由「中國省籍」到「台灣族群」：戶口普查籍別類屬轉變之分析

ᖡ ٚ

ҥȶϛ୽ࣸᝲȷڗȶѮᢊఊတȷȈ

Иοලࢥᝲտ᜸឴ᙽᡐϞϷݙ

дطܿ

ؙڳୀࡾ൯ৣᆺᘮୀࡾक़ ೻ጕ፣МԤڍএҬޟȂΙ࢐ᚄ఼ѮᢊИοලࢥϛᝲտ᜸឴לԙᇄ ᙽᡐޟᐣѬȃޥོȃᇄࢇݽႆแȇΠ࢐ۡ՝ᝲտ᜸឴ӵᏽࡣѮᢊࢇݽ ᇄޥོᡝڙϛޟཎဎᇄُՓȂ੫տ࢐Ѻᇄ࿋фѮᢊఊတᜰ߽ޟᜰ೿Ȅ ବᄇ಑ΙএҬޟȂҏМॶӑ௤ـᐣԩИοලࢥϛȂᝲտ໶Ҭޟಛॎ᜸ ឴ᇄಛॎПԒϞᡐϽȄଶΟ஠ᝲտ᜸឴ᡐϽୢϷ࣏Ѳএ໦ࢲϞѴȂζ ငҥᐣѬ؅ਟϷݙȂᄇശߑก໔ПԒלԙᇄߴԙڍԩᙽᡐีҡনӰඪ ю၌ភȄବᄇ಑ΠএҬޟȂҏМ஠ਲ਼ᐃࠉक़ᐣѬܒ؅ਟޟ᎜ങȂඪю Ιএ၌ភϷݙ࢜ᄺȂ஠ۢПಛॎϛᝲೱտӵᏽࡣѮᢊࢇݽڙ࡙ϛޟཎ ဎᇄհҢȂ໌՗౩፣ܒۡ՝ȄҏМࡾюȂᏽࡣ᎐Ѯޟ୽ҕࢇۺӵϛ୽ ݲಛད჋ϞήȂӰ࣏ღ๖ΡҕоЅфߒϛ୽ޟಛݽሯौȂՄ౰ҡᝲտ ᜸឴Ϸ᜸ڙ࡙Ȅ೻ᆍоϛ୽ӨࣸӋ࣏൐՝ޟᝲೱୢϷȂӵ୽ҕࢇۺӰ ࣏ѮᢊࣸҕෆڧРҏߝ෈ಛݽՄฒݲҳړ߬ӈޟᅸኌȂоЅІ׾σച ޟࢇݽሯौήȂӵѮᢊܚ࡚ᄺޟᖝਢܒࢇݽڙ࡙ϛȂ׸ᅋ१ौُՓȄ ೻ٲᖝਢܒࢇݽڙ࡙ᄇܻѮᢊࣸҕഅԙࢇݽᇄМϽΰ৯տ࡟ႄޟ๖ ݎȄ1970 ԑфоࡣȂҥܻ୽ҕࢇۺ୽ሬӴ՝ޟᡐϽȂϛ୽ݲಛޟࢇݽ ཎᜋלᄘ໠ۖڧڗᝒ቗ޟϱഋࢅᏽȄཱིᑹޟІᄇࢇݽ༖Ψӵ 1980 ԑ фоࡣ໠ۖี৤Ѯᢊкᡝད჋оᄇתࢇۺޟϛ୽ݲಛད჋Ȅႆўᖝਢ ܒࢇݽԊ௶Ȃ໠ۖೝၛភ࣏ݢຜѮᢊΡࢇ๊ȇఊတҁ้ԙ࣏ࢇݽІᄇ ၼଢ଼ޟкौວؑȄҥоȶϛ୽ȷ࣏ጒ൜ޟȶࣸᝲȷϷ᜸ᙽᡐڗоȶѮ ᢊȷ࣏ጒ൜ޟȶఊတȷϷ᜸Ȃфߒ๿ཱིלᄘޟޥོတᡝᜰ߽Ϟ౩དȄ ᓍ๿Ѯᢊкᡝད჋ϞᘗඹȂࢇݽڙ࡙໠ۖ໌՗ҏπϽᡐ८ȂᝲೱୢϷ ڙ࡙ζᅚᅚѶўনӑђ૖Ȅӵ୽ོӒ७׽ᒵ׽८ПөೝጂۡϞࡣȂҏ ᝲิ଄ڙ࡙ϗೝኀХȄശࡣȂҏМζଆ፣ΟѮᢊఊတ౪ຫี৤ޟ੫ ՓȂһ։Ȉఊတޟ྅܈࢐ೝี৤پᄇתҕఊкဎޟ፣क़ȂоЅఊတᜰ ߽ޟี৤ᇄ୽ড়ᇯӣތដޟӣਢٮ՗Ȅ ᜰᗤຠȈИοලࢥȃᝲೱȃࣸᝲȃఊတȃఊတϷ᜸ ѮᢊޥོᏰ಑Ξ෈Ȃॲ 59-117Ȃ2005 ԑ 6 ТюގȄ ԝገȈ2004 ԑ 10 Т 7 Рȇ௥ڧȈ2005 ԑ 3 Т 25 РȄ

From Chinese Original Domicile to Taiwanese Ethnicity:

An Analysis of Census Category Transformation in Taiwan

Fu-chang Wang

Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica

The two purposes of this article are to a) identify the historical, social, and poli-tical processes behind the formation and transformation of ethnic categorization in Taiwan’s population census procedures, and b) to locate the position of ethnic cat-egorization in the political and social systems of postwar Taiwan. The author des-cribes how ethnic characteristics in the general population were categorized by the Republic of China (ROC) government across seven censuses conducted between 1956 and 2000, then uses the data to propose a four-stage transformation. An ex-planatory framework of political institution re-construction by Mainland Chinese in Taiwan during the postwar era is offered to position the role and function of ethnic categorization. The author argues that categorizing people in terms of their geogra-phic origins in China or Taiwan was institutionalized by the ROC government under the banner of “Chinese national imagination” to meet the political goals of unifying people and claiming legitimacy for its efforts to retake the mainland. Categorization played an important role in the temporary political institutions that were established by the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) regime to claim that it was still the legitimate rul-er of China. Howevrul-er, categorization also revealed the regime’s lack of trust in the Taiwanese people to show loyalty to the Chinese nation, which the government sug-gested was the result of five decades of Japanese colonial rule. The end result was an institution in which Taiwanese were under-represented both politically and cul-turally. After 1971 (when international support for the KMT regime declined), Chinese national ideology came under intense internal challenge, with the emerging opposition advocating an alternative Taiwanese national imagination. According to demands for ethnic equality, temporary political arrangements were interpreted by opposition groups as institutions of ethnic discrimination against Taiwanese. The transformation of categorization from Chinese “original domicile” to Taiwanese “ethnicity” entailed not only a change in imagined societal boundaries, but also in ideal patterns of inter-group relations within the society. The original domicile cat-egorization system was eventually abolished after major institutional changes oc-curred in the early 1990s. The author addresses the circumstances under which the ethnicity concept became salient in Taiwan, and how it was used to counteract a na-tionalist discourse rather than an explicit racist ideology. Thus, ethnic relations in Taiwan developed concurrently with a dispute over national identity, rather than within a less controversial national boundary.

Keywords: population census, original domicile, ethnicity, ethnic categorization

Ιȃࠉِ

ᘻડ࢝تЁڬ᫈1_{ૅसחܑᄊޕםآݧٖ׽࿻ૣك࣋ݧঢ়ٖ׽२} ᓸᖟૣЃ༹ܳࢰٖ׽࿻ૣؙЁݢ᥮்ן୥࿿ᐂৣᆺ಩ᓇঢ়සۍᖟૣᄴ ۪Нॐ޽Ђݏ᧫Ђᦰ޽ЂිઃЂ฾ࢇЂቂ᝺಩ᓇႇОؙЁဿᄒٝݐݢ ᪕Ⴝ᪎ػ৯Ё૎ᦰ޽كቂ᝺಩ᓇ࣋ᄴЃᜋႽڬ᫈ᘻડቂ᝺ၳఢᐂ᪎ ᗎЁٖ׽࿻ૣؙቂ᝺಩ᓇص᥶ۄᄶካႽ᪎࠿Ёټ࿟࿩ᆱ৏঵Ё૎ڝټ ວኊঢ়ၳఢЃၑނЁڃןᆌڲঢ়૎Ёеᦰ޽жص᥶்༹ޫٻᐂਛᑇᙡ ڪНೞᦰОݢ᥮ঢ়்ן࢖صص᥶Ё᪎ػ༾ગᐂၿગЁᑇჸዄቂ᝺಩ ᓇЃᦰ޽ص᥶ᐂ໙஌ٝݐЁ྿ٻࡎݧཋݢחࢰ؇᪎ඛЁ༻෰࣋ݧᖟૣ ડ״ᆺݢ؁᪎ඛЃ݁ঌᐱٖ׽࿻ૣؙᦰ޽᥶᧲ঢ়༧஌Ёلૌםૅसܳ ಩ट໙঻ວॆ׬ፅॹןۓص᥶ঢ়଺রЁ੊ዄڜآΪݏࢼЁڬ᫈ૅस໙ ঻ວॆ॔ᑭஊޫٻחৠܳ࠻᪎Ѓ ዄڜڬ᫈חടןፅॹठٝ໙஌ؙеᦰ޽ж᥶᧲ঢ়ᫌॆᐂᆎࣥЁ༻ ෰ࢼފॹଶᦰঢ়ᦰ༯චصЃܳ 1992 ݏ۱র൯༻ዄٖᦰর௑ۑ౮Ёෞ ்ןۍᦰၲൂۣе٬ᛏ؜ۍᦰж࠻଍еۍןڌ۟ܲж؜ੇЁᦰ༯ڝټ ᐱ૎்ן࢖صසۍᓽᐪ؜חЃ்ןঢ়ᦰ༯ؘᅇڌຨܳܦᏋठٝक़౭ၳ ঢ়᥊܅ᐂෆᇯ׮Ёठٝן׽໙஌ؙ״༻෰ݢᦰ༯໙஌Ѓܳ 1947 ݏמ מעࢯ܅ડЁڬ᫈ଶᦰࣵ؁མܦଶᦰןۓ؜ᄠঢ়ءඛ᥮਻ᐂеଶᦰ۫ ଻жЁ࠿૎ڬ᫈ৣᆺؙུ஥ஊૅ঻ᖜᣞ؜חЃ1992 ݏٖᦰর௑ۑౠЁ ۱রऍ௵࿨౮ࣣಏۍᦰၲൂঢ়ٸஊ۪ঢ়Ё૎ࠒ๔ഔ෈ᢢݨಏ൴؎ቂݗ ଍ᦐ஥ૅ঻ථᣞঢ়ଶᦰዢᑢЃරచፅॹןۓঢ়ᦰ༯ص᥶Ёᠴၑུਏڝ ഔ૎଍םৣᆺᙊܩঢ়۪ঢ়ނઘ۱Ё2_{଍ޢུડੑݗ଍ૅ঻۫଻॔ፅ۱} ঢ়ࢼᇙЈނеࣣಏۍᦰၲൂж༹ᄴጐౠڂঢ়রટࣗગ᪎ඛЁ଍ޢഔܳ 1992ݏፀຨЈ༹૎ۍٚ᥮ضঢ়ථᣞЃ 1 ҏМᄇܻȶѮȷȃȶᇃȷΠԅޟٺҢনࠌԃήȈ(1)՗Мఄक़ΙࡡٺҢȶѮȷᢊȇ(2)ႄ ԤЕक़Мԅܖ࢐ࢇۺ൐՝ޟғԒӪᆎȂࠌ൵१নۖМᝦޟҢݲȄ൷ҏМޟ୰ᚠཎᜋپ ࣼȂ೻ڍএԅٺҢಬᄛޟᐣѬᡐϽȂ࢐এ঄ு௤ـޟដᚠȄ 2 ೻এᢎᘈюܻҏМޟຟቷȂَҏМ಑έ࿽Ȅ

༹ᕓᖡٚݢ்۪࣋ঢ়Ёח૎ࠒ๔ഔ෈ܳቂ᪙׮ᣂ๺ڬٖ᫈׽࿻ૣ ؙеᦰ޽᥶᧲жࠚݗᐂᢻ᪎ঢ়ᙡڪЂৣᆺЂᐂૅ঻ዄၿІמ૎ࠒ๔ഔ ෈टޛᦰ޽᥶᧲ܳᘻડڬ᫈ૅ঻ᐂৣᆺ᪛ؙࣗঢ়ࢍޑكڐഔЁ಩޽૎ ڸᐂሉڂڬ่᫈቎᥮਻᪎ᗎঢ়᥮༽Ѓ൪ፅ໏ח்۪ঢ়Ёۍٚழ܏ෞย ࡾᙡݧٖ׽࿻ૣؙЁᦰ޽ᄴ۪ঢ়໙஌᥶᧲ᐂ໙஌ٝݐ؜᪎ػЃ൴םෞ еᦰ޽ж᥶᧲ص᥶ٝݐ؜᪎ػචص଍ڰ்ᄤ૰؜ڲЁ்༹ཉص״኎ጥ ᣂ๺ུਏص᥶ٝݐ؜ࠚݗЁᐂਲݗ࣋ݧ஥ஊᢻ᪎ၳ۟௦ܮЃ൪ፅ໏מ ்۪ঢ়Ёۍٚෞ౱ᙁੇ஖ᙡڪॐࡃౝঢ়ᗚབྷЁ࿨ڌח்ኊ᧕صগ૚ ፸Ёෞठٝ໙஌ؙᦰ޽᥶᧲क़ڂਐঢ়ᦰ༯ࣗગܳᘻડڬ᫈ૅ঻ࣗગؙ ঢ়ᆌቌᐂޮ۠ЁᄊޕວᖡॐटޛЃۍٚෞ઼ڌЁᘻડᗎڬঢ়රۓૅस ܳዄڜᦰ༯ᫌॆঢ়ᓅᨨ׬Ёټكٞۍဣۓૅस಺׬ঢ়ן׽໙஌ኣౝك ࣗગঢ়සᢁ׮Ёᕀ۱ם໙஌ןۓᦰ༯ঢ়ࣗગЁ״ࢸᦰ༯޽໙஌ݗ଍ठ ٝ໙஌ؙ஥ஊঢ়חផЃ༹௦ۍ૎ܳૅ঻ຨڂػঢ়܊ጥ׬क़ᄊޕঢ়، ޮЁੑܮ଍ᘻડਏဆڬ᫈ۓ຾ᐂรݛૅस؜ᄠܳממעࢯ܅ؙঢ়ᖎ୍ ቂ᪙Ёټكૅसᗎڬડૅ঻ࣗગঢ়ᩊडॐ݈ิЁނၳ۟םᆱঢ়ৣᆺᐂ ૅ঻ᆌቌЃ଍םܳᗎڬဆᄠᏮહڂਐؙරঢ়અᏌЁૅसܳ 1954 ݏ௛ ႔םؙڳ೹ۓᆌڂਐঢ়࠻ᛳЁۣᗎڬঢ়؁མܦଶڂਐᦵᨇޕࢸᢙᩊЃ ݨחᩊडॐঢ়วૈЁགྷݗټؙරܦଶ܉଍ྎޛঢ়еᦰ༯жචصЁܳර ۓૅसܳڬ᫈क़ઘ፸ঢ়ዄာॐૅ঻ࣗગᐂૅसᩊצ႔፸ؙ࠶ᎉ஥ஊࢍ ޑЃۣॹ؁མܦଶࢼڬঢ়ؙڳ೹ૅ঻Ꮮ୺༹ܳࢰ៛ౠॐૅ঻ࣗગؙЁ ᘽݢࠅܐؘࣥןۓࣗᛉঢ়႖ፅ᜸ᅔᩊצЁܮݨགྷݗ૘ࢰڬ᫈ןᧆ෿ܳ ૅ঻ᩊצص൧׮ؘࣥࣕڿႇઝዂЃܳፅࠨଶᦰૅ঻ؘڿႇঢ়ܡౠЁᦰ ༯චصࣗગ״༽෱ܲݗ଍ૅ঻لፅ৯࠼᝜ঢ়۪ᓽЃ1970 ݏڂټડЁۣ ॹරۓૅसරᑪܲޛঢ়᪎ػЁеؙරর໙жঢ়ૅ঻ᆌ᥉ࠚፖᄞऔࣥࣕ ᦐᒕدཉૃᘻЃᆱᚷلፅૅ঻ᅔצܳ 1980 ݏڂټડᄞऔၳఢеڬ᫈ ٸ᪛ᆏጉжټፅࠨૅसঢ়еؙරর໙ᆏጉжЃዄڜ៛ౠॐૅ঻݈ิЁ ᄞऔ༛ኙ᧕଍ঠლڬ᫈ןૈૅޮ଍І่቎ڿႇཀ᎘ݗ଍ૅ঻لፅኺඛ ঢ়ٸஊქࡏЃᜋႽڬ᫈ٸ᪛ᆏጉঢ়ઘ፸ᐂᡕ࿷Ёૅ঻ࣗગᄞऔᄊޕۍ ׾ػ᪎஬Ёټ؁མܦଶ଍රచᆏጉᕐྚঢ়ᦰ༯චصࣗગ״᎘᎘ڴڜ௦

܏ڐഔЃܳරᆺܐ஫࠻ᛳঢ়ૅ঻࠻஬ٝܧ༛ᕀट؜ડЁۍᦰၲൂࣗગ ؕ༛ᒾ٣Ѓ

ΠȃИοලࢥᝲտ᜸឴ᡐϽȂ

IJĺĶķĮijııı ԑ

ܳᘻડරۓૅसक़زھঢ়຾ܹठٝ໙஌ኣౝؙЁࡎΪݏៜᛰחݧ ঢ়ٖ׽࿻ૣၐᎶ૎ུኍᎼЂུᏞᕀЂ״ུ஥ஊঢ়ח᥶Ѓସፅॹ࣍ڀח ടঢ়ठٝ໙஌ኣౝ༻෰า۠ןۓᜋౠފޕၲൂ॔ૅसठ௵ؘटဆ२ૣ ࠿ۑঢ়ٝݐЁ3_{ٖ׽࿻ૣټटౠፅक़ݢן׽ܐ஫ᖟૣЁڝټ෿ུࣕᏞ} ᕀঢ়໙஌ᓳ݃Ёᖟૣ႔ঌ״ििݗ଍ૅसिડૈૅ஥ஊ౱ᙁЃڨڲЁ ྵۍٚصগٸᣞеᦰ޽жࢼᐱЁٖ׽࿻ૣؙፅॹ்༹ᄴ۪क़า۠ঢ়ဿ ᄒٝݐЁᑇኴ࣍ڀठٝ໙஌ኣౝኍᎼނᖐᣓЃࢻ݁Ё᥮ॹ؁མܦଶן ۓঢ়ଶ܉චصᐂڀெܳڬ᫈ঢ়ܲວص޵Ёټكڬ᫈ଶᦰ৯еೞᦰжච صЁཋکڌຨٖܳ׽࿻ૣঢ়ᖟૣྠߗؙІ࣍ڀࡎݏڌৌঢ়ठٝ໙஌ኣ ౝؙЁ྿ٻཋ࡞ݢ༹ࢰ໙஌᥶᧲Ё॔࡞ݢ༹ᒂኍᎼঢ়໙஌ᓳ݃Ѓ ସፅॹ࣍ڀරచঢ়ן׽࿻ૣᄴ۪Ёڬٖ᫈׽࿻ૣؙঢ়ᦰ޽᥶᧲ၐ Ꮆ૎ସሉ஥ஊނתइ಩ঢ়חᄴЃ༹ᄴٹ଺׬᥶ޫ࣍ڀරచеᏋ่ж (race)॔е่቎ж(ethnic groups)Ђެתؘସܡঢ়ص᥶Ёڝټᐱ૎ڬ᫈ৣ ᆺܳዄڜᅆ໙ؙරᦰ༯ᫌॆᓅᨨ׬Ёक़ຮ۟ঢ়ᙽ಩ן቎ص᥶ٝݐЃۣ ૅसٖܳ׽࿻ૣྠߗؙঢ়୺ٚ፠ஊৌؙЁෞᦰ༯ᢘ᧋଍“original domi-cile”4_{்༹ڃחടڲරןؘৡक़؟ঢ়ܨᏌЂ॔૎୺᧋ܨᏌח᪎ܒ᪎ঢ়} ࢯፀࢼ଺Ё5_{᪕ၑܳ؁ܹᓳޗٝৣᆺؙࢬ࡞ݢᐂᦰ༯ፅ᝔॔ସሉঢ়ᇃ} ॆЃၑނЁᦰ༯ੑ૎ؙරৣᆺؙਛײټࢼ஥ஊঢ়்ן࢖صص᥶ᓽൂ؜ 3 ٽԃȂఀىแ࡙ȃᙛཾ้೻ٲএΡ٘Ϸ੫፴ȂоЅΡοಋଢ଼้Ȃ೽ல࢐ҥ࿋ٱΡӵ౴ ଢ଼ࡣΙۡਢ໢ϱкଢ଼өИᝲᐠᜰิ଄ܖ؁׽ȄӵؐԑюގޟۢПಛॎϛȂ೻ٲၥਟ࢐ ҥӨ઻ࢇۺܛᒲΡষቹቹΰൢࡣёᖂՄுȄҥܻΡҕϚΙོۡࡸਢٷݲҧ፜ิ଄Ȃ೻ ٲኵԅ೽லѫ࢐Ө઻ܛᒲΡষޟեॎኵԅȄ 4 ೻࢐ 1980 ԑЅ 1990 ԑИοලࢥൢ֙ϛȶᝲտȷޟ़МғԒᙚឍȄ 5 1956ԑЅ 1966 ԑޟൢ֙ਪؠԤ़ឍӪᆎȄ1970

