development. Probe into the origin that the political culture in Taiwan makes the transition, can tell people , under the modernized condition, why did the traditional subject's political culture of the societies of the Confucianists of east Asia make the transition to the political culture of the participant consert with democratic political system? Are there those factors among them? This is the second importance of this research.

Certainly, the political cultural attitude of Taiwan after making the transition, still face a lot of predicaments , where to cause the reason of these predicaments?

If does not deepen the discussion , even if the political system is more

complete, economy is more developed, the democratic future of Taiwan, still

allow of no optimist, even there is crisis collapsing ! So study the transition of

the political culture in Taiwan , build and construct Taiwanese citizen's society it

in order to promote the idea of citizen's culture, the democracy of using to

consolidate Taiwan, really free urgency and realistic need; This is the third

importance of this research.

Section three, document discussion

One, present situation of the western political culture of research

Study and originate from the west in political culture. In the West , especially political scholar of U.S.A. it studies to be longest to political culture, experience and achievement too most abundant, political mainstream that culture study.

But not the western countries scholar's political culture is studied and mostly based on the American scholar's research results and carry on. So, the train of thought of development holding western political culture and studying is the key to understanding that studies in political culture.

In the western educational circles, political culture is studied and can be divided into rising , quiet and three stages of rejuvenation. (Huang XiuDuan, 1997: 47-85)

First, rise:

Scholar engaged in political cultural research, trace back and come from

Garbriel A the use of this concept of political culture more. Almond1963 is

annual in U.S.A.'s " political quarterly ", <more political systems issued > One

article. It should be in the article to be here, Almond is pointed out clearly: ' any

political system is all inlaid and taken action in the directional way in a special

politics, I find that had better call that political culture . ' study and begin to

become U.S.A.'s political science in one of the hottest research fields while

studying in political culture after entering the sixties. This period, scholars put

forward basic conception and definition that political culture is correlated with,

and carry on extensive relatively studying to the political cultural nature and

state of some countries, a lot of research results come out. For instance, what

Almond and S.Verba were editted in 1963 <<the citizen was cultural: The

political attitude and democracy of five countries are made>>. Italy , West

Germany , U.S.A. , Britain , Mexico five people cognition of political system

one , attitude of country they, do analysis to compare, and then explain the

difference of these national democratic politics development, the political

attitudes and participating in the live telecast of politics of these five national

people of their sample investigation, they find a political culture of helping democratic system to operate steadily, it is one the whole people political desire that is it demand culture that participate in warmly to advocate, but one is mixed and the the type one is cultural. Though it encourages the people to care about more political affairs , very pays attention to some more traditional values and identification with native soil or regional group . The people do not follow blindly to the authority but quite respect, require the right to ensure, but does not forget due obligations of people . People have it belong to each to different political party, allow political views different to destroy all social relationships exchanges. Though the people have various kinds of political suggestion and attitude, show that highly believe in and loyal the current regulations . Almond and S.Verba call such political culture ' citizen's culture ' (civic culture ), and think it is the culture of a kind of more conservative and richer human touch in essence. There is this kind of culture, for solving all impacts to the political system that social changes add, the benefit is very great.

Soon (1965), S.Verba publishes " the political culture and politics are developed " with Lucian-pye; Almond and G in 1966. Bingham Powell, Jr is shut <<compare political science: System,course and policy>>,last one piece they by basic model to, draw nowadays various kinds of government forms to divide into several types. Common customs of its so-called political culture, mean that the people's political attitude tends towards reason , analysis and real example. Especially in the course of decision , give up the constraint of different traditional forces, pay attention to the relation between goal and means , and the collection of information , studying and judging and real example. They think that it is the two sides of a thing in fact that the culture common customs split up (structural differentiation ) with the structure; One is the inherent and subjective change, one is a change of the external structure.

