行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 期末報告
歐洲化、 移民、跨文化性 : 對德國紀念文化的影響
計 畫 類 別 ： 個別型 計 畫 編 號 ： NSC 101-2410-H-004-201- 執 行 期 間 ： 101 年 08 月 01 日至 102 年 07 月 31 日 執 行 單 位 ： 國立政治大學歐洲語文學系 計 畫 主 持 人 ： 陶克思 計畫參與人員： 碩士班研究生-兼任助理人員：謝坤龍 報 告 附 件 ： 移地研究心得報告 出席國際會議研究心得報告及發表論文 公 開 資 訊 ： 本計畫涉及專利或其他智慧財產權，2 年後可公開查詢中 華 民 國 102 年 10 月 25 日
中 文 摘 要 ： 研究工作階段說明
本案之研究開始於 2012 年 8 月，此時我獲得了本研究所必需 要的資源。同年 10 月，我參與了第 36 屆德語文化研究協會 (German Studies Association, GSA)年度學術會議，並在和 會議參與學者的討論中對本研究主題有了更好的理解。返國 後，我開始著手規劃與本案在本質上相聯繫的國家科學委員 會新年度計畫的申請。在去年度結束後的過去七個月期間， 我陸續完成本案所有研究階段。 本案成果 1. 根據本案研究，歐洲化、移民、全球化對紀念文化的種種 影響是高度矛盾性的。這是說，它們一方面被視為進一步跨 國整合與合作的機會，另方面卻也被理解為對紀念文化之特 定性和具體性的威脅。 2. 根據本案研究，不論是作為紀念文化的外部影響或應用性 的論述策略，歐洲化都已成為紀念文化的關鍵要素。全球化 在論述層次還是具高度爭議性，而移民雖然表面上持續得到 關注，但其實質影響至今仍未看見。 3. 根據本案研究，從目前學界研究現況觀之，若要闡明我們 對文化轉換的理解，則相較於「文化跨越性」 (transculturality)概念，貝克(Beck)和李維(Levy)的「反 思之現代性」概念(reflexive modernity)似乎是更為適當的 研究工具。 4. 本案之研究成果在未來若要轉換到其他可相比較的類似情 形使用，則必須做更多研究以給予支持，因為本案之議題本 身仍須做更深入的預備工作和研究。 未來展望 我將持續研究本議題，因為僅僅在本案研究過程中才引發了 的進階問題仍需要做延伸的考察和探究。本案的研究成果， 將在本年度十月份，於美國舉行的第 37 屆德語文化研究協會 年度學術會議發表。在公開發表本案研究成果後，我將根據 此案研究成果撰寫專書，並預期於 2014 年之下半年出版。 中文關鍵詞： 紀念文化、德語文化、歐洲化、移民、跨國際化 英 文 摘 要 ： Individual work stages:
My research trip to Germany in August last year supplied with the sources necessary for
comprehensively conducting research. In October, I participated in the 36th annual conference of the
German Studies Association (GSA) to know better other scholars＇ opinions on the topic. After that, I
started to prepare the follow-up NSC application which is intrinsically connected to the previous research. I spent the following seven months on the remaining stages of the research process.
Results:
1. The range of the impact of Europeanisation, immigration and globalisation on the culture of
remembrance is highly contradictory. While being seen as chances to further international integration and cooperation, they are also perceived as threatening the specificity and concreteness of remembrance. 2. Europeanisation has become a pivotal factor in the culture of remembrance, both as an outside influence and as an applicable discursive strategy.
Globalisation is still more controversial on the discursive level, while immigration nominally is gaining growing attention, but tangible effects remain scarce.
3. For the time being, Beck＇s and Levy＇s paradigm of a ＇reflexive modernity＇ seems a more appropriate tool than transculturality to elucidate our
understanding of cultural transformations.
4. The transfer of the results of this project on other, comparable cases has to remain an endeavour for the future because that in itself would again command a lot of further preparatory work and research.
Prospects:
I will keep on working on this topic. Further
questions which have only been raised in the research process still need extended consideration and
investigation. Results of my research will be presented at the 37th German Studies Association Annual Meeting (USA) in October. After that, I will start writing a book on my research which should be published in late 2014.
英文關鍵詞： Remembrance, Germany, Europeanisation, Immigration, Internationalisation
Final report on the National Science Council Research Project
國科會專題研究計畫 (
NSC 101-2410-H-004 -201 -)
Europeanisation, Immigration, Transculturality: Repercussions on the Culture of Remembrance in Germany
(
歐洲化、 移民、跨文化性: 對德國紀念文化的影響
)Dr. Christoph Thonfeld/ 陶克思博士
歐洲語文學系助理教授
Beginning of funding: 01.08.2012, End of funding: 31.07.2013, Duration: 12 Months
Introduction:
The culture of remembrance in Germany with regard to World War II is still in a process of change. And while there is broad agreement among scholars that there have been major shifts since the unification of West and East Germany in 1990, there is still too little research as to what differences actually have occurred and how exactly did they come about. That is where my research project has come in. Using a discourse analysis approach, I have investigated source materials from Parliament, press and memorial sites with respect to three major areas of societal development, i.e. the ongoing European integration, the establishment of Germany as a society of immigration and the increasing international and global orientation of European societies on the whole.