ԑޟൢ֙ਪϛ஠ȶᝲտȷᙚឍ࣏“na-tivity”ܖ“birthplace”Ȃ1975 ԑ׽ឍ࣏“domicile”ܖ“original domicile”Ȃ1980 ԑоࡣϗғ Ԓጂۡΰक़़МᙚឍȄ

חЃዄڜᓳݹݏټࢼЁᦰ༯ؘᅇᐂဇࠖ୉ៜࣗગ׬ܨᣜص൧ݢ᥮Ё״ ૎ןெච޽ᛏຳᑇਔ஥ஊᓽᇣЃފก 1931 ݏරۓૅसؙܳර؁མࣗ ஍ٖᦰরЁঀٚ༡टןۓۍᦰټࢼЁᦰ༯ࣵॐ޽॔ݏ᧫Ёཋ૎ᛯ޽் ן࢖صٸஊᓽൂЃ1945 ݏڬ᫈ܯؙࣕර໙঻Ђ1949 ݏරۓૅसᗎڬ ټડЁ״ᦵᨇ঺۠ݨᄴরڃЁৠࣕ 1992 ݏٖᦰর௑ۑ଍٣Ѓ ዄڜরટؙፅॹᦰ༯ঢ়टቌЁټຨڂঢ়ᫌᡆࢼ଺ସሉᙽ಩Ѓ౱ᙁ еٖᦰরж໏آ๦ঢ়༡टЇеϛ๼ҕ୽ΡҕϞᝲտȂоࣸЅڏܚ឴Ϟ ᑪ࣏ٷᐃжІ໏Ϊذ๦ת༡टЇеυτଶտԤҏᝲޱѴȂоڏЮҔϞ ҏᝲ࣏ҏᝲȇЮҔҏᝲϚӣޱȂоڏЮϞҏᝲ࣏ҏᝲжЃ༹ܳᓸঢ়ᐭ ट׬Ё்ןᦰ༯઼ঢ়૎ח்಩टܲٝНଶЂᚨОЃނ்ןᐂ்༹ܲٝ ঢ়᥮័Ё૎ࢼފॹࡶॐೞ܏Ѓܳਔڂܲວᗎ້᜚ៃঢ়৏঵׬Ёᦰ༯ڝ ഔؘ૎்ןڌ۟ܲЂଣދ״ؘחट૎٬ᛏڌ۟ܲЃၑނЁܳරచরટ ׬Ёᦰ༯૎රచૅ঻ࣗગ஥ஊසᢁЁ״ፅॹ்ןජૅᩊ޿ᐂ۟૾ᙞᆺ ݢସሉ؁ᓅᨨЃશᇯؙႺۓරᘲরЁ۱রऍ௵كරۓ؁ᆺڂਐܨᣜЁ ૎ټᦰ༯ঢ়ଶ॔ᚨ଍ྎޛڜ஌ᏕЃ6 _{1948ݏᛳڌঢ়ؙڳۓᆌڂਐЁ߇} ૎ټݨ஌ᏕܦଶܨᣜЃዄڜܳ؁མౠဆЁ଍ם਱ᑩඏᑇܲචށ۟ᙈ܆ ز඙ן௵ᩊೇЁරచ಩޽ܳށ኎রؙঀ஍ൻ࿻ށؙܦ்ଶචᜁࣣܨᣜ НеଶචटᣜжОЁࢬఞ༦ށ኎ᙞ᥮ܳ಩टଶචၐןኾࣕᜁࣣᓽᇣ ౠЁڝۣኌଶށؙ۟Ёபޱᜁࣣصᓳеᙃ᜸ᜁࣣжНށ኎൯ށᑝᡌ౨ ઼ᘰऍ௵ᆺ 1984: 123-144ОЃڨڲЁ଍ם᠕޹রठܳᒵ޾ౠࣥࣕᄎᛏ قןᖚൈ؜ߦᡗЁዄڜڥরࣗગ׮༡टܲٝর൯חᒵكמᒵরठЁؘ ෿ۣۍᦰן׿ᙈ܆Ѓ7 ፅॹ༹ᒂח்࣌ݢ஥ஊॐঢ়࢖صص᥶Ёૅसࡘटٖܳ׽࿻ૣؙڏ ټᖟૣ૎ڝټວኊঢ়Іڃןᆌڲঢ়૎Ё࣍ص᥶ٝݐؘᡜ࠻᪎Ѓਐחܔ ڌםآݧٖ׽࿻ૣك࣋ݧ२ᓸᖟૣؙЁᦰ޽ص᥶ٝݐك໙஌ኣౝྠߗ ኍໞၿગЃ 6 ᏴݲೣۡȂ୽ҕσོфߒ࢐оȶᑪѿȷ࣏൐՝Ȃҳݲۏষ࢐оࣸѿ࣏൐՝ॎᆗӪ᚞Ȅ 7 ޢڗ 1980 ԑѧݲ଱Ѕ՗ࢇ଱ݲ୛ഋϗڞដڥੑΟȶΠቷݲۢଟᗗҏᝲڙ࡙ȷȞَᖒӫ ൢȂ1980 ԑ 10 Т 17 РȂ3 ގൢᏲȟȄ

ਐח ڬᑤܲචٖ׽࿻ૣᦰ޽චصٝݐكኣౝໞሻЁ1956-2000 ݏ ලࢥԑ࡙ 1956ݏ 1966ݏ 1970ݏ २ᓸᖟૣ 1975ݏ २ᓸᖟૣ 1980ݏ ᝲտୢϷПԒȃᝲտΡοಛॎၥਟ၏ಠแ࡙ חЂܨᏌ଍Їϛ๼ҕ୽Иοලࢥ מЂશଶ܉صډྠߗІࡎחଶؙෞеۍଶᦰжЂеڲଶᦰжן׽ࠅܐصᄞ໙ ஌Ѓ ׫Ђڬ᫈ଶۍଶᦰן׽શеೞᦰжНσചޟ 34 ՗ࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿОЂе่ࡿж Н੎໯ఊȃᗉেఊȃҀၻఊȃఔఊȃ௶ᢊఊȃᏇഷఊȃ໯छఊȃߡछఊȃ ڠࠒఊОචصЁܳڬ᫈ 359 ்ᄎᣈڽචן׽ص޵Ѓڬ᫈ଶঢ়ڲଶᦰן׽શ еۍᦰଶڽжঢ় 49 ்ྎޛНσചޟ 34 ՗ࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫տ՗ࢇ ୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПОЁܳ 359 ்ᄎᣈڽචן׽ص޵Ѓ ڰЂᏉઘଶНਚ൹ܲචОۍଶᦰן׽શۍᦰНᆋ࡚ࣸ 69 ᑪОܳਚਜᚨЂ༽ݮ ᚨ 12 ᄎঢ়ص޵ฏ঵Ѓڲଶᦰן׽શеۍᦰଶڽжঢ় 49 ྎޛНσചޟ 33 ՗ࣸȃѮᢊࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫տ՗ࢇୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПОܳ ਚਜᚨك༽ݮᚨ 12 ᄎঢ়ן׽ص޵Ѓ חЂܨᏌ଍Їϛ๼ҕ୽ϤΪϤԑᇃሦӴୢИοЅ՞ԉලࢥ מЂશଶ܉صډЁڬ᫈ଶЂᏉઘଶص޽໙஌Ѓܦଶݢח்ៀਐྠߗࢬචصеۍ ଶᦰжЂеڀଶᦰжЂеڲරᦰжЁܳڬ᫈ଶ 359 ்ᄎᣈڽචЂكᏉઘଶ 10்ᄎᣈঢ়ן׽ᓳᄒЃ ׫Ђڬ᫈ଶۍଶᦰЇۍଶڌ۟৯ܒصеۍᦰжНѮᢊࣸ 21 ᑪѿОЂеೞᦰж Нᆋ࡚ࣸȃኄݍࣸȃڏтОЂе่ࡿжН੎໯ఊȃᗉেఊȃҀၻఊȃఔ ఊȃ௶ᢊఊȃᏇഷఊȃ໯छఊȃߡछఊȃڠࠒఊОЁܳ 359 ்ᄎᣈڽචঢ় ן׽ᓳᄒЃڀଶᦰЇڀଶڌ۟৯ࢵеۍᦰжص଍ 49 ྎޛНσച 34 ՗ࣸȃ 12଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫տ՗ࢇୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПОЁܳڬ᫈ଶ 21 ᚨڽ ঢ়ן׽ص޵Ѓ ڰЂᏉઘଶНਚ൹ܲචОЇۍଶڌ۟৯ܒશۍᚨڽНਚਜᚨЂ༽ݮᚨОЂڀᚨ ڽНᏉઘ࣍ڀܦᚨОЂڀଶڽڌ۟Ёܳ࣋ᚨ 10 ᄎᣈঢ়ן׽ص޵Ѓ חЂܨᏌ଍Їϛ๼ҕ୽ϤΪΞԑᇃሦӴୢИοЅ՞ԉලࢥܪኺ፡ࢥ מЂص଍ڬᑤܲචۍଶНڽОᦰНڑߢڬ᫈ଶكᏉઘଶОЂڀଶНڽОᦰЃ ׫Ђڬ᫈ଶكڬړڽۍଶᦰן׽શۍᦰص଍Їڬ᫈ 20 ᚨڽكڬړڽܳڬ᫈ 21 ᚨڽ؜ص޵Ѓ ڰЂڬ᫈ଶكڬړڽڀଶᦰЁશۍᦰص଍Їσച 34 ՗ࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫ տ՗ࢇୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПЁܳڬ᫈ 21 ᚨڽঢ়ן׽ص޵Ѓ חЂܨᏌ଍Їϛ๼ҕ୽ϲΪѲԑᇃሦӴୢИοЅ՞ԉලࢥܪኺ፡ࢥ מЂص଍ڬᑤܲචۍଶНڽОᦰНڑߢڬ᫈ଶكᏉઘଶОЂڀଶНڽОᦰЃ ׫ЂڬᑤܲචᦰЁࢵۍᦰص଍ЇѮᢊࣸ 20 ᑪѿȃѮѕѿЂᏉઘଶНਚਜᚨЂ ༽ݮᚨОܳڬ᫈ 21 ᚨڽكᏉઘଶ࣋ᚨঢ়ן׽ص޵Ѓ ڰЂڬ᫈ܲචڀଶНڽОᦰЁશۍᦰص଍Їσച 34 ՗ࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫ տ՗ࢇୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПЁܳ 21 ᚨڽঢ়ן׽ص޵ חЂܨᏌ଍Їϛ๼ҕ୽ϲΪΞԑᇃሦӴୢИοЅ՞ԉලࢥ מЂڬ᫈ଶЂڬړڽЂൻᄮڽЂᏉઘଶص޽ܔډЃ ׫Ђڬ᫈ଶЂڬړڽЂൻᄮڽཉصЁܐཉן׽ࢵۍᦰص଍ЇѮᢊࣸ 19 ᑪѿȃ Ѯѕѿȃଽ໰ѿȃѮᢊࣸоѴσച 34 ՗ࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫տ՗ࢇ ୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПЁܳڬ᫈ 359 ்ᄎᣈڽචঢ়ص޵Ѓ ڰЂᏉઘଶཉصЁࢵۍᦰචص଍Ѯᢊࣸ 19 ᑪѿȃѮѕѿȃଽ໰ѿȃᆋ࡚ࣸȞߜ ߞᑪȃ೿԰ᑪȃڏтӨᑪȟȃσച 33 ՗ࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫տ՗ࢇ ୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПЁܳᏉઘଶ 10 ்ᄎᣈڽචঢ়ص޵Ѓ

ਐח ڬᑤܲචٖ׽࿻ૣᦰ޽චصٝݐكኣౝໞሻЁ1956-2000 ݏНᨇО ලࢥԑ࡙ ᝲտୢϷПԒȃᝲտΡοಛॎၥਟ၏ಠแ࡙ חЂܨᏌ଍Їϛ๼ҕ୽ΜΪΞԑᇃሦӴୢИοЅ՞ԉලࢥ מЂڬ᫈ଶ 23 ᚨڽЂڬړڽЂൻᄮڽЂᏉઘଶ࣋ᚨص޽ܔډЃ 1990ݏ ׫Ђڬ᫈ଶܦᚨڽЂڬړڽЂൻᄮڽཉصЁܐཉן׽ࢵۍᦰص଍ЇѮᢊࣸ 21 ᑪѿȃѮѕѿȃଽ໰ѿȃѮᢊࣸоѴσച 34 ՗ࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫տ ՗ࢇୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПЁܳڬ᫈ 359 ்ᄎᣈڽචঢ়ן׽ص޵Ѓ ڰЂᏉઘଶཉصЁן׽ࢵۍᦰචص଍Ѯᢊࣸ 21 ᑪѿȃѮѕѿȃଽ໰ѿȃᆋ࡚ ࣸȞߜߞᑪȃ೿԰ᑪȃڏтӨᑪȟȃσച 33 ՗ࣸȃ12 ଱ᗒѿȃ੕ࠒ੫տ ՗ࢇୢȃᇌѠӴПȃՙᙠӴПЁܳᏉઘଶ 10 ்ᄎᣈঢ়ص޵Ѓ 2000ݏ חЂܨᏌ଍Їϛ๼ҕ୽ΤΪΞԑᇃሦӴୢИοЅ՞ԉලࢥ מЂеۍᦰжࣣಏЃެ૎ܳళᅔ่቎ঢ়ஊࡏ׬Ёܐ஫ᖟૣе௦ޜۓ่жל่ঢ় ࢖܉ᐭटЃ ኣౝࢼᇙЇޮ৯౱ᙁךݧеؙႺۓරٖ׽࿻ૣྠߗ౨жكеᐁᑤܲචٖ׽كޜ݇࿻ૣྠߗ ౨жᙊວނ෿Ѓ ۣਐחࢼ଺Ёᘻડךݧٖ׽࿻ૣؙЁࢵᦰ޽᥶᧲ص᥶ᢻ᪎ڝص଍ ڰ்ౠဆЁؙུ࣍ٸஊ಩ޑڝټᢍྎᡨ೻݁׬Ї 1. ࠚݗဆН1956 ݏك 1966 ݏОЇᦰ޽ټؙරܦଶ܉଍ٸஊචص ྎޛЁࡎחଶ܉ؙኍໞචصۍଶᦰЂڲଶᦰЃڬ᫈ଶঢ়ۍଶᦰ᎓ןܒ ኍصೞᦰНᏉઘ॔ᓂঋОЂ௦ޜۓܒص่ࡿНל่ОЃ 2.ዄာဆ Н1970 ݏك 1975 ݏ࣋ݧ२ᓸᖟૣОЇܳеଶصۍޛж ᇃॆ׬ЁචصۍଶᦰЂڲଶᦰЃڬ᫈ଶᦰཉصЁ؎ቂؘܒචصೞᦰᐂ ่ࡿЃ 3. ໏חݧᢻ᪎Н1980 ݏك 1990 ݏОЇᦰ޽᥶᧲׮ؘܒঀۧචص ᐂ໙஌ۍଶᦰᐂڲଶᦰНެ૎ةڝټۣݧஊ᥶᧲ؙފޕڏៀЁ஌Ꮥڌ ڬ᫈ଶᦰᐂڀଶᦰ٦ࢻОЁނٶڬ᫈ଶᦰدཉঢ়ೞᦰᐂ่ࡿ؜ص״ۑ ݐಏڴЃ 4. ໏מݧᢻ᪎ Н2000 ݏОЇᦰ޽ᄴ۪ಏڴЁکݢ௦ޜۓঢ়಩޽ ໙஌Ѓ ׮஖صဆݢ׫்ூ෿ยࡾঢ়ථᣞЇ(1) 1956Ђ1966 ݏᦰ޽සۍص ᥶݁ޢࠚݗЈٌ࣍૎଍ޢྎᙽፅॹڬ᫈ଶᦰ৯ආೞᦰ่॔ࡿঢ়ኍໞص ᥶Ј(2) 1980Ђ1990 ݏᦰ޽᥶᧲଍ޢؘܒ໙஌ڬ᫈ۍଶᦰঢ়ೞᦰᐂ่ ࡿЈ(3) 2000 ݏ଍ޢࣣಏۍᦰၲൂЈۍٚټ׬ෞص޽ܯႌ༹ࢰථᣞЃ

έȃИοලࢥᝲտ᜸឴ޟלԙ

1956ݏ 9 ٠ 16 ٞරۓૅसܳڬ᫈ៜᛰםؙႺۓරᙡڪ׮໏חݧ ٖ׽࿻ૣЃᠴၑ࿻ૣঢ়ᕐྚᅇ٣ॹڬ᫈ଶكᏉઘଶਚਜᐂ༽ݮ࣋ᚨЁ ެ૎༹ݧᖟૣ࣌ݢጐౠڂᆌቌЃዄڜරۓૅसܳ؁མౠဆЁᅇݢۣܲ ٝૅस॔ᘮ༘ྎޛፅח்ᚨ॔྿்ᚨᄊޕٖ׽࿻ૣЁऔ໢࡞ݢᛰວዄ ܐරॐٖ׽࿻ૣЃᠴၑරۓૅसငቂܳ 1947 ݏزھٖ׽࿻ૣরЁ1948 ݏ஍ट໏חݧܐරٖ׽࿻ૣ஌ၩЁዯट 1950 ݏៜᛰЁެܮරܑدᘻ ނێഔፀૈНٲᓆᇝ 1956Іؙࣸח 1956ОЃ1956 ݏٖ׽࿻ૣक़ټഔ ෈ፀૈЁ൴םරۓૅसټፀૈٖ׽࿻ૣආ଍ח்ຨڂරచਐᓇЁكل ࠼؁མঢ়ஔࢯןצᑭஊ૆ܐצٙહ؜ڲЁڨڲח்஥ஊ൧ܩ๦܅Ё૎ ڬ᫈ዄڜܳٞۍဣۓ໙঻ౠဆЁךݧරᅔᖟૣक़໡ᚔ׬ࢼঢ়ޕૅቂ ᪙Ђ༡ཡࣗગᐂ໙஌ᄴ۪ك᥶᧲كኣౝЃܮݨЁᘻડڬ᫈ঢ়ٖ׽࿻ૣ ڝټᐱख़ᦵםؙරكٞۍဣۓૅस࣋ఆؘܡᫌॆك᪛ࣗЃ༹࣋Ꮛ᪛ࡿ ସሉঀ᪕ܲᓅᨨࣕડࢼٖ׽࿻ૣঢ়ᦰ޽ص᥶Ѓ ȞΙȟσചਢ෈ޟИοಛॎငᡛ රۓૅसᗎڬټੇЁငቂܳ 1928 ݏڌৌዄЭۓරΪךݏܦଶڽ ٖ׽ᖟૣ໙஌ྠߗЮЁࢬܳ 1935Ђ1940Ђ1945Ђ1947 ݏص޽ڌৌЭؙ Ⴚۓර໙஌࿨ஊЮЃۣॹᘻᅂ᜚ةЁරۓૅस໙঻צᄒᥰټࣕኾܐර ܦܲචЁܮݨן׽໙஌ᓳ݃ସሉؘᏞᕀЃਐמߓຨ 1946 ݏدૅཉक़ ڌৌঢ়Эٖ׽໙஌ЮؙЁ᥮ॹܐරן׽ᓳᄒঢ়ኣౝౠᄠكࢼᇙЃ8_ሉ ౠक़ᛛঢ়ܐරٖ׽ᓳЁ࣍ፀ૎ۣܦଶ 1934 ݏࣕ 1945 ݏ؜ᄠЁؘܡౠ ᄠ׬ঢ়ᖟૣᓳ॔ޣ஌ᓳڏៀނ෿Ёؙ࣍ݢږᓳټ׮૎ 1940 ݏټੇঢ় ࡃౝЃ༽ᕟᐥ৯ފ؍ཋख़ᐭࡃౝౠᄠеජభؘᒄжІڝټᐱ૎ସሉ໕ 8 ᎐Ѯࠉ୽ҕࢇۺȮϛ๼ҕ୽ಛॎඪौȯϛΡοኵԅȂ܁܁࢐ਲ਼ᐃϱࢇഋࠉΙڍԑȮИ οಛॎȯၥਟጡᇧȂծ࢐άࣸ౱ΟনۖၥਟϛኵԅپྛᇄџᎬܒຟեޟ၏ᅾᇳ݂ȄӰ ԪȂޢ௥ЕҢȮИοಛॎȯၥਟȂШၶ૖ஊΟ၌೻ٲၥਟϚᆠጂϞ୰ᚠȄ