The two cooperate , is by weighing changing one basically of various countries' political system development degree. ( Pye&Verba, 1965: 28)

Do through these, the concept of political culture is more and more clear, and

important meaning whether Almond,etc. combine together old idea and

method that behavior analyse, open up the new vision taking the place of

politics and analysing , ' Almond school ' (Almond School ) forming political

science and studying, they emphasize that the combination that political cultural analysis is interdisciplinary many kinds of research approaches is used, method to include ' the structure - the functionalism ' (structure-functionism ) that occupied an leading position in the western educational circles at that time, method , anthropology , sociology , psychological concept frame and research way in which comparative political science studies. The centralized achievement of western social latest research of scientific circles at that time is like Parsons' doctrine, the thoughts of Floyd and his successor,etc.. Just because the novelty of its research approach , with use alternately.

Second , Shen Ji

After entering the seventies, with the deepening studying, deficiency and defect of studying in political culture reveal out suddenly and violently gradually.

In studying, a lot of scholar regard political culture as one remnants become item (Residual Variable) in political science. Sammul Huntington says: ' can if does not have other reasons to explain the important difference between the societies rationally, all are very captivating in culture to belong to it. ' ( Huntington,1968: 1)Every can't explain with other factor , explain with political culture , make political culture lose strength of explaining. And the west, especially American political culture study, the way of stupid with the ancient vessel dose Saxony is a basic point , and all political culture of the world will regard this way as the standards of measurement. This really has suspicion of the doctrine of cultural center ( Beyme, 1990: 166)the research of political culture is wide and is criticized, this makes research of political culture sink into Shen Ji.

Third , rejuvenation

After entering the eighties, some is realizing or carrying on the third

world countries with modernized economy progressively , begin to

make the transition to the western democratic politics system from the

political system of the authority. Inclusive each other or adaptability

question between the political cultural changes and political culture and

democratic political system structure of western type of these countries,

and the change question of the political culture of developed country, the interests of the family that cause political science again. This is causing the political basic reason of studying rejuvenation of culture.

Since the mid-or late-1980s, in succession it have last article batches of culture not political and make not coming out,form by pieces of new climax studying culture not political. It claim Inglehart this the phenomena indicate ' build already research and the theory not cultural not political ' rejuvenation '. ' ( Inglehart, 1990: 208)This period, the focal point of studying in political culture can be divided into two respects:

(Huang XiuDuan, 1997: 50)

壹、 On one hand the investigation of developed industrial society and politics culture development and change, Inglehart " it is developed it is cultural for changes in industrial society " (1990) and "modernization with after modernization "(1997), Richard J. Iris Richard.J.Alis' " political culture of U.S.A. " (1993). Another on one hand to the investigation of developing country's political culture, such as " political culture and democracy of developing countries " which Diamond Larry Diamond edits (1994), Daniel P. Franklin and Michael J. Whether and J.Baun, Daniel P.Franklin and Micheal of Bowen, <<political culture and constitutionalism doctrine. A kind of comparative analysis>> (1995),etc..

Political cultural theory that there is some in addition is made, such as Michael uncle's " pedigree of political culture " in the forest special Micheal Berlint (1991), Stephen book strange Stephen Welch " concept of political culture " (1993),etc..

貳、

Taiwan studies the present situation that politics makes the transition with political culture

First, the politics of Taiwan makes the transition and studies The research about the fact that Taiwan politics makes the transition, since the eighties, in cause free discussion relatively at home and abroad , have getting more to is it now , lack professional theory act as either among them to make.

Ni YanYuan comparative Taiwanese and Korea S. authoritative government

form of research makes the transition, the angle studied is to regard having

structure and national concept of taking action concurrently as the core, as analysing the foundation that regime makes the transition. With ' tactics of comparative type interdynamic to analyse thesis for main fact , analyse. Point out finally, ' compare the experience that Korea S. and government form of Taiwan make the transition and show , history colonized offers as a gift thread , limitation of splitting history interfering , international political economy structure of the country and civil war, it influences authoritative consolidating , the crisis and important train of thought making the transition of government form to become: ! -And the authoritative government form marches toward the course of making the transition, persons who take action of politics in the country , political society and folk interdynamic course of tactics that consult or confront with each other each other of three pieces of lists of society . ' (Ni YanYuan,1995, 18-22)

