蘇聯解體後俄羅斯對其遠東地區中國移民政策之研究(1992-2010) - 政大學術集成

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(1)國立政治大學亞太研究英語碩士學位學程 International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific Studies College of Social Sciences National Chengchi University 碩士論文 Master’s Thesis 政治. 大. 立. ‧ 國. 學. 蘇聯解體後俄羅斯對其遠東地區中國移民政策之研究. ‧. (1992-2010). sit. y. Nat. A STUDY ON POST-SOVIET RUSSIA’S POLICY. er. io. ON THE CHINESE MIGRATION. al. n. v i n C hFAR EASTU(1992-2010) IN RUSSIA’S engchi. Student: Pingping Lin 林平平 Advisor: Dr. WANG Dingshu 王定士教授. 中華民國 99 年 6 月 June 2010.

(2) 國立政治大學亞太研究英語碩士學位學程碩士論文. A Thesis. Studies. 學. National Chengchi University. ‧. ‧ 國. 治政 Submitted to International Master’s Program 大 in Asia-Pacific 立. 蘇聯解體後俄羅斯對其遠東地區中國移民政策之研究. sit. y. Nat. (1992-2010). er. io. n. al v A STUDY ON POST-SOVIET RUSSIA’S iPOLICY ON THE n U engchi CHINESE MIGRATION IN RUSSIA’S FAR EAST. Ch. (1992-2010). 中華民國 99 年 6 月 June 2010.

(3) Acknowledgement. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to all those who give me their support in completing this thesis.. I want to thank the International Master’s Program in Asia-Pacific Studies. in College of Social Sciences, especially the administrative assistants Kate, Carol, and Angela for. 政治大 I am deeply indebted to my advisor, Prof. Dr. WANG Dingshu for his precious time, useful advice 立. helping me in past three years.. In addition, I appreciate the rest of my committee, Prof. Alexander Pisarev. 學. ‧ 國. and patience.. (ПИСАРЕВ Александр Андреевич) from Tamkang University and Prof. WU Chun-Kuang. ‧. from Fu Jen Catholic University who correct my English and Russian grammar and offer. sit. y. Nat. suggestions for improvement.. io. er. Finally, I would to give my special thanks to my dear parents, my parents-in-law and my sisters whose kindness and encouragement helped me get through the difficulties I face.. al. n. v i n Particularly, my dear husband, C Jimmy, spent his timeU h e n g c h i driving me to school and checking the. style for past three years.. With their continuous support and love, I can complete this thesis.. i.

(4) Abstract The purpose of this study is aimed at exploring the driving forces behind Russia’s policies on Chinese immigration in its Far East in terms of geopolitics, international strategy and the Kremlin politics. It is hypothesized in this study that with the development of Russia’s Far East region, it will help the overall economic development, and, in order to development its Far East, it is necessary for Russian government to recruit a large number of Chinese labors; as for the introduction of Chinese labors, it constitutes a link of However, once Chinese labor 政治大 forces enter into the Russian 立Far East, it would create a threat to Russian national Sino-Russian partnership of strategic coordination.. Under this geo-political consideration, it inevitably constitutes constraints. ‧ 國. 學. security.. for Russia on the introduction of Chinese labor forces.. With these kinds of. ‧. contradictory considerations, therefore, the formulation of Russia’s policy on Chinese. sit. y. Nat. immigration in its Far East should be analyzed in terms of economic, population,. n. al. er. io. international strategy and geopolitics factors through the Kremlin political interaction.. i n U. v. The above assumption can also derive the following logically related propositions:. Ch. engchi. (1) In order to inject the overall economic development, Russian government needs a large number of foreign labors to develop the Far East. (2) Importing large quantities of Chinese labors is an integrated link of Sino-Russian partnership of strategic coordination. (3) Introducing a large number of Chinese labor forces constitutes a threat to Russian security. (4) Russia’s policy on Chinese immigration in its Far East is formulated as a result of Kremlin political interaction in terms of economic, population, international strategy and geopolitics factors.. ii.

(5) Key words: Chinese Migrants, Russia’s Far Eastern Region, Yellow Peril. 俄羅斯開發其遠東地區，旨在挹注其總體經濟發展，而開發其遠東地區，則需要引進大量中國勞力；至於引進中國勞力，則是俄中戰略協作夥伴關係雙邊合作機制的一環；然而，一旦中國勞力大量湧進俄羅斯屬遠東地區，勢必對俄羅斯的國家安全造成一定程度的威脅，此一地緣政治考量，無可避免對俄羅斯引進中. 政治大. 國勞力的政策產生制約；在此矛盾因素考量之下，對於在遠東地區引進中國勞力. 立. 的政策，產生正反兩面針鋒相對的爭論；因此，俄羅斯對遠東地區中國移民政策. ‧ 國. 學. 是上述經濟發展、勞動力問題、國際戰略與地緣政治等因素，透過克里姆林政治. ‧. 的互動形塑而成。. n. er. io. al. sit. y. Nat 上述假設命題又可以引申出下列邏輯相關子命題:. Ch. i n U. v. (一)俄羅斯為了挹注其總體的經濟發展，需要大量外來勞力來開發其遠東地區。. engchi. (二)俄羅斯引進大量中國勞力，乃是俄中戰略協作夥伴關係雙邊合作機制的一環。 (三)俄羅斯引進大量中國勞力，勢必對俄羅斯安全構成威脅。 (四)俄羅斯遠東地區的中國移民政策，乃是克里姆林政治互動的結果。. 關鍵字: 中國移民，俄羅斯遠東地區，黃禍論. iii.

(6) Table of Content. Acknowledgement ......................................................................................................... i Abstract .........................................................................................................................ii Table of Content .......................................................................................................... iv Chart List ..................................................................................................................... vi. Chapter 1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Motivation and Purpose ............................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Motivation ...................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Purpose ........................................................................................... 3 1.2 Hypothesis and Framework ...................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Hypothesis ...................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Framework ..................................................................................... 8 1.3 Literature Review and Methodology ...................................................... 10 1.3.1 Literature Review ......................................................................... 10 1.3.2 Methodology ................................................................................ 14. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. al. er. io. sit. y. Nat. Chapter 2 Russia’s policy toward Chinese immigrants in its Far East ............... 17 2.1 The demographic problem and labor distribution in Russian Far East ………………………………………………………………………….17 2.1.1 Population decreases because of the mortality rate higher than the birth rate ....................................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Massive outflow of population..................................................... 21 2.1.3 The potential of labor force declines: population decreases and population density constitutes deterioration ................................. 23 2.1.4 Overall labor distribution ............................................................. 27 2.1.5 Chinese labor distribution ............................................................ 30 2.2 The policies of Chinese immigration in Russian Far East ...................... 32 2.3 Summary ................................................................................................. 38. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Chapter 3 The driving forces and constraints for Chinese immigration in Russian Far East ................................................................................... 40 3.1 The economic factor ............................................................................... 40 3.1.1 The potential of Far East helps economic development of the country.......................................................................................... 40 3.1.2 The development of the Far East needs Chinese labors ............... 43 iv.

(7) 3.2. The international strategic factor ............................................................ 45 3.2.1 The natural loss of population and emigration cause the population crisis ........................................................................... 45 3.2.2 The labor shortage leads to the influx of immigrants................... 47 3.3 The geopolitics factor ............................................................................. 51 3.3.1 Under the traditional concept of geopolitical security, the “security dilemma” state still exists between China and Russia ................. 51 3.3.2 Form “Chinese population expansion,” “Yellow Peril”, “China Threat” and “China Expansion” ................................................... 53 3.4 The Kremlin politics factor ..................................................................... 54 3.5 Summary ................................................................................................. 60 Chapter 4 Conclusion and Recommendation ........................................................ 63 4.1 Conclusion .............................................................................................. 63 4.2 Recommendation .................................................................................... 65. 立. 政治大. Bibliography ............................................................................................................... 66. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. Appendix. 【Appendix 1】О ПАМЯТКЕ ИНОСТРАННОМУ ГРАЖДАНИНУ (ЛИЦУ БЕЗ. sit. y. Nat. ГРАЖДАНСТВА) ............................................................................ 73 【Appendix 2】TREATY OF GOOD-NEIGHBORLINESS AND FRIENDLY. n. al. er. io. COOPERATION BETWEEN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE PEOPLE`S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ........................................ 81 【Appendix 3】JOINT DECLARATION BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ........................................ 89. v.

