穆斯林婦女與中東現代化:科威特婦女的解放運動 - 政大學術集成

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(1)ᗪཎࣥഡՖፖխࣟ෼‫֏ז‬ — ઝ৖௽ഡՖऱᇞ࣋ሎ೯ 中阿文庫. Ꮵႁྱ**. ኴ૞. 28. ෼‫֏ז‬ਢᖏ৵խࣟषᄎ࿇୶ऱᑪੌፖ᝟ႨΔ෡ࠠᗑ௽ࢤ ऱْཎᥞ‫ڂ‬੡ፖ෼‫֏ז‬ऱฆᔆࢤኙխࣟ෼‫֏ז‬ၞ࿓࿯ղᄕ Օᣂࣹ֗ᐙ᥼Ζխࣟ๺‫ڍ‬ᄅᗑ‫م‬ऱᗪཎࣥഏ୮‫ڇ‬ኔ۩۫‫ڤ‬෼ ‫֏ז‬መ࿓խኙᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫ૹګݮ‬૞ᐙ᥼Δࠏ‫ڕ‬ઝ৖௽ਢ‫ޡ‬Ե ෼‫֏ז‬መ࿓່‫࠷ࠀڰ‬൓ૹՕ‫ګ‬༉ऱ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮Δઝ৖௽ ഡՖਢ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱՖࢤխ່‫נߨڰ‬୮அΕၞԵඒߛ֗ ՠ‫܂‬Ꮖ഑Δ੷۟‫ࡺۯ‬ਙࢌ૞៭Δ‫܀‬থऴࠩ 2005 ‫ڣ‬թᛧ൓ഗ ‫ء‬ऱਙए೶ፖᦞ‫ܓ‬Ζ ഏփኙ࣍௧᨜ഏ୮ഡՖऱઔߒਢለ֟ऱΔ‫א֮ء‬ઝ৖௽ ऱഡՖᇞ࣋ሎ೯੡ࠏΔ൶ಘ෼‫֏ז‬መ࿓խᗪཎࣥഡՖऱ෼ण ፖञ࠷ᦞ‫ܓ‬ऱᕿ೐መ࿓Δ‫֗א‬ഡՖቸ᧯ፖْཎᥞ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽෼ ‫֏ז‬խࢬ‫ފ‬ዝऱߡ‫ۥ‬Ζ. ᣂ᝶ဲΚ෼‫֏ז‬ΕْཎᥞΕᗪཎࣥഡՖΕਙए೶ፖΕઝ৖ ௽ΕഡՖᇞ࣋ሎ೯ΕഡՖቸ᧯. **. ‫ء‬ᓵ֮ᆖ؆ᐉຏመ৵‫࿆ע‬ ഏ‫م‬ਙएՕᖂॳࢮ‫܄‬፿֮ᖂߓറٚᝑஃ. 89.

(2) 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. Muslim Women and Modernization in the Middle East – The Case of Women’s Liberation Movement in Kuwait Liou, Yea-Lin. Abstract Modernization is the post-war currency and tendency of social development in the Middle East. Islam with its intense uniqueness. gives. great. concerns. and. influences. over. modernization process in the Middle East because of its distinctly essential characters. It is very important to understand Muslim. women’s. status. when. examining. the. western. modernization process in the Middle East which started after the dependence of many Muslim Countries in the region. The modernization process and development of civil society in Kuwait has gone the farthest and attained tremendous achievements in the Gulf. The Kuwaiti women are the earliest among the Gulf states to achieve their freedom outside their home, educational attainment, and paid labor force, even the senior government post, but they have been excluded from basic political rights, such as voting and running for the parliament, until 2005. There is little research on Gulf women in Taiwan because of difficulties in gaining access to the documents and the 90.

(3) populations. This paper addresses women’s liberation movement and builds on the case studies on Kuwaiti women by focusing on the structures through which individuals participate in civil 中阿文庫. society. My analysis focuses on Islam, Muslim women’s status and women’s organizations which are important to the modernization in Kuwait.. 28. Key words: modernization, Islam, Muslim women, political rights, Kuwait, liberation movement, women’s organization.. 91.