ࡃౝࢼᇙЇ൴ঋړΪଶา۠ඁ᎔ኣౝڲᗵ߭౱ᙁܦଶڽૅसྠཉࡃౝᕟᐥЃ ᐱঀЇ 1.ៀ஌᧻਻ྵݢᓳ݃ܦ᧻ص޽ڏៀ૆ࡶ؂࣋ៀᓳ؜ࣵᐂן׽ៀᓳؘח୬תៀ஌᧻ࡎ ٖڿ߭׽ᓳ਻ྵٖᐂ׽߭ݢᓳ݃؜චල஌ᏕЃ 2.ঋړΪଶڑીٞۍ(817,614)ဇᠾ(1,450,384)ك࣍ڀڲරן׽(74,409)ܳدЃ 3.ંಓᖍޕૅචٖ׽ᓳڑીܳ؊ঋଶدЁ؁༽ڽٖ׽ᓳڑીܳᛵጽଶܐᚨدЃ 4.ן׽ෛગ਻ڿ߭ࡎٝزࢦן׽ᓳЁ൴ঋړלଶ஫ᚔऐᙁؙڳ༧஌ࠉၳਐᓳЁڬ᫈ ك੢Ꭻᐻڽ਻ᙁٞۍඁ᎔ᓳ݃ڲЁᗵ߭౱ᙁۍཉၳਐᓳ஌ᏕЃ 5.౟ڲጊۓ(8,719,055)ێܔסۍਐدЃ 6.ಔЂၴЂ᪳ЂᄌЂဵЂᛡЂᑤЂቁЂቆႇଶᆱݛ࿆ܦᚨڽٖ׽ᓳЁา۠ኴᢝ؜ࡃ ౝټኂ࢕ܐଶᓳ݃Ё૆࣍ࡃౝౠဆජభؘᒄЃ ኣౝࢼᇙЇدૅཉ໙஌༌Эٖ׽໙஌Ю(1946: 1-2)Ѓ

ិঢ়ޣ஌ᓳூЃ ۣॹ؁མౠဆܦଶܦފ଍ૅЁڏټؙڳૅस໙঻צᄒێഔຍסܲ ٝЁᗎڬټੇරۓૅसঢ়ܐරॐ໙஌ኣౝЁજᥰఢຨරచ໙঻ᆌጥЁ ॔لૌ᎓ןৣᆺؙן቎ص᥶ঢ়ፙޕЃସፅނࢎЁܳ૘ࢰܲٝૅसᚔᇁ ጥ෺ಇণ׬Ёៜᛰዄࠉཉචලٖ׽࿻ૣঢ়ଶ܉॔൯᠐ڽक़ڌৌঢ়໙ ஌Ёޫٻ٦ኴݢڂਐॐЃਐ׫ᙊວם؁མΪذ்ଶڽܳ 1930 ݏࣕ 1950 ݏ؜ᄠक़ڌৌঢ়໙஌ؙЁݢ᥮ᦰ༯ঢ়໙஌৏঵Ѓ9_{ਐ׫᪕ۮЁݢ᥮еᦰ} ༯ж؜໙஌྿ٻڌຨܳ႖؁ܹᓳଶڽ໙஌ݏᩤ؜ؙЃܳޮ৯ᙊວঢ় 24 Ꮛଶڽ໙஌ݏᩤؙЁکݢ 3 Ꮛࠅܐ࡞ݢ܆ޢᦰ༯໙஌Ѓ݁ঌᄊחࡍص গЁ༹ࢰڑᤱሰჩঢ়еᦰ༯ж໙஌دఞЁڝټ໕ຯص଍ڰ؁᥶Ї 1.ଶڽૅसठ௵ЂᚨਛЂᚨڽජᧈ௵ঢ়ᦰ༯໠ݗЃܲٝൻᒷૅस ठ௵ঢ়ᦰ༯૎ུݜڌຨЂ״૎ུ࿻ዅঢ়ᦰ༯໙஌᥶޽Іڌຨܳ 12 Ꮛ ໙஌ݏᩤؙЃ 2.ᘮ౬ހయ॔ᘮ۟ЃݢذᏋ໙஌ᘮ౬య۟ঢ়ᦰ༯޽໠ݗЃ 3.חടۓ຾ЃݢלᏋ໙஌חടۓ຾ঢ়ᦰ༯Ёܐཉ૎൯᠐ڽ॔ཋڽ दۓЃ 4.࣍ڀЃڑીරۓ᧧௵Ђ಩಄ޕᆼЂ॔᧊ፄঢ়঻݈໙஌Нජࢌਐ ׫हმОЃ ؁མܦଶڌৌܲٝૅसठٝ໙஌ঢ়ౠᄠЁۑ૎ؙර࢔ܧૅ঻ຨڂ ػঢ়ᄞऔЃ༹ࢰеᦰ༯ж໙஌ঢ়᥶޽صগ᪕ۮЁکஊܲٝૅसঢ়໙঻ צᄒഔ෈ࣕኾ؜༌Ёеᦰ༯ж྿ٻ૎໏ח்༛໙஌ঢ়ᄴ۪Ѓ10_؊ޗଶ ঢ়৏঵ସሉഔ෈ᐱঀ༹חᡆЃਐ׫಩޽ෞ؊ޗଶۣ 1933 ݏࣕ 1942 ݏ 9 ೻࢐оϛѵंـ଱ߖфѬंـܚഌטоყਪᓢᇔᙠޱ࣏ጒ൜ȄҥܻฒݲጂޣڗۻԤӻ ЍσചࣸѿෆငӵԪΙਢ෈юގႆۢПಛॎȂҏМฒݲᆠጂຟեڏȶфߒܒȷ୰ᚠȄ ϚႆȂ೻ٲᇔᙠϛȂଶΟনގၥਟϞѴȂԤࣺ࿋Шٽ࢐ҥछ୽Өσყਪᓢኇӟӱپޟ ୙ҏȂᡗҰ၎ᓢෆငӻПᇔ໱Ȅ೻ᔖ၎࢐ҬࠉശׇᐌϞᇔᙠȄ 10 ϛ୽ӨࣸӴПࢇۺ࣏դौಛॎᝲೱȉ೻࢐এ१ौȃծ࢐հޱҬࠉฒݲׇӒӱ๎ޟ୰ᚠȄ ڍ՝ຟቷ഍ࡾюҏМߑገؠԤӱ๎ԪΙ୰ᚠȄ೻ሯौѪΙএंـȂհޱҬࠉᄂӵϚЊ මᗘήᘞᇭȄଶΟϐငඪڗޟࢇݽ౪фϽҬ኿оѴȂհޱҬࠉޟ୅೩࢐ȈӴПࢇۺ࢐ Ӱ࣏ݽԊሯौȂϗᜰϸᝲೱಢԙܖϷշȄ೻࢐ਲ਼ᐃᄇߒέޟڍ໶ᢎᄆȈ(1)σചਢ෈೽ ல࢐ҥݽԊᐠᜰ॒೰ᝲೱಛॎȇ(2)೽ல࢐ӵϚӣᝲೱ౅ᚕޟӴୢȞٽԃ഍ѿȟȃܖ࢐ ܾЕีցઉፐएޟ՗ཾȞߒέϛඪڗޟஒ׀ȃဌқȃٙӁȃᆗڼৱ้ȟಛॎΡҕޟᝲ ೱȄ

ਐ׫ 1950 ݏټੇؙර؁མ྿்ଶڽ໙஌ݏᩤؙঢ়ᦰ༯໙஌ ኣౝܨᏌ ݏગ ૅस ᢙ௵ ᚨਛ ᘮ౬ ހయ ᘮ౬ ᘮ۟ חട ןۓ ࣍ڀc ؊ޗଶ໙஌ݏᩤ 1933 њ њa ؊ޗଶ໙஌ݏᩤ 1934 њ њ ђ ؊ޗଶزቋמΪעݏગ໙஌ 1940 њ њ њ њ ؊ޗଶزቋ໏מݧ໙஌ 1941 њ њ њ њ ؊ޗଶزቋ໏׫ݧ໙஌ 1942 њ њ њ њ љ পړଶ໙஌ݏᩤb ₁₉₃₁ ᓂޗݏᩤb ₁₉₃₂ ᓂޗݏᩤ 1935 њ 5 ᓂ݌ݏᩤ 1935 њ 3Ђ8Ђ9 ᓂঋଶᆺ᧊චຨޜٖ׽໙஌ 1935 њ نૹڽ໙஌ݏᩤ 1935 њ њ њ њ 4Ђ6 ׮ಓڽݏᩤ 1935 њ ׮ಓڽݏᩤ 1936 њ 1 ׮ಓڽݏᩤ 1937 њ Ꮙઘଶ໙஌ݏᩤ 1937 њ ့ړଶݏᩤ 1937 є ړࢳڽૅ໙஌ݏᩤ 1939 њ ݈ᝓଶמΪעݏગ໙஌ݏᩤ 1939 њ њ 2 ჲ݌ଶ໙஌ݏᩤ 1945 њ 3 ׮ಓڽ᧊ፄࠉ໙஌ݏྠ 1946 5Ђ7 ڰ؋ଶ໙஌ݏᩤ 1946 њ ۞Ⴄଶ໙஌ݏᩤ 1946 ћ њ ਥపڽ໙஌ݏᩤ 1946 њ њ ౲঑ڽݏᩤb ₁₉₄₉ ኣౝࢼᇙЇޮ৯౱ᙁؙڳୀࡾ൯ਔڂڪୀࡾक़ཊࠖټጥ౨ᜠक़ᢞኣౝᙊວނ෿Ѓ a_{њЇݢኌᄴ໙஌ІћЇܦᚨڽජᧈ௵ІєЇරڲ಺ᘮ۟ІђЇ؁ෝܦ౬ັᆼ۟І} љЇو௦ڽदۓЃ b _{পړଶЂᓂޗଶЂك౲঑ڽ໙஌ݏᩤؙЁ࡞ݢ܆ޢ᥮ॹеᦰ༯жঢ়໙஌Ѓ} c_{е࣍ڀжኍໞ᥶۪݁׬Ї1.ᄯጤ႔ිןІ2.ૅ঻൉ᕙರᘮ௵І3.රۓ᧧௵І4.ز݈ࠉ௵᧊І} 5.ැ߾Ђᐄ؂І6.ز݈ࠉॱ಺ቊۙІ7.൚཈ࣉႅІ8.ࢗۿІ9.שࠑ૏ସྜ᠔Ѓ

क़ڌৌঢ়آݧ໙஌ݏᩤؙЁᦰ༯ᄴ۪ᒦڏঢ়ฏ঵ܔܳਐ౽׮ږཉЃᜋ Ⴝ؊ޗଶૅस໙঻ᕐྚঢ়ᡕఢЁ࣍໙஌ݏᩤঢ়دఞ״ჷࢼჷᢲྰІ಩ ޽૎ۣ 1940 ݏࣕ 1942 ݏ༹׫ݏؙЁࡎݏڌৌঢ়໙஌ݏᩤ܉ᄒᐂدఞ ྿ٻᒦڏםחஹЃނؙ࣍ᦰ༯໙஌Ё״ུۣݜکݢଶૅसᢙ௵Ђᚨਛ ༹ࢰૅ঻ᩊצޛቈؙٔЁፘፘᡕكଶૅसഔ෈ฟࣗঢ়ܦ೹ຨڂᘮ౬య ۟Ёུડكॹଶᆺक़ܳܲو௦ڽदۓЃ ༹ܳࢰ؁མౠဆݢ஧ঢ়ठٖٝ׽໙஌ቂ᪙ؙЁᦰ༯ঢ়஥ஊॐସሉ ୍ڌЃܳۓරઘ۱ټੇЁᦰ༯ޫٻࣵ୉ៜࣗગෛؘڝصЁܮݨፅॹٚ ػᐂૅ঻Ꮮ୺٦ኴݢᆌቌІެחടۓ຾ًܳݢܲວ૸ඛЂ״ؘࣥଶච ൧ᣜঢ়৏঵׬Ёᦰ༯૎٦ኴ࡞ݢᆌቌঢ়࢖صЃዄڜᅆ໙ኹᆼৣᆺЁ൴ ਦৣᆺඛᅂЁחടןܳٞ෰۟૾ؙዂࢌڲܲן॔ڲଶןঢ়ቂ᪙ସሉݢ ஧Ёᦰ༯චص٦ኴؘఞॼݗ଍஥ஊঢ়ৣᆺص᥶ЃၑނЁ๺ဇۏݏټ ࢼЁᘻᅂؘᡜЁڏ׮ፅٞۍޮᘻౠि؁ડٝ።൛ঢ়؁ᄒරد້ۓЁགྷ ݗ؁མܲචؘܡଶ܉ۓ຾ݢ࠿᜚ៃรᧇЃܮݨЁࣕ 1940 ݏڂౠЁח ടۓ຾ፅॹଶᦰঢ়ᦰ༯චصޫٻཋସሉ๺ᆽЁ״ლ଍ວक़ሉၑЃܲٝ ૅसܳ໙஌ݏᩤؙ״྿ٻཋ໙஌ᦰ༯Ѓ༹Ꮛචصଶᦰঢ়ᫌॆᐂፙޕЁ ״ܳᘻડᜋႽරۓૅसك؁མܦଶ້ۓ༛෱סڬ᫈Ѓ ȞΠȟѮᢊӵРҏಛݽਢ෈ޟИοಛॎငᡛ ڬ᫈ܳٞۍ໙঻ౠဆ؎ݢସሉᢲྰঢ়රచ໙஌ቂ᪙Ѓٞۍ໙঻ౠ ဆЁחܑៜᛰםךݧٖ׽࿻ૣН࣋ݧ៛ౠٖ׽ᖟૣكآݧරᅔᖟ ૣОЃ൴םུડחݧරᅔᖟૣН1940 ݏОܮ଍ᘻ৊ᤔၳێكࠅݗ؜ ڲЁ࣍ᗵذݧཋݢࠅᙊঢ়ᖟૣྠߗ౨ڌৌЃ༹ࢰᖟૣؙࣵડࢼරۓૅ सक़า۠ঢ়еᦰ༯жݢ᥮৯Ё૎᥮ॹеᏋ่жঢ়ص᥶Ѓ11_{ਐڰෞ༹ذ} 11 ҏМޟڍ՝ຟቷඪڗҏМؠᇳ݂Рҏࢇۺ࣏դौୢϷಛॎѮᢊΡޟȶᆍఊȷȂհޱҬ ࠉؠԤጂϸޟ๎ਰȄџ૖ޟӰશѓࢂȈݽԊՃ໔ЅϷՄݽϞޟಛݽ๊౱Ȅਲ਼ᐃРҏᇃ ᢊᖂ࿜ۺឌᄆۢЅѧᅰۢጛಬܚȮИοڙ࡙ȯȞ1925 ԑѾѡȟȂРҏਢ෈ឌᄆࢥИο кौޟҬޟӵܻᆰ៖ݽԊȄ࿋ਢ१ौИο፡ࢥ໶ҬϞΙ࢐ѮᢊΡޟȶᆍఊȷୢϷȄ೻ ᔖڷѮᢊӵ఼෉ಛݽਢ෈ᓜᖅޟϷ᜸డାٱӇԤᜰȄѪѴȂζԤᏰޱᇯ࣏ȂРҏ෥ҕ Ӵࢇۺ࢐࣏Ο໌՗Ϸസಛݽ(divide and rule)ȂՄȶσװߜΦგϷሦဃȷȞᔜ୽❖ 1994 [1980]: 192-199ȟȄ

ݧᖟૣؙЁݢ᥮еᏋ่ж᥶᧲ঢ়ص᥶ٝݐᙊວܔਐЃ༹ۣذݧᖟૣؙ еᏋ่ж᥶޽චصٝݐࢼ଺Ёٞۍဣۓૅसፅॹڬ᫈еۍపןжدཉ ص᥶Ёޫٻۣ 1905 ݏ໏חݧ៛ౠٖ׽ᖟૣౠྵ؎؁୬ᕀ۱Ёࣕ 1935 ݏঢ়໏ڰݧරᅔᖟૣةၑ঺۠ЃڨڲЁᐁ᫈ៀሚसठॖᖟૣᖜܳ 1926 ݏНોࣵحݏОៜޕםеᐁ᫈ܳᦰ᎓ۓ่ᄎ༯޽ᖟૣжНټ׬ᢍᏌ Эᄎ༯ᖟૣЮОЁෞڬ᫈᎓ۓ่౱ᙁೞᦰໞص଍ЇᏉઘଶН૴݌सЂ ਐڰ ٞۍဣۓૅसܳڬ᫈ן׽࿻ૣঢ়еᏋ่жචصЁ1905-1935 ݏ ፡ࢥӪᆎ кौ᜸឴ ݏ܉ ݧ᥶᧲ ໏חݧ៛ౠٖ׽ ϱӴΡ ҏ৬Ρ Ѵ୽Ρ ᖟૣ 1905 ݏ _{᎓ן ᔡᚿ ۟ᚿ ๺රן ࣍ڀ} Нঀ঻ 38 ݏО Ꮙઘן ᓂঋן ࣍ڀ ໏מݧ៛ౠٖ׽ ϱӴΡ ҏ৬Ρ Ѵ୽Ρ ᖟૣ 1915 ݏ _{᎓ן ᔡᚿ ۟ᚿ} Н؁ۑ 4 ݏО Ꮙઘן ᓂঋן ࣍ڀ ໏חݧරᅔᖟૣ ϱӴΡ ෉ᘀΡ ҏ৬Ρ Ѵ୽Ρ 1920ݏ Н؁ۑ 9 ݏО Ꮙઘן ᓂঋן ࣍ڀ ໏מݧරᅔᖟૣ ϱӴΡ ෉ᘀΡ ҏ৬Ρ Ѵ୽Ρ 1925ݏ _{᎓ן ᔡᚿ ۟ᚿ ٙࢣן ࣍ڀ} Н؁ۑ 14 ݏО Ꮙઘࡿ ᓂঋࡿ ࣍ڀ ໏׫ݧරᅔᖟૣ ϱӴΡ ෉ᘀΡ ᅕΡف ᒁΡف Ѵ୽Ρف 1930ݏ ف ف Нોࣵ 5 ݏО Ꮙઘ ᓂঋ ࣍ڀ ᔡᚿ ۟ᚿ ᎓ן ໏ڰݧරᅔᖟૣ ϱӴΡ ෉ᘀΡ ҏ৬Ρ Ѵ୽Ρ 1935ݏ Ꮙઘࡿ ᓂঋࡿ ࣍ڀ ڿఁ่ ൻି่ ؙႺ ࣍ڀ Нોࣵ 10 ݏО ᎓ןࡿ ۓරן ڲරן ኣౝࢼᇙЇޮ৯ۣ׬ܔኣౝᙊວނ෿Ї 1.Эঀ঻׫Ϊעݏ៛ౠᐁٖ᫈׽ᖟૣൂ஖ྠٚЮЁ៛ౠᐁٖ᫈׽ᖟૣཉЁঀ঻ڰΪחݏڎ ޕЃ 2.Э؁ۑڰݏ໏מݧ៛ౠᐁٖ᫈׽ᖟૣᇃᨒਐЮЁᐁ᫈ៀሚठॖ៛ౠٖ׽ᖟૣཉЁ؁ۑذ ݏڎޕЃ 3.Э؁ۑלݏ໏חܯᐁ᫈රᅔᖟૣН໏׫ݧ៛ౠᐁٖ᫈׽ᖟૣОஊᨒਐЮЁᐁ᫈ៀሚठॖ ៛ౠරᅔᖟૣཉЁ؁ۑΪחݏڎޕЃ 4.Э؁ۑΪڰݏරᅔᖟૣ႔ঌਭᨒЮЁᐁ᫈ៀሚठॖ៛ౠරᅔᖟૣཉЁોࣵמݏڎޕЃ 5.Эોࣵآݏරᅔᖟૣ႔ঌਐܐపᕓЮЁᐁ᫈ៀሚसЁોࣵלݏڎޕЃ 6.ЭોࣵΪݏරᅔᖟૣ႔ঌਐЮЁᐁ᫈ៀሚसЁોࣵΪݏڎޕЃ