Chen Ming probes into the Kuomintang and rules the political changes of Taiwan on from the political angle of faction openly, point out that has obvious differences in the intensity that the Kuomintang's authority rules of different historical stages, namely the faction structure stability authority rules ability strong, the opposite is also true. Angle speech of the faction, he thinks the democratization of Taiwan, starts the rebounding that the faction substituted the policy in 1977, the Kuomintang enters into an alliance with governance formed of local faction, the local election in 1977 is split , the local faction helps to object to the personage in the dark, strengthen and object to strength , raise and suppress the cost, bring the democratization of politics opportunity to Taiwan. (Chen Ming leads to 1998: 39-43)

NanYang Jiang seek from political system and political strength interdynamic

angle why is it lift a curfew to have in 1987 Taiwan and politics change in

pluralism. The view that he puts forward thinks what influenced the politics of

Taiwan to make the transition is three major factors and interdynamic relations,

this three major factors are political systems of two yuan of Taiwan (the central

power operation system different from the locality of lower floor of the upper

strata ), the class state (probes into the change of class' structure over the past

40 years ) of Taiwan and various kinds of political strength and interdynamic

relation inside and outside the island. In brief, after the Kuomintang comes to

Taiwan, under the interaction of different political strength inside and outside

the island, set up and is different from political system of two yuan of Taiwan of period in the mainland, therefore form the frames of starting point and operation that politics of Taiwan makes the transition. Under industrialization afterwards, the great change takes place in class' structure, support the class of two yuan system and disappear , on the decline, promote the class of making the transition to appear , strengthen. It is in addition, inside and outside island various kinds of political for strength agitate(if object to it sport , pressure , the the the Communist Party of China one not of different social movement , U.S.A. ' peaceful reunification, one country, two systems ' reform and opening-up , democratization trend of east Asia , tendency inside the Kuomintang of the policy , continent ,etc.), impel the politics of Taiwan to make the transition finally. (Jiang NanYang, 1993: 26-55)

Except that above-mentioned theses are done, the difference between some articles has proposed the penetrating opinion too, if Tian HongMao analyses that Taiwan is in the political reform from 1970, think that economic prosperity and industrialization have offered the prerequisite society for further politics changes and passed the condition . Because grow up in the middle class and strengthen with economy and require political changes and system to reform strongly , pregnant with a large number of positive opposition personages too.

Meanwhile, the growth of the private department of economy, create the generous private wealth and independent source of revenue , has irrigated the political activity, enable relying on the number of people of party's country's favor to reduce gradually. At the same time, under the social pluralism , make and lose strength of control on folk activity gradually too in party's state system . The above, in addition, the people are common and rich, the improvement of the level of education, and the popularization of mass media, has all offered the opportunity of the political reform. (Tian HongMao, 1989:

56)In addition, Tian HongMao points out in one book , permit the unofficial

development with quite free social economy that controls because of the

Kuomintang's regime , so, since the seventies, the fast social economic

change which is favorable to democratic politics development has appeared in

Taiwan. Cooperate with the Kuomintang of this kind of changes to begin to

adopt the type of the industrialized democratic state attitude, adjust roles ,

institutional framework of transforming the party. He especially points out those and believes that reform and democratization are the essential and unavoidable leading stratum of reform party represented by Chiang Ching-kuo, and emphasize that the political democracy is official ideology of an ultimate goal, do not produce the country with other with two key elements favorable to democratic development in the Leninist party's country's structure of Taiwan.

(Tian HongMao, 1992: 45-46)

Is it full of grand from rule lush Great Britain with object to lush Great Britain interdynamic angle point out first , Taiwan political liberalization (1984-1987 ) object to force's promoting hard for a long time to visit, and the result that the Kuomintang (KMT) ruling clique give in at critical moment at the end, is absolutely not that authorities in power are leading . Second, object to lush Great Britain's behaving outstandingly at the crucial moment of 1984-1987, discuss independence of Taiwan such as avoiding , avoids challenge Chiang Ching-kuo's authority , support and return to the constitutional government publicly , dissolve the political crisis. Third, Chiang Ching-kuo has played an important role, the liberalization measure that it is unwilling but necessary (necessary but undesirable ) that have taken. (Swim and is full of grandly, 1996:

36)