(4) 1. ছߢ ᗪཎࣥഡՖऱषᄎ‫ۯچ‬ംᠲਢຍ༓Լ‫ࠐڣ‬խࣟ‫ٺ‬ഏ෼ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ‫଀ޏ֏ז‬ፖႚอْཎᥞ৳ऄհၴข‫س‬ᖿ௺ञ᥯ऱԫႈ‫׌‬૞ ᤜᠲΔխࣟഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ऱ༼೏ွᐛԱ෼‫֏ז‬ፖঅ‫׌ښ‬ᆠऱኙ‫ݼ‬ ፖ‫࠰ݔ‬Δࠀ‫ڇ׊‬ৰՕ࿓৫ՂഡՖឭๅԱ‫ڇ‬ႚอषᄎխࠉॵ࣍ ߊࢤऱൕ᥆‫ۯچ‬Δၲࡨᖑ‫ڶ‬ຝ։ऱᆖᛎᗑ‫م‬ፖषᄎ‫س‬੒़ ၴΔൕषᄎ່ࢍᐋ࢓խՂᐋषᄎੌ೯ΖഡՖၞԵඒߛΕٞᄐΕ ਙएΕ૨ֱ࿛षᄎ‫ٺ‬ၸᐋՠ‫܂‬ፖ੒೯Δࠏ‫ْڕ‬ிഡՖᛧ൓ᘭ ߦዿࡉؓᑻऱ௘ዊΔॳࢮ‫܄‬ഡՖ‫אױ‬ᅝ़૨૨ࡴΕՕࠌΕຝ ९Εٞᄐֆ‫׹‬ച۩९Ε‫ف‬ईᙁ‫נ‬ഏิ៣ΰOPECαࡡ୉ᄎࡡ ୉Εᜤ‫ٽ‬ഏࡴ୉Δຍᑌऱ࿇୶‫᧢ޏ‬Ա଺‫ڶ‬ऱषᄎၸᐋፖ᧯ ࠫΔ෡ࠥ‫ࠀ᧢ޏچ‬ᓢᚰխࣟषᄎऱ࿨ዌፖ௃ਮΔਢխࣟ෼‫ז‬ ֏ऱԫႈૹ૞ਐᑑΖ ۞ 20 ‫׈‬ધխཚ‫ࠐא‬ΔಾኙഡՖᦞ墿ംᠲ୶ၲ‫ࢤ੺׈‬ऱ ಘᓵΔ௫֗ԱߊՖؓ࿛Ε֘ኙࢤܑࣴီΕᨃഡՖ೶ፖ෼‫֏ז‬ ৬๻࿛փ୲ΔഡՖᇞ࣋‫ګ‬੡ᘝၦषᄎၞ‫ޡ‬༏৫ፖေ۷ഏ୮֮ ࣔ࿓৫ऱԫଡᑑᄷΖխࣟᗪཎࣥഏ୮ਅ‫ْښ‬ཎᥞፖႚอ֮֏ ฾ঋΔ‫܀‬Ոྐඨၞ‫ޡ‬ၲ࿇ࠀ༼ଠ෼‫֏ז‬࿇୶ΔՈ๺‫إ‬ਢᎁᢝ ࠩ޲‫ڶ‬ഡՖᐖऑ੒ᥬ‫چ‬೶ፖ৬๻ऱഏ୮Δլ‫ױ‬౨ᖑ‫ڶ‬࿇ሒፖ ࡉᘫ࿇୶ऱषᄎΔࢬ‫ץא‬ਔ௧᨜অ‫܄ࢮॳښ‬ഏ୮‫ڇ‬փऱխࣟ ᗪཎࣥഏ୮ઌᤉലഡՖംᠲ࣋‫ڇ‬ԫଡᚨ‫ڶ‬ऱ೏৫ࠐૹီΔፂ ᥨഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬Ε༼೏ഡՖ‫ګۯچ‬੡‫ٺ‬ഏਙए‫଀ޏ‬ऱૹរΖ ‫܀‬ਢᜤ‫ٽ‬ഏπॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮Գᣊ࿇୶໴‫ ܫ‬2002ρ1 ਐ‫ॳנ‬ ࢮ‫܄‬षᄎ֮ळΕຆᒡΕ؈ᄐऱֺࠏ‫ڇ‬լឰՂ֒ΔࠡխഡՖऱ ๠ቼ֠੡༞‫٭‬ΔഡՖᔡ࠹ᑊԺऱ෼ွ‫ڶ‬ᏺྤ྇Δઌᣂऄ৳௽ 1. 92. UNDP, Arab Human Development Report, (Geneva: United Nations. 2002).

