複合式評量架構在乘法學習上的應用

ፄӝԄຑໆࢎᄬӧ४ݤᏢಞ΢ޑᔈҔ

ഋలৃ ഋలႍ

Ѡчᑜᝳࢪ୯λ

shu6926@yahoo.com.tw lct606@mail.lces.tpc.edu.tw

ᄔा

ၗ ૻ ࣽ מ ϐ ຾ ؁ ᆶ ද Ϸ ϯ Ǵ ٬ ள λ Ꮲ Ꮲ ู ૈ ӧ ؼ ӳ ޑ ၗ ૻ ᕉ ნ Ꮲ ಞ Ǵ ၗ ૻ ᑼ Ε ௲ Ꮲ ԋ ࣁ ᇶ շ λ Ꮲ ௲ Ꮲ ޑ ख़ ा Б ӛ Ƕ ҁ ࣴ ز ᔈ Ҕ ፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ ࢎ ᄬ ܭ λ Ꮲ ४ ݤ Ꮲ ಞ ΢ Ǵ ځ Ҟ ޑ ࣁ ٬ Ꮲ ู ኧ Ꮲ ४ ݤ ी ᆉ ወ ૈ к ϩ ว ච Ǵ ό ཮ Ӣ ࣁ ୯ ᇟ Ў ޑ ᎙ ᠐ ૈ Κ ၨ ১ Զ ቹ ៜ ᡄ ᒠ ၮ ࡘ ޑ ࡼ ৖ Ƕ ! ௲ ׷ ೛ ी ޑ Ь ा Б Ԅ ࣁ ่ ӝ ҅ ᏾ ኧ ४ ݤ ཷ ۺ ೛ ी ፾ Ϫ ᚒ ཀ ޑ ୏ ฝ Ǵ җ ፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ ࢎ ᄬ ௓ ڋ Ꮲ ಞ ࢬ ำ Ǵ ᐟ ᓰ Ꮲ ғ ό ᘐ ࡘ Ե а ࡌ ᄬ ޕ ᛽ Ǵ Զ ᇶ շ Ꮲ ғ ၲ ډ Ծ ך Ꮲ ಞ ԋ ߏ ޑ ਏ ݀ Ƕ ೸ ၸ ௲ ׷ ኳ ಔ ϯ ޑ ೛ ी Ǵ ࣬ ՟ ޑ ௲ ׷ ϣ ৒ ё а ז ೲ ޑ ౢ ғ Ǵ а ග ϲ ಄ ӝ ΐ ԃ ΋ ೣ ૈ Κ ࡰ ኱ ޑ ኧ Տ ௲ ׷ ౢ ໆ Ǵ ᡣ ׳ ӭ Ꮲ ู ڙ ੻ Ǵ ߦ ຾ ᆛ ၡ Ꮲ ಞ Ƕ ! ! ᜢᗖຒǺၗૻᑼΕǵϕ୏ӭ൞ᡏ၂ᚒǵፄӝԄຑໆǵ ኧՏϯ௲׷ǵᆛၡᏢಞǵ४ݤᏢಞ Abstract

According to the rapid progress and popularity of information technologies, elementary schools can then have suitable environments for computer integrated instruction. In this paper, we applied the compound assessment structure for the material design and implementation of teaching multiplication on elementary school students. The Mathematical potentials of students can then be promoted. The impact due to the obstacles of language while reading the materials can also be eliminated.

The main idea of the material design is to present the concept of the multiplication by multimedia and take advantage of the compound assessment structure for flow controls of study. Students are encouraged to think repeatedly to construct the knowledge. The goal of self-learning by student is then accomplished. Moreover, the design and implementation of the material are structured for rapid productions for the nine year curriculum.

Keywords: computer integrated instruction, interactive multimedia items, compound assessment, digital teaching materials, internet learning, multiplication

1.

߻ق

໺ ಍ ፐ ୸ ௲ Ꮲ ኳ Ԅ ࢂ ΋ ᅿ ന ޔ ௗ Ǵ Ψ ࢂ ന ද ၹ ޑ ໺ ሀ ޕ ᛽ Б ݤ Ƕ ၗ ૻ מ ೌ ޑ ጲ ࠁ ว ৖ Ǵ ٬ ள ႝ တ ᆶ ᆛ ၡ ཇ ٰ ཇ ද Ϸ Ǵ ᔈ Ҕ ႝ တ ᆶ ᆛ ၡ ܌ ፍ ғ ޑ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ԋ ࣁ ΋ ঁ ዗ ߐ ޑ ᖿ ༈ Ƕ ! ൩ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ Զ ق Ǵ ӵ Ֆ ஒ ၗ ૻ ࣽ מ ᑼ Ε Ꮲ ಞ ሦ ୱ Ǵ а ߦ ຾ Ꮲ ಞ ԋ ਏ Ǵ ࢂ ΋ ໨ ख़ ा ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ ځ ύ Ѹ ໪ ࢰ ჸ ൞ ᡏ ੝ Յ Ǵ ᏾ ӝ ௲ Ꮲ ౛ ፕ ᆶ ၗ ૻ ࣽ מ ٰ ൨ ؃ ँ ઇ ϐ ၰ \5^Ƕ! ค ፕ ࢂ ௲ Ꮲ ܈ ຑ ໆ ܌ ୃ ख़ ޑ ᔈ ࢂ ӧ Α ှ ک ቚ ຾ Ꮲ ғ ޑ Ꮲ ಞ Ǵ Զ ό ࢂ ຑ ۓ Ꮲ ғ ޑ ᓬ ӍǴፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ ࢎ ᄬ \6^่ ӝ ຑ ໆ ᆶ Ꮲ ಞ ޑ ᐕ ำ Ǵ ᐟ ᓰ Ꮲ ғ ό ᘐ ࡘ Ե а ࡌ ᄬ ޕ ᛽ Ƕ Ӣ Ԝ а ၂ ᚒ Б Ԅ և ౜ Ꮲ ಞ Һ ୍ ᇶ а ୏ ฝ ᇥ ܴ ࢂ ΋ ᅿ ӳ ވ Զ Ξ ૈ ߦ ຾ Ꮲ ู Ꮲ ಞ ޑ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ௲ ׷ ೛ ी Ƕ ! ᙖ җ ႝ တ ᆶ ᆛ ၡ ᇶ շ Ꮲ ғ Ꮲ ಞ Ǵ а Ҟ ߻ ޑ ၗ ૻ מ ೌ Զ ق ς ࣬ ྽ ԋ ዕ Ƕ ᆛ ၡ Ꮲ ಞ ܌ ॐ Ϫ ሡ ؃ ޑ ࢂ ε ໆ ᓬ ፦ ޑ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ Ƕ к ჴ ᆛ ၡ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ Ǵ ࢂ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ख़ ा ޑ π բ Ƕ ! ҁ Ў ග р ΋ ঁ ᔈ Ҕ ፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ բ ࣁ Ꮲ ಞ ࢬ ำ ௓ ڋ ޑ ௲ ׷ ೛ ी Б ݤ Ǵ ೸ ၸ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ Ǵ ڈ ᐟ Ꮲ ู ࡘ Ե Ǵ ᙖ җ ୏ ฝ ΋ ӆ ᄽ ᛢ ᚒ ཀ Ǵ ᔅ շ Ꮲ ғ ᕇ ள ԋ ф ޑ ࿶ ᡍ Ƕ ך ॺ а λ Ꮲ ४ ݤ ௲ Ꮲ ࣁ ٯ Ǵ ᇥ ܴ ௲ ׷ ೛ ी ޑ ࢎ ᄬ ᆶ ࢬ ำ Ƕ ! !