(8) Chart List (1) Chart Chart 1-1：Administrative Regions of Russian Far East .............................................. 3 Chart 1-2：The paper chart ......................................................................................... 10 (2) Table Table 2-1：The birth and death population in Far East(Unit: 100 million people) ..... 21 Table 2-2：The estimation of settled population and labor resources in Russian Far East (1000 persons/per year) ..................................................................... 24 Table 2-3：The number of residents of the main age in Russian Far East .................. 25. 政治大. (Unit: 10000 people) .................................................................................. 25 Table 2-4：The Russian government allocated the labor quota to the administrative. 立. ‧ 國. 學. district ........................................................................................................ 28 Table 2-5：The Russian government allocated the labor quota to the Far East .......... 29 Table 2-6：Take foreign labor force distribution between Khabarovsk border areas and. ‧. Amur in 2003 as an example (Unit: people) ............................................. 30 Table 3-1：The percentage of Chinese migration in Russian Far East ....................... 44 Table 3-2：The population in Russia (Unit: million people) ...................................... 46 Table 3-3：The population in Russian Far East (Unit: million peopl) ........................ 47. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. vi. i n U. v.

(9) Chapter 1 Introduction This paper aims to explore the driving factors for the policies of Chinese immigrants in Russian Far East in geopolitics, international strategy and the Kremlin politics ways.. 1.1 Motivation and Purpose 1.1.1. Motivation. As early as in the nineteenth century, hundreds of Chinese had been engaged in. 政治大 In the late nineteenth to 立 early twentieth century, the number of Chinese workers. gold mining in the Far East, and they were the first ones to provide services there. 1. This situation is mainly caused by two aspects.. ‧ 國. 學. increased.. On the one hand,. although Tsarist Russian government inputted a lot of capital for moving labors from. ‧. inner provinces to the Far East, the situation of labor shortages and high labor cost. sit. y. Nat. were still not changed; on the other hand, a large number of Chinese entered the Far. n. al. er. io. East to make a living. 2. i n U. v. After the collapse of Soviet Union, the Far East Chinese emigration began to reappear.. Ch. engchi. As result of economic transition and liberalization in Russia, the Russians. and foreign labor forces got more free ways for immigration.. It created a favorable. condition for the admission of aliens; out of the collapse of the former Soviet Union, the production in Russian major industrial sectors rapidly declined as well as economic ties among regions further weakened.. 1. To survive, the foreign companies. 黃定天、趙俊亞，「俄羅斯遠東地區中國移民狀況述論」。人口學刊 5 (2006): 9。[Huang Dingtian, Zhao Junya, Eluosi yuandongdiqu zhongguoyimin zhuangkuang shulun] (The review on the status of Chinese immigration in the Russian Far East) Renkou Xiaokan (Population Journal) 5 (2006): 9. 2 Галенович, М. Ю.,“Россия и Китай в ХХвеке：Граница,” Москва : АСТ, 2001.[Galenovich, M. Yu, Russia and China in HHveke: Limit (在二十一世紀的俄羅斯和中國：邊界), Moscow:AST, 2001.] 1.

(10) in the Russian Far East paid more attention to the link between business and markets. 3 Meanwhile, the population problem in Russian Far East is getting worse and worse: the population reduction, the labor outflow, the natural population reduction and emigration.. In order to promote the social stability and economic development, the. Russian central government and the Far East Federal District, local governments, were active in introducing foreign labors to solve the labor shortage. 4 Geographically speaking, the Russian Far East which is close to the China’s border has attracted many migrants from the three northeastern provinces of China.. 政治大 and Amur Oblast and were indentified as tourists, students and workers to Far East. 立. Chinese in the Far East mainly concentrated in the Primorsky Krai, Khabarovsk Krai. and other businesses, particularly in barter trade. 5. 學. ‧ 國. Chinese immigrants have been active in commerce, construction, mining, agriculture Russian Federal Migration. ‧. Service spokesman Konstantin • Poltoranin (Константин Полторанин •) said that He. sit. y. Nat. there are more than 5.45 ten thousand Chinese citizens to do business in Russia.. io. er. also said that from January to June in 2009, 27.3187 ten thousand Chinese entered Russia, three percent less than those in 2008, of which 14.0165 ten thousand people. n. al. registered for the immigrants.. 6. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. With the coming of the Chinese immigrants in the Far East, “Yellow Peril” and the “China Threat Theory” and other similar anti-China remarks were also spread there.. 3 沈莉華，「關于俄羅斯遠東中國移民問題的思考」。東北亞論壇 4 (2005): 70。[Shen Lihua, Guanyu Eluosi yuandong zhongguo yimin wenti de sikao (The thinking on the Russian Far East Chinese immigration) Dongbeiya Luntan (Northeast Asia Forum) 4 (2005): 70.] 4 蓋莉萍，「俄羅斯遠東聯邦區的外國勞動力」。西伯利亞研究 4 (2006): 41。[Gai Liping, Eluosi yuandong lianbangqu de waiguolaodongli (The foreign labors in the Russian Far East Federal District) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 4 (2006): 41。 5 Nihon Rodo Kyokai, “Migration and the Labor Market in Asia : Recent Trends and Policies”. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2002. 6 「俄聯邦移民局：5.5 萬華人在俄經商」[Elianbang yiminju：Wudianwuwan huaren zai E jingshang (Russian Federal Migration: fifty-five thousand ethnic Chinese do business in Russia)]，俄羅斯新聞網 [Eluosi Xinwenwang (Russian News Network)]，20090613, http://big5.rusnews.cn/ezhongguanxi/ezhong_jingmao/20090713/42530600.html。 2.

(11) Do Chinese threat the Far East security? “The problem of Chinese immigrants in Russian Far East” has become a sensitive political issue in the Sino-Russian relation. We cannot help to emphasize that it had the influence on bilateral economic and trade cooperation between China and Russia. 7. 立. 政治大. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. i n U. Chart 1-1：Administrative Regions of Russian Far East. engchi. v. Source from：「遠東地區」[Yuandong lianbang guanqu (Far Eastern Federal District)]，維基百科 [Weijibaike (Wikipedia)]，Wikipediahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_Eastern_Federal_District。. 1.1.2. Purpose. According to the background of the above topic, this article attempts to answer the following questions: Why does Russia develop its Far East? factors and constraints?. What are the key. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russian government. 7. 鄧志濤，「俄境內所謂中國『移民問題』的對策性思考」。世界經濟與政治論壇 3 (2005): 77。[Deng Zhitao, Ejingnei suowei zhongguo “Yimin wenti” de duicexing sikao (The thinking countermeasures on the so-called Chinese immigration problem in Russia) Shijie Jingji Yu Zhengzhi Luntan (World Economics and Politics Forum) 3 (2005): 77.] 3.

(12) actively introduced a large number of foreign workers in order to develop its Far East; such a policy aroused the fierce dispute between federal and local governments.. The. driving factor of this policy is: what are the focus and constraints on controversial issues? The above-mentioned problem derives the following logically related sub-issues: (1) Why does Russia develop its Far East? (2) What are key elements for developing the Russian Far East? (3) Why do a large number of Chinese labors enter the Russian Far East?. 政治大 large number of Chinese labors? 立. (4) Why do some factions of Russian government oppose to the introduction of a. Chinese immigration in its Far East?. 學 ‧. y. Nat. 1.2 Hypothesis and Framework Hypothesis. io. er. 1.2.1. sit. ‧ 國. (5) How does Russian Kremlin political factor formulate the policy toward. It is hypothesized in this study that with the development of Russia’s Far East. al. n. v i n region, it will help the overall C economic development, h e n g c h i U and, in order to development its Far East, it is necessary for Russian government to recruit a large number of. Chinese labors; as for the introduction of Chinese labors, it constitutes a link of Sino-Russian partnership of strategic coordination.. However, once Chinese labor. forces enter into the Russian Far East, it would create a threat to Russian national security.. Under this geo-political consideration, it inevitably constitutes constraints. for Russia on the introduction of Chinese labor forces.. With these kinds of. contradictory considerations, therefore, the formulation of Russia’s policy on Chinese immigration in its Far East should be analyzed in terms of economic, population, international strategy and geopolitics factors through the Kremlin political interaction. 4.

