Chapter 4 Research Methods
4.3. Survey methods
4.3.3. Questionnaires
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Figure 4-4 Operationalization of dependent variable
4.3.3. Questionnaires
The questionnaire consisted of 44 items. There are 11 demographic items to identify the sample structure, 29 items to identify the leader‟s behaviors and 4 items to identify the perceived local government performance identification. For the purpose of finding correlations between the leader‟s behavior and the local government functioning, some questions are excluded. It includes questions number 4, 5, 15 to 18 and Part III. These queries are aimed to create an additional description of the qualitative discussion (appendix 3). To test the questionnaire reliability, we use SPSS reliability test and found the Cronbach‟s alpha is between 0.788 - 0.864. It is higher than 0.70 so it is a reliable tool. It can be used repeatedly without changing its measurement. In other words, it produces consistency to any condition. Whereas for the questionnaire validity, we ask one or two local people in each region do the questionnaire and ask them whether they have difficulties to understand the questions.
We need to adjust the questions before we carry on studies for the City A city because according to the local citizenry, the sentences seem to rather difficult to understand for the elder generation.
Source: Author
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93 4.3.4. Public Satisfaction Index
Based on the State Apparatuses Ministerial Decree of the Republic of Indonesia No. 25/2004 regarding the general guidance of the organization of public satisfaction index, the government institutions are required to apply the index in order to improve the public service provision quality. We apply this index to key out the condition of business practice and also local traditional value level.
Table 4-4 Perception index score
No Mean of
Perception
Mean of Index Category Interpretation
1 1.0 - 1.75 25.00 – 43.75 D POOR
2 1.76 – 2.50 43.76 – 62.50 C FAIR
3 2.51 – 3.25 62.51 – 81.25 B GOOD
4 3.26 – 4.00 81.26 - 100 A VERY GOOD
The mean of perception value ranges between 1 and 4 points. There are four categories of performance applied. The poor performance is ranged between 1.00 and 1.75 points. The fair performance has ranged between 1.76 and 2.50 points. The good performance ranges between 2.51 and 3.25. Finally, very good performance has ranged between 3.25 and 4.00 points. Meanwhile, in terms of mean of the index, “D”
or poor is ranged between 25.00 – 43.75 points. The “C” or fair is ranged between 43.76 – 62.50 points. The “B” or good has ranged between 62.51 and 81.25 points.
Finally, “A” or very good the range is between 81.25 and 100 points.
We consider the leader‟s behavior has not affected by patronage practice when we found the score of public satisfaction index is below 2.50 points, whereas above this score there is possibility that the leader‟s behavior might have been influenced.
This condition is applied to the local culture values influence as well. The leader‟s Source: Healthcare agency of City A city
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behavior performed might have been influenced by the obedient value which exists in the society when we found the score is above 2.50, whereas below this score there is possibility that the leader‟s behavior have not been influenced. The result could also indicate that the score below 2.50 is inclined to egalitarian.
4.4.Research Stages and Methods
This study is aimed to identify the relationship between the effective leadership behaviors and the local government performance of City B, City C, City A and County D. Three stages applied to conduct the research. It includes the exploratory stage, the field research stage and the validating stage. In the exploratory stage, this study has required information for a better understanding of the phenomena studied. Journals, books, documents from websites and notes have been used to develop the theoretical framework for this study. Preliminary interviews and distribute the questionnaire were conducted to see the availability of the interview guides and questionnaires created. It makes available, but it does not show the relationship between the variables studied. Hence, it will require a rewrite. In this stage, a theoretical framework is created to resolve the guidance for the consultation guide and questionnaire to be revised. It is expected that the revised interview guide and questionnaire will show the relationship between the variables studied in this research. Interviews regarding the observed leaders, senior leaders, academician, businessmen and average people have been taken. From the interviews, the problems dealing with the effective leadership in decentralized region have been identified. Some documents provided by the officials of the governments combined with the existing literatures have helped this study builds the framework and the resulting discussion of this study.