2.

ၗૻᑼΕ

൩ ᆛ ၡ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ Զ ق Ǵ ၗ ૻ ࣽ מ ᑼ Ε ௲ Ꮲ ܌ Ї ว ޑ ࢂ ௲ Ꮲ ܈ Ꮲ ಞ ࠠ ᄊ ޑ ᙯ ᡂ \5^ǶԶ ࣁ Α ߆ ௗ ཥ ਔ ж ޑ ࡷ ᏯǴஒȨ ၗ ૻ

ࣽ מ ᑼ Ε ௲ Ꮲ ȩ Ψ ԋ ࣁ ౜ ж ௲ ػ ܌ ᜢ ݙ ޑ ፐ ᚒ \3^Ƕӕ ਔ ၗ ૻ ᑼ Ε Ψ ࢂ ཥ Ш ж ௲ ৣ ೢ ค ਒ ࡙ ޑ Һ ୍ \7^Ƕၗ ૻ ޗ ཮ f Ш ж ޑ Ꮲ ғ Ψ ය ఈ ள ډ Ȩ ஥ ๱ و ޑ ୷ ҁ ૈ Κ ȩ \2^Ƕ ! ҁ ࣴ ز ܌ ໒ ว ޑ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ ࢂ Ҕ ٰ բ ࣁ ᆛ ၡ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ޑ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ Ǵ ځ Ў ӷ ᚒ Ҟ ࢂ ௦ Ҕ ς բ ၸ ၂ ᚒ ϩ ݋ ޑ ᚒ ҁ ࣁ ᙔ კ Ǵ ᙖ җ ߻ Γ ޑ ࣴ ز ϩ ݋ ่ ݀ ஒ ໺ ಍ ၂ ᚒ ႝ η ϯ ࣁ ᒧ ᏷ ࠠ ᄊ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ ᆶ ᓉ ᄊ კ Ў ၂ ᚒ Ƕ ! Զ ໒ ว ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ ځ ၸ ำ Ь ा ϩ ࣁ Ѥ ໘ ࢤ Ǵ २ Ӄ ࢂ ၂ ᚒ ϣ ৒ ϩ ᜪ ǵ ځ ԛ ࢂ ࡰ ۓ ፾ ӝ ޑ ΐ ԃ ΋ ೣ ૈ Κ ࡰ ኱ ǵ ௗ ๱ ࢂ ೛ ी ၂ ᚒ Ӆ Ҕ ኳ ಔ ǵ ന ࡕ ࢂ ໒ ว ᄽ ᛢ ၂ ᚒ ޑ ୏ ฝ ϣ ৒ Ǵ ӵ კ ΋ ܌ Ң Ƕ ! ! კ΋ ໒วኧՏᏢಞϣ৒ϐࢬำ

3.