(13) The above assumption can also derive the following logically related propositions: (1) In order to inject the overall economic development, Russian government needs a large number of foreign labors to develop the Far East: As result of the national economic development imbalances, it is potential to develop the Far Eastern economy by Chinese labors.. From 1991 to 2004, the. population in the Russian Far East decreased about 129 million people. A lot of labors are required in intensive production sector in the Russian Far East, but there are not enough there. 8. 政治大 They are willing to do with low wages and speed up the 立. Construction, farming, services and agriculture are main areas for. Chinese immigrants.. What’s more, because Russians will not do some jobs, their life cannot. 學. ‧ 國. progress.. separate from the Chinese immigrants. 9. ‧. Over the past decade, the rate of natural population growth and migration. sit. y. Nat. continued in the deteriorate situation. The population crisis was caused by mortality. io. er. rate higher than the birth rate and massive outflow in the Russian Far East. 10 The low fertility and the relocation of local residents resulted in a significant decline in. n. al. population of the Russian. v i n FarCEast. Out of decline h e n g c h i U in population. density, the. deterioration of the demographic composition constrained economic and social developments.. Therefore, Russian negative population growth caused the labor. Гельбрас, В. Г., “Россия в условиях глобальной китайской миграции,” Москва : Муравей, 2004.[ Gelbras, VG, Russia in the global Chinese migration (在全球華人移民的俄羅斯), Moscow: Ant, 2004.] 9 殷劍平，「中國人在遠東:從『威脅』到促進遠東經濟穩定發展的因素」。俄羅斯中亞東歐研究 3 (2006):28。[Yan Jianping, Zhongguoren zaiyuandong :cong “Weixie” dao cujin yuandong jingji wending fazhan de yinsu (The factors for the Chinese in the Far East: from “Threat” to promote the steady development of the Far Eastern Economy) Eluosi Zhongya Dongou Yanjiu (The Russian Central Asia and East European Studies) 3 (2006):28.] 10 牛燕平，「俄羅斯遠東地區人口與勞動力資源問題」。西伯利亞研究 6 (2004): 14。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi yuandongdiqu renkou yu laodongli ziyuan wenti (Russian Far East population and labor resources) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 6 (2004): 14.] 8. 5.

(14) shortage in the Far East, and Russian government must introduce Chinese labors. 11. (2) Importing large quantities of Chinese labors is an integrated link of Sino-Russian partnership of strategic coordination: In Russian foreign strategy and foreign policy, China plays a special and important role. At the period of Yeltsin, he kept the good friendship with China and regarded it as Russian important foreign policy.. Then Vladimir Putin inherited the former. policy to maintain Sino-Russian relation.. Both Chinese and Russian leaders always. 政治大 countries need to accord with the fundamental interests of their own, and to introduce 立. have such a consensus that the strategic and cooperative partnership between two. large numbers of Chinese workers is the way to the cooperation. 12. ‧ 國. 學. In foreign affairs, Putin pursued pragmatic diplomacy, and took the national. ‧. interests as the starting point instead of drawing an ideological line.. In the. Also, he advocated equality and international. io. er. and to defend the national dignity.. sit. y. Nat. international arena, he treated the interests of Russia as a traditional political power. cooperation; he opposes the use of violence and terrorism.. n. al. Ch. n U engchi. iv. Russian government. strengthened the ties with the CIS countries, and stepped up with the Asian countries, particularly making friendly relations with China. 13. (3) Introducing a large number of Chinese labor forces constitutes a threat to. Дмитриев, А. В. и Пядухов, Г. А., “Этнические группы мигрантов и конфликты в анклавных рынках труда,” Социологические исследов ания, No.8, 2005, p. 95-96.[Dmitriev, AV and Pyaduhov, GA, Ethnic groups of migrants and conflict in the enclave labor markets (族群移民和衝突飛地勞動力市場), Sociological research Ania, No.8, 2005, p. 95-96.] 12 叢鵬、張穎，「普京執政時期的俄羅斯外交特點」。國際論壇 6 (2009): 59。[Cong Peng, Zhang Ying, Pujing Zhizhengshiqi De Eluosi Waijiaotedian (The Russian diplomatic characteristics during Putin in power) Guoji Luntan (International Forum) 6 (2009): 59.] 13 楊進，「俄羅斯：『強人政治』與『可控民主』」。同舟共進 1(2008): 32。[Yang Jin, Eluosi “Jiangren zhengzhi” yu “Kekong minzhu” (A strongman’s and controllable democratic politics in Russia) Tongzhou Gongjin (The Same Boat Together)1 (2008): 32.] 11. 6.

(15) Russian security: Although Sino-Russian relation has improved in recent years, and fthe issue of border demarcation was in a better way, the “security dilemma” between the two countries was not eliminated and even became more complex.. With the growth of. China and decline of Russia, especially in an economic slump in Russian Far East region, and the growth of local separatism, it is inevitably to bring a sense of crisis about regional security. 14. Meanwhile, the number of population between the two. adjacent regions is so huge that the Russian government is still suspicious why the. 政治大. Chinese immigrants came to the Russian Far East. 15. 立. (4) Russia’s policy on Chinese immigration in its Far East is formulated as a. ‧ 國. 學. result of Kremlin political interaction in terms of economic, population,. ‧. international strategy and geopolitics factors:. At. sit. y. Nat. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, the situation in the Cold War changed.. io. er. the initial period of Yetsin ruling, the Russian foreign immigration policy was dominated by the pro-Atlantic party and what Yeltsin adopted the way was the local. al. n. v i n At theCend of the 1990s, Yeltsin h e n g c h i U resigned, and Putin took. surrounded the central. over the presidency.. Putin had an attempt to promote centralization.. leaders in the Far East have to change the attitude toward China.. The main. In the new. electoral system, the local governors held the same opinion as the Central leaders did. On the other hand, the Russian Far East Federation tried to make friends with China.. Ларин, В. Л., “Посланцы Поднебесной на Дальнем Востоке: ответ алармистам,” Диаспоры, No. 2-3, 2001, p. 77.[Larin, VL, Celestial Messengers in the Far East: the answer alarmists (中國特使在俄羅斯遠東地區：威脅的回答), Diaspora, No. 2-3, 2001, p. 77.] 15 鄧志濤，「俄境內所謂中國『移民問題』的對策性思考」。世界經濟與政治論壇 3 (2005): 78。[Deng Zhitao, Ejingnei suowei zhongguo “Yimin wenti” de duicexing sikao (The thinking countermeasures on the so-called Chinese immigration problem in Russia) Shijie Jingji Yu Zhengzhi Luntan (World Economics and Politics Forum) 3 (2005): 78.] 14. 7.

(16) 1.2.2. Framework. “A study on Post-Soviet Russia’s policy on the Chinese migration in Russia’s Far East (1992-2010),” is divided into four chapters as follows: The first chapter, “Introduction”, is divided into three sections.. Section one is. motivation and purpose, section two describes hypothesis and framework, and section three is literature review and research methods. Chapter Two, “The policies for Chinese immigrants in the Russian Far East”, Section one is the labor distribution in the 政治大 Russian Far East, including the distribution of the total labor force and Chinese labor 立. is also divided into three sections.. In the Russian Far East, because the mortality rate is higher than the. 學. ‧ 國. distribution.. birth rate, and a massive outflow of population happens, the population will naturally Declining in population density deteriorates the composition of the. ‧. decrease.. Therefore, it is. Section three is the policies for. io. er. necessary to introduce labors from other areas.. sit. y. Nat. population and constrains economic and social development.. Chinese immigration in the Russian Far East and section three is summary.. al. n. v i n C hforces and constraints Chapter Three, “The driving for Chinese immigration engchi U. in Russian Far East”, is divided into five sections.. Section one, the economic. factor, explains the imbalance among national economic development; however, economic potential of the Far East will help the national economic development. Therefore, Chinese labors are the main power for the Russian Far East. Section two, for the international strategic factor, Russia has stepped up with the CIS countries, and the Asian countries, particularly making friendly relationship with China.. Russian government plans to contend with the U.S., so it tries to establish a. strategic partnership with China.. Hence, the introduction of Chinese labors is one of. the cooperation projects for Sino-Russia strategic partnership. 8.