(5) ܑਢ‫ا‬ऄխऱࢤܑࣴီࠉྥ‫ڇژ‬Δߊࢤ‫ڇ‬༉ᄐՂս๠࣍ᚌႨ ‫ۯچ‬ΔഡՖ๯ଷኆ೶ਙᦞ‫ܓ‬Δࢨႛᛧ൓।૿‫ڤݮ‬ऱᙇᜰᦞፖ ๯ᙇᜰᦞΖ໴‫ܫ‬խലψՖᦞω Εψ۞‫ط‬ωΕ ψवᢝωီ੡ॳࢮ‫܄‬ 中阿文庫. ഏ୮ऱԿՕߧ‫ڗ‬Δࠀ༼‫׌اנ‬ਢॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮௣ೈຍԿՕߧ‫ڗ‬ ऱᖯᑚΖπ2005 ‫܄ࢮॳڣ‬ഏ୮Գᣊ࿇୶໴‫܄ࢮॳٻ૿—ܫ‬ഏ ୮ഡՖऱ஡ᘋρ2 ‫ܛ‬ಾኙഡՖ‫ڇ‬ՂᖂΕՠ‫܂‬Εᜲֽԯ۟౨‫ܡ‬. 28. ‫נ‬ٚഏᄎ‫ז‬।Εᖜٚ۩ਙຝ॰Εഏ୮փਙፖ૨ࠃᖲዌ૞៭࿛ ᤜᠲ୶ၲ৸‫ە‬Δࠀ༉‫ڕ‬۶ᙇࢸഡՖ‫ז‬।࿛ംᠲ୶ၲ‫ך‬։ಘ ᓵΔ༉ഡՖ೶ਙΕ‫م‬ऄΕᆖᛎΕඒߛ࿛ு֨ംᠲ༼‫נ‬ᄅ઎ऄΔ ࠀ๻უ៶‫ط‬ഡՖऱኔᎾՠ‫ࠐ܂‬ኔ෼ຍࠄ᎛ན๵ቤΖ ‫ف੺׈‬ई༄ഏઝ৖௽ਢ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮խ‫ޡ‬Ե෼‫֏ז‬ መ࿓່‫ڰ‬Δ෼‫֏ז‬࿓৫່೏ΔਙएΕᆖᛎ᧯່ࠫ‫ݙ‬࿳ऱഏ୮Δ 3. ‫܀‬ս᥆࣍ઌᅝႚอঅ‫ښ‬ऱْཎᥞഏ୮Ζ۞ൕ 1961 ‫࠷ڣ‬൓‫ا‬. ගᗑ‫م‬৵Δ௽ܑਢ 1970 ‫ࠐאזڣ‬Δ‫ڇ‬ᆖᛎषᄎ࿇୶ࡉ‫׌ا‬ ਙए࿛෼‫֏ז‬ၞ࿓ֱ૿բ࠷൓ૹՕ‫ګ‬༉Ζઝ৖௽ഡՖլႛਢ ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱՖࢤխ່‫נߨڰ‬୮அΕၞԵඒߛ֗ՠ‫܂‬Ꮖ ഑ΔՈਢ່٣‫נ‬ٚԫࠄਙࢌ೏ᐋጥ෻៭‫ۯ‬ΕᖜٚՕᖂீ९Δ ੷۟ਢรԫ‫ۯ‬ऱॳࢮ‫܄‬Ֆࢤ‫נ‬ٚᕋ؆ՕࠌΖഡՖ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽෼ ‫֏ז‬ऱመ࿓խ࿇ཀլ‫౒ࢨױ‬ऱ‫ش܂‬Δ‫נࢤߊ࣏࢓ڇ‬௧౰۩ऱ ֲ՗ᇙΔઝ৖௽ഡՖ‫ેڇ‬ᛔᜱᣄऱᛩቼΕደ९ऱ࿛ৱፖ‫ݴ‬ર ऱᄣִխΔଶᑞഒൎ‫چ‬ፂ਍षᄎ‫ࡳڜ‬Δঅ਍षᄎႚอΔ‫ڼڂ‬ ‫ڔ‬ଚ‫ڶࠆࠐٻ‬௽௘ऱषᄎ‫ۯچ‬Ζഏփኙ࣍௧᨜ഏ୮ഡՖऱઔ ߒਢለ֟ऱΔ‫א֮ء‬ઝ৖௽ऱഡՖᇞ࣋ሎ೯੡ࠏΔ൶ಘ෼‫ז‬ ֏መ࿓խᗪཎࣥഡՖऱ෼णፖञ࠷ᦞ‫ܓ‬ऱᕿ೐መ࿓Δ‫֗א‬ഡ Ֆቸ᧯ፖْཎᥞࢬ‫ފ‬ዝऱߡ‫ۥ‬Ζ 2 Amat Al-Alim Alsoswa, Arab Human Development Repor 2005: Towards the Rise of Women in the Arab World, (EB/OL), (2005-03-01), http://www.rbas.undp.org/ahdr2005.shtml 3 ್ᖂ࢘ထΔ τઝ৖௽षᄎऱ᧢ᔢυ Δπॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρΔ2002 ‫ڣ‬Δ03 ཚΔ଄ 59Ζ. 93.

(6) 2. ઝ৖௽ऱ෼‫֏ז‬ ࠹ 19 ‫׈‬ધॳࢮ‫܄‬ඔ፞৸უፖ२‫ז‬ऑْཎᥞ‫׌‬ᆠ৸უऱ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ᐙ᥼ለ෡ऱઝ৖௽೸Գ֗वᢝٝ՗ΔࠩԱ 20 ‫׈‬ધॣԾ෡࠹ ؆ຝΔ௽ܑਢ 18 ‫׈‬ધᑛ੊ᇷขၸ్ඔ፞৸უऱၴ൷ᐙ᥼Δ ၲࡨං೯ઝ৖௽ऱඔ፞ሎ೯Ζຍጟ۞ՀۖՂऱඔ፞ሎ೯ଈ٣ ༼‫נ‬ඒߛඑഏΔ‫໌א‬๻ᄅীᖂீΕ༼೏‫ا‬ගైᔆΕ‫ؖ‬ཆْཎ ᥞ੡աٚΔհ৵Ծ༼‫֘נ‬০ഏΕ֘ཷ‫ا‬Εञ࠷‫ا‬ගᗑ‫م‬Δ‫׌‬ ്ኔ۩ᄵࡉ‫଀ޏ‬Δլ֘ኙ៳֣᎒୮ගऱ‫᦭׈‬อएΔ‫׽‬૞‫ޣ‬೶ ਙΕᤜਙऱᦞ‫ܓ‬Δ‫ڼڂ‬൓ࠩอएၸ్ऱᎁ‫ױ‬Δ੡ઝ৖௽Գ‫ا‬ ឭๅ০ഏ‫׌‬ᆠፖཷ‫׌ا‬ᆠΕߨՂ‫ا‬ගᗑ‫م‬Ε‫ޡ‬Ե෼‫֏ז‬࿇୶ ೚‫ړ‬ᄷໂΖ 20 ‫׈‬ધխᆺᅝୗ֗࿛ഏऱॳࢮ‫ا܄‬ග֘০ഏΕ֘ཷ‫ا‬Ε ञ࠷‫ا‬ගᇞ࣋ሎ೯ऱ௡ᑪஂ൴ઝ৖௽ழΔ៳֣᎒୮ගፖԳ‫ا‬ ీ‫ڇ‬ԫದ୶ၲ֘૎ഏཷ‫ا‬อएऱ‫ا‬ගᇞ࣋ሎ೯Δ1961 ‫ ڣ‬6 ִ 19 ֲ૎ഏլ൓լ൷࠹ୗ‫ۏ‬ዿॳؒຟࢮΘ៳‫ࡥܓ‬ᐒೈπઝ૎࠰ ࡳρऱ૞‫ޣ‬Δࢭᎁઝ৖௽ᗑ‫م‬Ζ1961 ‫ ڣ‬12 ִ 30 ֲୗ‫ۏ‬ዿቇ ؒऄ‫ח‬Δ‫ط‬ֆ‫ا‬ऴ൷ᙇᜰรԫࡻ‫م‬ᖆࡡ୉ᄎ 20 ‫ࡡټ‬୉Δ1962 ‫ ڣ‬11 ִ 11 ֲቇؒᖆऄΔᒔ‫م‬ઝ৖௽੡ਙඒ‫ٽ‬ԫऱ‫م׌ܩ‬ᖆ ࠫਙ᧯Ζઝ৖௽ኔ۩ऱਢઌኙၲࣔऱ‫م׌ܩ‬ᖆࠫΔࠡ෼‫ז‬ഏ ୮ਙएࠫ৫ፖ࿇୶ᑓ‫ڇڤ‬խْࣟཎᥞ‫ڶࠠ੺׈‬ԫࡳ‫ז‬। ࢤΔ൅‫ڶ‬ᖺদऱਙඒ‫ٽ‬ԫ‫ۥ‬൑Δ‫׌ܩ‬ᖑ‫ڶ‬ৰՕኔᦞΔႃඒᦞΕ ਙᦞΕගᦞΕፖ૨ᦞ࣍ԫߪΔ‫܀‬լਢࡲඒࢨ壄壀Ꮖ๱Δٍॺ ْཎᥞඒᆠऱᇭᤩृΔ‫׽‬ਢ‫ْא‬ཎᥞ‫ټ‬ᆠቇؒ‫ٺ‬ႈऄ‫ח‬Εऄ ๵Εऄ৳ፖ૨ࠃࡎ‫ח‬ΔࠡᦞԺլࠠ壀ࢤΖࠀ‫࠹׊‬ഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎࠫ ᘝΔᤜᄎፖᤜᄎࠫૡऱᖆऄኙୗ‫ۏ‬ዿ‫ڶ‬ԫࡳऱપ‫ش܂ޔ‬Δࠠ ‫ڶ‬ਬࠄ࿓৫Ղऱ‫׌ا‬Ζ 94.