४ݤཷۺ

ӧ Ꮲ ಞ ኧ Ꮲ ၸ ำ ύ Ǵ ी ᆉ ૈ Κ த ࢂ ΋ ૓ Γ ܌ ᜢ ݙ ޑ ข ᗺ ϐ ΋ Ƕ Ѥ ߾ ၮ ᆉ ύ Ǵ у ݤ ǵ ෧ ݤ ឦ ܭ ୷ ҁ ޑ ी ᆉ ૈ Κ Ǵ ४ ݤ ǵ ନ ݤ ߾ ॶ ୷ ܭ ΢ ॊ ୷ ҁ ૈ Κ ΢ Ƕ ඤ ѡ ၉ ᇥ Ǵ у ݤ ǵ ෧ ݤ ࢂ ४ ݤ ǵ ନ ݤ ޑ ୷ ᘵ Ƕ ! ܌ ᒏ Ȩ ४ ݤ ȩ ࢂ у ݤ ϐ ௘ ݤ Ǵ ࣁ Ȩ ೏ ४ ኧ ȩ ᆶ Ȩ ४ ኧ ȩ ϐ Ȩ ᑈ ȩ ޑ ၮ ᆉ ၸ ำ Ǵ ځ ύ Ǵ ࿼ ܭ ४ ဦ Ѱ ᜐ ϐ ኧ ࣁ ೏ ४ ϐ ኧ ᆀ ࣁ Ȩ ೏ ४ ኧ ȩǴ࿼ ܭ ४ ဦ ѓ ᜐ ϐ ኧ ࣁ ܌ ४ ϐ ໆ ᆀ ࣁ Ȩ ४ ኧ ȩǴ Զ ၮ ᆉ ܌ ள ϐ ่ ݀ ᆀ ࣁ Ȩ ᑈ ȩǶ ! Ꮲ ู வ Β ԃ ભ Π Ꮲ ය ໒ ۈ ௗ ᝻ ४ ݤ ཷ ۺ Ǵ Ԝ ਔ д ॺ খ ڀ Ԗ у ෧ ݤ ޑ ཷ ۺ ୷ ᘵ Ǵ ჹ ܭ ४ ݤ ΋ ޔ Ԗ ๱ ኳ ጋ ޑ ཷ ۺ Ǵ ௲ Ꮲ ޣ ᆶ Ꮲ ಞ ޣ ೿ ค ݤ ፾ ਔ ଛ ӝ Ǵ ࢂ Ҟ ߻ ४ ݤ ௲ Ꮲ ΋ ঁ ख़ ा ޑ ୢ ᚒ \4^Ƕ ! Ҟ ߻ λ Ꮲ ኧ Ꮲ ሦ ୱ ჹ ߃ Ꮲ ४ ݤ ޑ Ꮲ ู Ԗ Ο ঁ ໘ ࢤ ޑ ा ؃ Ǵ а Π а ΋ ঁ ٯ η ᇥ ܴ ϐ Ƕ ! ٯ ӵ Ǻ ! ! 2 ଫ ټ η Ԗ 5 Ѝ ဌ Ǵ 7 ଫ ټ η Ԗ ൳ ଫ ဌ ǻ ! ! ಃ ΋ ໘ ࢤ ࢂ ࢂ ൂ Տ ໆ ޑ ᙯ ඤ Ƕ Ꮲ ғ ѝ ा ૈ ஒ เ ਢ ᇥ р ٰ ջ ё Ƕ Ӣ Ԝ Ꮲ ғ ѝ ा ૈ ӣ เ р Ǻ ! ! 7 ଫ ټ η Ԗ 35 ଫ ဌ ! ! ջ ё Ƕ ! ! ಃ Β ໘ ࢤ ࢂ ૈ इ ᒵ ှ ᚒ ၸ ำ Ƕ Ԝ ໘ ࢤ Ꮲ ғ Ѹ ໪ Ҕ ฝ კ ܈ у ݤ ฻ Б Ԅ ஒ ၮ ᆉ ၸ ำ ቪ р ٰ Ƕ ! ಃ Ο ໘ ࢤ ࢂ ٬ Ҕ ४ ဦ ᆉ Ԅ ඔ ॊ ှ ᚒ ၸ ำ Ƕ Ԝ ਔ Ꮲ ғ Ѹ ໪ ૈ ௗ ڙ ४ ݤ ಄ ဦ Ǵ ٠ Ъ ૈ ٬ Ҕ ४ ဦ ᆉ Ԅ ඔ ॊ ୢ ᚒ ٠ ؃ ள เ ਢ Ƕ Ӣ Ԝ Ꮲ ғ Ѹ ໪ ૈ ቪ р Ǻ ! ! 5!Y!7!>!35! ! ω ᆉ เ ჹ Ԝ ᚒ Ƕ ! ! ྽ Ꮲ ู ૈ ԋ ф ޑ а ४ ݤ ၮ ᆉ ൂ Տ ໆ ᙯ ඤ ޑ ୢ ᚒ ࡕ Ǵ Π ΋ ঁ Ꮲ ಞ Ҟ ኱ ߡ ࢂ ७ ኧ ୢ ᚒ Ƕ ! ਥ Ᏽ \8^ ճ Ҕ ୢ ᚒ ޑ ௃ ნ ஒ ҅ ᏾ ኧ ४ ݤ ୢ ᚒ у а ϩ ᜪ ࣁ Ǻ ฻ ಔ ࠠ ǵ ޔ ᑈ ࠠ ᆶ К ၨ ࠠ ฻ Ο ᜪ ޑ ४ ݤ ୢ ᚒǶԶ ӧ \9^ޑ ࣴ ز ύ Ψ ஒ ४ ݤ ୢ ᚒ ϩ ࣁ Ο ε ᜪ Ǵ ϩ ձ ࢂ ໆ ኧ ӕ ᄬ ǵ ໆ ኧ ४ ᑈ Ϸ ӭ ख़ К ٯ Ƕ ೭ ٤ ϩ ᜪ ൩ ᇟ ཀ Զ ق Ԗ ౦ Ԕ ӕ π ϐ ֮ Ǵ а Π Ҕ Ο ঁ ٯ η ϩ ձ ᇥ ܴ ϐ Ǻ ! ! Ȩ 2 ଫ ټ η Ԗ 5 ଫ ဌǴ7 ଫ ټ η Ԗ ൳ ଫ ဌ ǻ ȩ ࢂ ឦ ܭ ໆ ኧ ӕ ᄬ ܈ ฻ ಔ ࠠ ޑ ४ ݤ ୢ ᚒ Ƕ ! ! Ȩ ۊ ۊ Ԗ 5 ҹ ΢ Պ Ǵ 7 చ ဵ η Ǵ གྷ གྷ ࣮ ཮ Ԗ ൳ ᅿ ಔ ӝ Б Ԅ ǻ ȩ ೭ ᜪ ޑ ᚒ Ҟ ࢂ ឦ ܭ ໆ ኧ ४ ᑈ ܈ ޔ ᑈ ࠠ ޑ ४ ݤ ୢ ᚒ Ƕ ! ! Ȩ ঢ ঢ Ԗ 35 ᗭ ቸ ੧ Ǵ ׌ ׌ Ԗ 7 ᗭ ቸ ੧ Ǵ ፎ ୢ ঢ ঢ ޑ ቸ ੧ ࢂ ׌ ׌ ޑ ൳ ७ ǻ ȩ ೭ ᜪ ޑ ᚒ Ҟ ࢂ ឦ ܭ ӭ ख़ К ٯ ܈ К ၨ ࠠ ޑ ४ ݤ ୢ ᚒ Ƕ ! ϩᜪᏢಞન׷ ೛ीӅҔኳಔ ೛ ۓ ΐ ԃ ΋ ೣૈΚࡰ኱ ໒ว୏ฝϣ৒

4.