Individual work stages:
My research trip to Germany in August last year supplied with the sources necessary for comprehensively conducting research. So far I have concentrated on remembrance
speeches, debates and activities relating to the Holocaust and immediate consequences of World War II and could find ample material in all areas. After electronically arranging the material, I began to scan through secondary literature in order to prepare initial hypotheses on the topic which should be presented at a conference. In October, I then participated in the 36th annual conference of the German Studies Association (GSA) to get into discussions with other scholars researching into similar topics, either content-wise or methodologically. After that, I started to prepare the follow-up NSC application which is intrinsically connected to the research just concluded in so far as the legacy of World War II in terms of the culture of remembrance in Germany still is a vast area which recently has again more and more embraced aspects of victimisation of Germany and the Germans themselves, e.g. aerial bombardments, flight and expulsion from former German or occupied territories mainly in Eastern Europe. This indicates a significant shift in focus of the whole topic which necessarily
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has to be taken into consideration. Since beginning of January, I have spent the remaining seven months on the close investigation of sources, studying secondary literature and thinking about the application of research methods and the integration of various relevant theoretical background concepts like transculturality, reflexive modernity and
cosmopolitanisation, all seen in connection with processes of memory and remembrance. Results:
1. The range of the impact of Europeanisation, immigration and globalisation on the culture of remembrance is highly contradictory. While being seen as chances to further international integration and cooperation, they are also perceived as threatening the specificity and concreteness of remembrance. This highlights the problematic of processes of internationalisation in general, but also sheds light on the problems German culture experiences in a process of opening up towards other cultures from the outside and to citizens with different cultural backgrounds from the inside.
2. Differentiating the various factors of influence has to remain somewhat tentative since the analysis observes shifts in discourses and hardly any directly measurable actions and reactions. However, it still becomes evident that Europeanisation has become a pivotal factor in the culture of remembrance, both as an outside influence and as an applicable discursive strategy. Globalisation is still more controversial on the
discursive level, while immigration nominally is gaining growing attention, but tangible effects remain scarce.
3. Transculturality remains an elusive concept to describe relatively recent societal developments as it operates on a very large and abstract scale. Therefore, for the time being, Beck’s and Levy’s paradigm of a “reflexive modernity” seems a more appropriate tool to elucidate our understanding of cultural transformations. And while cosmopolitanisation seems a fitting terms for developments of remembrance in various European societies, the term as such is so far not much more than a loose bracket to tie a whole host of phenomena together which still needs stricter definition. 4. The transfer of the results of this project on other, comparable cases has to remain
an endeavour for the future. As it turned out with the German case, there are not only external influences to be counted in but also internal dynamics which are both heavily contested in themselves and then still interact with each other to produce yet more unexpected results. So any comparative approach would again mean to thoroughly research into the case in point and then one would still have to identify sustainable areas and means of comparison and apply them in practice.
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Prospects:
Although this summer I did not win a grant from the National Science Council to continue my research on a full project scale, I will keep on working on this topic. Further questions which have only been raised in the research process can only be answered after another lengthy period of consideration and investigation. Results of my research will – hopefully with the backing of a National Science Council travel grant – be presented at the 37th German Studies Association Annual Meeting (USA) in October of this year as part of a thematic panel which includes commentary and an open Q&A session. Upon my return, I will start writing a book on my research which should be published in late 2014.