ᎈ݌सЂۗ݌सЂᏉ݌सЂە૊݌Ђ᜶᩻݌ЂᚷػसОЂᓂঋଶНጛ ᝔݌Ђ࿍݌सЂᔖ݌सОЂ࣍ڀНᐁ᫈ៀሚसठॖᖟૣᖜ 1928Іؙ ᧋ٚࢌབྷ᎓܌ 1972ОЃެ૎Ёܳᙡݧٖ׽࿻ૣكරᅔᖟૣؙЁڬ᫈ ᎓ۓ่صೞᦰНᏉઘЂᓂঋОЁ௦ޜۓ่ص᎓ػၿગН۟ၪЂᔡၪО ঢ়සۍ᥶᧲औ໢࡞ݢو؁᪎ػЃ Ȟέȟᏽࡣႆ෮ਢ෈ڍএفಛޟᎏႄ ٞۍ໙঻৯ፅॹڬ᫈᎓ۓ่еᏋ่޽жঢ়ص᥶Ёټكᙁݨຮ۟ঢ় آΪݏࡿ໙ॐן׽໙஌ኣౝЁܳᘻડරۓૅसรݛڬ᫈ঢ়ዄာဆᄠЁ ਭۣڬ᫈ޕૅਛठزቋᦵख़Ѓܳ࣋Ꮛص᥶ፙޕᗍዂౠЁᆱ໙঻৯ݢᩊ ࡘट਱಺௸ࢰص᥶᥶᧲Ёټكஊ݁ޢटޛ༹ࢰ᥶᧲Ѓ1946 ݏЁޕૅਛ ठزቋ໙஌ઇ౱ᙁٞۍᐁ᫈ៀሚसक़້۸ঢ়؁ᄒኣౝЁᙃஊᕟᓣঢ় Эᐁ᫈ଶآΪחݏࢼ໙஌࿨ஊЮؙЁ༹ࢰᏋ่޽ן׽ኣౝЁܳ᥶᧲ܨ Ꮜ༛౱ᙁ؁མ༻ޕঢ়ᦰ༯චصكᆱঢ়ૅ঻ٸᩊᫌॆཀחᢻ࿰؜ડЁৠ รټן׽еᦰ༯жᏌ؜Ѓᢻ࿰ฏࠚජࢌਐآЃ ਐآ Эᐁ᫈ଶآΪחݏࢼ໙஌࿨ஊЮؙеᏋ่ж᪎еᦰ༯ж ٞۍᏋ่᥶᧲ ؙႺۓරן ۍపן دܲן ဇᠾן ࢼފᏉઘ ࢼފᓂঋ ڿఁ่ ൻି่ ؙරן׽ᦰ༯ ڲଶן ۍଶן ٞۍן ᠸරן ೞᦰᏉઘ ೞᦰᓂঋ ڿఁ่ ൻ؊่ ኣౝࢼᇙЇ ᐁ᫈ଶޕૅਛठزቋ໙஌ઇН1946a: 88-91Ёਐ 51, 52О ᠴၑٞۍठٝ໙஌ؙ᎓ۓ่ঢ়ೞᦰЁ૎ଶ܉ঢ়еૅ঻ྎޛж؜ص НᏉઘଶЂᓂঋଶОЁނਦሉౠ॔ሉڂןெक़ᔡจঢ়еᐫࡿචصж Н៽ᑤ੐ᐫ৯Ђ៽ઈచን৯ОЁ12_{ެ૎்༹ص᥶ܳሉౠੑ༛ᆱঢ়ૅᩊ} ৠร঺۠Ѓ ൴ם᎓ן؜ڲЁ௦ޜۓঢ়ཉصЁޕૅਛठزቋ״౱ᙁٞۍ໙஌ኣ ౝЁෞൻ؊่ໞص଍עᏋྎޛЇಌୟࣉН1956 ݏټડ༛ۑݐࣺܨ଍ಌ 12 ࣏Ȯ໐ೱ፡ࢥȯእቸȶᅕҕఊಋ՞ޟݼ८ȷޟωύۦဎ੫տࡾюȈȶҏߒᆋ࡚ࣸួၷ ԤҙԎۺȂάኄݍࣸួၷԤዘԎۺȂᗶณࢇݽϞୢგԃԪȂष௃ᇭفࣼȂࠉޱᒝ߽ᆋ ࡚ᇭఊȂჿџᇳ឴ܻኄݍᇭఊȇάࡣޱᒝ߽ኄݍᇭఊȂჿџᇳ࢐ᆋ࡚ᇭఊȂ೻࢐Шၶ ࣏ᎌ࿋ޟȄȷȞРМনМَᇃᢊᖂ࿜ۢܘ፡ࢥ፞ 1928: 3ȇϛឍМЕՌങᅕӎ 1972: 87ȟ

ᄭОЂᢟ ᅪ ಩Н᠇ అОЂؘ ڵНھ ኹОЂഫ ᔇНዉОЂ। ᫈Нิ ᫈ОЂਟ୙Ђୟ୙Нᄭ୙ОЂ࣍ڀНᐁ᫈ଶޕૅਛठزቋ໙஌ઇ 1946: 94-95Ёਐ 53ОЃ༹״࠿ڏ᪕ຨ༹ۍᢘ᧋ঢ়໙஌ኣౝ؜ዄာॐ಩ᖲЃ ȞѲȟIJĺĶķ ԑИοලࢥϛȶᝲտȷ᜸឴ޟלԙ ۣ׮஖ठٝ໙஌еᦰ޽жᙡڪၳఢঢ়ฏ঵ࢼ଺Ёؘᥰວኊ 1956 ݏ රۓૅसፀૈ໏חݧٖ׽࿻ૣౠЁеᦰ޽жᄴ۪ঢ়໙஌ٝݐЁࣥࣕ׮ ஖׫Ꮛᙡڪቂ᪙ঢ়ᓅᨨЃኌݧ࿻ૣؙЁ᥮ॹᦰ޽ঢ়໙஌ݢ࣋ᄴᇁ଍୍ ڌঢ়಩ᓇЇ࣍ח૎චصןۓঢ়ؘܡଶᦰЁࢬټ۪ੇक़ܳܲᐂᦰ༯ঢ়ସ ፅ᥮਻ЁଦटڌۍଶᦰᐂڲଶᦰІ࣍מ૎൪ፅڬ᫈ଶᦰן׽ᄊޕኍᎼ ঢ়ೞᦰᐂ่ࡿචصЃ 1. еଶ܉ۍޛжঢ়ᦰ༯ص᥶ᇃॆЇеۍଶןжᐂеڲଶןж ྵੇ৯ނࢎЁ؁མౠဆܦଶڽܲٝૅस෰ټଶ଍ٸஊ໙஌ྎޛЁ ࢬټۍᦰܲᐂຨޜܲঢ়᥮਻චصеۍଶᦰжЂеڲଶᦰжЃ༹Ꮛڝټ ༛Ꮜ଍еଶ܉ۍޛжঢ়ᦰ༯ص᥶Ёፅॹ؁མܦଶᦰן׿ࢼᐱЁ૎໪ټ ଍෰ঢ়ޮরІᘻડࢼรݛڬ᫈ঢ়ᐁ᫈ଶޕૅਛठزቋЁܳ 1946 ݏټ ડམᨇڌৌঢ়ܦဆЭᐁ᫈ଶ໙஌ஊᨒЮЁፅॹز඙ן௵ঢ়ᦰ༯໙஌Ё ״า༹۠ᓸঢ়චصЃ13_{ެ૎ܳܐරॐঢ়࿻ૣؙෆޕݨח،ޮЁੑ૎ח} ்ᆱ጗኎Ѓරۓૅसٖܳ׽࿻ૣঢ়ථ࣠ਐؙЁৠรܔڌеۍଶᦰжЂ еڲଶᦰжঢ়චصЁ״ک૎لૌ༹Ꮛ໙஌ፙޕЃܳ 1956 ݏঢ়ٖ׽࿻ ૣྠߗ౨ؙЁؘᅇڬ᫈ଶټଶ܉ۍޛঢ়ᇃॆචصࢬ໙஌ןெঢ়ᦰ༯ ޽ЁᏉઘଶ״૎݁ݨЃ༹ܳᏋص᥶ٝݐ׬Ёڬ᫈ଶᦰן׿ܳᏉઘଶঢ় ਚ൹ܲචЁྵ༛ᡨ᥶଍ڲଶᦰЃ༹ܳᓸঢ়ᇃॆᐂ۠র׬Ёеڲଶᦰж ૎ח்ସፅЂ૸ඛঢ়ᦰ༯࢖صЁᏐლ்ןܳ࿻ૣᄊޕౠЁቡᦰक़ܳޢ 13 ٽԃȂ1946 ԑ 10 ТȮᇃᢊࣸಛॎौ។Ȃ಑൦෈Ȉ௥ԝΙԑپࢊࢇ௑לடဴȯϛȂӒ ࣸϴ୛ΡষᝲೱಛॎȂ൷݂ጂϷȶҏࣸᝲȷȞಠϷӨᑪѿȟȃȶѴࣸᝲȷȞಠϷӨࣸ ѿȟЅȶѴ୽ᝲȷȞᇃᢊࣸ՗ࢇߝۢϴဍಛॎࡉ 1946b: 6ȟȄ಑Π෈Ȟ1946 ԑ 12 Тȟȃ ಑έ෈Ȟ1947 ԑȟϫณݼҢ೻ᆍПԒȄ1949 ԑ 5 Т಑Μ෈ࡣȂ׽ҢȶҏࣸΡȷȃȶѴ ࣸΡȷȃȶѴ୽Ρȷσ᜸឴ಛॎϴ୛ΡষኵȂծϚӔಠϷѮᢊࣸӨᑪѿܖσചӨࣸѿ Ȟᇃᢊࣸࢇۺಛॎ೎ 1949: 14ȟȄ

༌ނटЃ 2. ፅॹڬ᫈ଶᦰঢ়಩಄ኍໞචص 1956ݏٖ׽࿻ૣؙЁፅॹڬ᫈ଶᦰ৯൴םᚨڽۍᦰᡨ᥶ڲЁ᠗಩ ޽ڏ׮᎓ןೞᦰᐂൻ؊่่ࡿᖟૣЃፅݨЁྠߗ౨ؙ಩޽ᐱঀ༹ᄴ໙ ஌ঢ়۠ᆌЇеҏලࢥᄇܻᇃࣸᝲΡοঙࢥڏઠᝲȂόӴӣफঙࢥڏఊ فȂоᢎᄆሉ෈ϞΡο᎐ಋȂᄇܻѴࣸᝲΡοȂঙࢥڏپᇃԑӋȂҢ оᢎᄆߖ෈ϞΡοಋΣ௑לжНᐁ᫈ଶٖ׽࿻ૣ༌ 1959: 169ОЃ ၑނЁ்༹ᖟૣᄴ۪ሉౠܳڬ᫈؎ቂݢ࣍ߦᥰᐂᖐᣓ؜༌Ѓۣॹ ٞۍૅसܳᑲڬ࣋ݏડЁྵۑݐضᡜڬ᫈ןۓिਓ؁མঢ়ᏑኼЁٞۍ ໙঻ڬ᫈ဆᄠЁ႖؁ܹᓳڬ᫈ןཋࣵ؁མ௦ᄎᡜם័᤬Ѓ൴םٖ׽ኣ ౝൂኵ؜ڲЁ่᥈॔ೞ܏ጩሪঢ়௦ᄎܲܨЁ؁ୖ૎ٞۍ໙঻ۏဆڬ᫈ חടۓ຾ܳٞ෰۟૾ؙධחڝټᆎࣥࣕࣵ؁མ௦ᄎݢ᥮༽ঢ়ࢯৎЃܮ ݨЁеೞᦰᏉઘж॔еೞᦰᓂঋжፅॹᘻડڬ᫈ଶۓࢼᐱЁೞ܏ࢼފ ؁མঢ়ܑܡޔᕠჩᓇᆌቌᑇ؁ॹፀᖲచ่័᤬िਓᆌቌЃፅॹڬ᫈ଶ ۓࢼᐱЁۣॹᙡڪ׮ᑤઈ॔ᎈ૴ص᥶๟ർቂ᪙क़ᛶ಺׬ࢼঢ়ৣᆺᓅ ᨨЁචصеᏉࢹןжࣵеઈచןжНᐫ่Оڝഔ٦еೞᦰܲж᠗࠿ݢ ৣᆺᆌቌЃ༦ܹڬ᫈ן؎ቂؘৡኼފ؍؁མೞᦰ૎௸ኅЃޕૅ൯ٖ׽ ࿻ૣ༌ܳ༡ጐ 1956 ݏঢ়ٖ׽࿻ૣౠЁਭ؎ᆌ᥉்༹ࣕථᣞЁܮނܳ ࢯ܏଍༢௵ᇣ཮ঢ়еٖ׽࿻ૣᎶᥰථᣞኊႌᆈᕟжؙЁ൪ፅеؘঀೞ ᦰ৯жආם׬ܔၲᜁ༡टЇеՌσചپᇃϞҏࣸᝲΡοȂӻ߽پՌᆋ ࡚ȂܖپՌኄݍȂџٷڏড়৳ϞРலҢᇭ༲଄ȂԃலҢሦࠒᇭޱȂઠ ᝲ࣏ᆋ࡚ȂலҢࡊড়ᇭޱȂઠᝲ࣏ኄݍжНޕૅ൯ٖ׽࿻ૣ༌ 1956a: 31ОЃܳޕૅ൯ۑݐၳႛ࿻ૣן௵ঢ়ٗډؙЁ״ᐱঀЇеԃҧൢဎ୛ ΡϚ૖๎ඈਢȂҥලࢥষ൷ڏᇭفրտϞжНޕૅ൯ٖ׽࿻ૣ༌ 1956b: 73Ёहᕡ଍ޮ৯क़ڏОЃܮݨЁܳፀᑪᙅޮ׮Ё࿻ૣ௵༛઼ۮ ۄஊౠڝټ۠ࣥ༢৯చఱࢸ۠ᐫࢎࢼᡜट࣍еೞᦰжЃ࿰ࢎ؜Ёኌݧ ٖ׽࿻ૣؙڬ᫈ଶᦰ᎓ןঢ়еೞᦰжঢ়ᆌቌЁڑીםସሉ٦ࢻঢ়е៽ ᑤ੐ን৯жࣵе៽ઈచን৯жঢ়еᐫࡿжචصЁނؘחटܐၑ૎еೞ ᦰᏉઘж॔еೞᦰᓂঋжঢ়චصЃ

ᠴၑ݁ݨЁරۓૅसੑ؁ჰࣸཡᖟૣݨחᆌቌؘঀঢ়ᄴ۪Ѓܳޕ ૅ൯ٖ׽࿻ૣ༌ၳႛ࿻ૣ௵ঢ়Эٖ׽࿻ૣן௵ٗډЮؙЁ᥮ॹеᦰ޽ ᧻жঢ়ᅰਐᄶৡᐂ฾ࡃЁڝټᐱ૎क़ݢ࿻ૣᄴؙུ۪ᖐᣓ৯Ѓ൴םܦ Ꮛᖐᣓᅰႌ઼ۮڲЁ܌૎еᅰႌៜࢻжྵៜڌםΪᏋڝഔ৏঵ঢ়ࢻ؃ ኍᎼᐱঀНජࢌޕૅ൯ٖ׽࿻ૣ༌ 1956b: 109-111ОЃ ݨڲЁරۓૅसፅॹڬ᫈ଶᦰן׿ᦰ޽ص᥶״ସሉটᡜЁ಩޽૎ ࣣಏڿఁ่᥶᧲ঢ়ࡘटЃ౱ᙁЭᐁ᫈ଶآΪחݏࢼ໙஌࿨ஊЮঢ়ኣ ౝЁڿఁ่ןܳ 1943 ݏౠतݢ 62,119 ןЁ14_{༦ܹڿఁ่ৣؙঢ়ݏਛ৯} ״ةᆺࢸ۠ފ؍ঢ়่ᐫЃ15_{ፅॹݨח಩޽ঢ়ן቎᥶᧲ܳ 1956 ݏٖ׽࿻} ૣؙಏڴЁරۓૅस༽ۑݐঢ়ᐱঀ॔ႛ༢௵ঢ়઼ۮཋ࡞ݢЃ༹ذሰܹ ዄڜ༛ٞۍૅसᡨ଍еڿఁ่ж৯Ёڝټᐱ૎༛༢௵܆ᆌঢ়ᡨס࣍ڀ ᥶᧲Ѓ16 ȞϤȟИοලࢥᝲտ᜸឴ޟѴᡗЅϱᗴཎొ රۓૅसፀૈٖ׽࿻ૣঢ়۪ঢ়Ёٸஊ૎ፒ᪕࣍᠘ܧຨڂػරచᆌ ጥЃ໏חݧٖ׽࿻ૣౠරۓૅसငڏټ؁ቑઅ࿲Ё17_{൴םܮ଍૎ؙර} ᙡڪ׮ঢ়ٖૅླྀៜ؜ڲЁᒦᄊරᑪܲޛЂᐂؙܑૅᩊ޽୹᜜Ђټكආ ଍ݛ࿆؁མ؜ડٖ׽࿻ૣ؜ੇੵЁ״૎஥ஊঢ়ܮ೴Ѓሉౠدૅཉਛௗ ࿻ૣਛٲᓆᇝЁܳܧןۓઅۮݨחᆱૅౠྵ಩޽઼ڌЇ ҬࠉжࣨΰᖞᒲИοලࢥޱȂϐႀϲΪϤ୽ȂȌԪ໶ώհȂ 14 ࿋ਢȶଽόఊȷΡኵ࢐ 161,961 ΡȄ 15 Ρ᜸Ᏸޱፏඏݓ 1969 ԑڗ 1971 ԑӵৃ٨Б৚Μޥ໌՗Ҥഏ፡ࢥี౪Ȉȶޥฬഋဣ၇ ᗙԤϚЍΜΤΪྑޟฬૅᗙ૖װтঈՌϏᙟРޟᇭِМϽ௃଄ᏹϛඈϯюپȷȞፏඏ ݓ 1981: iȟȄΡ᜸ᏰޱЅᇭِᏰড়ۦџоӵ 1960-1970 ԑф଄ᓃҁৃఊӨఊᇭِȞ೅ ़ണ้ 1988: 172-173ȟȃѮᢊࣸМᝦོζϫӵ 1965 ԑюގޟȮᇃᢊࣸ೽סገȅڢΤӣ ࠄס಑έыȯȂо 130 ᎷॲጕൽϭಝҁৃఊȄ 16 רঈฒݲጂۡ࿋ਢҁৃఊԤӻЍೝᘪ࣏ȶᅕΡȷܖȶଽόఊȷȄ 17 1956ԑ಑ΙԩᖞᒲਢȂෆငලႇӴࡇ༈ȂࢇۺᔣۡϞМ֙ȃ኿ᇭȃหаȂӵൢണȃᚕ ᇬȃኄ֙ȃኄኬȃႫኇȃВᐷȃ٠ଟᅋᖿȃᏰਮఀىȃ؆٨ҕσ้ོලႇࡇᏲȞдኈ ྟ 1956: 3ȟȄҥϱࢇഋܚี՗ޟۢПѐސȮϛ୽ϱࢇȯٱӑζоڍ෈டᚠൢᏲȞ಑Ϊ Πڢ಑Π෈ޟȶИοලࢥடဴȷᇄ಑έ෈ȶИοලࢥ੫ᒮȷȟࡇᏲȂ၏ಠᇳ݂Ө፡ࢥ ໶ҬཎဎЅᅸᜲ୰ᚠޟ୰๎Ȅ