Ꮲಞࢬำ௓ڋ

ፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ ࢎ ᄬ ࢂ ࣁ Α ຾ ΋ ؁ ౛ ှ Ꮲ ғ ཷ ۺ ϩ ݔ ᗺ Զ ೛ ी ޑ ෳ ᡍ ࢎ ᄬ \6^Ƕҁ ࣴ ز ஒ Ԝ ࢎ ᄬ ᔈ Ҕ ܭ ४ ݤ ཷ ۺ ޑ ᆛ ၡ ௲ Ꮲ ύ Ǵ Ҕ а ௓ ڋ Ꮲ ಞ ࢬ ำ Ƕ ࢎ ᄬ ύ Ь ा х ֖ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ᒧ ᏷ ࠠ ᄊ ၂ ᚒ ᆶ ᓉ ᄊ კ Ў ᒧ ᏷ ࠠ ᄊ ၂ ᚒ \6^Ǵ ϩ ձ ᇥ ܴ ӵ Π Ǻ ! ϕ୏ӭ൞ᡏ၂ᚒ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ Ǵ ӧ Ў ӷ թ ᚒ և ౜ ࡕ ኧ ࣾ Ǵ ջ а ୏ ฝ ޑ Б Ԅ ᄽ ᛢ ᚒ Ҟ ޑ ֖ ཀ Ǵ ٠ ೛ ी ࡪ ່ ๏ ڙ ၂ ޣ Ծ җ ᗺ ᒧ ᕇ ڗ ၂ ᚒ ׳ ຾ ΋ ؁ ޑ ૻ ৲ ܈ ख़ ࣮ ᄽ ᛢ ᚒ Ҟ ֖ ཀ ޑ ୏ ฝ Ƕ ! ᓉᄊკЎ၂ᚒ ࣬ ჹ ܭ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ Զ ق Ƕ Ў ӷ ᆶ კ Т ܭ թ ᚒ ਔ ӕ ਔ և ౜ Ǵ ค ୏ ฝ ޑ Б Ԅ ᄽ ᛢ ᚒ Ҟ ޑ ֖ ཀ Ǵ ҭ ค ೛ ी ࡪ ່ ๏ ڙ ၂ ޣ ᗺ ᒧ ᕇ ڗ ၂ ᚒ ׳ ຾ ΋ ؁ ޑ ૻ ৲ ܈ ှ ញ Ǵ ڙ ၂ ޣ ჹ ᚒ ཀ ޑ ౛ ှ ໻ ૈ ೸ ၸ ᎙ ᠐ Ў ӷ ܈ კ Т Ǵ ᆶ ໺ ಍ ર ฽ ෳ ᡍ ޑ ၂ ᚒ ᜪ ՟ Ƕ ! ፄӝԄຑໆࢎᄬ ਥ Ᏽ ࣬ ᜢ ࣴ ز ่ ݀ ௢ ፕ Ǵ Ꮲ ғ ё ૈ Ӣ ᇟ Ў ᎙ ᠐ ૈ Κ ၨ ৡ Ǵ ค ݤ Α ှ ᚒ ཀ Զ ค ݤ ଺ р ҅ ዴ ϸ ᔈ Ƕ ႝ တ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ෳ ᡍ ߾ ૈ ග ٮ ၨ ӭ ޑ ૻ ৲ Ǵ Ꮲ ғ ׳ ૈ మ ཱ ᕕ ှ ᚒ ཀ Զ ૈ к ҽ բ เ \6^Ƕፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ ࢎ ᄬ ၮ Ҕ ᓉ ᄊ კ Ў ᒧ ᏷ ࠠ ᄊ ၂ ᚒ Ե ᡍ Ꮲ ғ ૈ Κ Ǵ ঃ ऩ Ꮲ ғ ค ݤ ҅ ዴ ϸ ᔈ Ǵ ӆ а ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ᒧ ᏷ ࠠ ᄊ ၂ ᚒ ϸ ᙟ ግ ಞ Ǵ ӵ კ Β Ƕ ! კ Β ! ፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ ࢎ ᄬ \6^! !

5.

ኧՏᏢಞ௲׷ޑ໒ว

΋ ૓ ௲ Ꮲ ύ Ǵ ค ፕ ࢂ ௲ ਢ ೛ ी ܈ ၂ ᚒ ೛ ी ೿ Ԗ ᝄ ᙣ ޑ ໒ ว ၸ ำ Ǵ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ᆛ ၡ Ꮲ ಞ ௲ ׷ Ψ ό ૈ ٯ Ѧ Ƕ ҁ ࣴ ز а ᗦ ֖ ᒧ ۓ )Jefoujgz* ၂ ᚒ ޑ Ь ᚒ ܈ Ҟ ኱ ǵ ೛ ी )Eftjho*၂ ᚒ ǵ ຑ ՗ )Fwbmvbujpo*၂ ᚒ ǵ ᆶ ϩ ݋ )Bobmztjt*၂ ᚒ ޑ JEFB ኳ ࠠ \6^բ ࣁ ໒ ว ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ ޑ ࡰ Ꮴ Б ଞ Ƕ ! 5.1 IDEAኳࠠ JEFB ኳ ࠠ ࣁ ၂ ᚒ ೛ ी ޑ ࢬ ำǴЬ ा җ Ѥ ঁ ؁ ᡯ ܌ ᄬ ԋ Ǵ ٩ ׇ ࣁ Ǻ ᒧ ۓ ၂ ᚒ ޑ Ь ᚒ ܈ Ҟ ኱ Ǵ ೛ ी ၂ ᚒ ǵ ຑ ՗ ၂ ᚒ ǵ ᆶ ϩ ݋ ၂ ᚒ \6^Ƕ၂ ᚒ ೛ ी २ Ӄ ᔈ ዴ ۓ ၂ ᚒ ޑ ຑ ໆ Ҟ ኱ Ǵ ዴ ҥ ၂ ᚒ ܌ ట ຑ ໆ ޑ ૈ Κ ቫ ԛ ᆶ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒Ƕௗ ๱Ǵ೛ ी ኧ ᅿ ߄ ၲ ၂ ᚒ ޑ Б ԄǴ ҁ ࣴ ز ϩ ձ ೛ ी Α ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ ᆶ ᓉ ᄊ კ Ў ၂ ᚒ ฻ ٿ ᅿ և ౜ Б Ԅ ᄒ ฅ ό ӕ ޑ ၂ ᚒ Ƕ ฅ ࡕ ᔈ ຑ ՗ অ ҅ ၂ ᚒ Ǵ ന ࡕ ϩ ݋ ၂ ᚒ ᜤ ࡋ ǵ ᠘ ձ ࡋ ǵ ౒ ෳ ࡋ ฻ ឦ ܄ Ǵ Ԝ ำ ׇ ӵ კ Ο ܌ Ң Ƕ ! ! კΟ IDEA ኳࠠ[5] 5.2 ४ݤኧՏᏢಞϣ৒ ҁ ࣴ ز ज़ ܭ Γ Κ ނ Κ ޑ Ե ໆ Ǵ Ӣ Ԝ ᒧ Ҕ ಄ ӝ JEFB ኳ ࠠ ܌ ೛ ी р ٰ ޑ ໺ ಍ ၂ ᚒ ϣ ৒ բ ࣁ ໒ ว ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ௲ ׷ ޑ ᙔ კ Ǵ а Ԝ ᓉᄊ၂ᚒ ࢂߚᚒ ࢂߚᚒ Π΋ঁ ᓉᄊ၂ᚒ ӭ൞ᡏ၂ᚒ เᒱ ߄ Ң Ꮲ ғ ჹ Ԝ ཷ ۺ ό Α ှ Ǵ ᔈ ่ ״ ෳ ᡍ ଺ ံ ௱ ௲ Ꮲ ܈ ຾ Չ Π ΋ ঁ ཷ ۺ Ե ᡍ เᒱ เჹ เჹ เჹ เჹ เᒱ เᒱ ϩ݋၂ᚒ ຑ՗ᆶঅ҅ ჴሞࡼෳ ೛ ी ᓉ ᄊ კ Ў ၂ ᚒ ೛ ी ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ ೛ ी ۯ ՜ ၂ ᚒ