出國報告
出國報告
出國報告
出國報告（
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研究
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德國移地研究報告
德國移地研究報告
德國移地研究報告
德國移地研究報告
服務機關
服務機關
服務機關
服務機關：
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：國立政治大學歐洲語文學
國立政治大學歐洲語文學
國立政治大學歐洲語文學
國立政治大學歐洲語文學系
系
系
系
姓名職稱
姓名職稱
姓名職稱
姓名職稱：
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：陶克思
陶克思
陶克思
陶克思 ((((Dr. Christoph Thonfeld)))) 助理教授
助理教授
助理教授
助理教授
派赴國家
派赴國家
派赴國家
派赴國家：
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：德
德
德
德國
國
國
國
出國期間
出國期間
出國期間
出國期間：
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：2012//
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2012//
2012//
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報告日期
報告日期
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報告日期：
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：2012/
2012/
2012/
2012/11111/07
1/07
1/07
1/07
經費來源
經費來源
經費來源
經費來源：
：
：國科會補助研究計畫
：
國科會補助研究計畫
國科會補助研究計畫
國科會補助研究計畫
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摘要
摘要
摘要
摘要
德國的過去被視為在德國生活的德國國民專屬問題。現在這也也因為歐洲 統一進程而成為鄰近國家面臨的問題。此外，出生及成長於德國的第二及第三 代移民，但有他們父母及祖父母的文化及歷史作為主要的參考框架者，也需要 被納入紀念活動的範圍。產生的結果可被稱為跨文化性的形式，它象徵著背離 一種同質的、專屬國家的過去的一致民族文化。這份報告檢驗了德國文化記憶 改變的影響因素及人們如何在當前變動地發展他們對於過去不再是由他們所獨 佔的理解。使用公報、國會辯論紀錄及其他紀念網頁的資訊材料作為資源，它 將追溯德國人對他們二十世紀中葉的戰爭歷史、大屠殺、遷徙、驅逐等重要事 件如何被轉化於歐洲的多元文化社會中。- 3 -
目次
目次
目次
目次
目的……… 4 過程……… 5 心得及建議……… 7 附錄 附件一英文報告原文……… 8
- 4 - 中文 中文中文 中文報告內容報告內容報告內容 報告內容 ((((一一一一)))) 目的目的目的目的 近幾個月來，我都在研究德國文化記憶的變遷因素，由於今日的德國包 含了許多新移民，所謂的「過去」已不再是非新移民的德國人的獨占物，在此 前提下，今日新舊移民混合的德國人是如何嘗試使自己與過去產生關聯，又如 何發展對於過去的理解的。藉由使用公報、議會辯論的紀錄和紀念網頁上的展 覽及相關的資訊材料作為研究來源，以研究 20 世紀中期戰爭的歷史、 大屠 殺、遷徙及驅逐等重大事件中德國人的做法，在越來越歐洲化的多元文化社會 中如何變化。在這個階段，我只能提供我的第一印象。我所已能確定說明的 是，雖然解析影響這些發展的不同因素似乎非常困難，特別是從 1990 年東西德 統一及因納粹迫害及大屠殺下的生還者及見證者的去世造成的世代變遷，及對 他們而言冷戰及東德只是遙遠歷史的新世代移民，在此同時籠罩進入這個框架 的任何其它因素上。
- 5 - （ （ （ （二二二二））））過程過程過程過程 行程： 08/11 飛往阿姆斯特單機場，08/12 抵達 08/13-16 不萊梅大學德國媒體研究中心停留研究 08/17-21 新甘密集中營紀念館停留研究 08/22-24 薩克森豪森紀念館與博物館停留研究 08/27-29 不萊梅大學德國媒體研究中心停留研究 08/30-31 特里爾大學停留研究 09/01 飛往桃園國際機場，09/02 抵達 1. 為我當前的研究主題蒐集資料及資訊為我當前的研究主題蒐集資料及資訊為我當前的研究主題蒐集資料及資訊為我當前的研究主題蒐集資料及資訊 在本研究計畫中，我使用了許多種資源作為文化記憶必須去追溯所 橫跨的幾個社會領域。從德國聯邦議院檔案館館藏中，有大量的檔案正 在被研究。在那邊所被介紹的德國議會辯論和有關的條例草案，以及國 會議員發言的紀錄複本可以被仔細地查看。在德國許多議題連結到納粹 時期的歷史，以及政治權力中心內的談判結果的紀念活動。夠幸運的 是，大多數的記錄都可以線上查找，因此我不需要在這個階段去找這些 歸檔，但是可以透過網際網路存取授權 進行這些檔案的查找。其他有關 的資料和資訊作為輔助文獻的，在關於紀念二次世界大戰和其戰後歷史 的紀念網頁中找到，從而帶來社會團體的角度及和更多發揮的倡議。作 為二次世界大戰及大屠殺紀念觀點改變的重要組成部份，數十年來已經 變成德國社會內部激烈辯論的議題。 為此目的，訪問了薩克森豪森（東德）及新加密（西德）的紀念網 站，以作為前分裂德國的兩個部分的例子。薩克森豪森的紀念網站成為 前德意志民主共和國官方州層級所掌控的文化記憶內的重要指標。當統 一後，在這個網頁上歷史演示改變的需求導致了長久及有爭議的辯論。 另一方面，新加密的紀念網站，在處理德國的移民人口影響的成長帶來 紀念活動所面臨的的挑戰及跟尚當前社會改變步伐上非常突出。因此， 這兩個網站不僅允許列入在文化記憶的東西德觀點，同時也強調發展的 各種過渡階段。媒體資源也在社會討論上扮演中要角色。因此，布萊梅 大學德國媒體研究中心研究了過去與現在的各種主要新聞媒體(畫報、法 蘭克福匯報、明鏡週刊、南德日報、世界日報、時報）的聲音，不僅掩 護也積極推動這些討論。技術進步的影響之外，還因在德國媒體的激辯 文化，必須將它們視為德國文化記憶的主要參與者。也因為紀念二次世 界大戰事件的敏感度，讓每件事都在政治的或政論家的辯論中被相關媒 體仔細檢驗，從而使他們在這些主題上有豐富的資訊來源。
- 6 - 2. 調查課程調查課程調查課程調查課程、、、同儕觀點及相關研究檔案及出版品的成果、同儕觀點及相關研究檔案及出版品的成果同儕觀點及相關研究檔案及出版品的成果 同儕觀點及相關研究檔案及出版品的成果 當我預期所有我要去的地方中這是最耗時的時候，我開始在布萊梅大學 的德國媒體研究中心蒐集我的研究資料。首先我想要全面地瀏覽年的議題。 但很快地我發現要瀏覽報紙微捲沒有辦法用蒐尋引擎全文檢索，這個方法在 時間上很聰明但不可行。因此我必須採取更具針對性的方法年復一年地在特 定重要紀念日期周圍連續查找報紙議題。為了彌補這個限制，我決定擴大我 的調查範圍從兩份變成六份報紙或是週刊，以追蹤紀念話語多年來的發展。 這個策略將在未來實施研究設計整體上後，從變化作出相應的調整。 在新加密集中營紀念館和薩克森豪森紀念館及博物館，我使用四種方 法。首先，我研究了該網站，尤其是各種永久和臨時展覽，來得到他們如何 提出過去和這些演示多年的發展的印象。再者，我可以蒐集展覽及研究上的 資訊材料及紀念網站上的教學活動，這提供工作人員如何在這個網站上作 業，參與過去與現在的紀念的各種方式的鳥瞰。第三，我和那些負責研究及 教育活動的人談話，以更進一步了解當前德國紀念工作的發展。第四，我花 了一些時間瀏覽擁有大量和我的研究相關及台灣幾乎完全無法取得的資料的 報導及專著線上圖書館。更多的是，由於有限經費而沒有辦法全部購買，就 算在德國，他們也很快就會絕版或售罄；因此，這些圖書館是可以繼續使用 這種研究材料的重要途徑。
- 7 - （ （ （ （三三三三））））心得及建議事項心得及建議事項心得及建議事項心得及建議事項 一方面，我即刻受益於找到許多對我進行中的研究非常有助益的資源及文 本，就如同和相關領域的人士談論我的研究主題和德國在文化記憶這個領域當 前的發展一樣。同時，當瀏覽圖書館中的報導和專著時，做為一個受歡迎的副 作用，我也可以在我當前任教的政治大學中的課程及授課發現這個主題的文本 及想法。這有助於我保持授課與研究能夠和當前在德國進行的研究連結，也— 由於出版的限制—主要只能在德國取得。更進一步來說，在適當的國家與適當 的資源進行研究讓我有更清楚的方向，以致這些觀點可以成為我的計畫核心， 並且如何使用可得的資源來支持我的論證與理論。然而，這並不總是緊密地連 結到我的計畫原始想法。因此現在我也面對作出些調整經驗的必要性，如同方 法論上的方法一樣。這經常是任何努力研究的一部分。然而，這實際上意味著 明年我必須再回到德國以深化材料的基礎並且找到還未包括進去的資源。這似 乎是不可或缺的，然而，根據從我的資料分析和那些相反的理論及方法的資源 引起的新觀點及方向，迄今形成我計畫的基礎，也成為修訂的材料基礎。
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附錄 附錄 附錄
附錄—附件一附件一附件一附件一：：：英文報告原文：英文報告原文英文報告原文 英文報告原文
Report on the research trip to Germany from 11th of August until 2nd of September 2012, Germany