ϚծᄇܻΙ୽ޟ՗ࢇЅޥོငᔼϞี৤Ԥڏ࣏ྃ१ौϞᜰ ߽Ȃ։ܻ୽ሬӴ՝ȂһԤڏ१σϞኇ៪ȄȌӓদᡅᐃσച ࡣȂෆо෢жูӪޟПݲȂөжࣨࡇҀᖞᒲИοලࢥޟ๖ ݎȄרঈौо՗ଢ଼پ઱࿥ӓদޟຎୃȂᡱжࣨΡρ݂ᕣרঈ ࢇۺᄂٱؑ࢐ޟᆠડȄȞдኈྟ 1956: 3ȟȄ ᙈ܆඗࿻ૣਛঢ়ᦐచຕ״෺ᖟЇ Ԫԩලࢥᜰ߽१σȂȌᖂಛᄇԪζΪϷᜰЖȂΙࠌ࢐୽ড়ଢ଼ ষሯौȂΠࠌ࢐଩ӫ୽ሬሯؑȂέࠌ೻ԩලࢥ࢐࣏ԝඈσച ࡣලࢥޟࠉ࠷Ȃרঈהఖװලࢥׇԙࡣܚுޟငᡛਝݎᇧԙ ൢ֙ଓᝦϛѵȂоհ࣏ԝඈσചࡣᖞᒲИοලࢥޟᙢҏȄ Ȟᝒড়౗ 1956: 4ȇۻጣ࣏հޱܚёȟ ଍םኾࣕฮᄊරచૅ঻ຨڂػঢ়۪ঢ়Ёරۓૅसܳፀૈٖ׽࿻ૣ ؜ੇЁࠅݗם༦ܹઘགྷຨڂරచঢ়ᇣ཮،ޮЃؙུ࣍ٸஊ৯ڑીངዄ ٖ׽࿻ૣፀૈੇחݏН1955 ݏОܳڬ࿆᫈ڎழગڌৌঢ়ЭؙႺۓර໙ ஌࿨ஊЮЁழગᕀ۱םරచᑲ׾ᕐྚНଶЂৠ᠐ڽ॔ܡ೹ޕૅᒷ೹ܲ චОكරۓᕐྚᐂᓳᄒЃ ༹ࢰ᠘ܧຨڂॐරచঢ়܊ጥЁ࠿ܳፀૈٖ׽࿻ૣঢ়ࢯ܏ᇣ཮،ޮ ᐂࢯડঢ়ᖟૣྠߗؙఢᨧၐᛶЃؙ࣍Ёᐂۍٚٸᣞݢ᥮ঢ়ᦰ޽᥶᧲ࢯ ੇᇣ཮كࢯડྠߗ࠿૎ூ෿ח࿨Ѓ଍םᖟૣ؁མଶᦰࢼڬۓ຾ঢ়ᦰ༯ НଶЂ൯᠐ڽОЁૅसࢯ܏߇ܳ༢௵ٗډؙᇣ཮םеܐරޕૅචжᕐ ྚكܲචܨᏌኣౝЁڑી൪ፅ؁མܦଶڽዄڜޕૅචጐصආםኍᎼᙊ ວЁ಩޽૎ᓳગቂᙡޕૅච஥ጐঢ়ঋړܦଶЃ18_{ܳࢯડঢ়࿻ૣྠߗؙЁ} ଍םޮ଍ෞࢼᙊ்ؙර؁མᄊޕٖ׽࿻ૣঢ়ᢠጥЁڬ᫈ଶঢ়ཉصЁૅ 18 ၎ԩලࢥϛȂ੫տ஠ݍѕΞࣸনӑޟࣸӪȞݍέࣸਢ෈ȟȃȶୃᅖԎ୽ȷਢ෈ࣸӪȞϷ ࣏ 17 ൐՝ȟȂоЅΞࣸϞήޟ 191 এѿȃᑪȃᄯӪᆎӖюȂټලࢥΡষ୤ՃȞَᇃᢊ ࣸИοලࢥ೎ 1959: 170-171ȟȄ

स״ෞ؁མؘܡଶڽᦰן׽Нټ 49 ྎޛঢ়ໞ᥶۪Оܳڬ᫈ 356 ்ᄎ ᣈڽචঢ়ן׽ص޵ЁኍᎼܔڌЃ༹གྷݗྠߗ౨ؙڌຨח்ៀܑݢآሰ ்ܹ᧻ޛЂެؙ࣍ךݗټ׮᧻ޛཋ૎ያঢ়᣿؁ਐ౽Ѓ19_{ܳᏉઘଶঢ়ྠ} ߗؙЁۍଶᦰશᏉઘଶঢ় 69 ்ᚨආ଍ۍᦰྎޛЁ۪ܳੇฟࣗঢ়ਚਜ ك༽ݮ࣋ᚨঢ় 12 ்ᄎص޵ঢ়ฏࠚЁټكڲଶᦰНڑીڬ᫈ଶᦰࣵ൴ םᏉઘଶټڲঢ়؁མܦଶڽᦰОશᦰ༯ঢ়ଶڽ޽ঢ় 49 ྎޛචصЁܳ ਚਜᚨك༽ݮᚨ 12 ᄎঢ়ص޵ฏࠚЃ ؘዄЁૅसٖܳ׽࿻ૣؙචصᐂ໙஌ڬ᫈ଶ᎓ןঢ়ೞᦰټك௦ޜ ۓঢ়่ࡿЁ൴םఢຨ࣍ฮඛૅ঻ຨڂػঢ়חടॐ໙঻܊ጥټڲЁ״ݢ ࠿࣌᪛ঢ়ڲ᪕໙঻܊ጥЃරۓૅसචصᐂ໙஌ڬ᫈ଶᦰ᎓ןঢ়еೞ ᦰжН؁མଶ܉ОЁڲ᪕ঢ়۪ঢ়ڝᐱ૎ᢢႽ෺ᖟڬ᫈ןᐂ؁མঢ়ᙡڪ ᥮༽Ёࢼڍ᪕еڬ᫈ן૎ؙරןжঢ়еᙡڪࢯፀжЃחޛݮޗଶᦰঢ় ޕૅ൯ٖ׽࿻ૣ઼ᘰऍ௵Ёܳៜޕ࿻ૣੇڂਐૅसᐱঀ༧ቈݨᄴ࿻ૣ ᄴ۪ວۣЁངᨧڌ༹ᓸঢ়۪ঢ়Ї Ȍӎඈࠉ᎐ᇃޱٮ፡ࢥڏઠᝲȂΝӰڏড়ఊۨᇃϐδȂԤਲ਼ ҏషןڏپՌդ೎ޱȂԤ༉ޣڏپՌᆋ࡚ܖኄݍՄϚޣԎᑪ ޱȂ࢈ࢥ଄Ϟоё஼ڏ໐πᇄઠ୽ޟᢎ܈ȄȞቓࠒ✳ 1956: 4Ȃۻጣ࣏հޱܚёȟ 1945ݏڬ᫈܌࿆ټࢼЁරۓૅसྵؘᡜܲ෺ᖟᠴၑڬ᫈ןۓቂዄ آΪݏঢ়ٞۍဣۓ໙঻Ёፅॹೞරٚػ؎ቂݢࢰன۟Ёެ૎ڬ᫈᎓ן ঢ়ೞ܏ᐂٚػཋࢼފ؁མЃܳሉౠૅसठ௵ঢ়ᆏরؙЁ༹Ꮛ෺ᖟеڬ ᫈ן૎ؙරןжঢ়ᐱরЁࣵе့੐ן૎ؙරןжחᓸЁఢຨםૅसᐭ ଍؁མܦଶᐂڬ᫈ଶঢ়ןۓཋ૎ؙႺۓරරۓঢ়ວॆЁ࣍۠ᆌٸஊڝ 19 ೻এߒਿ࢐ҥ 49 এҏᝲ൐՝Ȟ36 ࣸȃ13 ଱ᗒѿȟॸо 356 এϷշୢȞѮᢊ໐ᚊѿ ୢȟȂӔॸо 3ȞᖂኵȃظȃτȟᄺԙȂӰԪԤϤ࿲ӻএួ՝ȄҥܻσചӨࣸΡρ࿋ ਢкौ໱ϛӵϤσ഍ѿЅڏ᎑ߖୢ୿ȂӔёΰԤٲࣸӋپѮΡο࡞ЍȂӰԪю౪σ໔ ޟួ՝࢐ႭޟޑݷȄ

ഔ૎ڌॹৣᆺᙊܩঢ়۪ঢ়Ѓ20_{༹॔༦૎଍إᒂٖܳ׽࿻ૣؙЁૅसټ} ኴഔڍ᪕ࣵዄڜݢ᥮័ঢ়ೞᦰН؁མଶصОචصЁނؘ૎ټݜဆঢ়᎓ ן້ۓܳڬ᫈ঢ়ৣᆺᗊ᝔॔׾Ⴝػડၳఢڌࢼঢ়ᐫ่චصНᏉࢹןЂ ઈచןОЁޮ଍ص᥶ڬ᫈᎓ןঢ়ᓽᇣЃٌ࣍૎༹ࢰܨቌ׮ঢ়еೞᦰж චصЁܳፀᑪঢ়࿻ૣዄၿؙЁ״ڑીםټۓ຾ঢ়ٞ෰۠ᐫࢼฮᡜ࣍ еೞᦰжঢ়ฏࠚЁ࠿ڝټ଺ڌૅसፅॹ෺ᖟڬ᫈ןеೞᦰжঢ়඾હЃ ၑނЁྎᙽፅॹڬ᫈ଶᦰ᎓ןᄊޕೞᦰঢ়චصᐂ໙஌؜ޮ଍Ёੑ ״ܳၐࠚؙངᨧםሉౠૅसةၑෞڬ᫈ଶןლ଍ח்಩಄ৣᆺ቎᪛ঢ় ٔፖЃ݁ঌෞ׮஫ᒑ੐⥱ࢣ૰ٓࢎॷܯሉౠৣᆺᐂૅ঻ഓႚؙЁ੊ޫ ٻᠲୖܲངᨧםڀᐭ଍ڬ᫈ןеᄎ׾ᐂೞරᫌॆжةݢઝڏ෺ঢ়۱ ྜྷЃ༹᪕ၑؘ૎ᒑ੐⥱்ןঢ়۱ྜྷނ؎Ёނ૎ሉౠ༦ܹ؁མࢼڬૅस ठ௵ܑܡঢ়଺রЃڬ᫈܌࿆ਏဆЁڑીሉౠঢ়ڬ᫈ଶ฾ࢇ༌ਛ୯ጮ෴ ܳدঢ়༦ܹൻठЁཋငቂਐኾዄڬ᫈ןࣥࣕٞۍڵػ฾ࢇᓅᨨঢ়଺ রЁނٓၳڬןلᆎНජࢌབྷᏳᕶ 2002ОЃ21_{ܳ 1947 ݏממעࢯ܅} ၳ۟ડЁеڬ᫈ןࣥࣕٞۍڵػ฾ࢇતᆏᓅᨨঢ়ᗵ૱ж״ݗ଍ठٝᐭ टঢ়ࢯ܅ၳ۟ٸܮ؜חЃ22_{ସፅॹݜဆеڬןڵػᐱж݊ᗞঢ়ਐኾٝ} ݐЁᒑ੐⥱ܳݨౠऍ෌ܲਐኾеڬ᫈ןᄎ׾ᐂೞරᫌॆݢઝڏ෺ж؜ ᐱরЁ؎ቂᇡࣵ༦ܹЃ ؘዄЁ்༹ऍ෌ঢ়ᐱরЁةၑངᨧםחࢰૅसፅڬ᫈ןۓঢ়دᠲ ଺রЃፅॹᘻડঢ়ڬ᫈ଶןࢼᐱЁеೞᦰжචص൴םჩᓇೞ܏ؙࣵර ௦ᄎঢ়᥮༽ټڲЁࢬؘಗك܆ޢፀᖲঢ়රۓᩊ޿॔ቌ඙ЃܮݨЁܳර ۓૅस؁ჰࣸཡٖܲܳ׽࿻ૣؙЁټຨڂػ؜ܨፅڬ᫈ଶᦰ᎓ןᖟૣ ח்ૉؘಗكፀᖲ޿ఙЂתؘᏞᕀঢ়еೞᦰж᥶᧲Ёټеڏ෺࣍ೞර 20 ҏМຟቷϞΙࡾюȂᝲೱڙ࡙ҬޟȂӵܻޥོᐌӫՄߨϷ᜸ȄհޱׇӒӣཎ೻ኺޟᢎ ᄆȄϚම௠छȂ੫ԪᇬϞȄ 21 ॒೰پᇃ௥ԝޟѮᢊ՗ࢇߝۢങቈȂԞӵ 1944 ԑਢȂ൷ෆငमڒങҳЉߒҰȈȶѮᢊ ԝඈоࡣȂᔖୈώհȌശ१ौޟΙᆍȌ࢐ఀىȄᇃᢊᇄӨࣸϚӣȂтೝኳΡլᐃϐѲ ΪΞԑȄӵ೻ѲΪΞԑϛȂኳΡҢᆍᆍЖॎȂϚᘞӴᄂࢊѷϽఀىȄȌԝඈоࡣȂഥ ौᆧޟ࢐ਲ਼๘ѷϽޟᙟࡦདȂ࡚ҳ८ڼޟЖ౩Ȃ٥൷࣏кޟौᎬఀىΟȷȞ஻࿅ԙጡ 1990: 53ȟȄ೻ᆍདݲࡣپԙ࣏ങቈӵѮᢊкࢇਢ෈ఀىᇄМϽࢇ๊ޟஅҏ౩܈Ȅ 22 ΠΠΤٱӇࡣپᇃ፡ࢥޟሦᇃᅿᄆٺ྆߫ђЅ୽٩ഋߝҩதᕪȂӵ፡ࢥൢ֙ϛ഍ඪڗ РҏѷϽఀىޟᎷࢳ࢐ᏲमٱӇีҡޟনӰϞΙ(Lai et al. 1991: 4-5)Ȅ

ᐭܡжঢ়ૈૅޮ଍ؙЁח்࡞ݢ༛ঀᐱঢ়۪ঢ়Ёޫٻ૎ᆏᢢݨܯ᝔༦ ܹڬ᫈ןܳеממעࢯ܅ж؜ડЁܮ଍ፅරۓૅसڴ๔Ёނڌຨеڬ ᫈ןؘ૎ؙරןжᐱরЃ23_{ૉၑ૎଍םڏ෺ڬ᫈ןঢ়ೞරᐭܡЁ੊ڬ} ᫈ଶןеೞᦰж໙஌׮᥶᧲॔ᡨ᥶ؘᏞᕀЁ౱ۍؘ૎஥ஊঢ়ථᣞІ஥ ஊঢ়૎ڸெक़ڂਐঢ়ჩᓇᆌቌЃ ்༹دᠲጥጉЁᡆڌםሉౠڬ᫈ৣᆺؙᠲၑ݄ܳॹڬ᫈ଶןᐂ؁ མܦଶן؜ᄠঢ়ৣᆺᏥ෹Ё״૎གྷݗ்༹௦܏ټৣᆺᙊܩ଍۪ঢ়क़ᕀ ۱ঢ়ᦰ༯ࣗગЁડࢼੑਛဆ༛ᖲᎶᐂૃᘻЁଣދ໢ॹ༛ࣣಏঢ়஥ஊܮ ೴Ѓ ȞϲȟIJĺķķ ԑ಑Πԩලࢥᝲտ᜸឴ޟݼҢ 1966ݏеؙႺۓරآΪآݏᐁᑤܲචٖ׽كޜ݇࿻ૣжؙЁࠅܐ า۠ 1956 ݏٖ׽࿻ૣౠࡘटঢ়ᦰ޽ص᥶ٝݐЃସፅॹ໏חݧٖ׽࿻ ૣౠЁරۓૅस؁෹፭ጀܲፅڬ᫈دཉᄊޕઅᘰᐂ฾ࢇЁ໏מݧٖ׽ ࿻ૣঢ়ᇣ཮،ޮྵޫٻ٦ኴࢻޕػނޱᖟЃ24_{ᐂ໏חݧٖ׽࿻ૣସ٦Ё} ໏מݧྠߗ౨ؙུ؁ঢ়భາЁ૎ܳڬ᫈ଶঢ়ཉصؘܒෞ؁མܦଶןټ 49்ଶڽ଍ྎޛЁචصڀெܳڬ᫈ 359 ்ᄎᣈڽචঢ়ص޵Ёނ૎ෞ؁ མܦଶڽᦰܩࢿ଍ח்ᩔ໙ঢ়ڲଶᦰЁ໙஌ڀெܳڬ᫈ଶܦᄎᣈڽච ؜ص޵ЃڨڲЁᏉઘଶঢ়ྠߗؙЁۍଶᦰ৯ؘܒໞصۍଶঢ় 69 ᚨЁ کචصеۍᚨڽжНਚਜ॔༽ݮОكе࣍ڀᚨڽжІڲଶᦰ״ؘܒච صኍໞঢ়ଶڽЁނᩔ໙ܲܩᏌ଍еڀଶڽжЃן׽໙஌ᓳ݃״کྠߗ ׮஖׫்ᦰ޽ྎޛܳਚਜᚨك༽ݮᚨ 10 ᄎᣈঢ়ص޵Ѓ٦൒ 1956 ݏঢ় ྠߗᢍػם༦ܹЃ 23 ஼፡ѮᢊΡޟϛ୽ઠྛӱᔖȶѮᢊΡϚ࢐ϛ୽ΡȷᇳݲȂкौ࢐ആႆМϽࡇ༈ЅᐣѬ ఀىپ໌՗ȄϚႆȂ೻࢐࿋ਢкौޟࢇݽཎᜋלᄘȂՌณོኇ៪ڗڏтࢇݽܖޥོڙ ࡙ޟԊ௶ПԒȄ 24 1966ԑ಑ΠԩලࢥਢȂȮϛ୽ϱࢇȯ༉о಑έΪΠڢ಑έȃѲ෈ȞӫځюѐȟΙ෈ୈ ȶИοලࢥ੫ᒮȷȂϱৠζᙏ൐೨ӻȄ