D

೛ ी ۯ ՜ ၂ ᚒ ᒧۓ၂ᚒʳ ຑໆҞ኱

I

E

A

୷ ᘵ ຾ Չ ࡕ ុ ޑ ୏ ฝ ೛ ी ǵ ᇙ բ Ƕ ܌ ᒧ Ҕ ޑ ᚒ ҁ ࢂ ࿶ ၸ Ⴃ ၂ অ ҅ ၸ ޑ ҅ Ԅ ᚒ ҁ Ǵ ٠ ς ϩ ݋ ၸ ၂ ᚒ ᜤ ܰ ࡋ Ϸ ᠘ ձ ࡋ \4^Ƕ ! ҁ ࣴ ز ၮ Ҕ Gmbti ೬ ᡏ ໒ ว р ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ᒧ ᏷ ࠠ ᄊ ၂ ᚒ ᆶ ᓉ ᄊ კ Ў ᒧ ᏷ ࠠ ᄊ ၂ ᚒ Ƕ ځ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ а ಄ ӝ Ꮲ ู ޑ ४ ݤ ཷ ۺ Ꮲ ಞ ࣁ Б ଞǶᒥ ൻ \8^ޑ ϩ ᜪ ݤ ߾ ୔ ϩ ࣁ Ο ε ᜪ Ǻ ฻ ಔ ࠠ ǵ ޔ ᑈ ࠠ ᆶ К ၨ ࠠ ฻ Ο ᜪ ޑ ४ ݤ ୢ ᚒ Ƕ ᜢ ܭ Ԝ Ο ᜪ ޑ ᚒ Ҟ ၁ ಒ ᖐ ٯ ӵ Π Ǻ ! ฻ಔࠠ ೭ ᜪ ୢ ᚒ ֖ Ԗ ԋ К ٯ ޑ ٿ ᅿ ໆ ኧ Ǵ ٯ ӵ Ǻ ! Ȩ 2 ݄ ฽ 6 ϡ Ǵ ວ 4 ݄ ฽ ा б ӭ Ͽ ϡ ǻ ȩǶ ! Ȩ 2 ಔ Ԗ 6 Γ Ǵ ΋ Ѡ ً ё ֤ 4 ಔ Ǵ ፎ ୢ ΋ Ѡ ً ё ֤ ൳ Γ ǻ ȩǶ ! Ȩ ྭ ྭ و 2 Ϧ ٚ ޸ 6 ϩ ដ Ǵ و 4 Ϧ ٚ ा ޸ ൳ ϩ ដ ǻ ȩǶ ! Ȩ 2 చ ጖ ஥ 6 Ϧ ϩ Ǵ ! 4 చ ጖ ஥ ௗ ଆ ٰ Ӆ ൳ Ϧ ϩ ǻ ȩǶ ! ޔᑈࠠ Ԝ ᜪ ᚒ Ҟ ӧ В த ғ ࢲ ύ த ـ ޑ ٯ η ࣁ ी ᆉ य़ ᑈ ܈ ᡏ ᑈ ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ Ԝ Ѧ ᗋ Ԗ ಔ ӝ ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ ᖐ ٯ ӵ Π Ǻ ! Ȩ ݿ ݿ Ԗ 6 ҹ ᠎ ऽ Ǵ 4 చ ᑿ η Ǵ གྷ གྷ ࣮ ཮ Ԗ ൳ ᅿ ऀ ݤ ǻ ȩǶ ! Кၨࠠ Ԝ ᅿ ᚒ Ҟ ֖ Ԗ ٿ ᅿ ໆ ኧ ᆶ ಃ Ο ᅿ ໆ ኧ ԋ К ٯ Ǵ ೭ ᜪ ޑ ٯ η ೯ த ௶ ॊ ཮ ၨ ߏ Ǵ Ꮲ ғ Ψ ၨ ל ܔ ೭ ᜪ ޑ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ ૟ ᖐ ٯ ӵ Π Ǻ ! Ȩ 2 ᓐ Ф ؂ Ϻ ё ᔒ р 31 Ϧ ϲ ޑ ᗲ Ѫ Ǵ ߓ ᔅ դ դ ޑ ၭ ൑ Ԗ 6 ᓐ Ф Ǵ 4 Ϻ Ӆ ё а ள ډ ൳ Ϧ ϲ ޑ ᗲ Ѫ ǻ ȩǶ !

6.