English Summary
I am now a couple of months into examining some of the influential factors of change of the culture of remembrance in Germany and how people in the present try to make sense of the past and develop their understanding of that past, which is no longer their exclusive possession. Using press releases, records of parliamentary debates and exhibitions at memorial sites as well as corresponding information materials as sources, I am examining how Germans’ approach to major events of their mid-20th century history of war, mass murder, flight, expulsion etc. are being transformed within a more and more Europeanised multicultural society. At this stage, I can only offer first impressions. What can already be said with a degree of certainty, though, is that it seems very difficult to disentangle the various factors that influence these developments, especially since in Germany the unification of former East and West in 1990 and the generational change because of the death of the last survivors and witnesses of Nazi persecution and mass murder and the emergence of a young generation, for whom even the Cold War and the GDR are only distant history, loom heavily over any other factors that have entered the frame in the meantime.
3. Collecting data and information for my current research topic
In this research project I use a variety of sources as cultures of remembrance have to be traced across several societal areas. From the holdings of the Parliamentary Archives of the German Bundestag, a variety of files are being looked into. Records of German parliamentary debates and relevant bills, which were introduced there, are given a close look as well as transcripts of speeches of parliamentarians on
remembrance occasions. In Germany a lot of issues relating to Nazi era history and its consequences in terms of remembrance are negotiated within the centres of political power. Luckily enough, the majority of these records can also be found online, therefore I did not have to go to the archive proper at this stage, but could work with those files where access is granted via internet. Other relevant data and information as well as secondary literature were accessed at two of the various memorial sites
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relevant to the remembrance of World War II and its immediate post-war history, thereby also bringing the perspective of societal groups and initiatives more into play. This is a vital part of the research as the changing views on World War II and
Holocaust remembrance have become hotly debated topics within German society for decades. For that purpose, the memorial sites in Sachsenhausen (East Germany) and Neuengamme (West Germany) were visited to have examples from both parts of the previously divided Germany. The memorial site in Sachsenhausen had been a major landmark within the official state-controlled culture of remembrance in the former German Democratic Republic. It also received a lot of public attention when after the unification a perceived need for change in the presentation of history at the site led to long and controversial debates. The memorial site of Neuengamme, on the other hand, is very prominent in terms of dealing with the challenges for remembrance activities in keeping pace with current societal changes, which are mostly brought about by the growing influence of migrant populations in Germany. Therefore both sites not only allow an inclusion of East as well as West German perspectives on the culture of remembrance, but at the same time also emphasise various transitional stages of its development. Media resources also play an important role in the societal discussions. Therefore, past and present volumes of major news outlets (BILD, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, SPIEGEL, Süddeutsche Zeitung, WELT, and ZEIT), which not only covered these discussions, but at times also actively contributed to them, were examined in the Institute for German Press Research at Bremen University. The impact of technological advance aside, also due to a lively debating culture in German media, they must be considered major players as far as German culture of
remembrance is concerned. It is also because of the sensitivity of the remembrance of World War II events that everything said in this respect in political or publicist
debates is closely examined in relevant media, which in turn makes them a rich source of information on those topics.
