Chapter 3 The Contextual Background
3.2. Local Government in Indonesia
3.2.2. What do local governments do?
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council secretariat office. To run the local government tasks, Bupati is supported by agencies (Lembaga Teknis Daerah and Dinas Daerah) in which to do their tasks, the agencies should coordinate with the assistants and also secretary.
Figure 3-1 The county/city government structure
3.2.2. What do local governments do?
Basically there are three types of government affairs in Indonesian public administration. The first is the affairs under the authority of the central government.
Secondly, the affairs conducted only by the central government affairs as it is stipulated by the Law 32/2004 article 10 that is foreign policy, defense and security, judicial, fiscal and monetary, and religious affairs (Table 3.2). Finally, the concurrent affairs which are the tasks involve contributions from all level of governments. This
Source: The Agam county’s government structure www.agamkab.go.id
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concurrent affair divides its authority based on four criteria: externality, accountability, efficiency and harmonious relation (Cahyat 2005).Table 3-1 The main functions of public administration in Indonesia
Table 3.2 & 3.3 illustrates the local government affairs grouped into Mandatory Governmental Functions of Basic and Non-Basic Services and The Discretionary Governmental Functions. Mandatory Governmental Function of Basic Services is a very basic affair relating to the right and basic services of the citizens. The organization of this affair shall be based on the minimum standard service. Meanwhile, the Discretionary Governmental Functions is matters that are significantly exist in the area and potentially improve the community welfare in accordance with the conditions, uniqueness and potential of regions. In fact for Indonesia‟s case there is no clear strategy can be applied to realize an effective decentralization since the practice of the tasks is inconsistent.
Table 3-2 Mandatory governmental function
Subject Indicators
1 Education Early childhood education, The percentage of illiterate population above 15 years old, Enrollment rate, Dropout rate, Graduate rate, School transition rate, The number of teacher with the bachelor or diploma-IV degree
2 Health Scope of obstetric complications treated, Scope of delivery assistance by health personnel who are competent midwifery , Scope of Villages of Universal Child Immunization, Scope of toddler malnutrition treated, Scope of findings and treatment of patients with TBC disease, Scope of findings and treatment of patients with Dengue Fever Disease, scope of health services of poor patient referral, scope of the visit baby
Defense and foreign relation
Monetary affairs (currency)
Protection/ Law and order (judiciary, legal framework, police)
Provision of services (infrastructure, public utilities, educational and health facilities, media)
Provision of products and distribution networks (investment in production and distribution/trading facilities)
Regulation and control (licensing, issuance of permits, developing the legal framework for economic and economic activities of private actors)
Policy making and planning
Source: Rohdewohld, 1995
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4 Public Work Length of city roads in good condition, Household with sanitation, Slum area coverage
5 Communication and Information
The availability of local government website, Exhibition and Expo 6 Land Affairs Scope of titled land and land supposedly titled, State Land Case
Settlement, Location Permit settlement 7 National Unity and
Politics
Local Political development activities, Development activities of NGO, Community Organization and Youth Organization
8 Regional Autonomy Management Information System of Local Government, Public services satisfaction index
9 People‟s and Village Empowerment
Active Empowerment Family Welfare, Integrated Service Unit
10 Social affairs Social facilities (orphanage, nursing home and rehabilitation centre), the management of social welfare issues, people with social welfare issues who receive social donor
11 Cultural affairs The organization of art and culture festival, the facilitation of art and culture organization, Preserved objects, sites and cultural heritage area 12 Statistical affairs The book of City in Numbers, the book of City‟s Gross Regional
Domestic Product (PDRB)
13 Archives Default archives management, Human resources development of archive administration
14 Libraries Available Book collections at local library, the number of library visitor Source: Republic of Indonesia, Law 32/2004
As it is mentioned in the previous chapter, the Ministry of Home Affairs establishes evaluation based on the Presidential Decree No.6/2008. There are three types of evaluations:
1. Evaluasi Kinerja Penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Daerah (EKPPD/Evaluation of Local Government Administration Performance)
2. Evaluasi Kemampuan Penyelenggaraan Otonomi Daerah (EKPOD/Evaluation of Regional Autonomy Administration Capability) 3. Evaluasi Daerah Otonom Baru (Evaluation of the New Autonomous
Region)
The mechanism of the evaluations is based on four factors: 1) the improvement of social welfare; 2) Good Governance; 3) Public Services; and 4)
6Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan (AMDAL) or environmental impact assessment is used as part of the decision making process regarding business and/or business in Indonesia
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61 Regional Competitiveness. Based on the aggregated score of mandatory and discretionary matters of each regency/city, the result is categorized into four criteria:
very good, good, fair and poor. For example, from the EKPPD 2010, of 346 counties evaluated, 6 counties were categorized as poor and 51 categorized as fair. It indicates that about 70 percent of sub-national level governments in Indonesia have achieved a good performance of mandatory and discretionary functions.
Moreover, based on the Government of Republic of Indonesia Regulation No.
129/2000 which focuses on the regional proliferation, the UNDP and Bappenas (2008) launched evaluation project using four indicators: the local economy, local financial, public services and local government apparatuses. The result of this study was collected through survey, interview and FGD. Two problems were found in the aspect of local economy performance. That is imbalance distribution of economical potency and higher burden for the poor. The local financial performance indicates the new autonomous region is not better than its parent region due to the problems occurred in the administration of local finance. Findings from the public services performance indicate a lack of financial allocation and human resources quantity has made the public services ineffective. Finally, from the local government apparatuses performance, there is a discrepancy between the number of qualify apparatuses and its demand. Based on the findings, we would assume that the 57 counties which are categorized as poor and fair performance by the EKPPD evaluation might experience the shortcomings found by the UNDP and Bappenas.
Concerning the poor performance of some regions in Indonesia, we would argue that the existence of effective leadership is needed. The leaders observed in this study are those who were in office for two periods. This is assuming that two periods indicate the leader received a high trust from society.
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1 Marine and fisheries Fishery production, Fish consumption
2 Agriculture Rice productivity or other main local food per hectare, the agriculture contribution on PDRB
3 Forestry Rehabilitation of forest and critical land, 4 Energy and minerals
7 Trade affairs The contribution towards PDRB, Trade Net Export 8 Transmigration affairs The number of people who migrate
Source: Republic of Indonesia, Law 32/2004
3.2.3. Financial Relationship between the central government and local level