Chapter 1 Introduction
1.3 Literature Review and Methodology
1.3.1 Literature Review
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Chart 1-2：The paper chart
1.3 Literature Review and Methodology
1.3.1 Literature Review
In “A study on Post-Soviet Russia’s policy on the Chinese migration in Russia’s Far East (1992-2010),” come into four parts, including economic and labor, international strategy, geopolitics, and the Kremlin political factors. Let’s get some views from scholars and professors in the following related fields.
(1) The internal drivers
In addition, Professor Huang Dingtian and Researcher Zhao Junya at the Jilin Northeast Asia Research Center, in 2006 “The review on the status of Chinese immigrant in the Russian Far East,” described the number of Chinese immigrants and the economic situation in Russia Far East during Russia, Soviet Union and after the collapse of the Soviet Union. They said,
Kremlin politics interaction mechanism
Geopolitics factor
Economic factor
Russia’s policy toward Chinese migration in its far east
International strategy factor Labor factor
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“In the eighty’s, the industry in Russian Far East make huge progress and capitalism began to influence the economy. Chinese immigrants have become the Far East an indispensable part of capitalism in the labor market. In the Soviet era, about more than seventy thousand Chinese immigrants were in the region. The population growth rate decreased 3.8 percent, but they continue to play a crucial role in the economic and social development. In 1986 China and the Soviet Union started labor service cooperation and the Chinese workers employed mainly in construction, agriculture and cultivation. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the proliferation of Chinese immigrants was mainly decided by economic conditions and policies between China and Russia.”16
Niu Yan-ping, an associate researcher at Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Sciences, gave her ideas in two articles in the periodical of Siberia Research：
“Russia's labor resources in the eastern region and immigration problems,” and
“Russian Far East population and labor resources.” She mentioned respectively,
“The land in Russian Far East is very wide and natural resources are very rich, but labor resources in this area are the rarest. Since Russian economic transition, the decreasing rate here has become much higher than other regions of Russia and the number of the population was from eight million sixty-six thousand in early 1991 to more than six point five million people in early 2004. At present, the population of the Russian Far East continues to decline and in 2004, the number of permanent residents in the Primorsky Territory drops nearly eight thousand people.”17
“From a historical point of view, the population in the Far East depends on the natural growth and migration. Over the past decade, the natural growth deteriorated and the migration continued. The mortality rate higher than the birth rate and massive outflow of population are the reasons for a demographic crisis in Russian Far East.” She pointed out, “The low living standard and bad quality of life influence the birth rate and outflow of the population. Then the reduction of the working-age people caused a tendency for senior citizens.”
18
Academic Secretary of Far East Branch of Russian Sciences Academy Institute of
16 黃定天、趙俊亞，「俄羅斯遠東地區中國移民狀況述論」。人口學刊5 (2006): 9-10。[Huang Dingtian, Zhao Junya, Eluosi yuandongdiqu zhongguoyimin zhuangkuang shulun] (The review on the status of Chinese immigration in the Russian Far East) Renkou Xiaokan (Population Journal) 5 (2006):
9-10.]
17 牛燕平，「俄羅斯遠東地區人口與勞動力資源問題」，西伯利亞研究6 (2004): 14。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi yuandongdiqu renkou yu laodongli ziyuan wenti (Russian Far East population and labor
resources) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 6 (2004): 14.]
18 牛燕平，「俄羅斯東部地區勞動力資源與移民問題」，西伯利亞研究 3 (2006): 57。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi dongbu diqu laodongli ziyuan yu yimin wenti (Russia's labor resources in the eastern region and immigration problems) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 3 (2006): 57.]
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Economic Research, Motrich, Ekaterina, wrote an artricle “Demographic Potential and Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East”in Far Eastern Affairs, and decribed that after the economic reform and the standard of living decline, the decline rate of the population situation in the country, especially in the Far East, was severe faster than the Russian average. 19
(2) The external drivers
The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Graduate School doctoral student, Yang Jin, exams if China factor influenced Russia's strategic direction and Putin’s attitude changed in political, economic, military and diplomatic ways.20
Institute of International Studies Beijing Foreign Studies University, Professor Cong Peng and Zhang Ying, in “The Russian diplomatic features during Putin in power” one article said that in May 2008, the ruling ended eight years of Putin's presidential term, he transferred to Prime Minister. During eight years, Russia has not only strengthened but also the foreign policies gradually matured. Especially, it became more clearly in geostrategic world politics, grew stably in international patterns, and enhanced the Sino-Russian relations.