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Abstract of the research project:
The German past used to be perceived as the exclusive issue of German nationals living in Germany. Nowadays it has also become an issue for the neighbouring countries because of the European unification process. Furthermore, second and third generation immigrants who were born and raised in Germany but with the cultural and historical background of their parents and grandparents as the main frame of reference also need to be integrated into the scope of remembrance. The ensuing consequences can be termed as forms of transculturality, signifying a departure from the concept of one homogeneous, uniform national culture with one coherent view of its exclusive national past. The paper examines the influential factors of change for the German culture of remembrance and how people in the present dynamically develop their understanding of that past which is no longer their exclusive possession. Using press releases, records of parliamentary debates and information materials from memorial sites as sources, it will be traced how Germans’ approach to major events of their mid-20th century history of war, mass murder, flight, expulsion etc. are being transformed in a Europeanised multicultural society.
4. Course of the investigation, perspectives of colleagues and results from files and publications of related research
I began my collection of research data at the Institute for German Press Research at Bremen University since I expected it to be the most time-consuming of all the places I intended to go to. At first I wanted to comprehensively browse entire years’ issues. But I soon found out that this method, without being able to use full text search engines to browse the microfilm-edited newspapers, was time wise not feasible. Therefore I had to adopt a more targeted approach to look up consecutive year-on-year issues of newspaper coverage around certain important remembrance dates. To make up for this limitation I decided to expand the scope of my investigation from two to six newspapers or weekly magazines respectively to trace the development of remembrance discourses over the years. Corresponding adjustments to the research design on the whole following from this change of strategy will be implemented over the coming weeks and months.
At Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial and Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum I followed a fourfold approach. Firstly, I examined the site as such,
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they present the past and how these presentations have developed over the years. Secondly, I could collect information materials on the exhibitions and on research and pedagogical activities of the memorial sites to provide an overview of the various ways how the staff working at the sites engages with the past and present of the memorials. Thirdly, I talked to those people responsible for research and pedagogical activities to get a better understanding of current developments in remembrance work in Germany. Fourthly, I spent some time in the respective on-site libraries, which hold extensive collections of journals and monographs relevant to my research and are almost exclusively unavailable in Taiwan. What is more, they cannot all be bought due to limited funds and can also very quickly be out of print or out of stock even in Germany itself; therefore, these libraries are vital to have continued access to that kind of research materials.
5. Benefits and insights for further research and teaching
On the one hand I immediately benefited from finding a lot of useful sources and texts for my ongoing research as well as talking to relevant people in the field about their thoughts on my topic and current developments in the area of culture of remembrance in Germany. At the same time, while browsing journals and books in the libraries, as a welcome side-effect, I could also find texts and ideas on the topics of the courses and lectures that I currently teach at Cheng Chi University. That helps keeping my lectures and presentations up to date with more recent research, conducted in Germany and also – due to publication constraints – mainly only available in Germany, too. Furthermore, researching in the country proper and with the proper sources gave me a clearer idea of direction as to which aspects should be at the centre of my projects and how to use available sources to back up arguments and theses. However, that does not always tie in neatly with my original ideas for the project. So now I am also faced with the necessity to make some adjustments in terms of