Ѳȃ಑ΙԩᙽᡐȈѮᢊࣸΡ

ઠᝲᇄఊفϷ᜸ϞੑѶ

1966ݏ໏מݧٖ׽࿻ૣ؜ડЁ଍םᐂٴଦܦරܳޗحࡎཅеёж ݏៜᛰٖ׽࿻ૣ؜ፙޕܡࡍЁᐂ័ܩරஊࡏ׬Ёරۓૅसܮݨܳ 1970 ݏៜޕםחݧک२ࣣݹص؜آᓸۍঢ়२ᓸеٖ׽࿻ૣжЃ1975 ݏתࢵ রៜᛰם໏מݧঢ়२ᓸᖟૣЃࣕ 1980 ݏؕៜᛰ໏׫ݧঢ়ۑݐܐ஫ॐ ٖ׽࿻ૣЃܳ 1980 ݏঢ়ٖ׽࿻ૣؙЁеᦰ޽жᄴ۪ঢ়ص᥶ᐂ໙஌ࣵ 1966ݏସ٦Ёݢ࣋ᄴ஥؁࠻᪎НජࢌਐחОЇ(1)ࣣಏם൪ፅڬ᫈ଶᦰ ঢ়ೞᦰᐂ่ࡿචصІ(2)ؘܒঀۧܲټеଶ܉ۍޛжᫌॆ໙஌ۍଶᦰЂ ڲଶᦰЃ ؘዄЁ༹࣋ᄴ᪎ػࢬਦ୍ၑၳ۟Ѓ݁ঌෞڸெࣵ 1970 ݏك 1975 ݏ࣋ݧ२ᓸᖟૣସ٦ኴЁ੊ڝټၳຨЁੇ৯Нڬ᫈ଶןೞᦰك่ࡿঢ় ᖟૣОЁܳ 1970 ݏౠ߇؎ࣣಏЃެ૎Ёડ৯НۍଶᦰЂڲଶᦰঢ়໙ ஌ОЁܳ 1975 ݏౠةၑ݁ݨචصᐂ໙஌Ёࣕ 1980 ݏౠࣣؕಏЃ༹࣋ Ꮛ᪎ػؘެܳၳ۟ౠᄠ׮ݢ܏ડЁॐᖲ״ؘସܡЃੇ৯૎൪ፅڬ᫈ଶ ᦰ᎓ןᄊޕ಩޽ᖟૣЁ۪ঢ়ܳ࿨ᛸڬ᫈ןۓරచᐂۓ่ᫌॆЁۍࢼྵ ࣌ݢዄာॐᖲІડ৯ঢ়еଶ܉ۍޛжᫌॆЁੑ૎؁མܦଶןۓਛײ໡ ᚔ׬ࢼঢ়ص᥶ፙޕЁଣދ᠗૎රచૅ঻ࣗગ༧஌ঢ়஥ஊ౱ᙁЃؘዄЁ ྵᙡڪၳఢނࢎЁ்༹࣋᪎ػੑ૎ផផସݘЃ 1966 ݏঢ়ٖ׽࿻ૣ؜ડЁᦰ޽᥶᧲ؙழ܏ಏڴঢ়૎ڬ᫈ଶᦰঢ় еೞᦰжᐂе่ࡿжචصЃۣᖟૣડ࿻ૣྠߗࢼ଺Ёරۓૅसऔ໢࡞ ݢۑݐᐱঀ༹ᄴ஥؁࠻᪎ঢ়௦ܮЃ1970 ݏك 1975 ݏ࣋ݧዄာॐ२ᓸ ᖟૣࣼၑ࡞ݢ܆ޢᐱঀЁྵ༽ 1980 ݏ໏׫ݧٖ׽࿻ૣঢ়ۑݐྠߗ౨ ؙЁᓣᒶ৯ټସሉᕓྻ٦ኴࢬኍᎼᐱঀۍݧ࿻ૣᖟૣᄴ۪ࣵ 1966 ݏ ঢ়భາౠЁ״ک࿨ࣕ 1980 ݏؘܒᖟૣڌ۟ܲЂᅇᖟૣۍᦰЁፅॹؘ ܒᖟૣڬ᫈ଶᦰೞᦰ่॔ࡿঢ়஥؁࠻᪎Ё྿ٻ૎໹ዄ٩ၐີܲࠅܐؘ ࿨Нޕૅ൯ٖ׽࿻ૣ༌ 1982: 9-11ОЃ்༹ငቂ༛ठٝ؁෹፭ጀЂଣ

ދ؁ჰࣸཡܲචصࢬ໙஌ঢ়ᦰ޽᥶᧲Ёڝټᐱిిۣܲठٝ໙஌ؙಏ ڴםЃڨڲЁ1980 ݏડठٝ໙஌ؙᠴၑᏮહןۓঢ়ଶ܉ᦰ༯චصЁެ ૎ؘܒঀۧࢸ۠ۍଶᦰЂڲଶᦰঢ়໙஌᥶᧲Ё״૎்ଡ଼ןྴࣦঢ়ໞᚴ ᪎ػЃ ࠦெڝഔၐরۣۑݐڌৌঢ়ठٝٚ౨ؙЁ෿ৡ༹࣋ᄴ࠻᪎ঢ়ᕀض ວۣᐂፀᑪޕૅࡘटዄၿЃ25_{ެ૎॔༦ഔ෈ۣৣᆺؙሉౠঢ়᪎ػЁࢼ} ยৡ༹ࢰ࠻᪎ၳ۟ঢ়୥࿿ܮ೴Ѓۣ 1966 ݏࣕ 1980 ݏ؜ᄠЁၳ۟ם࣋ ܅ৠร॔ᄠรࣵଶᦰᐂٖᦰၲൂࣗગݢ᥮ঢ়஥؁ࢯ܅Ѓ ȞΙȟIJĺĸIJ ԑѮᢊࣸដষ࡚ដও׽ИᝲݲቨӖઠᝲួ 1971ݏ 7 ٠ 7 ٞЁڬ᫈ଶᧈ௵ᄿ܌ڿႇΪޛ࿨౮ஊࡏૅसе௑࠻ ٖᦰরЂᒦܔೞᦰ᧻жח౮Ё෿ࣕڨڲΪޛଶᧈ௵༽ቋЃ26_༹ᄴ࿨౮ ౮ۣ݁׬Ї ࣏ੑଶ୽ҕӴ୿ႤጰȂё஼ღ๖І׾Ψ໔Ȃ࡚ដࢇۺও׽И ᝲݲȂ஠ᝲտ଄ၷё଄ȶઠᝲȷΙួԐটӎඈࡣپᇃϞӨࣸ ӣफȂӵᇃഃ՗ҧൢȶ೩ҏᝲȷȂо࡚ҳ୽ҕȶኵڐϚमן ઠȷᇄȶپᇃฒϷӑࡣȷϞ୊ஶЖ౩ȄȞᇃᢊࣸដོફਪ೎ 1971: 379ȟȄ ݁ঌࣵዄڜٖ׽࿻ૣؙྎᙽፅڬ᫈ଶןၲൂೞᦰঢ়ޮরସ٦Ё༹ ்࿨౮ུ಩಄؜༌Ёܳॹஊࡏૅस௝༦ᘻડࢼڬ؜؁མܦଶן׿Ёڝ ټؘۄ܏е൴ۍᦰж߇ڝܳڬ᫈е༧ۍᦰжЁࢬټеೞᦰжঢ়ൂኵᏮ હࣵ؁མ௦ᄎঢ়᥮༽Нᐁ᫈ଶᧈᆺ೩౨༌ 1971: 378-379ОЃ༹ᄴݝܳ ಏ൴ۍଶڲଶዢᕮЁټጤ႔ۓ่Ꮮ೟؜࿨౮࿨ڌડЁᓂࣥ᠔ᖡكૅस 25 հޱෆკၐ೤ፙ࿋ਢ୤ᇄؚ๊ϞۢষоЅᇔ໱࿋ਢོដ଄ᓃȂࠓӰԑфϐδȂ࿋ਢ୤ ᇄޱӻϐଝӄȂོដ଄ᓃӰкᆓᐠᜰӻԩܾкՄඹѶȂѫ૖኷ਢհጫȄ 26 Ϊ՝ඪਰޟࣸដষ࢐Ȉ༁ӎҁȃݓ߫໴ȃഌߦཱིȞϛ୽ߧԑឩȟȃ༁ћ۬ȃҩжᆰȃ д୽ؾȃᗂິȃݓ༈ܼȃጾϭ໰Ȟฒឩᝲȟȃ؃Ԇཱȇ೿ဍޟΪ՝ࣸដষ࢐Ȉጾ࡚ҡ Ȟ԰ឃᝲȟȃ༁ߜቃȃങה঱ȃߙсᙴȃ྆ᖌۣȃሁි੕ȃଽىϦȃጾᖑ݂ȃ֔ղ໰ȃ ጾᢚ໰Ȅ

ሉࠉঢ়஥ლᐂ৹टЁਖ਼ᐭ଍ݨៜ࢕ټеࢿᅥᅾ౑࿋ߑРҏಛݽޱϷϽ ࢇ๊ϞᎷࢳȂ઱࿥ҬࠉЍኵϷݢӋυ஼ϷȺσചΡȻᇄȺѮᢊΡȻϞ ഛᒗжН័ܩྠ 1971ОЃЭ័ܩྠЮܳৣᖡكෝ᧻ؙᓳગڏټ৹टЁ ڬ؁ᙡڪࡿ฾ะࡓ௢ްЂᏉઘଶᦰ۱রऍ௵ૅ঻ᘮ৯ᢟछট״ཋ଍ٚ ਐۮٙહЃ27_{ڬړڽڽਛൻۛᙗЂڬړڽᧈᆺЁཋਐۮٙહЃؙڳૅ} सٸ࣍ࢯঢ়دૅཉठ௵Ё״ਐۮ௦੊ܡᆌЁࢬᐭ଍ܮؘಗكٖᦰর௑ ۑЁڝ܏ټޕૅࣺڃፀૈЁ28_{ޕૅ൯״౭௝༹ࢰ௦੊Ѓ1972 ݏ۱র൯} ᒵᧈٖᦰর௑ۑധ౮ЁܳدૅЂڥর࣋ऍ௵ᆺൄᖡౠЁतݢ؊ޗଶᦰ ኣຍ۱ऍᦐࠖᣡࣱ᝔༹ᄴڏმೞᦰ؜ᧈН۱র൯زྠ 1972a: 5-6ОЃ دૅཉठ௵੊ټ܏ੇঢ়ࡘटНؘۄಗك௑রОڏټܯ᝔Ёࢬ઼ڌ༦ܹ ༘ࠪ׮ઝኊࡘঢ়ථᣞЃدૅཉݧਛൻ᝔᚝ܳ۱র൯཮ኘౠЁ״࿨ࣕد ૅཉ܏ੇፅॹڏმೞᦰח౮ᄞᆺន୬؜௦੊Ї״ྵ૎൪ፅ؁མܦଶן еઠᝲо᎐ᇃࠉϞࣸᑪ࣏ྥȂҥΡҕՌ՗ᇯۡжН۱র൯زྠ 1972a: 6ОЃ29 ܡᓸঢ়Ёڬ᫈ଶᦰ৯еڏმೞᦰжঢ়ཉصЁੇ؎࿨كЁܳዄڜ࣋ ݧٖ׽࿻ૣౠЁܮ଍༦ܹןؘ๺ᆽ࣍ೞᦰЁ௦ۍ߇ݢସሉ؁ঢ়ߦᥰЃ ࣕ 1971 ݏڬ᫈ଶᧈ௵࿨౮ઘᧈۍଶЂڲଶחლܡؤЁחટеᒦܔН؁ མОೞᦰжౠЁ༹ᄴ،ޮ࠿ڏߦᥰЃሉౠЁڬ᫈ଶᧈᆺᧈਛᄿဇၢ᠗ ಩޽ܳྪ᪛׮઼ڌםח்ૣށڬ᫈ଶןеೞᦰжঢ়ᛰরЇکஊૣ܏ן ঢ়ጩሪЂ॔૎ۆᄞ೟ٸၔޛЁ߇ڝৡኼЃ30_{ሉౠڬ᫈ଶןеڏმೞᦰж} ܳᐭट׮؎૎ߦᥰ஥஥Ѓ 27 ȮᖒӫൢȯӵԪཱིᆸܤ៩ࡣȂҳړоடួɴ༃ҩ໱ȈȶઠᝲȷɵߒҰ᠍ߔȂᇯ࣏ԪΙ ඪਰȶઍᆎுΰȺᎪσᅕϞЈᖐȻȂڏܚࡦܚَϞሉσȂٗоӵר୽ҕкࢇݽѬσਪ ੫ਪȷȞ1971 ԑ 7 Т 9 РȂ2 ގȟȇඁРࡣȂάоɴ༃ҩ໱Ȉौ၏ёंـȉɵ፴ᅸࢇ ۺۢষӑᇳনࠌΰᜓӣȂάᇳ׬೚ΰ໸၏ёंـޟҭࣽȞ1971 ԑ 7 Т 19 РȟȇኵР ࡣ؁оɴ༃ҩ໱ȈಀࣱСџɵӔ࡙Ⴢ֚Ȟ1971 ԑ 7 Т 27 РȟȄ෈໢ؕতղζ࣏Мɴ ϛ๼ҕఊҏ࢐Ιড়ΡȈѮᢊࣸដོ࡚ដও׽ИᝲݲޟᆠડᇄཎဎɵȞᖒӫൢ 1971 ԑ 7 Т 23 РȂ3 ގȟȂൢޥጡᒮ؁оɴޥ፣Ȉȶຝઠᝲȷȶ೩ҏᝲȷᔖᏑפᄂࢊɵȞᖒӫ ൢ 1971 ԑ 7 Т 25 РȂ2 ގȟσёჂ֚Ȅ 28 َɴИᝲΰёຝઠᝲួȂϱഋনࠌӣཎɵȞᖒӫൢ 1971 ԑ 7 Т 18 РȂ2 ގȟȇɴИ ᝲิ଄ёຝઠᝲȂӑо՗ࢇڼхᄂࢊɵȞᖒӫൢ 1971 ԑ 7 Т 21 РȂ2 ގȟȄ 29 тζߒҰ೻໶নࠌԤ೨ӻ୰ᚠȈȶٽԃԤΡ୰Ȉ᎐ۨΟԁඁԩȂڗۻઠᝲᔖ၎ᆗ٥Ι ೎ȉȷȄ 30 َɴ٘ϷᜌёຝઠᝲȂݓഥҳ้ΡඪࢥՃᒲݲɵȞᖒӫൢ 1971 ԑ 7 Т 25 РȂ2 ގȟȄ

ᘏᏑݢ༹ࢰ༘ࠪ׮ঢ়ߦᥰЁؘዄۣॹݨᄴઘᧈक़ᠲߢঢ়ۓ่ጤ႔ ۠ᆌЁૅसሉౠޫٻᐭ଍༹ࢰථᣞཋؘᑭ௑রЁڝټངዄޕૅኊࡘЃ ؘዄЁ༹ᄴеಀࣱСџжЂеಀដ♑ӣȃዥ੨៪ᔖжঢ়ૅႈЁੑऔ໢ ࡞ݢٽᖛፀૈЃ؁མܦଶן׿ڏმеೞᦰж؜ᧈЁक़ټऔ໢࡞ݢፀ ૈЁ᥮ᠢܳॹڸ૎்ਡ෱๦܅Іڸक़ࢵਡঢ়ٸஊ๦܅Ё੊૎᪯؁མܦ ଶࢼڬן׿ܳڬ᫈е༧ۍᦰж༹ᄴ࣌ݢ׾ᡜૅႈᆌຈঢ়࠿஥؁࠻᪎Ѓ ݁ঌ᪯ڲଶןܳڬ᫈е༧ۍᦰжঢ়ૅႈ࡞ݢ༻ዄЁࢣᒂеڏმೞᦰж ྵݗ଍ܹݨחៜЃނරۓૅसܳ 1970 ݏڂਏဆЁ౱ۍ᠗࡞ݢ࠻᪎؁ མܦଶࢼڬן׿ۍᦰঢ়஌ၩНࢌ׬ሻঢ়ൄᖡОЃܮݨЁڬ᫈ଶᦰן׿ еڏൂೞᦰж؜ᧈЁ״ྵ༽෱ܲၐ಻ނ໢Ѓ ȞΠȟIJĺĸijĮIJĺĸĴ ԑИᝲݲওॏȈҏᝲ׽࣏឴ӴкဎϞ៝፣ 1972ݏ 12 ٠ 20 ٞЁ۱র൯دૅЂڥরऍ௵ᆺᄞऔൄᖡޕૅ൯൘ ۸؜ٖᦰর௑ۑധ౮ЃᘏᏑੇחݏଶᧈᆺઘᧈ௑ۑٖᦰরڏმೞᦰ؜ ᧈငቂࣥࣕᔣದঢ়ٙહᐂൄᖡЁዄڜৣᆺؙፅॹۍᦰၲൂ״ݢ༦ܹᆌ ࢌЁެ૎ޕૅ൯൘۸ঢ়௑ۑৌۍЁࢬ࡞ݢෞڸெ೻סށᓊЃ31_ܳऍ௵ ᆺൄᖡౠЁᦐࠖᣡ݁ݨ࿨ڌםеڏმೞᦰж؜ᧈЇ ИᝲΰิၷઠᝲȂרঈᇯ࣏ڎԤࢇݽΰޟཎဎȂ൷࢐࣏ΟϽ ଶӴ୿ᢎ܈ȂٺுؐএΡ഍ᐎுپՌσചդ೎Ȃζџоё౏ ӣफᢎ܈ȄȌੑଶӴ୿ᢎ܈Ѕԝඈσച഍࢐୽ড়१ौࢇ๊Ȃ ӵИᝲ଄ၷΰຝ݂ڏઠᝲȂߨծџоٺΡޣၾڏઠᝲȂϚՍ ኵڐןઠȂζџоё஼ԑሆΙфԝඈσചޟؚЖȄȞҳݲ଱ ϴൢ 1972a: 5ȟ ၑނ༹ᄴௗ࣌еಏ൴ܲලᫌॆжᐂе෺ػਥݏןݛ࿆؁མࡘٔж 31 ՗ࢇ଱ওғގҏޟҬޟȂӵܻᎌᔖ՗ࢇୢ፡ᐌȞѮѕѿЀਿ଱ᗒѿȟȃငᔼี৤ЅΡ Ψ፡ࢥȃᝒ஝ИοᆰࡻݽԊȃоЅИឌӫΙϞሯौȞҳݲ଱ϴൢ 1972b: 19ȟȄ

࿨ᧈЁܳ۱র൯ऍ௵ᆺᒵᧈౠЁੑᗍࣕدૅཉݧਛൻ᝔᚝ऍ෌ܲਐኾ םૅसݢक़਱಺ঢ়۱ྜྷЇ ᝒۏষ፴ၚޟ୰ᚠȂႆўដོζ࡚ដӻԩȂרঈᄇԪ୰ᚠζ ෆင၏ୈՃኌႆȂٮ࣏Ԫ໠ႆඁԩོȄࡣپӰ࣏೨ӻϛѵҕ ཎ ф ߒ ഍ ߽ ӵ σ ച ᒵ юȂՄ ႆ ў ؠ Ԥȶҏ ᝲȷѫ Ԥȶᝲ ೱȷȂ࿋ਢζ࢐ȶҏᝲȷϞཎȄ౪ӵष࢐װȶҏᝲȷڥੑȂ ࠌឋԃӵଵՙࣸᒵюޟ୽σфߒȂ౪ӵؠԤҏᝲΟȂ஠ԃդ ᝷៉՗ٺᙛ᠌ڹȉȄȞҳݲ଱ϴൢ 1972a: 6Ȃۻጣ࣏հޱܚ ёȟ ۣݨڝৡЁૅसلፅڏმೞᦰ؜ᧈЁٸஊ௦ܮܳॹڸᆌࣦႽ࠻᪎ ؁མଶᦰ৯ঢ়ᦰ༯Ёڝټܳڬ᫈е༧ۍᦰжЁෞࢸ෿ᗎڬঢ়ڲଶᦰؙ ڳۓᆌڂਐڴڜ௦ݢঢ়ଶ܉ڂਐॐ࢖صЃ࿰ࢎ؜Ё்༹࣌ݢ׾ᡜᆌࣦ ঢ়࠻ۍᦰૅႈЁෞࢸᗎڬঢ়ؙڳۓᆌڂਐڴڜᦵᨇڂਐؙරঢ়র໙ܲ ޛЃ்༹еഫࢯ᪛؁жঢ়࿨ᛸЁࢸ෿ᦐࠖᣡܳिડ 12 ݧऍ௵ᆺൄᖡ ؙЁܒ״࡞ݢፅݨᧈᣞၳࢎІ࠻ۍᦰЂڏმೞᦰ؜ᧈЁ״ྵؘםם ؜Ѓৠࣕ൯ᆺൄᖡЁؕתݢ࣍ڀਦدૅᐂڥরऍ௵ᆺঢ়ऍ௵࿨ڌ᥶ޫ ᧈ౮Ѓ ܳቂዄਛኾږݏЁ13 ݧऍ௵ᆺൄᖡડЁٖᦰর௑ۑ౮ܳ 1973 ݏ 6٠ 16 ٞ൘ࣕ۱র൯ᆺᄞऔൄᖡЃܳ൯ᆺ໏חݧൄᖡౠЁ؁༽ڽᦰኣ ຍ۱ऍਬఱሚྵ࿨ڌۍᦰ᝔࠻଍ټڌ۟ܲ଍ٸঢ়᧲ܲٸቌЁټਭᐂೞ ᦰݢक़චصН۱র൯زྠ 1973a: 43-44ОЃସፅॹᦐࠖᣡܳऍ௵ᆺൄ ᖡౠঢ়е༧ۍᦰж࿨౮Ёਬఱሚܳ൯ᆺؙ࿨౮Ёک૎ஊࡏ᪯ܳڬ᫈ڌ ۟ঢ়؁མଶᦰડڂഔ෈ټڬ᫈ڌ۟ܲ଍ۍᦰЁ۠ټػኊڬ᫈ןࣵ؁མ ןঢ়ଶᦰዢᑢЃеۍᦰ࠻଍ڌ۟ܲжፅॹᗎڬ؁མܦଶᦰؙڳۓᆌڂ ਐܳ௦ݢଶ܉ڂਐॐ׮྿ٻ࡞ݢᓅᨨЁڝᐱ૎ସፅᖎ᝜ኴ؇؜࿨౮Ѓ ᠴၑܹܳݧ൯ᆺൄᖡؙЁکݢᛵጽଶ۱ऍࣸᓌٚਐۮᤂᎶ൯ᆺഔߍร ༹ࣥᒂ؁ঢ়໪ፙ᪎஬Н۱র൯زྠ 1973b: 10ОЁ࣍ڀऍ௵ࢬێၳࢎل