Lin JiaCheng probes into the transition of the political structure of Taiwan, point out that the Taiwan development in economy , personal income increase , the middle class rises , educates promoting , the west is exposed to , and people's democratic consciousness is promoted, help to object to strength emerging and international human rights situation , especially neighbouring country's S.Korean , Philippine reform, have encouraged the transition of the authoritative system of Taiwan too. (Lin JiaCheng, 1989: 36)

One helps one to join the democratization of Taiwan thinking of the political

cultural factor. Author believe to reach democratization , except consider

structure change , political lush getting interdynamic Great Britain, also need to

focus on the changes and influence of the political cultural factor. Because the

government form makes the transition and does not take place in the vacuum ,

but adhere to the specific historical train of thought of culture. He designs a

questionnaire investigation, and then take 1350 interviewees out to construct

examining in the whole Taiwan in accordance with the principle of sampling ,

find that democratic politics culture fluctuates and grows up slowly, goes to and does not support the Kuomintang relatively, relatively express and sympathize with the fight outside the system in this kind of political culture, become important thrust of the democratic reform of Taiwan. (One helps one, 1990, 12-13)

Luo CuiYing, <political culture is right to develop research of influence to politics - -The case analysis of the Republic of China>,

The Republic of China that studies authoritative system, how to move towards the democratization of politics and pluralism steadily, find that the political culture participated in is the key that the politics of Taiwan makes the transition.

(Luo CuiYing, 1987: 3)

Second, research of the political culture of Taiwan

The scholar of our country pays attention to the survey of the contemporary political behavior orientation of society of Taiwan and political psychological aspect and studies, there are abundant , a large amount of social census data. This has offered abundant materials for studying the political culture in Taiwan. The main masterpiece has: BingLun Jiang (1983) "

political culture study introduction " it lays particular emphasis on to be competent to introduce all-sidely to political cultural theory; " Taiwan political analysis of culture " of HuaiEn Peng (1997) first society and politics getting that culture go on in an all-round way analysing to do to Taiwan. " political culture and political life " of moustache Buddha (1998 ) are concentrated and published by the important thesis that the author studies its political culture.

Scholar's study on political culture is mainly to centre in the investigation

and analysis respect to the society of Taiwan or the concrete crowd's political

cultural current situation . As regards political cultural research of Taiwan,

moustache Buddha ,etc. reach a large number of real examples carried on in

middle and later periods for 1980 times to investigate and analyse from the

middle period of 1970 times . Whether if Yuan praise the west , Chen DeYu

(1988 ). <<Political culture of the people in Taiwan: Power value orientation of

the systematic structure >>,Moustache Buddha (1992 ): <<Attitude that the

people in Taiwan participate in politics: Power value orientation of the

systematic function >>,etc.. Moustache Buddha (1998: 248)Wait for people to divide the political rights orientation into five kinds while studying, namely: ' equal right , autonomy , freedom right , plural right and right of checking and balancing, the orientation to these five kinds of power according to the people, divide political culture into three kinds: The political culture of freedom democracy, the modern and authoritative political culture with totalitarian political culture and tradition. If members of the political system all do the positive orientation to all five kinds of power , then, such political culture is the political culture of the free democracy; In the political culture with totalitarian tradition, the people, to all five items of basic value, have not made positive orientation ; It is modern lie between the two authoritative one,it hold to one or several (all ) , power of orientation of five kinds orientation not positive only '

<moustache Buddha, 1998:248 > .

If to the definition of the political culture type according to Almond Germany ,etc., the political culture in so-called freedom democracy , such as moustache Buddha ,etc. is equivalent to participant's political culture, the political culture with totalitarian tradition is equivalent to traditional subject's culture, should belong to a kind of form of carrying out the transition from subject's culture to participant's policy culture as for authoritative political culture. Moustache Buddha ,etc. think through making investigations that the political culture of Taiwan belong to modern and authoritative political culture in 1980 times .

Because moustache Buddha and Peng HuaiEn ,etc. main census data of 1970 , 1980 times of basis of scholar's study on political culture in Taiwan, so, their research is mainly to the analysis of the political cultural nature in Taiwan and type of this period. Though moustache Buddha ,etc. have predicted that the political culture in Taiwan must be developed toward political culture of freedom democracy, but they have not already analysed the origin cause of formation of the political culture of the authority of Taiwan , not to promoting the political culture in Taiwan to develop the factor that develops and do careful and deep investigation in the democratic direction of freedom either.