(17) Section three is the geopolitics factor. immigration in the Russian Far East.. Discuss about the issues for Chinese. Owing to the traditional geopolitical security. still form between China and Russia, the “China threat” and “China’s expansion” theories exist. The Kremlin political factor for the forth chapter shows that the main leaders of the Russian Far East h changed the attitude toward China, particularly in the electoral system.. The local governors also keep in line with the central authorities; on the. other hand, Russian government support Russian Far East Federation to cooperate. 政治大 the conclusion to respond. with China. Section five is summary. Finally, chapter four is for. 立. the purpose by the. above-mentioned sections of the discussion and recommendation.. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. n. er. io. sit. y. Nat. al. Ch. engchi. 9. i n U. v.

(18) Economic factor Input Labor factor. Input. International strategy factor. Kremlin politics interaction mechanism. Input. Russia’s policy toward Chinese migration in its far east. Output. Input Geopolitics factor. 政治大. 立. ‧ 國. 學. Chart 1-2：The paper chart. ‧. Literature Review. sit. Nat. 1.3.1. y. 1.3 Literature Review and Methodology. n. al. er. io. In “A study on Post-Soviet Russia’s policy on the Chinese migration in Russia’s. i n U. v. Far East (1992-2010),” come into four parts, including economic and labor,. Ch. engchi. international strategy, geopolitics, and the Kremlin political factors.. Let’s get some. views from scholars and professors in the following related fields.. (1) The internal drivers In addition, Professor Huang Dingtian and Researcher Zhao Junya at the Jilin Northeast Asia Research Center, in 2006 “The review on the status of Chinese immigrant in the Russian Far East,” described the number of Chinese immigrants and the economic situation in Russia Far East during Russia, Soviet Union and after the collapse of the Soviet Union.. They said, 10.

(19) “In the eighty’s, the industry in Russian Far East make huge progress and capitalism began to influence the economy.. Chinese immigrants have become the Far East an indispensable part of. capitalism in the labor market. immigrants were in the region.. In the Soviet era, about more than seventy thousand Chinese The population growth rate decreased 3.8 percent, but they continue. to play a crucial role in the economic and social development.. In 1986 China and the Soviet Union. started labor service cooperation and the Chinese workers employed mainly in construction, agriculture and cultivation.. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the proliferation of Chinese immigrants was. mainly decided by economic conditions and policies between China and Russia.” 16. Niu Yan-ping, an associate researcher at Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Sciences, gave her ideas in two articles in the periodical of Siberia Research：. 政治大 “Russian Far East population 立and labor resources.” She mentioned respectively,. “Russia's labor resources in the eastern region and immigration problems,” and. ‧ 國. in this area are the rarest.. 學. “The land in Russian Far East is very wide and natural resources are very rich, but labor resources Since Russian economic transition, the decreasing rate here has become. much higher than other regions of Russia and the number of the population was from eight million. ‧. sixty-six thousand in early 1991 to more than six point five million people in early 2004.. At present,. Nat. sit. residents in the Primorsky Territory drops nearly eight thousand people.” 17. y. the population of the Russian Far East continues to decline and in 2004, the number of permanent. “From a historical point of view, the population in the Far East depends on the natural growth and. io. er. migration. Over the past decade, the natural growth deteriorated and the migration continued.. al. The. n. v i n C hShe pointed out, “TheUlow living standard and bad quality of demographic crisis in Russian Far East.” engchi. mortality rate higher than the birth rate and massive outflow of population are the reasons for a. life influence the birth rate and outflow of the population.. Then the reduction of the working-age. people caused a tendency for senior citizens.” 18. Academic Secretary of Far East Branch of Russian Sciences Academy Institute of. 16. 黃定天、趙俊亞，「俄羅斯遠東地區中國移民狀況述論」。人口學刊 5 (2006): 9-10。[Huang Dingtian, Zhao Junya, Eluosi yuandongdiqu zhongguoyimin zhuangkuang shulun] (The review on the status of Chinese immigration in the Russian Far East) Renkou Xiaokan (Population Journal) 5 (2006): 9-10.] 17 牛燕平，「俄羅斯遠東地區人口與勞動力資源問題」，西伯利亞研究 6 (2004): 14。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi yuandongdiqu renkou yu laodongli ziyuan wenti (Russian Far East population and labor resources) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 6 (2004): 14.] 18 牛燕平，「俄羅斯東部地區勞動力資源與移民問題」，西伯利亞研究 3 (2006): 57。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi dongbu diqu laodongli ziyuan yu yimin wenti (Russia's labor resources in the eastern region and immigration problems) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 3 (2006): 57.] 11.

(20) Economic Research, Motrich, Ekaterina, wrote an artricle “Demographic Potential and Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East”in Far Eastern Affairs, and decribed that after the economic reform and the standard of living decline, the decline rate of the population situation in the country, especially in the Far East, was severe faster than the Russian average.. 19. (2) The external drivers The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Graduate School doctoral student, Yang. 政治大 changed in political, economic, military and diplomatic ways. 立. Jin, exams if China factor influenced Russia's strategic direction and Putin’s attitude 20. Institute of International Studies Beijing Foreign Studies University, Professor. ‧ 國. 學. Cong Peng and Zhang Ying, in “The Russian diplomatic features during Putin in. ‧. power” one article said that in May 2008, the ruling ended eight years of Putin's. sit. y. Nat. presidential term, he transferred to Prime Minister. During eight years, Russia has Especially, it. io. er. not only strengthened but also the foreign policies gradually matured.. became more clearly in geostrategic world politics, grew stably in international. n. al. Ch. patterns, and enhanced the Sino-Russian relations.. 21. engchi. i n U. v. Yin Jian-ping, a researcher at the Heilongjiang Provincial Academy of Social Sciences, said, “In the 20th century, some Russians were worried about the invasion of Chinese immigrants, but in fact, Chinese people did not enter the Russian Far East. 19. Motrich, Ekaterina, “Demographic Potential and Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East,” Far Eastern Affairs,( St. Petersburg: Jan., 2002): p67-70. 20 楊進，「俄羅斯：『強人政治』與『可控民主』」，同舟共進 1(2008): 32。[Yang Jin, Eluosi “Jiangren zhengzhi” yu “Kekong minzhu” (A strongman’s and controllable democratic politics in Russia) Tongzhou Gongjin (The Same Boat Together)1 (2008): 32.] 21 叢鵬、張穎，「普京執政時期的俄羅斯外交特點」，國際論壇 6 (2009): 57-64。[Cong Peng, Zhang Ying, Pujing Zhizhengshiqi De Eluosi Waijiaotedian (The Russian diplomatic characteristics during Putin in power) Guoji Luntan (International Forum) 6 (2009): 57-64.] 12.

(21) endlessly.” He thought that the imbalance in economic development has led to the shortage of talented persons.. It is increasingly urgent to speed up economic. development in the Russian Far East.. The China factor plays an important role in. economy and society of the Far East; for example, construction, farming, and service are the main areas in cooperation with China.. The article in Russia Central Asia and. Eastern Europe studies in 2006, “Chinese in the Russian Far East：The factors from the “threat” to the economic stable development of the Russian Far East.” is also written by a researcher, Yin Jian-ping.. He wrote that at present, the principal. 政治大 the President Putin has always been committed to strengthen the centralization of 立 officials in the Far East didn’t mention the “China threat” any more, particularly since. Also, the electoral system for the local governors was reformed, that is, the. 學. ‧ 國. power.. governors were nomination by the President instead of the direct election.. Nat. sit. y. ‧. way, it is easier for Chinese immigrants to go back and forth. 22. In this. io. er. At the Department of International Relations in Jinan University, a researcher, Deng Zhi-Tao, wrote “The thinking countermeasures on the so-called Chinese. al. n. v i n C hin the periodicalUof The Russia” engchi. immigration problem in Political Forums.. world Economic and. He considered,. “With the growth of China and decline of Russia, especially in an economic slump in Russia’s Far East region, and the growth of local separatism, it is inevitably to bring a sense of crisis about regional security in the Russian Far East.. Meanwhile, the number of population between the two adjacent. regions is so huge that the Russian government is still suspicious why the Chinese immigrants came to the Russian Far East.” 23. 22. 殷劍平，「中國人在遠東:從『威脅』到促進遠東經濟穩定發展的因素」，俄羅斯中亞東歐研究 3 (2006):24。[Yan Jianping, Zhongguoren zaiyuandong :cong “Weixie” dao cujin yuandong jingji wending fazhan de yinsu (The factors for the Chinese in the Far East: from “Threat” to promote the steady development of the Far Eastern Economy) Eluosi Zhongya Dongou Yanjiu (The Russian Central Asia and East European Studies) 3 (2006):24.] 23 鄧志濤，「俄境內所謂中國『移民問題』的對策性思考」。世界經濟與政治論壇 3 (2005): 78。 [Deng Zhitao, Ejingnei suowei zhongguo “Yimin wenti” de duicexing sikao (The thinking 13.