Following the exploratory stage, using the field research mode of observation, this study reaches the second stage, which employs a survey technique to conduct a quantitative method
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95 and in depth interview to conduct a qualitative method. Survey research is appropriate for this study due to its descriptive studies of large population and for explanatory purposes as well (Babbie 2009). As operationalization, to measure and to do further analysis the characteristics of variables, this study will include the use of a questionnaire.
For this reason, after we study the existing tools provided by Zanzi & O‟Neill‟s (2001) on sanctioned and non-sanctioned political tactics and also Gardner & Cleavanger‟s (1998) on impression management strategies, we attempt to get our own measurement tools.
The questionnaire items are using close-ended type of questions with answers in standardized categories based on Likert scaling generates statements reflecting positive or negative evaluations of the object and also open-ended type of questions (possibly) which allow this study to examine a variety of psychological processes that occurred spontaneously and simultaneously at facial expression when the interviews are being addressed. Qualitative data required for this type of questions allow us to examine questions not only of content but also of intensity, style, mannerism. In other words, we can examine not only what was said, but how it was said (Carol Sansone et al. 2004, 175).
Finally, the third stage is the data validation will be analyzed to prove or discard the hypotheses proposed. A respondent being reluctant to answer the questionnaire or the interview might occur in this study, to overcome this, the Gallup Organization, for example, has used a “secret ballot” format, which simulates actual election conditions in that the
“voter” enjoys complete anonymity (2009, 259). Some other model is a field research among US survivalist by Richard Mitchell, where respondents give their answer by eschew telephones, launder email through letter exchanges, use nicknames and aliases are protecting their identities. In this work, both examples approach might be applied in this study in order to moderate the threats to validity.
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97 Chapter 5
The Case Studies, Result Analysis
This chapter discusses the outcome analysis of the case subjects. First of all, we will discuss the performance of healthcare, education and economic aspects of the regions based on objective data. The purpose of this discussion is to show the region‟s performance under the leaders‟ ruling. Basically, it encompasses the performance before and after the mayor/Bupati leads. We use a survey to analyze whether the performances have been perceived by citizens or not. Based on the survey, leaders‟ behaviors as well as the government performance of the regions have been identified. The arguments from interviews are discussed as well. Accordingly, not only have the interviews strengthened the inferences of the phenomena, they also revealed other aspects of leadership in the Indonesian context.
5.1. Before and After
The four leaders studied here have served during two periods at different times. The mayor of city B served from 2000 until 2010. The mayor of city A served from 2001 until 2011. The mayor of city C served from 2002 until 2012. Finally, the county leader D has been serving as a regional head since he was elected in 2006. It should be noted that the first period of their tenure was elected by the local council. While for the second period they won the popular election. The background of city B mayor was an academician, city A mayor was an entrepreneur and city C mayor was a Captain of private ship. Meanwhile, the county D leader before he became the regional head was the Secretary of the County D region who was appointed by the Governor of Aceh as the acting Bupati. Based on the years, the following discussion is presented to show the condition of the region before and after the time of leader service. The performance includes healthcare and educational services also the economy.
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In this study, we found that each region has different healthcare achievements.
However, due to limited information regarding healthcare resources, for City A we can only provide the number of medical workers. While for the other three regions we use the number of healthcare facilities available. Moreover, to illustrate the educational services performance, this study employs the statistical data of educational institutions quantity. Finally, to illustrate the economic performance of the regions, this study uses the statistical data of local financial capacity and the Growth Regional Domestic Product.
5.1.1. Healthcare services performance
Health resources are one of the supporting factors to achieve qualified health service provision which is required to improve the public‟s health rates (MoH 2012).
They include health facilities, medical labors/workers and health expenditures. The statistical data of city A from 2006 to 2011 shows that the number of doctors in the city has been fluctuating. It was high in 2006 with 1,830 doctors and dropped significantly in 2007 with 1,024 doctors. Compared to family physicians and dentists, the number of specialists was higher in 2006.06. However, in 2008 the number of specialists decreased to almost equal to family doctors. Since then, the numbers of specialists and family doctors differ only slightly, and the number of dentists remains lower.