(7) ઝ৖௽ୗ‫ۏ‬ዿ‫א‬෼‫ז‬ਙࢌᖲዌ᎖‫ْא‬ཎᥞፖཾडຝᆵ ऱრᢝীኪࠐፂᥨ۞աऱอएΔ‫ْڇ‬ཎᥞඒᆠΕඒऄഗ៕Ղ ‫ֱ۫گܮ‬Δ௽ܑਢ૎ഏऄ৳壄᧮ፖຝ։փ୲ࠐࠫૡᖆऄ֗‫ٺ‬ 中阿文庫. ጟऄ‫ח‬Εऄ๵ፖऄ৳Δ‫א‬ፂ਍षᄎए‫ڜ‬ፖ᡹ࡳΖւ๺ᄅፊΕ ‫נ‬ठΕ࿨षΕߢᓵ֗ࡲඒॾٛ۞‫ط‬Δլ଱৬‫م‬ਙ᤻Δ‫܀‬ւ๺ ᄷਙ᤻ิ៣‫ڇژ‬Δࠀ‫זࠡگܮ‬।ၞԵᤜᄎ֗ਙࢌΔ4 ‫ا‬ᙇऱ. 28. ഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎഗ‫ء‬Ղ‫ז‬।षᄎऱ‫ٺ‬ଡၸᐋፖႜ‫ٻ‬Δኙอएၸ్ऱ ࠫૡਙ࿜ข‫ૹس‬Օᐙ᥼Ζ‫ؾ‬ছઝ৖௽อएၸ్‫֣៳ط‬᎒୮ග ႃቸΕՒထ୮ගႃቸΕْிԳႃቸΕْࢮ‫܌‬Գႃቸิ‫ګ‬Δ៳ ֣᎒୮ගਢอएၸ్ऱு֨୮ගΔࠡ‫ה‬୮ග‫فڇ‬ईၲ࿇ছ༉ ਢઝ৖௽ऱඨගΔհ৵ດዬ࿇୶‫ګ‬೸ᄐᇷ‫ء‬୮Δ‫ڍ‬ᑇ‫ ڇ‬1921 ‫مګڣ‬ऱ࠰೸ࡡ୉ᄎፖ 1938 ‫مګڣ‬ऱ‫م‬ऄࡡ୉ᄎխ‫ஂڶ۾‬ ‫ۯ‬Δ‫ڇ‬ᗑ‫م‬৵ऱઝ৖௽ᤜᄎΕփᎹΕᎬ۩Ε‫ދ‬ᇷֆ‫׹‬Εՠᄐ ֆ‫׹‬ᇀࠃᄎխՈຟ‫ૹڶ۾‬૞៭‫ۯ‬Ζ5 ઝ৖௽଺٣‫א‬ድᄐΕආఇᄐፖຬΕ௧᠏ሎ၉࣐੡‫׌‬૞ข ᄐΔ‫ࡴא‬ቛᇷ‫ء‬੡‫׌‬Δ᎖‫א‬՛೸ᄐᇷ‫ء‬ዌ‫ګ‬ऱᇷ‫׌ء‬ᆠᆖ ᛎΖൕ 1899 ‫ڣ‬πઝ૎࠰ࡳρ᡽ૡ۟ 1914 ‫ڣ‬รԫ‫੺׈ڻ‬Օᖏ ᡨ࿇Δઝ৖௽‫֣៳אګݮ‬᎒୮ග੡อएு֨ऱࡴቛᇷขၸ ్Δ‫࣍ॵࠉ֗א‬อए୮ග‫א‬೸ᄐᇷ‫ء‬୮੡ഗ៕ऱᄅᘋ೸ᄐ‫ا‬ ගᇷขၸ్ࠟՕႃቸΖ‫׼‬؆‫ڶ଺ڇ‬ຝᆵഗ៕Ղ৬‫م‬ऱ‫ۨא‬ᒴ ੡ో൅ऱּගࢨຝග૷९ࠫ৫Δտ࣍ࡴቛᇷขၸ్ፖᄅᘋ೸ ᄐᇷขၸ్հၴΔ‫ڼڂ‬षᄎઌኙ᡹ࡳ᜗ዊΖ1938 ‫ڣ‬࿇෼Օၦ ‫ف‬ईΔᑑ፾ထઝ৖௽‫ف‬ईழ‫ז‬ऱࠩࠐΔດዬ᠏֏੡‫فא‬ईՠ ᄐ੡‫׌‬૞ขᄐΔ‫ࡴא‬ቛᇷ‫ء‬ፖՕ೸ᄐᇷ‫ء‬੡‫׌‬ᖄऱഏ୮ᇷ‫ء‬ ‫׌‬ᆠᆖᛎΖ1951 ‫ڣ‬Ε1955 ‫ڣ‬٣৵‫ٻ‬૎Εભ‫ڃگ‬ຝ։‫ف‬ईै 4. ८ࡵ԰ထΔ πْཎᥞඒፖ‫੺׈‬ਙएρΔ‫ࠇק‬Κषઝ֮᣸‫נ‬ठषΔ1996 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 60Ζ Ꮵຶፖ‫ڜ‬ፂဎထΔ π෼‫ז‬௧᨜ഏ୮ਙए᧯ࠫઔߒρ Δ‫ࠇק‬Κխഏषᄎઝᖂ‫נ‬ठषΔ1994 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 229-230Ζ. 5. 95.