21
Yin Jian-ping, a researcher at the Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Sciences, said, “In the 20th century, some Russians were worried about the invasion of Chinese immigrants, but in fact, Chinese people did not enter the Russian Far East
19 Motrich, Ekaterina, “Demographic Potential and Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East,” Far Eastern Affairs,( St. Petersburg: Jan., 2002): p67-70.
20 楊進，「俄羅斯：『強人政治』與『可控民主』」，同舟共進 1(2008): 32。[Yang Jin, Eluosi “Jiangren zhengzhi” yu “Kekong minzhu” (A strongman’s and controllable democratic politics in Russia)
Tongzhou Gongjin (The Same Boat Together)1 (2008): 32.]
21 叢鵬、張穎，「普京執政時期的俄羅斯外交特點」，國際論壇6 (2009): 57-64。[Cong Peng, Zhang Ying, Pujing Zhizhengshiqi De Eluosi Waijiaotedian (The Russian diplomatic characteristics during Putin in power) Guoji Luntan (International Forum) 6 (2009): 57-64.]
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endlessly.” He thought that the imbalance in economic development has led to the shortage of talented persons. It is increasingly urgent to speed up economic development in the Russian Far East. The China factor plays an important role in economy and society of the Far East; for example, construction, farming, and service are the main areas in cooperation with China. The article in Russia Central Asia and Eastern Europe studies in 2006, “Chinese in the Russian Far East：The factors from
the “threat” to the economic stable development of the Russian Far East.” is also written by a researcher, Yin Jian-ping. He wrote that at present, the principal officials in the Far East didn’t mention the “China threat” any more, particularly since the President Putin has always been committed to strengthen the centralization of power. Also, the electoral system for the local governors was reformed, that is, the governors were nomination by the President instead of the direct election. In this way, it is easier for Chinese immigrants to go back and forth.22
At the Department of International Relations in Jinan University, a researcher, Deng Zhi-Tao, wrote “The thinking countermeasures on the so-called Chinese immigration problem in Russia” in the periodical of The world Economic and Political Forums. He considered,
“With the growth of China and decline of Russia, especially in an economic slump in Russia’s Far East region, and the growth of local separatism, it is inevitably to bring a sense of crisis about regional security in the Russian Far East. Meanwhile, the number of population between the two adjacent regions is so huge that the Russian government is still suspicious why the Chinese immigrants came to the Russian Far East.”23
22 殷劍平，「中國人在遠東:從『威脅』到促進遠東經濟穩定發展的因素」，俄羅斯中亞東歐研究
3 (2006):24。[Yan Jianping, Zhongguoren zaiyuandong :cong “Weixie” dao cujin yuandong jingji wending fazhan de yinsu (The factors for the Chinese in the Far East: from “Threat” to promote the steady development of the Far Eastern Economy) Eluosi Zhongya Dongou Yanjiu (The Russian Central Asia and East European Studies) 3 (2006):24.]
23 鄧志濤，「俄境內所謂中國『移民問題』的對策性思考」。世界經濟與政治論壇3 (2005): 78。
[Deng Zhitao, Ejingnei suowei zhongguo “Yimin wenti” de duicexing sikao (The thinking
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Karkusov, Viacheslav, the lead researcher of RAS Foundation for Electoral Systems and Kudin, Andrei, the Director of RAS Foundation for Electoral Systems, had an article, “The Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East: A Historical and Economic Analysis” in Far Eastern Affairs. They analyzed academically migration flows in Northeast Asia, including number, motivation and cause and effect, and other aspects of Sino-Russian cross-border interaction. (along the border and interregional.)24
Foreign scholars such as Alexseev, Mikhail A., Political Science Ph.D of San Diego State University, wrote an article, “Economic Valuations and Interethnic Fears:
Perceptions of Chinese Migration in the Russian Far East” in Journal of Peace Research. He took “Primorsky” as example, exploring Chinese immigrants in
Russian Far East economic and political dimensions. In the twentieth century, owing to the decreaseof the birth rate and the increase of the mortality rate, local Russians emigrated to the European part of Russia and the Chinese immigrants went to the Russian Far East for the development because of the economic factor.25
1.3.2 Methodology