(22) Karkusov, Viacheslav, the lead researcher of RAS Foundation for Electoral Systems and Kudin, Andrei, the Director of RAS Foundation for Electoral Systems, had an article, “The Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East: A Historical and Economic Analysis” in Far Eastern Affairs.. They analyzed academically migration. flows in Northeast Asia, including number, motivation and cause and effect, and other aspects. of. Sino-Russian. cross-border. interaction.. (along. the. border. and. interregional.) 24. 政治大 Foreign scholars such as Alexseev, Mikhail A., Political Science Ph.D of San 立. Diego State University, wrote an article, “Economic Valuations and Interethnic Fears:. ‧ 國. 學. Perceptions of Chinese Migration in the Russian Far East” in Journal of Peace He took “Primorsky” as example, exploring Chinese immigrants in In the twentieth century, owing. sit. y. Nat. Russian Far East economic and political dimensions.. ‧. Research.. io. er. to the decreaseof the birth rate and the increase of the mortality rate, local Russians emigrated to the European part of Russia and the Chinese immigrants went to the. al. n. v i n C h because of the economic Russian Far East for the development factor. engchi U 1.3.2. 25. Methodology. (1) Kremlin politics Approach To learn more about how to develop a foreign policy in a country, it is necessary to observe the decision-making level. Therefore, in order to more understand the. countermeasures on the so-called Chinese immigration problem in Russia) Shijie Jingji Yu Zhengzhi Luntan (World Economics and Politics Forum) 3 (2005): 78.] 24 Karkusov, Viacheslav and Kudin, Andrei, “The Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East: A Historical and Economic Analysis,” Far Eastern Affairs, (Khabarovsk: Apr., 2002): p62-76. 25 Alexseev, Mikhail A. , “Economic Valuations and Interethnic Fears: Perceptions of Chinese Migration in the Russian Far East,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan., 2003), pp. 85-102. 14.

(23) driving factors of the Russian Far East Chinese immigrants, this thesis will be analyzed in Kremlin politics. What Kremlin politics is that the former and the present Soviet Union leaders struggled for power and consolidated their position in the Kremlin power in the process of policy formulation. The power behind all the candidates has become a powerful force, using a variety of debates and skills as a tool to achieve the self-exclusionary goals.. Through the observation of the interaction of. the Kremlin is one means to view a particular political formation of Russia. 26 Putin, Russian president, must keep an eye on the movement for the political Thus, taking advantage of the 政治大 trends in the Kremlin political forces interaction will help to understand driving 立 factions in the movement to consolidate his regime.. factors of Chinese immigrants in the Russian Far East.. ‧. ‧ 國. 學. (2) Geopolitical and International strategy Approach. sit. y. Nat. The origin of Geo-strategy was from the “political geography” before World War I.. io. security plan.”. er. The U.S. geo-strategists, Nicolas J. Spykam said, “The geography-based national Therefore, the geo-politics and international strategy is closely. al. n. v i n Ch related which is a study of the geographical conditions and the science of the relation engchi U. between national strategies. After collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia lost 1500 kilometers from the center of Europe.. Consequently, what the loss of geopolitical. boundaries and their strategic space in Russia was much narrower than before. Moreover, domestic political turbulence, severely frustrated economic reforms and deteriorated geopolitical situation happened.. Russian Far East is closed to the. Chinese border and Chinese immigration policy in its Far East will be subject to the. 26. 王定士，「俄羅斯千禧年總統選舉研究」。中山人文科學期刊 2 (2000): 39。[Wang Dingshi, Eluosi qianxinian zongtong xuanju yanjiu （A study on the Russian presidential elections in the new millennium） Zhongshan Renwen Kexiao Qikan (Zhongshan Humanities Journal) 2 (2000): 39.]. 15.

(24) geopolitical and international strategies.. (3) Documents Analysis Method In social science, research methods as a tool, provide researchers with some reasonable. scientific. methods. to. explore. the. phenomenon. in. theoretical. explanation. 27 The research methodology of this paper will be analyzed with Chinese, English and Russian references. Literature analysis, that is from the collection of pre-existing information in a. 政治大 conclusions in proven methods. In addition, collect relevant 立. systematic and objective definition, evaluation and to determine the exact nature of past events and. researches to analyze their findings as suggestions, and take to validate the. ‧ 國. 學. assumptions.. ‧. Literature analysis is carried out by analyzing the data, such research methods will. io. knowledge of historical value. 28. n. al. I will attempt to collect. Documents belong to the general. er. future in order to facilitate the research conducted.. sit. y. Nat. help researchers understand the past, insight into the present and speculate about the. v i n C hdata in Chinese U raw and English, engchi. supplemented by. Chinese, English and Russian, indirect information, including relevant research papers, theses, newspapers and magazines, or out of various spoken information, etc.. In. order to provide a research the analysis of the evidence, the collected data will be inducted and collated in a systematic way, so that this thesis will be in an objective, detailed and complete way.. 27. 王玉民，社會科學研究方法原理。台北：紅葉出版社，1994。[Wang Yumin, Shehui kexiao yanjiu fangfa yuanli (The principles of social science research methods)。Taipei：Hongye Publisher，1994.] 28 楊國樞，社會及行為科學研究方法。台北：東華書局，1990, p.51。[Yang Guoshu, Shehui ji hangwei kexiao yanjiu fangfa (Social and behavioral science research methods)。Taipei：Donghua Bookstore, 1990. p.51.] 16.

(25) Chapter 2 Russia’s policy toward Chinese immigrants in its Far East. The purpose of this chapter is mainly to investigate in the post-Soviet Russia, the Russia’s policy toward Chinese immigrants in its Far East, and then to understand the distribution, the issues and the migration policies of Chinese immigrants in the. 政治大 This chapter is divided into three sections. Section one is the demographic 立. Russian Far East.. Chinese immigration in Russian Far East.. Section two is the policies of. 學. ‧ 國. problem and the labor distribution in Russian Far East.. Section three is summary.. Summarize. ‧. how to formulate the policy toward Chinese immigrants in Russian Far East after the. er. io. sit. y. Nat. collapse of the Soviet Union.. 2.1 The demographic problem and labor distribution in Russian. n. al. C h Far EastU n i engchi. v. Russia’s Far East, which borders on China’s three northeastern provinces, which is home to nearly 0.1 billion people, 15 times the Far East’s population. With this huge gap, China was anxious to find a way out for its large numbers of surplus labor, and Russia’s Far East became an ideal place. 29 The Far East is extensive and has abundant resources, yet it is sparsely populated and is great need of manpower. Since Russia’s economic reform, the Far East’s. 29. 劉慧麗，「俄羅斯遠東地區的人口問題與中俄勞務合作」，俄羅斯中亞東歐市場 2 (2007): 41。 [Liu Huili, Eluosi yuandong diqu de renkou wenti yu ZhongE laowu hezuo (The population of the Russian Far East labor service cooperation with China and Russia) Eluosi Zhongya Dongou Shichang (Russia's Central Asia and Eastern) Europe 2 (2007): 41.] 17.

(26) population had reduced by 14,500 persons in 15 years, or 2% of the population, from 8.066 million in early 1991 to 6.59 million in 2005. This decrease was far bigger than other areas in Russia.. Presently, this area’s population continues to decrease. In the. first half of 2004, in coastal border areas alone, the de jure population reduced by nearly 8,000.. Over the ten years, two main factors leading to this crisis in the Far. East’s population are: death rate higher than birth rate, and population outflow in large quantities. In 1990, the Far Eastern Federal District had a registered population of 8.04. 政治大 decreased by 14,500 persons,. million. From then on, the situation became increasingly worse. As of 2005, the population was 6.59 million,. 立. or 2%. Although. population loss is a common problem in Russia, as the overall Russian population. ‧ 國. 學. tended to decrease, the Far East’s percentage is falling drastically, at nearly 1% in 15. sit. y. Nat. Population decreases because of the mortality rate higher than the. io. al. birth rate. er. 2.1.1. ‧. years. 30. n. v i n C hdeath rate has beenUsurpassing the birth rate. From 1993 on, the Far East’s engchi. particular, in 1998~2004, its population had naturally decreased 145,700.. In In. 1993~1999, the population fell by 110,900. 31 A negative growth in population as a result of high death rate, low birth rate, and population outflow has led to a consequence which is inestimable economically and socially. 32. 30. Agarkov,Valery and Shatilova, Marina, “Migration is a bad headache in the Russian Far East,” Itar-Tass Weekly New, (Moscow: Aug., 2002): p1. 31 杜立克，「淺析俄羅斯遠東地區的人口危機問題」，內蒙古大學學報 4 (2003): 97。[Du Like, Qianxi Eluosi yuandong diqu de renkou weiji wenti (An Analysis of the Russian Far East's population crisis) Neimenggu Daxiao Xiaobao (Journal of Inner Mongolia University) 4 (2003): 97. 32 牛燕平，「俄羅斯遠東地區人口與勞動力資源問題」。西伯利亞研究 6 (2004): 14。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi yuandongdiqu renkou yu laodongli ziyuan wenti (Russian Far East population and labor resources) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 6 (2004): 14.] 18.