empirical as well as methodological approaches. This is usually part and parcel of any research endeavour. However, it effectively means that I have to go back to Germany again next year to deepen the material base and find sources which I have not yet included. It seems indispensable, though, in the light of new insights and directions of inquiry resulting from my analysis of data and sources vis-à-vis those theories and methods that have so far formed the fundament of my project basis to also make amendments to its material basis.
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Itinerary:
11 August Flight to Amsterdam Airport, arrival 12 August
13-16 August Research stay at the Institute for German Press Research at Bremen University
17-21 August Research stay at Neuengamme Concentration Camp Memorial 22-24 August Research stay at Sachsenhausen Memorial and Museum
27-29 August Research stay at the Institute for German Press Research at Bremen University
30-31 August Research stay at Trier University
出國報告
出國報告
出國報告
出國報告（
（
（
（研究
研究
研究
研究）
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參與
參與
參與
參與｢｢｢｢第
第
第
第 36
36
36
36 屆
屆 GSA
屆
屆
GSA
GSA
GSA 年會
年會
年會
年會｣｣｣｣報告
報告
報告
報告
服務機關
服務機關
服務機關
服務機關：
：
：
：國立政治大學歐洲語文學
國立政治大學歐洲語文學
國立政治大學歐洲語文學
國立政治大學歐洲語文學系
系
系
系
姓名職稱
姓名職稱
姓名職稱
姓名職稱：
：
：
：陶克思
陶克思
陶克思
陶克思 ((((Dr. Christoph Thonfeld)))) 助理教授
助理教授
助理教授
助理教授
派赴國家
派赴國家
派赴國家
派赴國家：
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：美
：
美
美國
美
國
國 密爾沃基
國
密爾沃基
密爾沃基
密爾沃基
出國期間
出國期間
出國期間
出國期間：
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：2012//
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2012//
2012//
2012//11110000/03~
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/03~
/03~11110/0
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0/08888
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報告日期
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：2012/
2012/
2012/
2012/11110/
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0/22226666
經費來源
經費來源
經費來源
經費來源：
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：國科會補助研究計畫
：
國科會補助研究計畫
國科會補助研究計畫
國科會補助研究計畫
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摘要
摘要
摘要
摘要
德文過去被視為在德國生活的德國國民專屬問題。現在這也也因為歐洲統 一進程而成為鄰近國家面臨的問題。此外，出生及成長於德國的第二及第三代 移民，但有他們父母及祖父母的文化及歷史作為主要的參考框架者，也需要被 納入紀念活動的範圍。產生的結果可被稱為跨文化性的形式，它象徵著背離一 種同質的、專屬國家的過去的一致民族文化。這份報告檢驗了德國文化記憶改 變的影響因素及人們如何在當前變動地發展他們對於過去不再是由他們所獨佔 的理解。使用公報、國會辯論紀錄及其他紀念網頁的資訊材料作為資源，它將 追溯德國人對他們二十世紀中葉的戰爭歷史、大屠殺、遷徙、驅逐等重要事件 如何被轉化於歐洲的多元文化社會中。- 3 -
目次
目次
目次
目次
目的……… 4 過程……… 5 心得及建議………6 附錄 附件一英文報告原文………7
- 4 - 中文 中文中文 中文報告內容報告內容報告內容 報告內容 ((((一一一一)))) 目的目的目的目的 雖然我已開始將我的研究轉移到文化記憶上，但最近我認為這仍然是 具有價值的專業意見交換機會，而且在較早的階段中就已經回饋到當前的 工作中。在小組會議中我所發表的論文提出了一些絕對該被更進一步審查 的觀點。一件事是在各種階層或記憶區域中，例如個人記憶、 家族記憶和 紀念活動和記憶政治，所有遵循不同邏輯，但仍密切彼此交互的更多社會 各級的區域之間的緊張關係。更一般地說，這可稱為"詞彙"和"家庭相冊"記 憶間的緊張關係，如同作為公共和私人領域的記憶來被理解。 因此，研究其中之一通常需要對對方的認識。一份報告特別著重在這 方面，藉由德國在 1995 年/96 "帝國陸軍 1941 年-1944 年罪行"展的公私反應 作為一個典型的案例。該展覽特別介紹一些在德國文化記憶的變化，因 此，也立即關聯到我的研究。在納入和排除紀念文化間的邊界也必須是這 項研究的一個重要角度，因為它讓移民及新歸化德國人位置的發展成為亮 點。當前納粹倖存受害者世代的減少也開闢了另一條重新評估和再評估過 程中的"受害者"類別的調查路線。 最後，雖然從本地的德國大多數社群外的所有影響因素— 當然也有國 家強烈的的動態正常化以及它作為反抗運動的過去—一定要被考慮進去。 這方面的重要性絕不能被低估。
- 5 - （ （ （ （二二二二））））過程過程過程過程 本次參與國際學術研討會行程如下，該國際學術研討會於美國密爾 沃基舉行： 行程 2012/10/03 飛往美國密爾沃基機場，10/04 抵達 2012/10/04 大會報到及會議開始(下午)及會議介紹(晚間) 2012/10/05 參與會議座談會(上午及下午) 2012/10/06 參與會議座談會及發表個人論文(上午及下午) 2012/10/07 飛往桃園國際機場，10/08 抵達 遷移研究最近發現了更多被學者忽略或在不同的脈絡及嚴格字義下 不被接受為移民的移民團體。戰後來自東歐的被驅逐者的重構是一個重 要問題，他們也提供了一種從成人及兒童被驅逐者的跨世代觀點，如同 他們的子女及孫子女緊密地互動並組成類似經驗及記憶的社團。東德人 在 1990 年統一後遷徙到國家的西部(反之亦然)支持也存在他們過去觀點 的移民研究可能。 在參與本次會議的過程中，這些不同的傑出人士都為我個人的研究 提供了寶貴的觀點。此外，在小組會議的評論所關注的也提出了在德國 有問題的認同爭議，以及在這些過程中總是處於險境的整體歐洲或是至 少在歐盟之內。空間的重構也在一些發表中扮演了重要角色。從這裡跨 國的或甚至是全球發展的開展可以被看到及分析。它間接地也通常連接 到一個特定空間並且被它動態的變動影響記憶。最後，作為記憶和紀念 方式的表現是文化記憶建立的重要元素，這也有巨大的政治絃外之音。 最後，作為記憶體的表現和紀念活動的一種手段的古跡是文化紀念 還具有強烈的政治色彩的安裝程式中的重要組成部分。在這個領域的研 究因此可以揭示政治的記憶和動態的記憶。
- 6 - （ （ （ （三三三三））））心得及建議事項心得及建議事項心得及建議事項心得及建議事項 本會議在某種方式上幫助讓我的研究計畫在最初的階段圓滿結束並推 進到移民及國際化對德國文化記憶的影響。在這個觀點下我可以立刻從一 份處理歐洲回憶矛頓過程的介紹中獲益。持續的衝突和激烈的辯論清楚地 展現在統一的歐洲中記憶的未來走向仍然是激烈的競賽，並截至目前為止 沒有任何一種可被看到的具體成果。在政治大學歐洲語文學系中，這個領 域也可以完美地作為教學主題。 也是成長中的研究領域—轉型正義，是另一種承擔文化記憶發展的觀 點。在戰時、南北戰爭以及相似事件中的公共犯罪型態的處理，通常反映 了那些事件在其後如何被記得的方式。然而，這個觀點可能的立即關聯同 樣也相當地呈現在教學領域中，免得它超出我的研究計畫範圍。德國殖民 地過去的回憶也是德國紀念文化中尚未被發現的部份。然而，首要的是為 了扮演在德國的教科書書寫、恰當的學校教學以及一般地代表過去提出問 題的角色。它不僅為目前的研究提供了一個重要的參考點，也可能開啟未 來的研究，特別在帶著過去殖民觀點在台灣作為一種潛在的比較方法。這 同樣也可以說是關於整體紀念文化是文化上的單獨現象，因此值得文化上 的比較考察。會議中所以的小組致力於發表｢紀念文化、真實興及戰後德 國與東亞的和平運動｣的研究，這也引人深思該如何發展在此方向的未來 研究觀點。
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附錄 附錄 附錄
附錄—附件一附件一附件一附件一：：：英文報告原文：英文報告原文英文報告原文 英文報告原文
Report on the 36th German Studies Association Annual Conference 4th of October until 7th of October 2012, Milwaukee, USA
English Summary
Over the years, this conference has been proved to be a reliable forum to present and discuss own research, establish and renew contacts with colleagues from various disciplines and to take in new ideas for my teaching and research. First and foremost, though, I wanted to present my own current research activities into Europeanisation,
Immigration, Transculturality: Repercussions on the culture of remembrance in Germany.
This topicbrings together various aspects of a wider field of inquiry which are usually investigated separately and also often not in diachronic perspective. Therefore, it is unique on the one hand, but there are quite some research projects that touch on individual aspect of my research and can prove useful as reference or for further professional exchanges. I spotted presentations on the topics of migration and its relations to cultural and societal developments, especially on the aspect of memories, remembrance and commemoration. Presentations that take up a transnational
perspective were also definitely relevant, not least with regard to methodological approaches, e.g. dealing with issues of comparison and contrast. The aspect of Europeanisation on various levels has remained a strong element among the research presented at this conference, too, and figures strongly in my research. Furthermore, I have ventured again into the by now already pretty established field of Asian German studies, as I still keep an eye on it with a perspective of own future research and was therefore looking for topics and colleagues, alike, relating to my own agenda for research and teaching.
1. Presenting my current research topic
Although I have started my research into the changes of the culture of remembrance only recently I thought it was still a good opportunity to have valuable professional exchanges already at this relatively early stage as it is thus possible to still include all the feedback into the current work. The panel where I presented my paper raised a couple of relevant aspects which definitely merit further examination. One thing is the tension between various levels or areas of memory, e.g. individual memories, family
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memories and the more societal levels of commemoration activities and memory politics, which all follow different logics but still closely interact with one another. More generally, this can be called the tension between the “lexicon” and the “family album” of memory, as the public and private spheres of memories have come to be understood. Therefore, research into one of them usually requires awareness of the other, as well. One paper especially focused on this context, using public and private reactions towards the 1995/96 exhibition on “Crimes of the Wehrmacht 1941-1944” in Germany as a case in point. That exhibition in particular initiated a couple of shifts in the culture of remembrance in Germany and is, therefore, also immediately relevant for my research. The border between inclusion into and exclusion from the culture of remembrance also has to be a vital aspect of this research as it highlights the
respective development of the position of immigrants and newly naturalised Germans. The current demise of the generation of surviving victims of National Socialism also opens up another line of inquiry as the category of “victim” will be reassessed and re-evaluated in the process. Finally – despite all the influential factors from outside the native German majority society – there is of course also a strong dynamic of
normalisation of the nation and its past as a countermovement that necessarily has to be taken into consideration. The importance of this aspect must by no means be underestimated.
Abstract of the presentation:
The German past used to be perceived as the exclusive issue of German nationals living in Germany. Nowadays it has also become an issue for the neighbouring countries because of the European unification process. Furthermore, second and third generation immigrants who were born and raised in Germany but with the cultural and historical background of their parents and grandparents as the main frame of reference also need to be integrated into the scope of remembrance. The ensuing consequences can be termed as forms of transculturality, signifying a departure from the concept of one homogeneous, uniform national culture with one coherent view of its exclusive national past. The paper examines the influential factors of change for the German culture of remembrance and how people in the present dynamically develop their understanding of that past which is no longer their exclusive possession. Using press releases, records of parliamentary debates and information materials from memorial sites as sources, it will be traced how Germans’ approach to major events of
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their mid-20th century history of war, mass murder, flight, expulsion etc. are being transformed in a Europeanised multicultural society.
2. Getting to know the results from similar or related research projects
Migration research has recently discovered more and more groups of migrants which so far have either been overlooked by scholars or have been presented in different contexts and thus were not perceived as migrants in the strict sense of the word. The reconfiguration of German post-war expellees from Eastern Europe is one of the main issues, which also offers a transgenerational outlook since the adult and child
expellees as well as their children and grandchildren all form distinct communities of experience and remembrance who also closely interact with each other. Also East Germans who migrated to the Western part of the country (and vice-versa) after the unification in 1990 hold potential for migration research which also dwells on the view of their past. These various constellations all offer valuable insights for my own research. Additionally, the commentary in the panel concerned brought up the
problematic issue of identity in Germany and the whole of Europe or at least within the European Union, which is always at stake in those processes. The reconfiguration of space also played a role in a couple of presentations. From this it can be seen and analysed how transnational or even global developments unfold. It has indirectly also an impact on memories which usually are bound to a certain space and are thus affected by its dynamic changes. Finally, monuments as manifestations of memory and a means of commemoration are an important element in the setup of a culture of remembrance which also has strong political overtones. Research in this area can, therefore, shed light on memory politics and the dynamics of memories.