ፅЁၑނЁ༹ᄴۣ 21 ޛऍ௵༽ቋ؜࿨౮Ёܳਐࡘౠࢬ࡞ݢ༻ዄЁނ ٶᥑݗ໇ᓳᇁޱЃ32 ۣ׮஖்࣋ࢯ܅Ё॔༦ڝټᄠรยৡሉౠරۓૅसܳචصןۓ еۍᦰжᧈᣞ׮ٸஊށᓊܮ೴Ѓؘᖡ૎ଶᧈ௵е༧ۍᦰЂმೞᦰжЁ ॔૎۱রऍ௵еټڌ۟ܲ଍ۍᦰжઘᧈЁᠴၑཋ૎ෆૅ᧧ފ؍ןЂނ ਦܳཌྷ৯࿨ڌЁ33_{חᄞऔૅस״྿ٻཋਐۮٙહЁެ૎ུડؘ૎౱ۍ} ࡞ݢ༛ፀૈЂྵ૎࠷໇࡞༻ዄЃ༹ࢰ࿨౮ঢ়۪ঢ়Ёཋ૎ܳॹಏચଶᦰ ዢᑢථᣞЁ᪕ࢌሉౠڀெ؎ቂᐭ଍்༹ථᣞସሉᦐ஥Ѓۣ 1950 ݏڂ ؙဆᄞऔЁཉصڬ᫈ଶ៛ౠଶᧈᆺᧈ௵كડࢼঢ়ଶᧈ௵Ёਭ൪ፅૅस ܳ۠ןঢ়ܲලށᄒථᣞ࿨ڌᖲኘЃ34_{༹ࢰ݊ᗞঢ়ᖲኘሉౠ྿ٻཋ༛ྪ} ᪛क़ॅຯЁଶૅसठ௵״؁ܹᑄ࿠๵ᒶܲߍᐭЂ࿨ڌ்޽ل᥊Ђ॔౱ ۍؘܯ᝔Ѓࣕ 1960 ݏڂਏဆЁᆱ᏶ྪ᪛ᄞऔྠᘰ༹ࢰଶᧈ௵ঢ়ଶᦰ ථᣞᖲኘЃ35_{ڬ᫈ଶૅसؙ॔ڳཉᆺठ௵଍םڿాᖲᎶЁ൴ם༛ඛܯ} ᝔ᐂᔎ๺؜ڲЁ״ᄞऔٸඛܧᆱ᏶ྪ᪛ز޵חࢰ໙஌ᓳ݃Іؙ࣍ڑી ڬ᫈ଶૅसز඙௵Ђڬ᫈ଶؙ؇ᘮ౬ਛЂ฾యЁ॔૎ൻ࿻ށك౽৯Ё ۍଶᦰުܹᓳঢ়ࢯፀЃ36_{ૅस۠ןঢ়ଶᦰށᄒЁ༛ᐭ଍ڏຍםڬ᫈ן} 32 ҳݲ଱଱ོӵ 1973 ԑ 6 Т 29 Рବᄇ߮৳࿜้Ρȶҏᝲ׽࣏юҡӴȷඪਰ໌՗ߒؚȂ ӵൟ 175 ՝ۏষϛȂᜓԙޱ༉ 18 ՝Ȟҳݲ଱ϴൢ 1973c: 36-37ȟȄ 33 1971ԑ೿ဍ࡚ដȶ೩ҏᝲȃຝઠᝲȷޟ 20 ՝ѮᢊࣸដষȞَຝ 26 ޟӪ൐ȟϛȂ༉Ԥ ഌߦཱིᇄጾϭ໰࢐ߨ୽ҕឩᝲȂڏᎷ 18 ՝഍࢐ࣺ࿋ਯЖޟ୽ҕឩষȂѓࢂࡣپ࿋ႆࣸ ដོដߝޟଽىϦȃᐊӈႆϱࢇഋߝޟ֔ղ໰ȃЅ࿋ਢ୲ΙޟѴࣸᝲѮᢊࣸដষጾ࡚ ҡȄ1973 ԑ೿ဍȶҏᝲ׽࣏юҡӴȷޟ 21 ՝ҳݲۏষȈ߮৳࿜Ȟσ೿ѿȟȃᓋ۝๼ Ȟӡݓࣸȟȃдक़ӑȞݬѕሎ၄ȟȃԧԤ࣏Ȟ෹ࠒሎ၄ȟȃ؃׉அȞݬࠒሎ၄ȟȃд ި໙ȞݬѕࣸȟȃдӐҕȞჸ԰ࣸȟȃߜಝ፱Ȟᘭ໨ѿȟȃങ਴఼Ȟ԰ឃሎ၄ȟȃ֔ ູዘȞჸ԰ࣸȟȃ஻ᘄᏰȞᙛཾღᡝȟȃီཌȞԊݍࣸȟȃҩσၖȞᇌѠȟȃվඇȞᙛ ཾሎ၄ȟȃ஻ӎᔿȞݬѕࣸȟȃ஻۟ࢌȞᄆࠤᅭࣸȟȃങᇕғȞ੖԰ࣸȟȃ؃ᐙฅȞᙛ ཾሎ၄ȟȃдࣁҕȞσ೿ѿȟȃ٢ీ㛳Ȟσ೿ѿȟȃቓӒ܆Ȟჸ԰ࣸȟȇࠌӒഋ഍࢐ σചӨࣸѿᝲȄ 34 оᇃᢊࣸដོғԒԙҳࡣޟ 1959 ԑ࣏ٽȂՍЍ൷Ԥࣸដষ؃࿲ۨȃഌ୽அȃݓጾશ τȃဨ࣐ྵ้ΡବᄇࢇۺҢΡޟࣸᝲՃ໔ඪю፴ၚȞَȮᇃᢊࣸដོϴൢȯ 1(1): 20, 1 (9): 225, 1(11): 693, 2(18): 788, 2(23): 964-965Ȅ 35 ٽԃȂ1961 ԑȮᖒӫൢȯ൷ෆငൢᏲࣸដষᒦᄸУ፴ၚࢇۺҢΡԤӴ୿Ճ໔Ȟ1 Т 6 РȂ2 ގȟȇᗂ఼໴፴ၚौؑఀىΡষᔖӻඪܦӴПΡϗȞ6 Т 20 РȂ2 ގȟȄ 36 ٽԃȂᖒӫൢൢᏲȂȶਲ਼ᐃఀى࿋׋ޟಛॎȂѮࣸ୽ҕᏰਮਮߝЅఀৱޟᝲೱȂԻϷ ϞΜΪΤ࣏ҏࣸᝲȂѴࣸᝲ༉ԻϷϞΠΪΠȷȞ1961 ԑ 3 Т 14 РȂ2 ގȟȇѮᢊࣸࢇ ۺΡٱ೎ϴշȂҏࣸᝲϴ୛ষլ 64%Ȃтࣸᝲլ 36%Ȟ1968 ԑ 10 Т 27 РȂ2 ގȟȄ Ճၐ଱Ճᒵഋᇳ݂ȂଽලՃᓃڥฒࣸᝲ३᚞ȂѮᝲЅਿΡኵլ๘σӻኵȂଽՃ 77%Ȃ ලՃ 80%Ȟ1979 ԑ 10 Т 14 РȂ2 ގȟȄ

ك؁མןঢ়ዢᑢЁܮݨؘ޿ॹਦ෰ౠဆۓ่ጤ႔Ѓٖܳᦰর׮ڏმೞ ᦰЂ॔࠻༧ڬ᫈ۍᦰЁک૎ኊࡘ༹Ꮛዢᑢථᣞঢ়ٗ૰؜חЃၑނЁᘏ Ꮡ؎ቂ஫៛ૅ঻າᧈ৯ᖛܹૃᘻЁૅसޫٻةၐᆌ࠻᪎༹ࢰଶᦰචص ঢ়রટࣗગЃ Ȟέȟ࣏դȶࣸᝲୢϷȷϫณࡻ៉ȉ ܳ 1970 ݏڂਏဆЁරۓૅसᏮહዄڜᦵख़٬ᛏۍᦰঢ়ޔ໙ٸቌЁ ٸஊ௦ܮܳॹ༹Ꮛۍᦰ༡टЁሉౠة૎Ꮾહؙරর໙ঢ়ૅ঻ۑሉॐঢ় ٸஊ౱සЃᜋૅसᗎڬঢ়؁མܦଶؙڳۓᆌڂਐЁᠴၑܮ଍ؘ࠻ᛳЁ ݜ؎ڴڜڂਐۓᆌঢ়ڐഔЁެ૎ڀெዄڜڂਐ؁མܦଶঢ়ᦰ༯࢖صЁ ੑݗ଍රۓૅसઅᏌڂਐܐؙරܦଶঢ়ٸஊࢵᙁЃܳе؁ؙරжරచ ᆏጉ؜׬Ёሉౠૅसፅॹ؁མܦଶڂਐक़᧲ଶ܉ཋΪص๺ᆽᐂ஥ლЁ ᆱ᏶ྪ᪛ྠᘰ༹ࢰ۱রऍ௵كර؁ڂਐౠЁ״ཋᆺ๺ᆽᓽঀڀெঢ়ᛳ චଶ܉Ёᠾًټᩔ໙ঢ়еڲଶᦰж॔е؁མᦰжᏌࣱЃරۓૅसᐂؙ ڳۓᆌڂਐक़તक़଍Ёةټеݛ࿆؁མж଍ੇ࿨ᐂٸஊૅ঻۪ᓽЃ߇ ࢸܳ 1973 ݏ௑஍ٖᦰরౠЁ۪ঢ়૎଍םᗊ᝔ڬ᫈ৣᆺঢ়ᆱ৏঵Ёެ ૎۱রऍ௵ൄᖡౠЁةၑټ௑஍חཉෞࢼݛ࿆؁མ؜ડഔ෈ᦵᨇࢸ۠ ঢ়রટ଍ੇ࿨Ѓח்ᠾঀࢻ᥊Ё૎ 1973 ݏ௑஍ٖᦰরዄၿؙЁ7 ٠ 3 ٞ׫ᩜౠݢ᥮߀൴е༧঻ࠉж݃ᓸঢ়ᆌڲᙫದൄᖡЃе༧঻ࠉж૎؁ མًᓳܲٝସሉॹеᚨжঢ়ޕૅྎޛЁሉౠݥ݁খټ౨஫ઘᧈ߀൴Ё еӰ࣏Ⱥ೩ݽ׋ಢᙑనٽȻϐܻϲΪΙԑ໢ငҏ଱೽ႆ኷ୄᎌҢȂٮ ငᖂಛϴշӵਰжЃၑނߒऻផੑၳࢎلፅЇеȺ೩ݽ׋ಢᙑనٽȻ ࢐኷ୄᎌҢȂϚ࢐ኀХȄ౪ӵᇃᢊᗶณؠԤȺ೩ݽ׋ȻȂծ࢐஠پߕ ӱσചᗙԤ೨ӻȺ೩ݽ׋ȻޟԆӵȂӰԪȌϚџւଶȺ೩ݽ׋Ȼԅ ኺȄȷȇȶւўȌᄇܻσചҕЖኇ៪ᄂӵЊσȂ൷࢐ӵᇃᢊȂζԤ೨ ӻσചӨࣸ೩ݽ׋ᝲೱޟΡȂȌζ࣏೻ٲΡ߳੼ΙᘈᎷӴжН۱র൯ زྠ 1973d: 19-20Ёहᕡ଍ႉ৯क़ڏОЃᜋડབྷᨩᑇЂكᄿᄲᇴНе⦴ ؊༧঻ࠉжᛳڌঢ়۱রऍ௵О״ཋلፅ߀൴Ѓቂዄח׮ؽᙫᨛЁе༧ ঻ࠉж݃ᓸུડ᠗૎ࡘट༛਱಺Ѓ

ኌݧ௑রౠЁ۱র൯ة૎ټ 1948 ݏᛳڌ॔ࢼڬડᑌኂঢ়ܦଶऍ ௵଍ٸЃڬ᫈ᦰ۱রऍ௵൴ם 1948 ݏᛳڌঢ় 8 మټڲЁ1969 ݏරۓ ૅसܳ᣿؁ᝄצ׬ᄞॷ 11 మঢ়ᒦᛳమޛЁ37_{1972 ݏתᄞॷ 29 మঢ়} еᒦᣜమޛжЁ38_{ၑނ༹ 40 ྿మڬ᫈ᦰ۱রऍ௵Ёܳჸዄڰݹޛঢ়ܐ} ᪛۱রऍ௵ؙЁة᧲ॹًᓳЃ౱ᙁޮ৯ፅॹସ᥮Э۱র൯زྠЮൂᜁ ঢ়໙஌Ё༹ࢰڬ᫈ܲචᆱᛳڌࢼঢ়۱ऍЁܳۍݧ௑஍ٖᦰরঢ়Ϊ׫ݧ ऍ௵ᆺЂذݧ൯ᆺൄᖡؙЁᅇݢךޛငቂၳࢎЁނٶ࡞ݢחޛ൪ፅ е࠻ۍᦰжᧈᣞਐۮዄᆌࢌЃ߇ࢸۍᦰၲൂঢ়ᦰ༯චص؎ቂࣥࣕૅ঻ າᧈן׿ᖲᎶЁܳ؁མܦଶᦰኣຍ۱ऍٸᘰ۱র൯௑஍ٖᦰরൄᖡЂ ڬ᫈ᦰऍ௵ת࡞ݢၳࢎঢ়৏঵׬ЁۍᦰၲൂᏮહ௦ݢ๦ٚঢ়႔ঌЁࢬ ؘڃןᆎࣕᆌڲЃܳሉౠةၑຼޕঢ়؁ؙරරచᆏጉ؜׬Ёеؙරܦ ଶڂਐॐжૅ঻᜸܏ॐЁ᪕ၑൻॹ༌ວڬ᫈دཉܮ଍ᦰ༯චصނᘰ୬ ঢ়еଶᦰዢᑢථᣞж؜ஜضॐЃ ᘏᏑරۓૅसܮ଍ૅᩊܩরॐށᄒЁނؘ᥷ᆌ௑࠻ۍᦰၲൂরટ ༡टЁެ૎ૅ঻າᧈן׿ፅॹૅस۠ןݢଶᦰށᄒঢ়ᖛܹᖲᎶЁੑ״ ࢸ෿ᦰ༯ථᣞჷࢼჷแᆎЃٌ࣍૎ܳ 1970 ݏڂਏဆЁරۓૅसঢ়ර ᑪٙહཀ᎘჆ឹ؜ᑪЁۍ׾ॐঢ়ۓٸኺඛܳஊࡏۓٸ࠻஬ؙЁ࿨ڌଶ ᦰථᣞঢ়ૃᘻЁ࠿૎ٓၳૅस෺ದل᝔Ѓ1975 ݏ઀ጛٚܳ໏ח܉ۍ׾ ॐঢ়᧧ڲᣓᐪЭᐁ᫈ૅᖡЮؙЁ࿨ڌ᥮ॹൻ࿻ށࣗગፅڬ᫈ށؘ۟ز ڿঢ়ᖲᎶౠЁ39_{ྵٓၳૅसൻગ஥ლЃؘެޕૅ൯ਛᕻቂරܳ۱র൯} زᄞਐۮ༹૎ؘፀঢ়઼༮Ёࢬۣށᛳཉܳᆱ᏶ྠ೼׮زᄞᔎ๺Нٲࡵ ॽ 1996ОЃ1977 ݏذᄴزᢙן௵ᛳៜؙЁ᧧ڲ௎ᛳן᧎෿২ੇঢ়మ 37 ᇃᢊࣸដষӵ 1961 ԑ໠ۖ։ඪюौؑቨᒵѮᢊӴୢϛѵҕཎфߒޟौؑȄ೻ԩቨᒵ࢐ ୽ҕࢇۺਲ਼ᐃѮᢊӴୢΡοቨёШٽᒲ౩Ȅ11 ՝ቨᒵޟҳۏζϚ҆ۡ෈׽ᒵȄ 38 1972ԑҳݲۏষޟቨ᚞ৰԩȂ࢐ӵଝюᖒӫ୽ޟਙఁϞࡣȂ࣏ΟԊክҕЖȂՄҥ୽ҕ ឩкᏲ୽ҕσོওॏᖝਢన෡Ȃ௲᠌ᖂಛॏۡᒲݲȂошᄂϛѵҕཎᐠᄺޟᕗცή౰ ҡޟȞီ๢ॴ 1984a: 608ȟȄ೻ٲቨ᚞ҳۏӈ෈࣏έԑȂ҆໸ۡ෈׽ᒵȄ 39 ࡂМޟ኿ᚠ࣏ɴΙΤϲШΙޟ৯౴˕˕ଽලՃᗙौ፣ࣸᝲ༝ȉɵȞࡂოМ 1975ȟȄ೻ ጕМണ፴ᅸޟ࢐ଽලՃϛᜰܻȶࣸୢۡ᚞ȷޟೣۡȂ࢐ӵσചਢ෈ਲ਼ᐃ࿋ਢޟӨࣸΡ οШٽܚڙॏȄԃݎ஠ѺಋේڗѮᢊپȂࠌӰ࣏σചӨࣸΡοӵѮΡኵϚӻȂࠓϫณ ٴҢႆўޟࣸୢۡ᚞ȞӓԤϤԻӻӪȟȂ஠ᄇܻΡοլ๘ᄇӻኵȂծ࢐ѫϷ଩ڗΪᎷ Ӫۡ᚞ޟѮᢊࣸᝲՃҡϚϴҁȄ

ݧЁ׿ಇ؁్Ѓܳ 1978 ݏؙ୙ᡜ۸؜ડЁ1979 ݏ᧧ڲ࠿ڌৌЭ୙ᦉ పЮᣓᐪЁࢬܳڬ᫈ܦܲ༧۱صৣЁៜޕܹݧঢ়ᎉ៽ᆺᐂૅ঻ॐ᏷ ᆺЁፀᖲ׮᦮໠ૅ᧧Ѓ༹ࢰؾൻঢ়ૃᘻЁٓၳםරۓ᧧ૅसᣈᝄགྷݗ е୙ᦉపࢯ܅жЃࢯ܅ડঢ়ஔর؁ᒵЂټك؁ᒵဆᄠ 1980 ݏ 2 ٠ 28 ٞ঑ቌᄮచޔ౮Ёཋࢸଶᦰ۫଻ݗ଍ൻગแᆎঢ়ૅ঻ථᣞЃ ༹ܳࢰৣᆺ୥࿿׬Ёරۓૅसᠴၑܮ଍໙঻ᑭஊЁᦵᨇ਱಺ଶᦰ චصЁެ૎ੑؘ࿶ܒኍໞܲ໙஌แᆎঢ়ۍଶᦰЂڲଶᦰ؜චصЁނ૎ ܳ໙஌ਐؙෞڬ᫈ଶᐂक़ݢঢ়؁མଶ܉ࢬܔЃସፅॹ 1975 ݏঢ়२ᓸ ᖟૣЁ1980 ݏঢ়ٖ׽࿻ૣྠߗ౨Н1982 ݏڌৌОؙЁᦰ޽᥶᧲߇૎ ټ༹Ꮛ࠵ഽЂࠀࣜঢ়ᆱٝݐ༌ວЃࠦெ״ڝټۣ࣍ڀठٝ໙஌ؙፅॹ ்༹ᧈᣞঢ়༌ວٝݐ؜᪎ػЁ଺༹ࣕᏋᢻ଍ޱᖟঢ়༌ວٝݐЃዄڜٖ ׽࿻ૣ႔ঌڌᦣડЁЭؙႺۓර໙஌࿨ஊЮؙििᆺ፠ஊྠᘰᖟૣ႔ ঌЃ1956 ݏك 1966 ݏঢ়࿻ૣ႔ঌص޽ܳ 1959 ݏك 1969 ݏঢ়໙஌࿨ ஊؙ༛፠ஊྠᘰЁܔڌᦰ޽໙஌႔ঌЃ1980 ݏٖ׽࿻ૣડЁ1982 ݏ ঢ়ЭؙႺۓර໙஌࿨ஊЮᠴၑ״፠ஊܲྠᘰםᙡݏٖ׽࿻ૣ႔ঌЁެ ૎क़ݢ஥ஊ໙஌᥶᧲ؙЁੑᙽ᎑แᆎঢ়ᦰ޽Ѓ ȞѲȟ࣏դѮᢊࣸᝲޱޟȶઠᝲȷᇄȶఊفȷੑѶΟȉ ၑނЁ଍ޢૅस״ؘܒ໙஌ڬ᫈ଶןঢ়ೞᦰ่॔ࡿЈ1970 ݏك 1975ݏ࣋ݧٖ׽࿻ૣ२ᓸᖟૣЁٸஊ૎ܳ័ܩරঢ়ઘᧈ׬Ё଍םࣵٴ ଦܦරܡࡍނፀૈЁܮݨྠߗ౨ழગڌຨؙ୺ٚፅᇯЃ༹ܳ࣋ݧܡౠ ټරدكරᑪן׿଍۪ᓽᩜ৯቎ঢ়ᖟૣЂނٶ૎ 5% २ᓸނਦ࿻ૣঢ় ᖟૣؙЁᦰ޽᥶᧲ک਱಺םڑߢᗊ۠ॹक़ݢڬᑤܲචदۓঢ়ۍᦰЁނ ؘڜ໙஌॔ྠߗکᗊ۠ॹڬ᫈ଶᦰ৯Ђނٶؘఞॼܧڲරןኊ᧕ঢ়ೞ ᦰ่॔ࡿЁޫٻ૎සॹᐂٴଦܦරܡࡍټ޿ॹᄊޕරᑪ٦ኴঢ়۱ྜྷЃ ߇ࢸ݁ݨЁܳ 1970 ݏঢ়ྠߗ౨ঢ়ਐ౽ؙЁᦰ޽༛୺᧋଍ birthplaceНઊ ஫੊૎۠ nativityОЁ1975 ݏ੊᧋଍ original domicileНઊ஫૎ domi-cileОЁ᪕ۮם༹Ꮛᫌॆؘܳܡᐫࢎ؜ᄠᢻ᧋׮ঢ়ߦᥰЃނٶЁؘᖡ૎ ௸חᏋᢘ᧋Ё؁ୖཋᥰټᐱঀ॔ຈᐎڬ᫈௦ޜۓঢ়่ࡿ؜صЃܮݨЁ