(27) Statistics show that in the first 7 months of 2003, the Far East’s birth rate was 10.83‰ and death rate 13.19‰, and the population naturally decreased by approximately 12800. Compared with 1990, the birth rate decreased by over 30%, while the death rate rose by 60%. 33 In terms of birth rate, in 1991~1999, the Far East’s birth rate had fallen from 13.7‰ to 9‰, or 33.6%. On the other hand, Russia’s overall birth rate decreased from 12.1‰ to 8.3‰, or 30.4%.. Currently the Far East’s birth rate has reached a degree. where a simple re-production process can no longer be guaranteed.. On average, a. 政治大 children can guarantee the minimum regeneration. The low birth rate is due to bad 立 childbearing age woman only gives birth to one child; but only giving birth to 2.3. survival conditions. A great many families can afford to bear the heavy burden of. ‧ 國. 學. raising children. Meanwhile, the younger generation has their lifestyle and a change Families which would only have one child or none are increasing. 34. ‧. in attitude.. A. sit. y. Nat. survey (2002) shows that 58% of the interviewees in the Far East believed that, under. io. than the overall Russia (44%) and Siberia (55%).. al. er. the current economic conditions, having a child is better. This percentage is higher. n. v i n C hrates in the same U In 1991~1999, in terms of death period, the Far East rose 40.7%, engchi. while the entire Russia increased 28.9%.. In other words, the entire Russia’s. population decreased naturally at 25.5% in 10 years, the Far East’s population reduced naturally 1.4 times that figure. Currently in some parts in the Far East, their death rate still surpasses their birth rate by 50%.. For instance, in the coastal and border. Мотрич, Е., “Демографический потенциал и присутствие китайцев на российском Дальнем Востоке,” Проблемы Дальнего Востока, No. 6, 2001, p. 57-60.[Motrich, E., demographic potential and the presence of Chinese in the Russian Far East (在俄羅斯遠東地區的人口潛力和存在的華人), Problems of the Far East, No. 6, 2001, p. 57-60. 34 「俄羅斯將向西伯利亞及遠東移民數十萬人」[Eluosi jiangxiang Xibaliya ji yuandong yimin shushiwanren (Russia will immigrate hundreds of thousands of people to Siberia and the Far East)]，新華網[Xinhuawang (Xinhua Network)]，20060630, http://www.chinaxinjiang.cn/news/gjxw/t20060630_128425.htm 33. 19.

(28) areas, in the first half of 2004, the number of dead exceeded the number of newborn by half, with a natural decrease of about 5,799 in population.. In Amur, in January to. July, the death rate grew 8% from the same period in 2003, with a natural decrease of about 2,600 in population. 35. In respect of causes for high death rate, in addition to a. decreased level of living and low quality of life, the natural and climate conditions are more severe and the risks for prevalence and death are high, but medical benefits are far fewer than before. 36 In terms of the average life, in 1999, the life expectancy of the entire Russia’s. 政治大 expectancy of Far Easterners was 64.4 years old, males 58.9 and females 70.6, the gap 立. population was 65.9 years old, males 59.9 and females 72.4. By contrast, the life. By 2003, the life expectancy of the entire Russia’s population. was 65.4 years old, males 58.5 and females 71.99.. 學. ‧ 國. being nearly 12 years.. On the other hand, that of the Far. ‧. East’s population was 62.95 years old, males 56.4 and females 69.5. 37. These figures. The life expectancy of the Far East’s. io. er. Easterners had been falling, by nearly 2 years.. sit. y. Nat. suggest that over the 5 years, the life expectancy of the Russians including Far. population was the lowest among Russia’s 7 federal districts and was 2 years lower. n. al. than the average figure of. v i n theCentire Russia. In U h e n g c h i the foreseeable. future, the life. expectancy of the Far East’s population will still not reach the average figure of the entire Russia. Among males of labor age 16, only 58% will be able to live to 60. 38. 35. 杜立克，「淺析俄羅斯遠東地區的人口危機問題」，內蒙古大學學報 4 (2003): 97。[Du Like, Qianxi Eluosi yuandong diqu de renkou weiji wenti (An Analysis of the Russian Far East's population crisis) Neimenggu Daxiao Xiaobao (Journal of Inner Mongolia University) 4 (2003): 97. 36 Галенович, М. Ю.,“Россия и Китай в ХХвеке：Граница,” Москва : АСТ, 2001.[Galenovich, M. Yu, Russia and China in HHveke: Limit (在二十一世紀的俄羅斯和中國：邊界), Moscow:AST, 2001.] 37 劉慧麗，「俄羅斯遠東地區的人口問題與中俄勞務合作」，俄羅斯中亞東歐市場 2 (2007): 41。 [Liu Huili, Eluosi yuandong diqu de renkou wenti yu ZhongE laowu hezuo (The population of the Russian Far East labor service cooperation with China and Russia) Eluosi Zhongya Dongou Shichang (Russia's Central Asia and Eastern) Europe 2 (2007): 41.] 38 牛燕平，「俄羅斯遠東地區人口與勞動力資源問題」。西伯利亞研究 6 (2004): 14。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi yuandongdiqu renkou yu laodongli ziyuan wenti (Russian Far East population and labor resources) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 6 (2004): 14.] 20.

(29) (See Table 2-1). Table 2-1：The birth and death population in Far East(Unit: 100 million people) 2500 2000 1500. Birth Rate Mortality rate. 1000. 政治大. 500. 立. 0. ‧ 國. 學. 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Source from: 俄羅斯聯邦國家統計局[Russian Federal State Statistics]. ‧. http://poccuu.org/0-tongjiju.htm. sit. y. Nat. io. er. Massive outflow of population. 2.1.2. Compared with natural population decrease, population outflow in large numbers. al. n. v i n C h in a rapid decrease is the main cause which has resulted in the Far East’s population. engchi U. After the USSR dissolved, more population flowed out from the Far East, mainly including high quality specialists, technicians and young laborers. 39 Immigration used to add substantially to the Far East’s population. Nevertheless, from 1990 to today, due to various reasons, Far Easterners have migrated to the west of the country, while immigrants have decreased drastically.. The population outflow. has reached more than 1 million, making up over 80% of the district’s total population. 39. Motrich, Ekaterina, “Demographic Potential and Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East,” Far Eastern Affairs,( St. Petersburg: Jan., 2002): p77-78.. 21.