໒วኧՏᏢಞኳಔ

୏ ฝ ೬ ᡏ ޑ ΋ ૓ ጓ ᒠ ݤ ߾ ε ӭ ཮ ࡌ ᝼ ٬ Ҕ ޣ ஒ ؂ ΋ ঁ ނ ҹ ᔈ ϩ ೀ ܭ ό ӕ ޑ კ ቫ Ǵ ӵ Ԝ ω ૈ ೛ ۓ ނ ҹ ޑ ౽ ୏ ܈ ᡂ ׎ Ǵ Զ Ъ ೭ ኬ ޑ Ӽ ௨ ૈ ٬ ஒ ٰ ၨ ܰ ᡂ ׳ ೛ ी ܈ ක Ε ୏ բ Ƕ ! ᗦ ֖ ௲ ػ ཀ က ޑ ୏ ฝ ᔈ җ 㦲 Զ ు Ǵ ൻ ׇ ᅌ ຾ ޑ Ї Ꮴ Ꮲ ู ޑ ࡘ ၡ Ǵ Զ Ъ ᄽ ᛢ ၸ ำ ೲ ࡋ ό ा ϼ ז Ƕ ୏ ฝ ύ ፾ ਔ р ౜ Ў ӷ ਒ қ Ψ ё ᔅ շ Ꮲ ู ݙ ཀ ډ ख़ ा ૻ ৲ Ǵ ڐ շ Ꮲ ู ϭ ୌ р ᜢ ᗖ ௶ ॊ Ƕ ന ࡕ ा ૶ ள ೛ ۓ ख़ ኞ ࡪ ່ Ǵ Б ߡ Ꮲ ғ ό ᘐ Ꮲ ಞ Ƕ ! ٩ ൻ ڰ ۓ ޑ ำ ׇ ૈ ٬ ٣ ௃ ᡂ ள ᙁ ൂ Ъ ૈ ז ೲ ֹ ԋ Ƕ а Π ஒ ၁ ಒ ᇥ ܴ ໒ ว ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ ޑ ࢬ ำ ᆶ ጓ ᇙ ᆛ ၡ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ન ׷ ޑ ၸ ำ Ƕ ! 6.1 ໒วኧՏᏢಞϣ৒၁ಒ؁ᡯ ໒วᒧ໨ϡҹ ؂ ΋ ঁ Ꮲ ಞ λ ൂ ϡ ೿ ཮ ٬ Ҕ ډ ޑ ϡ ҹ Ӄ ೛ ी ӳ ӵ კ Ѥ Ǵ а ࡕ ѝ ा ঺ Ҕ ඹ ඤ Ў ӷ ջ ё Ƕ ! კѤ ᒧ໨ӅҔኳಔ ೛ीӅҔހय़ კ ϖ ޑ Ѱ ΢ ࢂ Ў ӷ թ ᚒ ୔ Ǵ ѓ ΢ ࢂ ҁ ᚒ ޑ ૈ Κ ࡰ ኱ Ǵ ѓ Π ܫ ࿼ ᒧ ໨ ࡪ ່ Ǵ Ѱ Π ࢂ ୏ ฝ ᄽ ᛢ ୔ Ƕ ! კϖ ހय़ӅҔኳಔ A ᒡΕЎӷǵૈΚࡰ኱Ϸᒧ໨ϡҹ ֹ ԋ კ Ѥ Ϸ კ ϖ ޑ ೛ ۓ ϐ ࡕ ջ ё ໒ ۈ ܫ ࿼ ό ӕ ޑ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ Ǵ ӵ კ Ϥ ܌ Ң Ƕ ! კϤ ހय़ӅҔኳಔ B ೛ीᄽᛢ၂ᚒޑ୏ฝϣ৒ ໒ ۈ ೛ ۓ კ ቫ Ϸ ቹ ਱ ޑ ނ ҹ Ǵ ִ ๓ Ӽ ௨ Ӛ ঁ ف Յ ޑ р ൑ ໩ ׇ Ǵ ӵ Π კ ܌ Ң Ƕ ! კΎ ୏ฝጓᒠၸำ