3. Perspectives for future research and teaching
In a way this conference helped me to round off the initial period of my research project into the impact of migration and internationalisation on the German culture of remembrance. In this respect I could immediately benefit from one presentation which dealt with the contradictory process of European memory. Ongoing conflicts and heated debates clearly show that the future direction of remembrance in a unified Europe is still hotly contested and no definite outcome of any kind can be seen as of now. This field also serves perfectly as a topic for teaching within Cheng Chi University’s Department of European Languages and Cultures. Transitional justice
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which is also a growing field of research is another aspect that bears on the
development of cultures of remembrance. The way public crimes during wars, civil wars and similar events are dealt with is usually reflected in the way those events are remembered later on. However, the immediate relevance of this aspect probably lies also rather within the teaching area, lest it not overstretch the span of my research project. The memory of Germany’s colonial past is also a somewhat underexplored part of the culture of commemoration in Germany. However, first and foremost it plays a role for writing textbooks and teaching in schools in Germany proper and poses questions of representation of the past in Germany in general. It nevertheless provides a vital point of reference for current research and might open up a possibility for future research, especially with a view of a colonial past in Taiwan as a potential means of comparison. The same can be said about memorial culture on the whole which is a culturally distinct phenomenon and thus merits culturally comparative investigation. Therewas an entire panel at the conference, devoted to the presentation of research into “Memory Culture, Authenticity, and Peace Movements in Post-war Germany and East Asia” which provided a lot of food for thought how to develop a perspective for future research in this direction.
Itinerary:
03 October Flight to Milwaukee Airport, arrival 04 October
04 October Registration and opening of the conference (afternoon) and introductory meetings and events (evening)
05 October Participation in conference panels (morning and afternoon) 06 October Participation in further conference panels and own presentation
(morning and afternoon)
國科會補助計畫衍生研發成果推廣資料表
日期:2013/08/15國科會補助計畫
計畫名稱: 歐洲化、 移民、跨文化性 : 對德國紀念文化的影響 計畫主持人: 陶克思 計畫編號: 101-2410-H-004-201- 學門領域: 文化研究無研發成果推廣資料
101 年度專題研究計畫研究成果彙整表
計畫主持人：陶克思 計畫編號： 101-2410-H-004-201-計畫名稱：歐洲化、 移民、跨文化性 : 對德國紀念文化的影響 量化 成果項目 實際已達成 數（被接受 或已發表） 預期總達成 數(含實際已 達成數) 本計畫實 際貢獻百 分比 單位 備 註 （ 質 化 說 明：如 數 個 計 畫 共 同 成 果、成 果 列 為 該 期 刊 之 封 面 故 事 ... 等） 期刊論文 1 1 100% 研究報告/技術報告 1 1 100% 研討會論文 0 0 100% 篇 論文著作 專書 0 0 100% 申請中件數 0 0 100% 專利 已獲得件數 0 0 100% 件 件數 0 0 100% 件 技術移轉 權利金 0 0 100% 千元 碩士生 1 1 100% 博士生 0 0 100% 博士後研究員 0 0 100% 國內 參與計畫人力 （本國籍） 專任助理 0 0 100% 人次 期刊論文 1 1 100% 研究報告/技術報告 0 0 100% 研討會論文 1 1 100% 篇 論文著作 專書 1 1 100% 章/本 One chapter in an edited volume in Germany. 申請中件數 0 0 100% 專利 已獲得件數 0 0 100% 件 件數 0 0 100% 件 技術移轉 權利金 0 0 100% 千元 碩士生 0 0 100% 博士生 0 0 100% 博士後研究員 0 0 100% 國外 參與計畫人力 （外國籍） 專任助理 0 0 100% 人次其他成果
(
無法以量化表達之成 果如辦理學術活動、獲 得獎項、重要國際合 作、研究成果國際影響 力及其他協助產業技 術發展之具體效益事 項等，請以文字敘述填 列。)Within this year I could also conclude my previous reasearch about the international comparison of memories of former forced labourers and pass the habilitation procedure at Trier University in Germany, resulting in conferral of the license to teach as full professor within the areas of modern and contemporary history.
成果項目 量化 名稱或內容性質簡述 測驗工具(含質性與量性) 0 課程/模組 0 電腦及網路系統或工具 0 教材 0 舉辦之活動/競賽 0 研討會/工作坊 0 電子報、網站 0 科 教 處 計 畫 加 填 項 目 計畫成果推廣之參與（閱聽）人數 0
國科會補助專題研究計畫成果報告自評表
請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況、研究成果之學術或應用價
值（簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性）
、是否適
合在學術期刊發表或申請專利、主要發現或其他有關價值等，作一綜合評估。
1. 請就研究內容與原計畫相符程度、達成預期目標情況作一綜合評估
■達成目標
□未達成目標（請說明，以 100 字為限）
□實驗失敗
□因故實驗中斷
□其他原因
說明：
2. 研究成果在學術期刊發表或申請專利等情形：
論文：□已發表 □未發表之文稿 ■撰寫中 □無
專利：□已獲得 □申請中 ■無
技轉：□已技轉 □洽談中 ■無
其他：（以 100 字為限）
3. 請依學術成就、技術創新、社會影響等方面，評估研究成果之學術或應用價
值（簡要敘述成果所代表之意義、價值、影響或進一步發展之可能性）（以
500 字為限）
The culture of remembrance in Germany has become a research topic of utmost importance. With this research project, it becomes clearer what kind changes it has undergone over the last twenty years. Since World War II has significance for numerous countries around the world, it will also provide tools and patterns of understanding for the analysis of similar processes elsewhere. With migration becoming an common feature of many countries, as well, it is also important to reflect on the impact this has on our understanding of a national past.