(30) decrease. In the Far East, in particular the north, the economic and social conditions are far worse than other districts and survival is not an easy thing.. As a result, population. outflow is more serious. The original preferential policy which aimed to attract migrants is no longer there. 40 Currently the Far East’s population outflow continues, and so do some of the federal subjects.. Leaving the Far East, the migrants move. toward the south of the Far East, such as residents in Yakut, Sakhalin, Magadanskaya, Kamchatka, Chukotka continues to move toward Khabarovsk, Primorsky Krai, Amur, Jewish Autonomous Oblast. over 50,000 now. 41. 立. 政治大. The number has decreased from 160,000 in 1991 to. Between 1940 and 1985, every 5 years on average, the immigrants accounted for. ‧ 國. 學. 37.9% of the Far East’s population growth. From 1986 on, this factor began to lose. Those of the immigrants who stayed in the Far East only accounted for From then on, the migration trend continued. io. er. 5.7%, down 61.54% from 1971~1975.. sit. y. Nat. growth.. ‧. its effect. From 1986 to 1990, the immigrants only made up 17.2% of the population. to become worse, and the immigrants’ factor for population growth was no long. n. al. present.. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. In 1999, the population outflow in the Far East was 7 times than in 1986. 2003 alone, the emigration population reached up to 24,300.. In. Cities lost many. professional technicians, and some villages and Boreal areas were absent of human traces.. From the 1990s to today, Chukotka has lost two-thirds of its population,. Мотрич, Е., “Демографический потенциал и присутствие китайцев на российском Дальнем Востоке,” Проблемы Дальнего Востока, No. 6, 2001, p. 60.[Motrich, E., demographic potential and the presence of Chinese in the Russian Far East (在俄羅斯遠東地區的人口潛力和存在的華人), Problems of the Far East, No. 6, 2001, p. 60.] 41 杜立克，「淺析俄羅斯遠東地區的人口危機問題」，內蒙古大學學報 4 (2003): 97。[Du Like, Qianxi Eluosi yuandong diqu de renkou weiji wenti (An Analysis of the Russian Far East's population crisis) Neimenggu Daxiao Xiaobao (Journal of Inner Mongolia University) 4 (2003): 97. 40. 22.

(31) Magadanskaya 50%, Koryak 37%, Kamchatka 25%, Sakhalin 20%. 42. In the past 10. years, the Far East has lost a total of 0.9 million residents; of them, the immigrant outflow was 828,900 persons, making up 92.4% of the total loss of the Far Eastern population.. The Far East’s population outflow rate stood at 13.6‰ in 1995 and. below 8.7‰ in 1999. 43. In the first quarter of 2004, compared with the same period. of 2003, Primorsky Krai’s population outflow had grown 12.9%, and in the first half of the year the number of emigrants exceeded the number of immigrants by 2,000. Amur had increased 6% in the number of emigrants compared with the same period of 2003.. 立. The potential of labor force declines: population decreases and. 學. ‧ 國. 2.1.3. 政治大. population density constitutes deterioration. ‧. In respect of the imbalance in population distribution, a decrease in population had. sit. y. Nat. led to a drop in the percentage of the Far East in the overall Russian population, from. io. er. 5.4% in 1991 to 4.5% in 2004. And its population density had fallen from 1.3 persons to below 1 person per kilometer square, far below the average Russian population. al. n. v i n density of 8.4 persons/kilometerCsq. The situation inUthe north is even worse: Sakha hengchi. (Yakutia) 0.3 person/km. sq., Magadanskaya 0.4 person/km. sq., Chukotka 0.07 person/km. sq.. The fact that the population is becoming sparser and more. imbalanced in distribution will confine exploitation of natural resources and development of the economy in the Far East. Meanwhile, the fall in the Far East’s population has also contributed to an unfavorable change in the geographical. 42. 劉慧麗，「俄羅斯遠東地區的人口問題與中俄勞務合作」，俄羅斯中亞東歐市場 2 (2007): 41。 [Liu Huili, Eluosi yuandong diqu de renkou wenti yu ZhongE laowu hezuo (The population of the Russian Far East labor service cooperation with China and Russia) Eluosi Zhongya Dongou Shichang (Russia's Central Asia and Eastern) Europe 2 (2007): 41.] 43 Lukin, Alexander, “The Image of China in Russian Border Regions” Asian Survey, Vol. 38, No. 9 (Sep., 1998), pp. 825. 23.

(32) distribution of Russia’s entire population. 44 (See Table 2-2) The 6.59 million people in Russian Far East are scattered over an expansive land of 6.216 million km. sq., or 1.06 persons per km. sq.. And the population mainly. concentrates in cities by the southern Amur River and along the railway, while other areas are sparsely populated.. Statistics from the National Office of Statistics show. that the urban population of the Far East was 4.89 million in 2005 and that the rural population was merely 1.70 million.45. 政治大 Far East (1000 persons/per year) 立. 1997. Resident population. 7712.2. 7598.6. 7512.2. Labor resources. 4754.8. 4589.1. 3416.4 2361.1. io. 7262.8. 7080.9. 4536.1. 4489.5. 4419.4. 4421.8. 3250.1. 3197.7. 3166.8. 3114.3. 3129.3. 2115.0. 2042.8. 1987.9. 1916.5. 1918.9. 161.25. 236.1. 271.1. 222.8. y. Nat. Sign unemployed. 7438.6. al. 86.13. sit. ‧ 國. 1996. ‧. 1995. Material production. 2005. 學. 1994. Employment. 2000. er. Table 2-2：The estimation of settled population and labor resources in Russian. 277.3. n. v i Source from: 俄羅斯聯邦國家統計局(Russian Federal State Statistics) n Ch engchi U http://poccuu.org/0-tongjiju.htm. A decrease in the population of newborns, high death rate in the labor-age population, and high population outflow, will inevitably leads to an aging population. Statistics for 2002 suggest that the Far East’s population below labor age accounted. 44. 牛燕平，「俄羅斯遠東地區人口與勞動力資源問題」。西伯利亞研究 6 (2004): 14。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi yuandongdiqu renkou yu laodongli ziyuan wenti (Russian Far East population and labor resources) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 6 (2004): 14.] 45 劉慧麗，「俄羅斯遠東地區的人口問題與中俄勞務合作」，俄羅斯中亞東歐市場 2 (2007): 41。 [Liu Huili, Eluosi yuandong diqu de renkou wenti yu ZhongE laowu hezuo (The population of the Russian Far East labor service cooperation with China and Russia) Eluosi Zhongya Dongou Shichang (Russia's Central Asia and Eastern) Europe 2 (2007): 41.] 24.

(33) for 19.8%, down 7.8% from 1991, and the population above labor age made up 15.1%, up more than 4%.. By international standards, when a 60-year-above population. accounts for 10% of the total population, it suggests that an aging society has come. Obviously, the Far Eastern population has come to this stage. At the same time, a labor force aging problem is becoming worse. 46. Currently, in the Far East’s food. industry, light industry, and machine manufacturing industry, aging in the population has reached up to 48%~60%.. As the population and the labor force continue to age,. a wide and deep influence will be reflected on the region’s economic and social. 政治大 threat to economic and social development of both the Far East. 立 development. (See Table 2-3) 47. Worsening in the population will practically pose a However, without a. certain number and quality of permanent population, it is impossible for the Far East. ‧ 國. 學. to have a growth in material production, nor is it possible for the society to develop.. ‧. As Russia’s economic development is increasingly depending on the development. sit. y. Nat. speed and scale of its east, the population factor is crucial to the Far East’s economic. io. er. growth speed and the society’s stable development, and it will also affect on the materialization of the entire Russia’s economic development projects. 48. n. al. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Table 2-3：The number of residents of the main age in Russian Far East (Unit: 10000 people) Age group. Year. Year. Year. Year. 1991. 2002. 2010. 2015. Гельбрас, В. Г., “Россия в условиях глобальной китайской миграции,” Москва : Муравей, 2004.[ Gelbras, VG, Russia in the global Chinese migration (在全球華人移民的俄羅斯), Moscow: Ant, 2004.] 47 牛燕平，「俄羅斯遠東地區人口與勞動力資源問題」。西伯利亞研究 6 (2004): 14。[Niu Yanping, Eluosi yuandongdiqu renkou yu laodongli ziyuan wenti (Russian Far East population and labor resources) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 6 (2004): 14.] 48 Motrich, Ekaterina, “Demographic Potential and Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East,” Far Eastern Affairs,( St. Petersburg: Jan., 2002): p70. 46. 25.