Pair is political can learn in introduction that culture and Taiwanese political

culture are studied from the above, besides study on political relevant

definition of culture , concept Chinese and foreign scholars, have already

begun to notice the political cultural changes question. But no matter HuaiEn Peng , moustache Buddha or Yuan praise research of the west, centre in Taiwan political cultural analysis of intension all in the main, having proposed a research material with abundant thesis altogether in these research results, but the scholar makes the transition to the political culture in Taiwan the monograph of discussion of the reason is insufficient seriously . Impact on politics of Taiwan that this text places the focus on political culture to make the transition, as regards this, this research has unique value particularly.

Section four, research way and research structure

First, study the way

It is generally the standard of choosing the question and relevant materials to study the way (approach ). This thesis is mixed and used by orientation way and concept way basically.

Study the way in first , concept research way and history Basically, thesis this from ' concept study the way ' a main shaft, think the participation type political culture that the political culture in Taiwan has already turn from the cultural attitude of official's belonging to type into more favourabl been through the development of 40 yearsed. But this participating in type political culture had not made the transition for ripe citizen's culture at the end of the 20th century. Pass introduction of the political system of Taiwan and output analysis, complement with ' orientation study way ' and then ' history study way ', make one description of speciality Taiwan political culture, and regard building and constructing firm citizen's culture as the goal.

Second, research way which the citizen participates in

Implement a theory and must be realized concretly from the

design of the system, chapter seven of this thesis is based on key

concept which the citizen participates in, build and construct a ' way

which the citizen participates in ', attempt to enable the real justice

that the citizen participates in to implement in real life. Under this structure, should think how to foster , develop more positive citizen's culture , redesign a system environment of promoting the positive citizen to participate in.

Two, definition of the relevant concept of this text

It is the most basic work to define under study for action. The thing that we will do is to seek various kinds of recognized meaning asserted at first, namely the reason why the authority person gives the meaning of this concept ; Then try to understand these meanings , then in these meanings , cooperate with the researcher's concise improvement, go to form the concept that the research institute need. So, you had better not regard a concept as a certain definitely specific and objective absolutely given and objective things , purpose that can be suitable for the specific or priviledges that and should regard it as a kind of tool . So, the thesis is studied and does not define the concept , any real understanding real understanding will be impossible . Chen DeYu, 2003: 189

So, the relevant concept that the following will be used to this thesis is defined and distinguished , go on in order to what has been studied.

Political culture defining and their political culture type of definition that people put forwards , such as Almond ,etc., it is this text what has been studied Taiwanese political culture and made the transition consults the standard mainly. On this basis, this text studies and analyses political cultural changes or several kinds of forms and conditions making the transition further. Study the basic conception that the political culture in Taiwan makes the transition in all these.

First. Definition of political culture

This concept of culture that the earliest definition is political is Almond, Almond

thinks ' every kind of political system is planted in a kind of specific

orientation way to the political behavior. ' ( Almond, 1963: 13)and ' a

political one word of culture mean the special political orientation - the

attitude toward political system and each part, and the attitude toward

one's own roles acted in political system. ! -! -The political culture of a

country is the political special distribution among people of target's

orientation way. ' ( Almond,1963: 13)These political target's orientations including cognition and appraisal to country , government form , policy , political role in the political system ,etc.. This kind of psychological orientation to the political target includes three respects (Almond, 1963:

16):

1.Cognitive orientation, knowledge and faith outputted about political system , persons who bear , its introduction of his role and role that that is to say;

2.The orientation of the emotion, or about political system , its role , the emotions of personnel and behavior;

3.The orientation appraised , about the political target's judgement and opinion, especially those involve standard and criterion of value, political target who can combine together with information and emotion .

In brief, Almond is defined political culture as: Distributed in people or the ethnicity, the cognition , emotion and appraising the orientation to the political phenomenon.