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99 Figure 5-1 Healthcare worker performance of City A
Moreover, in the city B there are six types of health service facilities available:
general hospital, maternity hospital, puskesmas (pusat kesehatan masyarakat/public health services center), pustu (puskesmas pembantu/subsidiary health services center), family planning clinic, and posyandu9 (pos pelayanan terpadu/integrated services post). A Kecamatan should have at least one puskesmas. To build puskesmas, a consideration should be grounded on the coverage area, geographic condition and the population density.
9 Posyandu (pos pelayanan terpadu) or integrated services is one of the healthcare facilities in which its activity is conducted under the scope of public health center (puskesmas) by using either village or neighbors hall as their services location. Meanwhile, Puskesmas (pusat pelayanan kesehatan) or public health center is a technical unit of the county/city health agency.
Source: City A city in Figures 2006-2011
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Figure 5-2 Healthcare facilities of City B
county D we can examine the number of healthcare facilities from year 2008 to 2012. Based on the statistical data, we found that changes occurred in regard to healthcare facilities mostly referring to hospital establishment. In 2010 there was no hospital established except for five public health centers with care units. Finally, in 2011, a public hospital was established, and in 2012 the county built another hospital and on the other hand the public health center with care unit was dismissed.
Source: City B in Figures 2007-2012
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101 Figure 5 -3 Healthcare facilities of County D
Finally, based on the statistical data from city C, there are 9 types of health service centers in the City C. These include general hospital, maternity clinic, community health centers, subsidiary health centers, physician clinic, midwife clinic, integrated service post, trained shaman, and other health service centers. The following figure shows that posyandu (integrated services post/pos pelayanan kesehatan terpadu) make up the highest number of facilities with 165 centers.
Source: County D in Figures 2008 - 2012
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Figure 5 -4 Healthcare facilities of City C
Meanwhile, the center that has significant growth were the midwife clinics - in 2010 the city had 50 clinics, and then in 2011 the number increased to 66 clinics. In addition, the physician clinic has been increased slightly from 2008 to 2011.
Moreover, the number of public hospitals, the maternity hospitals, the public health centers and the sub public health remain the same. Eventually, in 2008 the trained shaman was no longer useable as the medical worker.
5.1.2. Educational services performance
Education is part of the process of civilization. This is in line with the human characteristic that bears a creative and initiative potentiality in any aspects of animation. Education conditions are one of the indicators to examine a country‟s human deve.pment. The following tables illustrate the educational services performance in city A.
Source: City C in Figures 2007 - 2011
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103 Figure 5-5 Educational facilities of City A
The educational facilities in City A decreased from 580 in 2010 to 571 schools in 2011. This decrease is due to a decrease in the number of elementary schools and junior high schools, in 2010 there were 184 kindergartens, this number decreased to 175 schools. On the other, the number of junior high school was decreasing as well from 65 to 64 schools. In City B, all institutions showed an increasing trend except the senior high school number. The number of senior high school in 2009 was 24 and became 23 schools in 2010. In 2010, the region had 3 institutes, 3 universities and 2 academies.
In County D, similar to the preceding discussion in the previous section, we use a continuous data to show the performance of the educational facilities in this county. It shows that the quantity of the educational institution has been increased slightly. The number of kindergarten increased more than other institutions. The university and academy were established in the year of 2011.
Sources: City A city in Figures 2006-2011
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Figure 5-6 Educational institutions in City B
Figure 5-7 Educational institutions of County D
Finally, in City C the figure shows that there was a slight increase in the number of educational institutions. The number of kindergartens, elementary schools, junior high schools and senior high schools each increase one school respectively.
Meanwhile, the number of academies has not changed since 2009 with 3 institutions.
Source: City B in Figures 2006-2010
Source: County D in Figures 2008 - 2011
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105 The number of universities increased from 4 universities in 2009 to 7 universities in 2010. Until the year 2011, the number has not changed.
Figure 5-8 Educational institutions of City C
5.1.3. Economy performance
In this section, to illustrate the economic performance of each region, we present the local financial capacity and the economic growth of the region. The local financial capacity includes the own source revenue, fund balance and other legal source. Meanwhile, to illustrate the economic development of the region, this study performs the Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP).