(34) Lower than the working-age population. 202.6. 139.5. 108.9. 111.1. Working-age population. 480.6. 458.0. 431.6. 387.1. Older working-age population. 96.6. 106. 127.6. 147.8. 資料來源：蓋莉萍，「俄羅斯遠東聯邦區的外國勞動力」，西伯利亞研究 4 (2006): 42。[Gai Liping, Eluosi yuandong lianbangqu de waiguolaodongli (The foreign labors in the Russian Far East Federal District) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 4 (2006): 42.]. The Far East’s population situation has caused concern to the Russian government, who worries that the population decrease might affect stability in the area.. 政治大. After. president Putin assumed office, the country has been raising attention to the Far East. 立. population problem and has even upgraded it to a threat to the country’s economic. ‧ 國. 學. safety and land safety.. The population problem has not only increased Russia’ s. effect on foreign collaboration policy for the area.. ‧. misgivings about countries surrounding the Far East, but it has caused a profound As a result, in 2003, Putin. y. Nat. io. sit. instructed Herman Gref, minister of the Ministry of Economic Development and. n. al. er. Trade, to formulate comprehensive measures to stem the population loss. In 2006, in. Ch. i n U. v. his state of the union address, Putin stressed on the urgency of the population problem. engchi. and demanded the government to create all favorable conditions for encouraging birth. 49. In the meanwhile, the president’s representative to the Far East convened a. population conference and discussed how to stabilize the Far East’s population and immigration problem.. The Far East draws immigrants to address its own population. shortage, which has become a practical choice for the region’s development.. How. then to effectively organize immigrants to develop the Far East has become a core. 49. 「俄羅斯將向西伯利亞及遠東移民數十萬人」[Eluosi jiangxiang Xibaliya ji yuandong yimin shushiwanren (Russia will immigrate hundreds of thousands of people to Siberia and the Far East)]，新華網[Xinhuawang (Xinhua Network)]，20060630, http://www.chinaxinjiang.cn/news/gjxw/t20060630_128425.htm 26.

(35) issue that concerns both the Russian and the local governments. 50. 2.1.4. Overall labor distribution. In 1991 Russia’s Far East population reached a new record, 8.0566 million. From then on, this figure started to go gradually down.. Between 1991 and 1995,. 552,000 people had been lost, of which rural population made up 6.9%.. Between. 1996 and 2000, 399,000 had been lost again, of which rural population accounted for 5.3%.. By 2002, the Far East’s population was 7.0381 million, down approximately. 政治大 In 2001, the Russian federal government (Росси́йская Федера́ция) stipulated 立. 2.5 million from 1989. 51. Russia’s “Labor Law”, which applies to all people working in Russia, including those. ‧ 國. 學. from allied republics in the Soviet Union period and foreigners. 52. In 2002, the. ‧. Russian federal government instituted the “Foreign Citizens’ Legal Status Law”.. In. sit. y. Nat. the same year, president Vladimir Putin (Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин), who. io. er. was attending a “Social and Economic Development Problems in the Far East Federal District” meeting held in Khabarovsk, pointed out, regarding foreign labor problems. al. n. v i n in the district, that the Foreign C Citizens’ Legal StatusU h e n g c h i Law was intended to adjust the labor market.. He added that each Russian federal body should, by law, under the. premise of promising Russia’s federal citizens’ right to work, effectively adjust and manage foreign labor markets and implanted a foreign labor work permit and quota management system.. Besides, Russia’s Federal Migration Service, Ministry of. Interior, suggested to extend the work duration of foreign laborers working in the 50. Bodanov, Sergei and Rudak, Anatoly, “Problem of Chinese migrants in Far East should be treated calmly ,” Itar-Tass Weekly News, (Blagoveshchensk: Apr., 2002):p1. 51 Motrich, Ekaterina, “Demographic Potential and Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East,” Far Eastern Affairs,( St. Petersburg: Jan., 2002): p67-78. 52 蓋莉萍，「俄羅斯遠東聯邦區的外國勞動力」。西伯利亞研究 4 (2006): 41。[Gai Liping, Eluosi yuandong lianbangqu de waiguolaodongli (The foreign labors in the Russian Far East Federal District) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 4 (2006): 41.] 27.

(36) Russian Federation from one to three years. 53 Currently, the Russian Federation introduces foreign labors from 119 countries around the world; of them, 40% in the Central Federal District, 15% in the Siberia Federal District, 11.5% in the Far East Federal District.. By an estimate from. Russia’s Federal Migration Service, there are a total of approximately 10 million people of foreign nationalities, yet only 2 million have legal status and 0.7 million pay taxes.. In 2006 the Russian federal government assigned a labor quota of 58,600. persons to the Far East, which accounted for 20% of Russia’s overall quota. (See. 政治大 Khabarovsk, 11,500 for Amur, 7,000 for Sakhalin, 4,703 for Jewish Autonomous 立 Table 2-4). Of the figure, 16,500 was for the coastal border area, 14,000 for. Oblast, 1,700 for Republic of Sakha. (See Table 2-5) 54. However, the actual number. ‧ 國. 學. of laborers needed practically often surpassed the nation’s permitted quotas.. A great number of foreign legal. ‧. suggests that the practical need cannot be met.. This. sit. y. Nat. laborers are introduced outside of quota. The main reason is that employers do not. io. al. n. cut down on costs. 55. er. want to go through the complicated procedure or that they desire to catch up work and. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Table 2-4 ： The Russian government allocated the labor quota to the administrative district. 53. Bodanov, Sergei and Rudak, Anatoly, “Problem of Chinese migrants in Far East should be treated calmly ,” Itar-Tass Weekly News, (Blagoveshchensk: Apr., 2002):p1. 54 劉慧麗，「俄羅斯遠東地區的人口問題與中俄勞務合作」，俄羅斯中亞東歐市場 2 (2007): 41。 [Liu Huili, Eluosi yuandong diqu de renkou wenti yu ZhongE laowu hezuo (The population of the Russian Far East labor service cooperation with China and Russia) Eluosi Zhongya Dongou Shichang (Russia's Central Asia and Eastern) Europe 2 (2007): 41.] 55 Lukin, Alexander, “The Image of China in Russian Border Regions” Asian Survey, Vol. 38, No. 9 (Sep., 1998), pp. 823.. 28.

(37) Others 33%. Central Federal District. Central Federal District 40%. Siberian Federal District. Siberian Federal District 15%. Far Eastern Federal District 12%. Others. 政治大. Table 2-5：The Russian government allocated the labor quota to the Far East. 3%. 8%. Khabarovsk Krai Amur Oblast Sakhalin Oblast. y. Nat. io. sit. Jewish Autonomous Oblast. 25%. n. al. Sakha Republic. er. 21%. Primorsky Krai. 30%. ‧. 13%. 學. ‧ 國. 立. Ch. engchi. i n U. v. Russia’s federal government, President Putin, and Russian scholars have considerable concern about the population size of the Far East, labor market condition, and labor introduction problems. 56. As far as the Fart East is concerned, a labor. demand of 6.7 million is needed, but there are about 4.6 million working age people. 57 Forecasts suggest that by 2010, the working age population will reduce to 4.31 million, Дмитриев, А. В. и Пядухов, Г. А., “Этнические группы мигрантов и конфликты в анклавных рынках труда,” Социологические исследов ания, No.8, 2005, p. 90.[Dmitriev, AV and Pyaduhov, GA, Ethnic groups of migrants and conflict in the enclave labor markets (族群移民和衝突飛地勞動力市場), Sociological research Ania, No.8, 2005, p. 90.] 57 Motrich, Ekaterina, “Demographic Potential and Chinese Presence in the Russian Far East,” Far Eastern Affairs,( St. Petersburg: Jan., 2002): p67. 56. 29.

(38) down 5.8% from 2002 (see Table2-6). 1 million fewer than in 1991.. By 2016, the working age population will be. As the labor resource problem has become a strategic. problem of economic stability and growth for the Far East, on the basis of the district’s labor resources, further labor will be introduced, by twenty percentages of current labor resources. 58 About 90% of the foreign labor is male, of which 70% is in the construction, agriculture, and industry sectors.. Table 2-6：Take foreign labor force distribution between Khabarovsk border. 政治大. areas and Amur in 2003 as an example (Unit: people). 立 Others. ‧ 國. 學. Agriculture. ‧. Architecture. y. sit. Khabarovsk Krai. er. al. n. 0. io. Business/Diet. Nat. Industry. Amur Oblast. 1000. C h2000 3000 engchi. i n U4000. v. 5000. Source from: 蓋莉萍，「俄羅斯遠東聯邦區的外國勞動力」。西伯利亞研究 4 (2006): 43。[Gai Liping, Eluosi yuandong lianbangqu de waiguolaodongli (The foreign labors in the Russian Far East Federal District) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 4 (2006): 43.]. 2.1.5. Chinese labor distribution. According to data from Russia’s visa agencies and the Chinese embassy, a census. 58. 蓋莉萍，「俄羅斯遠東聯邦區的外國勞動力」，西伯利亞研究 4 (2006): 41-45。[Gai Liping, Eluosi yuandong lianbangqu de waiguolaodongli (The foreign labors in the Russian Far East Federal District) Xibaliya Yanjiu (Siberian Research) 4 (2006): 41-45.] 30.