Almond was here in 1966 ( 1966: 22)<<comparative political science: System , course and policy >>Have defined and done intact and authoritative definition to political culture again in one book:

Political culture is a set of political attitudes , faith and emotion that a nationality prevails in specific period. This political culture is to take shape by this national history and now society , economic , political activity process. The attitude type that people formed in the past experience has important influence on political behavior in the future. Political culture influences the politics of the behavior , they of each person who serves as political role to require the content and response to law.

So, Almond divides citizen's culture into ten following subjects again:

First, individual output cognition of activity to political system and government, including government output to which kind of influence individual have; Whether individual cares about politics and government's affairs ; Basic political knowledge which individual has.

Second, the personal attitude toward political system, including the

national sense of pride related to political system; Expectation to the thing that

politics outputs; Emotion input to politics.

Third, personal party groupings faith, including the appraisal on the supporter of this party and other party groupings; The faith of party groupings of the family united by marriage holds a any attitude when to the thing that children get married; To the attitude participating in the political activity.

Fourth, citizen's sense of duty, including individual, to the cognition participating in the local social and political affairs.

The fifth, citizen's sense of competence, how to be estimated including individual influences the ability of the central authorities and local government decision activity to oneself; Whether they seek help from the public organization while exerting one's influence.

The sixth, the people's sense of competence that sub, including when individual meets the crudefiber crop and appeals for the government, what response is expected to receive.

The seventh, participate in , the relation with loyal politics , mean that the higher citizen's sense of competence is in citizen's sense of competence and politics, participating in the political activity actively , the sense of loyalty to political system is higher, believe in the democratic system too.

The eighth, the relation that the social attitude cooperates with citizen, including individual character generous, show understanding others , easy to make up the political group; General social trust is easy to change into political trust; The person holding the open , neutrality attitude on belief in the party groupings is apt to reach political cooperation.

The ninth, social organization and relation of citizen's ability , for example, ,

especially members of the political organization of social organization, have

higher sense of competence than other people's citizen; Be able to move ing

type members while organizing, have higher sense of competence than other

people's citizen; The person with multiple member's identity, have higher ability than other people's citizen.

The tenth, the political socialized relation with citizen's ability , including the person who participates in family's decision in early years, the general political sense of competence was higher; Participating in the decision of the school and person of office's decision, the political sense of competence is higher.

In the argumentation that this thesis will be behind, regard political culture of Taiwan as case study, discuss these subjects in detail . Should notice here, subject one to seven, mean every political attitude, do not involve the social attitude . Subject eight to ten, mean the relation between political attitude and social attitude and psychological factor. This differentiation is very important, because the social attitude is a content that is generally neglected in all kinds of domestic political culture research projects at present exactly . Almond thinks , the political attitude is mainly a citizen, to the political system, the government outputs and inputs the activity , local transaction management , cognition of citizen's one's own responsibility and ability , emotion and appraises to politics. Equally an important one is, the place where political attitude and social attitude are bounded, there is a general trust sense in societies; Open , tolerant individual character ; The democracy in the social organizations of different forms is participated in used toing. They are in close relation with political attitude, influence and transform each other between the two.

These two parts of subject that the Almond definition and it made are

summed up are added up, draw a clear a roughly demarcation line on political

cultural research objects.

U.S.A. political cultural researcher Lucian Pye of name " political culture and politics develop " in what he and Verba edit Have used the political culture of Verba to define in one book, namely political culture and limits the political activity values of holding circumstances to make up by a set of experience faith, symbol of expressing. Political culture includes political ideal and two respects of operation rule of government form. But Lucian Pye still thinks further, ' not all people can include the attitudes and emotions of politics in political culture, because some attitudes and emotions are too transient and slight can't influence basic politics to develop ; In on the other hand, a lot of obvious political faith - if believing in the sense basically of the the interpersonal relationships non-, to time and progress orientation,etc. - It is but very important to develop politics. ' ( Pye&Verba, 1965: 7)

The definition of Pye to political culture adopts the view of Almond equally,

for example, he acknowledges that political culture is ' the political behavior

orientation of a certain specific way ' (Pye&Verba, 1965: 9); He think, ' political

culture one in the political system in good order , field of subjectivity, it last the

government form one it the contents , organization the normal and connections

not social of behavior not personal ' (Pye&Verba, 1965: 11). Can see he and

Almond's close place from it. In addition a little, Pye think on target regulation

having two standards; ' the first, it is not people's all political attitude and

emotion that can belong to political culture , only those often , obviously

influence attitude and emotion of basic political development, just belong to

this category. Second, there is a lot of non- political faith , for example

believing in the sense basically to interpersonal relationships , behavior

orientation to time and progressive possibility ,etc., they influence politics to

develop deeply, belong to this category too. ' ( Pye&Verba, 1965: 13)contrast

from beginning to end, these views and Almond of Pye are unanimous.