Since 2006 until 2011, the income of the City A has been increased slightly.
The figure shows that the highest amount of income was received from the fund balance income in 2009 with Rp. 517366.9 billion. A positive trend is shown by own source revenue (OSR) that from 2006 until 2011 the amount of income received was increasing. The amount of other legal sources of income is almost similar to OSR, it might be due to the amount of Special Autonomy fund given by the central government.
Source: City C in Figures 2007 - 2011
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Figure 5-9 Local financial capacity of City A
Figure 5-10 Gross Regional Domestic Product of City A
Meanwhile, regarding the economic performance, by comparing the Growth Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) between year 2000 and 2012, we found that the GRDP of City A during the leadership of mayor A has improved significantly. In 2000 the GRDP was 3.208 billion rupiah and in 2012 the GRDP reached 12.962 billion rupiah. It increased at least four times since the year mayor A started his tenure. The largest contribution of GRDP came from the tertiary sector which
Source: City A city in Figures 2006-2011
Source: City A in Figures 2000 & 2012
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107 includes trade, hotel and restaurant sectors; transportation and communication;
financial sector, rents and manufacturing industries; and also services. These sectors contributed 75 percent GRDP.
The following figure shows that since 2007 until 2012 the City B income has increased. Fund balance contributed the most and only in 2009 the amount of fund balance income received decreased. On the other, the own source resources income earned by this city was increasing every year. The other legal source was zero between 2006 and 2009, and in 2010 the income was increased significantly.
Figure 5-11 Local Financial Capacity of City B
Regarding the GRDP performance, we found that the value has increased significantly that it increased 6 times from the early year when DS started his tenure.
In 1999, the GRDP was 334 billion rupiah while in 2011 the GRDP was 2032 billion rupiah. In 2011, the GRDP mostly contributed by trade, hotel and restaurant then
Source: City B in Figures 2003-2010
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followed by services. Next is finance, rents and corporate services followed by manufacturing industry and finally transportation and communication.
Furthermore, based on the data of statistical bureau of County D from 2007 to 2012, the own source revenue of the county was increasing as well as the fund balance income. However, this positive trend is not followed by other legal revenue and in 2012 income decreased. Between 2008 and 2011, the primary sector had contributed the most to County D GRDP. The primary sector includes agriculture, mining and excavation. However, the primary sector growth was slower than secondary and tertiary. Hence, since 2008 to 2011 the value contributed by the primary sector was decreasing.
Figure 5-12 Gross Regional Domestic Product of City B
Source: City B in Figures 1998 & 2012
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109 Figure 5-13 Local financial capacity of County D
The economy structure of County D is different from the Aceh Province structure in general. While the economy structure of Aceh province had depended on the tertiary sector, the economy structure of County D is depend on the primary sector. The agriculture sector contributes the most although between 2008 and 2011 the contribution was decreasing. This is likely that County D begins to lessen its dependency towards agriculture and tries to develop other.
Figure 5-14 Gross Regional Domestic Product of County D Source: County D in Figures 2007-2012
Source: County D in figures 2009-2012
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Finally, based on the statistical data of City C between 2007 and 2012, compared to fund balance income and other legal local revenue, OSR was consistently increasing. Fund balance income was increasing between 2006 and 2009 but dropped in 2010 and increase significantly in 2011. Meanwhile, the other legal local revenue shows that the income has been fluctuated between 2006 and 2009 and increased slightly between 2010 and 2011. Among regions, only County D fund balance income that remain stable between 2009 and 2010.
Figure 5-15 Local financial capacity of City C
Regarding to City C GRDP performance, between year 2011 and 2002 there was a significant increasing trend occurs. In 2002, the GRDP was 468 billion rupiah while in 2011 was 2,420 billion rupiah. It means that the GRDP increases five times since the mayor begins his ruling. The largest contribution of GRDP in 2002 was came from tertiary sector which includes trade, hotel and restaurant sectors;
transportation and communication; financial sector, rents and manufacturing industries; and also services. Services were the major contribution for GRDP followed by trade, hotel and restaurant. While transportation and communication sectors are
Source: City C in figures 2007-2012