࣋ݧ२ᓸᖟૣ࡞ݢᖟૣᐂ໙஌ೞᦰ่॔ࡿ૎ڝټວኊঢ়Ѓ٦ኴூ෿ย ࡾঢ়૎Ёܳ 1980 ݏঢ়໏׫ݧۑݐٖ׽࿻ૣؙЁ଍ޢؘܒ໙஌ڬ᫈ଶ ᦰ৯ঢ়ೞᦰᐂ่ࡿЈ ੇ஫࿨ࣕЁ1956 ݏ໏חݧٖ׽࿻ૣౠЁ࿻ૣ௵ۄᄶۣࣥ༢৯ঢ়ٞ ෰۠ᐫڜᐭटڬ᫈ଶᦰ৯ঢ়еೞᦰжЃ༹ᄴޮরܳ 1970 ݏڂټડЁ ܮ଍ۍܲᘮ৯ঢ়ସ᥮ୀࡾЁ؎ቂ᎘᎘ࣥࣕᖲᎶЃ1971 ݏڬ᫈ଶᧈ௵࿨ ౮ஊࡏеڏმೞᦰжٓ൒ৣᆺᔣದل᝔؜ᑪЁЭᐁ᫈றৎЮᣓᐪঢ়ၳ ޕןབྷ᎓܌ਭࡘटෞᐁ᫈ៀሚस 1928 ݏڌৌঢ়Эᄎ༯ᖟૣЮܐٚᢘ ᧋Ёܳ 1972 ݏঢ়Эᐁ᫈ٚᦤЮؙڌৌНབྷ᎓܌ 1972: 86ОЃؙ࣍Ё؇ ؋तቌ଍ኌᖟૣक़ᒶঢ়е᎓ۓ่້ޜঢ়঺஬жחؙٚЁ࿨ᛸᩜ৯᎓ן ೞᦰঢ়ޕૅචصНᏉઘଶЂᓂঋଶОᐂᐫ่චصНڀᏌ؜଍Ꮙઘᐫ่ ᐂᓂঋᐫ่Оؘח୬ঢ়მൂЁ״ܳ᧋ؙٚڌຨНࢌۍٚმ 12ОЃܡ ݏЁᐁ᫈ଶٚᦤऍ௵ᆺڌৌЂ࣌ݢठٝڪ౨ܲޛঢ়Эᐁ᫈ଶ༻ᐪЅ࣠ מןۓࠟן׽ᕓЮؙЁٸ௑ঢ়ᘮ৯བྷ໛᧞؎ቂᄞऔঀۧܲ۠Ꮙઘଶ૴ ݌सᐂᎈ݌सЂكೞᦰᓂঋጛ᝔݌๤ᚨ؜еઈచןж༹ࢰ᥶᧲Ёڜൄ ᖡ ᐂ ص গ ٞ ן ঢ়Эᄎ ༯ ᖟ ૣЮኣ ౝНᐁ ᫈ ଶ ٚ ᦤ ऍ ௵ ᆺ 1972: 187-188ОЃ ڨڲЁሉౠ؎ቂჀਁঢ়ڬ᫈ઈచןᆌ᥉Ё״ਲࢸઈచୀࡾ৯ᄞऔ ยࡾފ؍ೞ܏ঢ়ᗎ້ᙡڪЃ౱ᙁڬ᫈ଶٚᦤᆺ 1998 ݏঢ়Эڬ᫈ઈచ ᥮਻౨۪ᐂ፠ஊЮؙक़ᆨᜁঢ় 5,900 ႉኣౝঢ়ص޵ݏڂࢼ଺Ёઈచୀ ࡾܳ 1940 ݏڂك 1950 ݏڂସሉႁًНܦݢ 8 ႉك 34 ႉОЁ1960 ݏ ڂН462 ႉОك 1970 ݏڂН828 ႉОЁ૎ڬ᫈ઈచୀࡾᄞऔڌຨঢ়ౠ ဆІ1980 ݏڂН1,371 ႉОહᨇڿᤥᒦڏЁ1990 ݏڂН3,122 ႉОټ ડ੊૎દ᠖׮࿲Нڬ᫈ଶٚᦤऍ௵ᆺ 1998: 34ОЃܮݨ 1970 ݏڂټ ડЁڬ᫈ઈచୀࡾ৯ፅॹೞ܏ᗎ້ᙡڪЁཀ᎘ᄞऔݢםᐂዄڜठٝᢍ ྎৌۍؘܡঢ়ᐱরЃབྷኺဎ 1978 ݏЭઈచןЮח౨Ёྵ؎๺ᆽ઼ڌ ڬ᫈ઈచןೞ܏૎ۣቁঋঢ়ጛ᝔݌Ђ࿍݌सЂᔖ݌सكᏉઘۗ݌सᗎ סНབྷኺဎ 1978: 115ОЃ౨ؙൄᖡٞןЭᄎ༯ᖟૣЮኣౝౠЁབྷኺဎ ߇઼ڌؙ࣍क़Ꮜঢ়еᓂঋଶࡿже႖؁ܹᓳ଍ઈచןжНབྷኺဎ 1978:

116-118ОЃܳٓ۠රۓૅस 1956 ݏٖ׽࿻ૣኣౝЁൄᖡઈచןܳڬ ᫈ଶܦᚨڽص޵ౠЁབྷኺဎ״಩޽ڏ׮ਡმЇ ҏߒܚᒝȶኄݍࣸفȷȂ߽ࡾڏઠᝲپՌဃݍޟۨҕȂΙૡ ᆎϞ࣏ȶࡊড়ΡȷȄڏᇭِσ഍ᐇȶࡊড়ၗȷȇծনۨዘԎ ЅԳᓞΙளޟۨҕࠌᐇȶሦࠒᇭȷȄάᆋ࡚ࣸҙԎۺϞۨ ҕȂࠓᐇȶࡊড়ၗȷȄ࢐оᇃᝲࡊΡϞგϷȂ੆ᜲΪϷྥ ጂȄԁӵઠᝲ឴ΰΠӴୢϞΡοኵϚӻȂӵᐌএШٽΰȂσ मџоϣࣺܰ᎛ȄȞങၼැ 1978: 126ȟ ࢵݨᫌ؜Ё்༹ۣٞۍૅसᄞऔЂරۓૅस঺ᩙঢ়ڬ᫈᎓ןೞᦰ ޕૅචصᐂᐫࡿ׮ঢ়຃ຐЁᠴၑ༛ઈచᘮ৯ᐭ଍ܮ଍ಗك຃ຐঢ়ཉ صЁުڬ᫈᎓ן٦ࢻؘൻЁתڝءସ८ᗙЁܮݨؘދॹوᓅᨨࣕፅॹ ઈచן٦ࢻ॔ܲචص޵ࠚፖঢ়ޣ஌Ёެ༹ັར૎ص᥶ᇃॆঢ়຃ຐЃڨ חޛ౟ٞঢ়ઈᦰᘮ৯᝚ර⦔Ёፅॹ்༹຃ຐྵؘ૎݁ݨઈಇ॔᪛ᖖЃ ڀܳ 1980 ݏ࠱ოዄڜٞۍဣۓૅसе଍إᒂހᐱઈచ߇ቁ่жౠ઼ ڌЁུਏ૎ܮ଍ဣۓ৯࡞ݢᄊޕچصୀࡾ؜ੇЁ߇ڒݒࡘटᏋ่ص ᥶Ёक़ټຮ۟݁ݨ᛽ᐰᐭटІެ૎߇ࢸડࢼܳЭᄎ༯ᖟૣЮؙၳຨථ ᣞঢ়؇؋तቌЁੑеζϫϚᇳ࢐ࡊড়ᇭఊȂՄٷณᇳ࢐ኄݍᇭఊȄӵ РࡔήѮᢊȂپՌΰ७ޟཎסȃȺಛڙΨȻ๝Ϡंـޱӻቄᒿᇲиඌ ӛޟኇ៪ȂҥԪџَΙයжН᝚ර⦔ 1994 [1980]: 200-201ОЃ 1970ݏڂټડЁܳ؁མྴ౱ঢ়ᔣᔖ׬Ёڬ᫈᎓ןᄞऔ౱ᙁ٦ኴݢ ᆌቌঢ়ৣᆺ቎᪛ص᥶ᇃॆИ״ྵ૎ઈచןكᏉࢹןН॔ᑤ੐ןОঢ় ᐫ่චصИڜວኊފ؍ঢ়ೞ܏ᙡڪЃܳܦᏋໞᕛঢ়ᙡڪኣౝЂ่ ᥈Ђᐂۢཌྷኣౝፅᇯ׬Ёૅसܳ࣋ݧٖ׽࿻ૣؙټڬ᫈ଶᦰ᎓ןచఱ ٞ෰۠ᐫࢼฮᡜ࣍еೞᦰж؜ᢰᐰ᪎෿࠿ڏঀ᪕ڝࢌЃ߇ࢸරۓૅस ፅڬ᫈ଶןеმൂೞᦰж؜ૅ঻ᑭஊةၑؘ᪎Ёፅॹࢼފᘮ৯ঢ়ᖲ ᎶЁ఺ॎཋᥰټࠅܐቈ؜ؘວЁނഔ෈ᦵᨇחᆌजޕЃڨחٝ஫Ё༹ Ꮛ෺ᖟڬ᫈᎓ןࢼފؙරঢ়ᄯ᪛ᙡڪൂᘷઘ፸Ёངዄ 1950 ݏڂټࢼ

ঢ়ܦᏋٚػ૾ඛᐂ฾ࢇઅ࿲Ё؎ቂន୬ସሉݗঌЁؘחट᠗ᑭஊᢢ߃ ؎ቂٓၳ৊ᧈঢ়еೞᦰжၲൂڜኾݗЃ༹॔༦૎଍إᒂ 1980 ݏঢ়ٖ ׽࿻ૣؘܒචصᐂ໙஌ڬ᫈ଶᦰ᎓ןঢ়еೞᦰжЃދॹ௦ޜۓঢ়่ ࡿЁ௦ۍྵ૎ܳеೞᦰж࿻ૣᄴؙ۪Ёፅॹਦ᎓ןؘܡঢ়მൂٝݐЃ ݁ঌٖ׽࿻ૣؘؙܒචصᐂ໙஌᎓ןеೞᦰжЁ௦ޜۓ่ࡿ؜صފၑ ካႽಏڴЃ

Ϥȃ಑ΠԩᙽᡐȈᝲೱୢϷੑѶ

1980ݏٖ׽࿻ૣؙ໙஌ᦰ޽ص᥶ٝݐЁܳ 1990 ݏٖ׽࿻ૣؙЁ ةၑ༛঺۠Ѓᠴၑۣ 1980 ݏڂټડЁڬ᫈ۓٸኺඛঢ়ૃᘻཀ᎘ؾൻЁ රᆺܐ஫࠻ᛳټكଶᦰؘڿႇঢ়ქࡏЁݗ଍ݨח૰ౠဆدུ஥ஊૅ঻ ᐂৣᆺᧈᣞ؜חЃެ૎රۓૅसةၑ඾હܳරᆺؙᏮહ૘Ꮛࠚݐঢ়؁ མܦଶڂਐЁ״חৠࠨॠරᆺܐ஫࠻ᛳঢ়ქࡏЁټكؘࣣಏٖᦰؙঢ় ۍᦰၲൂЃৠࣕ 2000 ݏঢ়ٖ׽࿻ૣౠЁؕܮ଍ 1992 ݏٖᦰর௑஍Ё ࣣಏםۍᦰၲൂЁᦰ༯චصك໙஌ۣٖؕ׽࿻ૣؙۑݐಏڴЃ ȞΙȟIJĺĺIJĮIJĺĺij ԑޟИᝲݲওғ 1991ݏ 3 ٠ 13 ٞЁ۱র൯ᄞऔൄᖡޕૅ൯൘ࢼঢ়ٖᦰরཉص๦ ٚ௑ۑ౮Ѓሉౠدૅཉک૎൪ፅ൧ܩ໢٣ඛ௵ᆞᅂౠဆঢ়ᑭஊЁ௑ۑ ٖ᧊ܩחЂ࠻าٖ᧊ص۱᪛ࣗঢ়ཉص๦ٚН۱র൯زྠ 1991a: 198ОЁ ࢬ࡞ݢ࿨ڌ௑ۑۍᦰၲൂ๦ٚঢ়஌ၩЃၑނЁܳ൯඙ᆺᧈྠߗࠅડЁ රۓ᧧ᦰঢ়ᒦᣜ۱ऍᕼᡷᇳਭਐۮ᝔ኌᨓ༮دૅཉࢬઘᧈෞ௑ۑ౮൛ ܯ஥ᝡЁܮ଍еࣸᝲႤሤԙ࣏୽ড়ღ๖ϞϚցӰશȂᔖആႆИᝲݲϞ ওғёо׽๡жЁނدૅཉݨݧक़࿨௑ۑ౮Ёࢬێෞڀחݏੇঢ়ᖲኘ ᆌࢌ೻ס௑࠻Н۱র൯زྠ 1991b: 27ОЃ40_{ܡݏ 6 ٠ 25 ٞЁᕼᡷᇳ} ႇ 67 ן៛ౠ࿨౮ஊࡏෞۍᦰ࠻଍ڌ۟ܲЇе࣏ᅠۻ၌ؚȺࣸᝲ௑๖Ȼ 40 ጾᏩྵޟඪਰ࿋ਢٮҐுڗӣឩӣסޟЛࡻȂَή७ޟଆ፣Ȅ

ޟלԒϞތȂߴ໌୽ড়ϱഋޟღ๖ᇄڷᒙȂғҏ఼ྛϞПȂᔖоюҡ Ӵ࣏ҏᝲ଄ၷϞٷᐃȂоੑଶҬࠉȺࣸᝲ኿ᡆȻޟࢺᄒᇄ༼ሪȂ੫ᔣ ڎȺИᝲݲഋӋనМওғ૩ਰȻжН۱র൯زྠ 1991c: 21ОЃ41_ዢٞ Н1991 ݏ 6 ٠ 26 ٞОЁܡ᧲රۓ᧧ᦰঢ়෹ࠟۓႇ 21 ޛऍ௵ת៛ౠ࿨ ౮Їе࣏ਲ਼ҏ၌ؚࣸᝲ୰ᚠȂ໌Ι؏ᗗջӴ୿୑੭ᢎ܈Ȃё஼୽ড়ᇯ ӣȂ੫ᔣւଶИᝲݲϛԤᜰҏᝲೣۡϞࣺᜰనМжН۱র൯زྠ 1991d: 13-14ОЃ42_{༹࣋ᄴ៛ౠ࿨౮ུડཋᐂޕૅ൯ঢ়௑ۑ౮ࢿ౮۸ۣ} ऍ௵ᆺᒵૣЃ 1991ݏ 11 ٠ 23 ٞЁ۱র൯ঢ়دૅЂڥর࣋ऍ௵ᆺᄞऔᒵૣٖᦰ রঢ়௑ۑധ౮Ѓܳ 12 ٠ 7 ٞ໏מݧঢ়ऍ௵ᆺؙЁ߇ၐາᧈ༻ዄ෹ࠟ ۓႇ߀൴ۍᦰ༡ट؜࿨౮Ёكټڌࣣ۟ܲڂۍᦰঢ়௑ۑ౮Ѓ༹ࢰࡘᧈ ܳ 1992 ݏ 6 ٠ 19 ٞ൘ࣕ൯ᆺൄᖡЃ൯ᆺൄᖡؙЁᠴၑݢًᓳঢ়لፅ ៎யЁ༦ܹऍ௵ၳࢎ״ཋྚᢑႽଶᦰฏ႔ථᣞЁެ૎႖؁ܹᓳऍ௵ཋ ᥑݗ᝔ኌ߀൴Ѓ6 ٠ 23 ٞ໏מݧঢ়൯ᆺൄᖡؙ߇ࠅݗ׫ᩜЁۑݐෞۍ ᦰᐭटكၲൂঢ়༡ट߀൴Ё࠻ټеڌ۟ܲжࣣڂН۱র൯زྠ 1992a, bОЃ ȞΠȟ࣏դւଶҏᝲ૖ӵԪਢ೽ႆȉ ଍ޢ༹ݧٖᦰরঢ়௑஍Ёഔ෈ᑄॼЂ྿ٻ๭ၐਠצܲ༻ዄ݁ݨጐ ౠڂঢ়᪎஬Јݜྵݢן࿨ᧈ᝔ኌ߀൴ٖᦰরؙۍᦰᐭटक़ࠚݗঢ়ᦰ༯ චصЃ൴ם 1973 ݏٖᦰর௑஍ౠЁ۱ऍਬఱሚ࿨౮ټڲЁ୙ᦉపࢯ ܅ડঢ় 1980 ݏڂ᥶ޫ࿨౮࠿૎ፆࢌؘᠾЃࢻ݁Ё1980 ݏ 3 ٠ౠЁྵ ݢරۓ᧧ᦰ۱ऍᄿٴ୺ઘᧈدૅཉࣣಏᦰ༯ၲൂЃ43 _{1982 ݏ 3 ٠Ё} ЭؙරᖡᘩЮеۑლܲලᫌॆථᣞжٸᣞؙЁܹݧઘᧈټڌࣣ۟ܲڂ 41 ୤ᇄ೿ဍޟ 67 ΡϛȂѫԤ 4 ՝࢐ฒឩᝲȂڏᎷ഍࢐୽ҕឩᝲቨ᚞ҳۏȄҕ໌ឩޟ 19 ՝ҳݲۏষࣱҐ୤ё೿ဍȄ 42 21՝೿ဍޟۏষϛȂӒഋ࢐୽ҕឩᝲቨ᚞ҳۏȄ 43 ༁ж़࢐ 1975 ԑҥᙛཾღᡝᒵୢᒵюޟቨ᚞ҳۏȂᇃᢊࣸଽ໰ѿᝲȄ೻໶࡚ដޟਢ໢ ࣺ࿋ఃཐȂ࢐छᝋ৬ٱӇࡣȃ2 Т 28 Рݓဎ໰ড়ՖਰϞࡣඪюȞҳݲ଱ϴൢ 1980: 145ȟȄ