But Pye and Almond are different to some extent. Because Pye is often meaning of summarizing political culture under the backgrounds of developing countries, so his explanation often gives play to the classical definition of Almond to some extent. He society ,etc. as spirit , the citizen's emotion and reason , the leader's style and behavioural norm of the collection of various kinds of traditional , public organizations of the society ,etc. as, we can appreciate his place different from Almond from it. Pye has spoken of some traditional political values conflicts while discussing the relevant subjects while developing in politics, if free and equal, pointed out the factor which should be trained in political development at the same time , such as to country's whole loyal sense. Comparatively all these are that Almond is less likely to be involved, but belong to the important research object.

In addition, here <<Political , personality and national construction; Burma seeks to approve >>In,think Pye it is political for culture from ' people to orientation of accumulation of course not political form, including people's understanding about the behavior , question and decision of enforcement of the political rights; Political belief of political leader and social elite; Judge yardstick ,etc. of moral standard and the ability on it is political without being appraised in people adopt at the time of behavior '. (Stupid Xun is original in vain, Li Wei becomes and translates, 1993: 7)Contrasting ten subjects in "

citizen's culture " in the above, we can find out , these are in the evolution when politics is participated in less more, ordinary people's observation and appraisal of the power elite.

In addition, as the researcher of more political and more political

development, Pye has also probed into five major crises in the political

evolution deeply, including two political culture crises. Pye is pointed out, ' politics is developed or there are three key factor with modernized politics, namely the enlargement which the citizen participated in; Enhancement that the political system is authoritative; The division and integrating of the organization, these three contents are often not harmonious and unanimous in the course of developing, often conflict; Once the conflict coexists, will cause a series of questions , the society faces the crisis. In political culture, one approves the crisis, the conflict when point between local group and country , traditional and modern , among native soil and the world. Second, proper crisis, shown as the people and discontented with, the spirit and goal to the government are suspected , thus disagree with the governance of the incumbent leader. ' (the original,become Li Wei it translate, 1993: 11)subject these, one that is in Almond involve less in making, but for study China political culture to worth consulting in modern times. They are roughly correspondent to the eighth that Almond discuss in " citizen's culture " to the tenth subject, namely is involved in general culture , has shown the citizen's social attitude close ties with political attitude.

Though the western scholar has other definitions of all sorts of political culture, but the most authoritative and most popular definition while studying that the circle rules of Almond ,etc. are the political culture. This is that political culture that this text adopts and admits is defined too. During the process of studying the political culture in Taiwan and making the transition, this text will want a large number of scholar's survey materials and data about political culture of our country used. Not only easy to study like this, but also avoided different understanding that is defined to political culture.

Two. Type of political culture

Confirm that the type of political culture is to study a social political and cultural development and key concept changed. The sureness about political culture type of this text, is still based on political culture type and standard that Almond and Verba ,etc. put forward.

Almond divided the political orientation into three respects, namely

cognitive one, the emotion one and appraised . He thinks , through

determining a person to the political system, politics is input, politics is outputted and can confirm the political orientation type of this person in the cognition , emotion and frequency of appraising the orientation of the role of oneself in the political system. Almond divides the political orientation into three kinds, namely villager's orientation , subject's orientation and participant's orientation (see forms 1-1). On this basis, Almond has proposed three kinds of basic political culture types: Villager's political culture , subject's political culture and participant's political culture.