൩ ௲ ׷ ໒ ว ޑ ೲ ࡋ Զ ق Ǵ ೯ த ӧ ೕ ጄ ཥ ᜪ ࠠ ޑ ᚒ Ҟ ਔ ཮ ޸ ຤ ၨ ӭ ޑ ਔ ໔ Ǵ ΋ ՠ ໒ ว ֹ ԋ Ǵ ᜪ ՟ ޑ ၂ ᚒ ѝ ा ঺ Ҕ ς ೛ ۓ ӳ ޑ ำ ׇ Ϸ ࿼ ඤ Ў ӷ ܈ ނ ҹ ջ ё Ǵ ܌ ޸ ຤ ޑ ਔ ໔ ࣬ ჹ ෧ Ͽ ࡐ ӭ Ƕ ! 6.2 ಔᙃኧՏᏢಞϣ৒၁ಒ؁ᡯ ൩ ҁ ࣴ ز а ४ ݤ ௲ Ꮲ ࣁ ٯ Զ ق Ǻ ε ӭ ኧ ޑ Ꮲ ู ӧ ၮ ᆉ ҅ ᏾ ኧ ४ ݤ ୢ ᚒ ਔ ৒ ܰ ೏ ኧ ӷ ౐ ๱ و Ǵ Զ ޔ ௗ Ҕ ന চ ۈ ޑ Б ݤ ஒ ܌ Ԗ ኧ ӷ у ଆ ٰǴֹ ӄ ؒ Ԗ ७ ኧ ཷ ۺ \4^Ƕਥ Ᏽ Ј ౛ Ꮲ ৎ ᆢ ݀ ථ ୷ )Wzhputlz*ޑ ޗ ཮ ว ৖ ᇡ ޕ ፕ ࣁ ୷ ᘵ Ǵ ࡰ р Ȩ Ꮲ ғ ᐱ ҥ ֹ ԋ ޑ բ ཰ ȩ ᆶ Ȩ Ꮲ ғ ӧ ԋ Γ ڐ շ ϐ Π ֹ ԋ ޑ բ ཰ ȩ ϐ ໔ ޑ ຯ ᚆ ࢂ Ꮲ ғ ޑ ё ૈ ว ৖ ୔ Ƕ ܌ а Ǵ ྽ Ꮲ ู ӧ ४ ݤ ၮ ࡘ ߄ ౜ ۘ ೀ ܭ ӝ ԋ ၮ ࡘ ය ਔ Ǵ ځ ჴ д ॺ ϝ ค ݤ ೀ ౛ ൂ Տ ໆ ޑ ᙯ ඤ ୢ ᚒ Ǵ Ԝ ਔ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ୏ ฝ ௲ ׷ ё ፾ ਔ ڗ ж ԋ Γ ᇶ Ꮴ ޑ ف Յ Ǵ ڐ շ Ꮲ ู լ ܺ ֚ ᜤ Ǵ ٬ ໣ ᆫ ൂ Տ ໔ ޑ ᜢ ߯ ࡌ ҥ ଆ ٰ Ǵ ໩ ճ ᙯ ᡂ ډ ಕ ຾ ܄ ӝ ԋ ၮ ࡘ ය Ƕ ! ᔈ Ҕ ፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ ࢎ ᄬ ಔ ᙃ ኧ Տ Ꮲ ಞ ޑ ၸ ำ ၁ ॊ ӵ Π Ǻ ! २ Ӄ р ౜ ޑ ࣁ ᓉ ᄊ ޑ ฝ य़ Ǵ ϣ ৒ ࣁ પ Ў ӷ թ ᚒ ᆶ ኱ ܴ Ꮲ ಞ ᔈ ၲ ډ ޑ ૈ Κ ࡰ ኱ Ǵ ӵ კ Ζ ܌ Ң Ƕ ! კΖ ᓉᄊკЎ၂ᚒ ځ ᆶ ໺ ಍ ર ฽ ෳ ᡍ ό ӕ ޑ Ӧ Б ࢂ ٬ Ҕ ႝ တ թ ᚒ Ǵ ᆶ ΋ ૓ ޑ ጕ ΢ ෳ ᡍ ό ӕ ޑ Ӧ Б ࢂ ߚ а ຑ ۓ ૈ Κ ࣁ Ҟ ޑ Ǵ ځ ࡪ ່ ύ ќ Ԗ Ҏ ᐒ Ǵ ӵ Π ܌ ॊ Ƕ ! ค ፕ ᓉ ᄊ კ Ў ၂ ᚒ ǵ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ ܈ ኧ Տ ௲ ׷ ϣ ৒ ࣣ ࣁ ൂ ᒧ ᚒ ޑ ׎ Ԅ և ౜ Ǵ เ ᚒ ޣ ऩ Ԗ ҅ ዴ ϸ ᔈ ਔ Ǵ Π ΋ ঁ Ꮲ ಞ Һ ୍ ߡ ཮ ׯ ᡂ Ƕ ! ჹ ܭ ҂ ૈ բ р ҅ ዴ ϸ ᔈ ਔ Ǵ ௲ ׷ ཮ Ծ ୏ ኘ ܫ ୏ ฝ а ᄽ ᛢ ᚒ ཀ Ǵ ӵ კ ΐ ǵ Μ ǵ Μ ΋ ǵ Μ Β ܌ Ң Ƕ ! კΐ ϕ୏ӭ൞ᡏ၂ᚒᄽᛢฝय़ 1 კΜ ϕ୏ӭ൞ᡏ၂ᚒᄽᛢฝय़ 2 კΜ΋ ϕ୏ӭ൞ᡏ၂ᚒᄽᛢฝय़ 3 კΜΒ ϕ୏ӭ൞ᡏ၂ᚒᄽᛢฝय़ 4 เ ᚒ ޣ ӧ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ ฝ य़ ύ Ǵ ё ӧ డ ค ਔ ໔ ज़ ڋ ޑ ௃ ݩ Π Ǵ ᙖ җ ख़ ኞ ᗖ ό ᘐ ख़ ፄ ᢀ ࣮ ᄽ ᛢ ၂ ᚒ ϣ ৒ ޑ ୏ ฝ Ƕ ! Ԝ ਔ เ ᚒ ޣ ऩ Ԗ ҅ ዴ ϸ ᔈ ਔ Ǵ ߡ ཮ ၢ Կ Π ΋ ঁ Ꮲ ಞ Һ ୍ Ƕ ӵ ݀ เ ᚒ ޣ ؒ Ԗ ଺ р ҅ ዴ ϸ ᔈ Ǵ ߡ ཮ ೱ ่ ډ ڀ Ԗ ᆶ Ԝ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ ࣬ ӕ ૈ Κ ࡰ ኱ ޑ ϕ ୏ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ၂ ᚒ ϐ

ᜪ ՟ ᚒ Ƕ җ ܭ Ԗ ख़ ኞ ф ૈ Ǵ Ӣ Ԝ Ꮲ ู ӧ ࿶ ၸ ӭ ԛ ޑ ڐ շ ϐ ࡕ ಖ ૈ ࡌ ᄬ р ޕ ᛽ Ǵ ၲ ډ ᆒ ዕ Ꮲ ಞ ޑ Ҟ ኱ Ƕ ! ᏾ ঁ Ꮲ ಞ ࢬ ำ ޑ ௓ ڋ ӵ კ Μ Ο ܌ Ң Ƕ ! ! კΜΟ Ꮲಞࢬำ௓ڋკ 7

.