Form 1-1:

Type of political

culture

As the general target's system

Input the target

Output the target

Self- the persons who are consulted

of conduct actively

Villagers 0 0 0 0

Subjects 1 0 1 0

Participant 1 1 1 1

Source of the materials: A.Almond and Verba, ( 1963: 17)

1, villager's political culture

The orientation frequency of four kinds of specialized political targets that

enumerate in form 1-1 is similar to for 0 o'clock, we can say this is a kind of

villager's political culture . ( Almond, 1963: 14)political role not specialized in

the society that villager's political culture occupies an leading position, head ,

chief of a tribe , pontifex , wizard ,etc. incorporate politics , economy , religion

role into an organic whole. People only realize the existence of the central

government very fuzzily , and the nationwide decision that the central

government make, does not almost have any influence on people under

villager's political culture. People do not have any to seek for the expectation

not improved to the political system. So between people and political system ,

input , output, and to understanding, emotion, I of role since and appraise and

make a reservation to approach zero. That is to say that hardly there is any

interdynamic relation between people and political system. Such political

culture mostly exist and develop the comparatively backward clan , nationality and area far away from political and cultural center in politics.

2, subject's political culture

' among subject political culture, people regard oneself as subject of government instead of political participant of course. Those people living under ruling autocratically belong to this political culture type. ' ( Harrop and Breslin,1992: 136)In such political culture, the relation between political system and subject is one-way , namely subjects are only political system operation and passive , passive acceptance person of the policy, subjects, for doing for the political participant and dog-and-ponying positioning oneself and remaining zero of political system and operation. Under the enviroment of such political culture, subject's response to the thing that political system and operation are comparatively systematic, have realized the specialized government's authority, and produced the corresponding political psychological orientation, if feels satisfied , on intimate terms , proud in political system and political operation in it, or discontented , does not like; Show and admit or not approve the political system; Think it is legal or illegal ,etc.. But no matter which kind of psychology or emotional orientation subjects adopt to their political systems, do not produce any influence on political system and operation basically. Such political culture exists in traditional agricultural society era , or the undeveloped countries and regions while carrying out the transition from traditional agricultural society to the modern industrial society mainly. Ruling the political cultural foundation ruled in centralization with other types feudally and autocratically is this kind of subject's political culture.

3, participating in type political culture

Almond thinks that the so-called participant's political culture is, ' as a whole system , politics and administrative structure and course (in other words that social members often disclose the ground orientation, a kind of political culture on orientation on political introduction and output surface of system ).

Individual members of politics, the self- ' the activist ' in the government form of

the orientation that often role. ' ( Almond, 1963: 18)social member right whole

political system and right political output , introduction of system, and to as oneself of person who consult actively, all straight orientations. In such political culture, people believe that they can function in the political system , be influenced by political system and standardized too at the same time .

Though, these three kinds of political culture types that Almond put forward were thought to have suspicion of western centre doctrine or racial discrimination in the western academia later, and is considered to be " the politically incorrect one ", some scholars try hard to avoid using Almond villager's culture used (the hell type political culture of someone's translation ) , subject's political culture (or translation submitting to type , depending on type political culture ), such as Putnam ( 1993) Use ' citizen , high degree have in not " making democracy is it stand up to turn round " " or " citizen low degree such a concept have ". And the concepts of subject and participant not using Almond to put forward . Even so, because these three concepts of Almond have reflected the objective reality in history or in the realistic political life basically, it is the easy understanding,and numerous in our country one political science textbook or make while introducing political culture regarding concept of Almond as not introducing by targetting mainly, and is accepted far and wide, so still continuing to use the concepts of these three political culture types that Almond puts forward when composes a piece of writing after this text. Certainly, it is convenient to use participating in type political culture or such concepts of democratic politics culture in order to compose a piece of writing sometimes, but its meaning and participant's political culture are the same.

These three kinds of political culture that Almond enumerates are all ideal

types. In the realistic society, these types mostly appear in the form of various

kinds of mixing. Three kinds coexist compatibly. Subject's culture does not

repel villager's political culture , but participant's political culture does not repel

subject's culture and villager's political culture either too. Participant's culture is

that one is added layer, it can be joined and jointly got the villager and subject

to culture. ( Almond, 1963: 22)villager's political culture belongs to local

political culture, subject's political culture and participant's political culture

belong to nationwide political culture. Generally speaking, in the relatively

backward area of socio-economic development, the type of its political culture