่ፕ

໺ ಍ ޑ ᇡ ޕ ڗ ӛ ౛ ፕ ӧ ຾ Չ ၗ ૻ ᑼ Ε ௲ Ꮲ ਔ Ǵ લ Ю ቸ ܄ Զ ค ݤ ᆶ ᆛ ၡ ୏ ᄊ Ꮲ ಞ ࣬ ৒ Ǵ ჹ ܭ ό ӕ ᆛ ၡ ௲ Ꮲ ೛ ी Ϸ ό ӕ ឦ ܄ ޑ ፐ ำ ࢂ ց ૈ ࣬ ৒ ܭ ӕ ΋ ѳ Ѡ ύ ϝ ฅ Ԗ ࡑ ຾ ΋ ؁ ࣴ ز Ƕ Ӣ Ԝ ᙖ җ ϩ ٦ ᆛ ၡ ௲ Ꮲ ೛ ी Ϸ ᆛ ၡ Ꮲ ಞ ࿶ ᡍ ϐ ࣴ ز ൩ ᡉ ள ख़ ा Ƕ ! ҁ Ў ග р Α ΋ ঁ ᔈ Ҕ ፄ ӝ Ԅ ຑ ໆ ࢎ ᄬ ܭ λ Ꮲ ४ ݤ ኧ Տ ௲ ׷ ϐ ᇙ բ ޑ ཷ ۺ ᆶ ࢬ ำ Ǵ ځ Ҟ ޑ ࣁ ٬ Ꮲ ู ኧ Ꮲ ४ ݤ ी ᆉ ወ ૈ к ϩ ว ච Ǵ ό ཮ Ӣ ࣁ ୯ ᇟ Ў ޑ ᎙ ᠐ ૈ Κ ၨ ১ Զ ቹ ៜ ᡄ ᒠ ၮ ࡘ ޑ ࡼ ৖ ! ҁ Ў ໻ ൩ Ѥ ߾ ၮ ᆉ ύ ޑ ߃ ໘ ४ ݤ ጓ ᇙ ኧ Տ ௲ ׷ Ǵ ҂ ٰ ё ว ৖ ׳ ӭ ᜪ ՟ ௲ ׷ Ǵ ֹ ᏾ և ౜ Ѥ ߾ ၮ ᆉ ܌ ᔈ ڀ ഢ ޑ Ӛ ໨ ૈ Κ Ǵ а к ჴ ᆛ ၡ ኧ Տ ϯ ޑ Ꮲ ಞ ϣ ৒ Ƕ Ԝ Ѧ Ǵ ம ፓ ӧ Ծ ך ԋ ߏ ᆶ Ь ୏ Ꮲ ಞ ё ٬ ᆛ ၡ Ꮲ ಞ ࡭ ុ ό ᘐ Ƕ Ӣ Ԝ Ǵ ໒ ว ׳ ӭ ᓬ ፦ Ъ ಄ ӝ Ꮲ ғ ᑫ ፪ ޑ ኧ Տ ϯ ௲ ׷ ׳ ࢂ ྽ ୍ ϐ ࡚ Ƕ ! ҁ ࣴ ز ϐ ӭ ൞ ᡏ ୏ ฝ ௲ ׷ ޑ ੝ ܄ ڀ Ԗ ᄽ ᛢ ᚒ ཀ ޑ ф ૈ Ǵ ٠ ၲ ډ ϕ ୏ ǵ ᐟ ᓰ Ꮲ ಞ ޑ Ҟ ޑ Ƕ Ԝ Ѧ Ǵ ҁ Ў Ψ ௖ ૸ а Ӄ ϩ ᜪ ௲ ׷ ޑ ᚒ ࠠ Ǵ ӆ ঺ Ҕ ς ೛ ۓ ӳ ޑ ำ ׇ Ϸ ࿼ ඤ Ў ӷ ک ނ ҹ Ǵ ၲ ډ ё ז ೲ ໒ ว ΋ س ӈ ޑ ᜪ ՟ ግ ಞ ᚒ ٮ Ꮲ ู ࡌ ᄬ ޕ ᛽ ޑ Ҟ ޑ Ƕ ! ! ୖԵЎ᝘ [1]Ֆᄪਦǵഋ᜽ӵǴȨύλᏢၗૻ௲ػᕴᙔკޑϣ ఼ᆶᆒઓȩǴၗૻᆶ௲ػǴ22-28 ।Ǵ҇୯ 90 ԃǶ [2]ֆ҅ρǵֆذەǴၗૻᑼΕ௲ᏢჴٯϷ࣬ᜢୢ ᚒ௖૸—аޗ཮ࣽࣁٯǴ҇୯ 90 ԃǶፕЎว߄ ܭȨཥШइፐำ௲Ꮲ--ΐԃ΋ೣፐำ᝼ᚒ௲ػࣴ ૸཮ȩǴѠ᡼ৣεǴѠчѱǴ҇୯ 90 ԃ 9 Д 21 ВǶ [3]݅ηѴǺȨ୯λΟԃભኧᏢࣽ҅᏾ኧ४ݤཷۺȩ ϐ௖ز—а၂ᚒᒧ໨੝ቻԔጕࣁϩ݋୷ᘵǴ୯ ҥѠύৣጄᏢଣ௲ػෳᡍ಍ीࣴز܌ᅺγፕ ЎǴ҇୯ 91 ԃǶ [4]஭୯ৱǴவᏢಞࣽמว৖࣮ၗૻᑼΕ௲Ꮲޑϣ ఼Ǵ҇୯ 90 ԃǶፕЎว߄ܭȨཥШइፐำ௲Ꮲ --ΐԃ΋ೣፐำ᝼ᚒ௲ػࣴ૸཮ȩǴѠ᡼ৣεǴ ѠчѱǴ҇୯ 90 ԃ 9 Д 21 ВǶ [5]ഋలႍǺӭ൞ᡏ፾܄ෳᡍ—аኧᏢკ׎ᆶޜ໔ ЬᚒࣁٯϐࣴزǴ୯ҥҬ೯εᏢ౛ᏢଣᆛၡᏢ ಞᅺγӧᙍ஑੤ᅺγፕЎǴ҇୯ 93 ԃǶ [6]ᚑ҉຾ǵՖᄪਦǴၗૻࣽמᑼΕᏢಞሦୱ೛ी ߃௖Ǵ҇୯ 90 ԃǶፕЎว߄ܭȨཥШइፐำ௲ Ꮲ--ΐԃ΋ೣፐำ᝼ᚒ௲ػࣴ૸཮ȩǴѠ᡼ৣ εǴѠчѱǴ҇୯ 90 ԃ 9 Д 21 ВǶ

[7]Greer, B. (1992). Multiplication and division as models of situations. In D. Grouws (Eds.), Handbook of research on mathematics teaching learning (pp.276-295). Reston, VA : NCTM; NY | Macmillan Publishing Co.

[8]Vergnaud, G. (1983). Multiplicative structure. In R. Lesh & M.Landau (Eds.). Acquisition of mathemalics concepts and process (pp.127-174). New York Academic Press.

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