(8) ᦞΔ‫ف‬ई‫گ‬ԵՕ༏৫Ղ֒Δ1970 ‫זڣ‬ઝ৖௽‫ف‬ईತ༄؎ᏺΔ ߰ຒሀԵ෼‫֏ז‬ഏ୮ऱ۩٨Ζ ‫֣៳א‬᎒୮ග੡‫׌‬ऱഏ୮ᇷ‫׌ء‬ᆠֲ墿‫ף‬ൎΔઝ৖௽ԫ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ࠄ‫ف‬ई೸Գດዬ࿇୶‫ګ‬ԫࡳႨԺऱ‫ا‬ගᇷขၸ్Δࠀ‫ګ‬੡ං ೯षᄎ‫଀ޏ‬ऱխഒԺၦΖ6 ‫ڇ‬௧᨜ॳࢮ‫ࠫ׌ܩ܄‬ऱഏ୮խΔ ઝ৖௽‫ڇ‬ං೯ഡՖൕႚอߨ‫ٻ‬෼‫֏ז‬ऱֱ૿ದ‫ޡ‬ৰ‫ڰ‬Δ7 ᒴ ದ࣍ᑇ‫׈‬ધ‫ࠐא‬ԫऴ‫א‬౰௧၉࣐੡‫׌‬ऱઝ৖௽षᄎଅ௛ለ ၲ࣋Δ࣐࣍൷࠹᧢֏Δۖ‫א׊‬೸Գ੡‫׌‬ऱՂᐋषᄎ‫ګ‬୉ፖᅝ ‫׆ז‬৛୮ගᣂএയ֊Δ‫֣៳א‬᎒୮ග੡ଈऱઝ৖௽ਙࢌኙഡ Ֆᇞ࣋ऱኪ৫ለ੡ၲࣔΔՂᐋषᄎՖࢤๅՀ૿౅᜕ᖩ࣍៭໱ ऱറᄐഡՖ‫ݮ‬ွΔঁ‫ګ‬੡ઝ৖௽ਙࢌ‫פګ‬ං೯෼‫֏ז‬ऱ᧩ထ ᑑ፾Ζ ‫فא‬ई൅೯ᖞଡഏ‫ا‬ᆖᛎ࿇୶ऱ‫ڍ‬ց֏ᆖᛎ࿇୶ᖏ ฃΔ‫شܓ‬Օၦईց࿇୶ٌຏሎᙁࡉຏಛ࿛ഗ៕๻ਜΔᘋ৬࿇ ሽΕ௧ֽ෉֏ᐗࡉ֚ྥ௛‫ף‬ՠΕ‫ف‬ई֏ՠ࿛ٞᄐΔດ‫ޡ‬ኔ෼ ២ଇ۞࿯ࡉՠᄐ֏Δ1980 ‫זڣ‬ઝ৖௽‫ګ‬੡‫່੺׈‬༄‫ڶ‬ऱഏ୮ հԫΖ1990 ‫ڂॣזڣ‬੡รԫ‫ڻ‬௧᨜ᖏञᔡ࠹ૹՕჾ؈Δ‫܀‬ 1991 ‫ ڣ‬2 ִ༚ഏ৵ਙ࿜൓ᅝΔ൓‫א‬ႉ‫਀ܓ‬༚ᆖᛎΔ1995 ‫ڣ‬ ழഏ‫سا‬ขֻᠰսඈ‫੺׈ڇ‬ছԼ‫ټ‬Ζ8 ࠩԱ‫׈ء‬ધઝ৖௽ᗨ ᄕᓳᖞขᄐ࿨ዌΔՕԺ࿇୶፹ທᄐΕልᄐࡉ८ᘜᄐ࿛Δ‫ך‬։ ‫شܓ‬ഏփΕഏᎾࠟଡؑ໱ᑨԺΔ‫ܘ‬Ժ৬‫م‬ഏփ؆ؑ໱ጹയઌ ຑऱᅂईࡉᔭഇጻሁΔࠀᗨᄕ‫א‬ሰᠰ‫ف‬ईભց‫ڇ‬௧؆‫ދ‬ᇷᛧ ‫ܓ‬Ζ ෼‫֏ז‬ԫֱ૿ࠌઝ৖௽ഗ៕࿨ዌऱ৬‫؎ڶم‬Օ᠏‫މ‬Δ‫׼‬ ԫֱ૿ᜍ՛ઝ৖௽ፖբၲ࿇ഏ୮ऱ஁၏Δመ‫װ‬༓Լ‫ࠐڣ‬ኙ࣍ 6 7 8. 96. ᠏֧۞್ᖂ࢘ထΔ଄ 58Ζ ٔᐜੳထΔ τઝ৖௽ഡՖऱषᄎ‫ۯچ‬υΔ πॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρ Δ1996 ‫ڣ‬Δ04 ཚΔ଄ 49Ζ ್ᖂ࢘ထΔ଄ 56Ζ.

(9) ֆ٥৬๻ऱ‫ދ‬Ե਍ᥛᏺ‫ף‬խΔբሒᑇՏᏙભցΖषᄎ֮֏‫س‬ ੒᧢֏ৰՕΔൕഏ‫سا‬ขֻᠰࠐ઎Δ‫ ڇ‬1980 ‫ॣזڣ‬༉բሒ ࠩ੷۟၌መբၲ࿇ഏ୮ऱֽᄷΖઝ৖௽ൕ଺ࠐႛ‫ࢪ៱۔ڶ‬՗ 中阿文庫. ፖ՛ࢋᔮऱৄؑΔ᠏᧢੡ֽሽ࿛ֆ٥ഗ៕๻ਜ಻୚Ꮨ٤Δ‫א‬ ֗᠔᛭Εඒߛ࿛षᄎࣚ೭ࡌ٤ऱ෼‫֏ז‬ՕຟؑΖઝ৖௽Գऱ ‫گ‬Եፖ‫س‬੒ֽᄷ‫ڼڂ‬Օ༏༼೏Δ‫ࢬ܍‬൓࿔Δ‫܍‬၄ඒߛፖ᠔. 28. ᛭Δᝫ‫ৢࢪڶ‬Εՠ‫܂‬Ε՗ՖΕᄅദΕՠ᤿࿛ਙࢌᇖ‫ܗ‬ፖ੍၀Δ ਙࢌࠀൕഡՖᡖ઼ၲࡨঁ࿇࿯‫ ִޢ‬50 ઝ৖௽ร౏ዿऱᇖ ၀Ζ9 ഏ୮ᝫຘመറ॰ᖲዌኙֆ‫ا‬༉ᄐ༼ࠎऴ൷ག‫ܗ‬Δ෼‫ڇ‬ Օຝ։ઝ৖௽Գຟ‫ڇ‬ਙࢌᖲዌΕഏᛜٞᄐխՠ‫܂‬Δࠡ‫ࣚה‬೭ ࢤ۩ᄐ‫طڍ‬؆ᤄ໎ՠᖜٚΖઝ৖௽‫ء‬ഏֆ‫ا‬ऱՠᇷ೏Δਙࢌ ຝ॰ऱᨚ‫ࡴ్ݝ‬୉ִᜲપ 1.1 ᆄભցΔ່‫܅‬ᐋ៭୉ִᜲՈሒ 1 ՏભցΔઝ৖௽Գऱᆖᛎ‫گ‬Եઌᅝ᠆দΔ‫ټ‬٨‫੺׈‬༄ഏऱ ছ༓‫ۯ‬Ζ10 ઝ৖௽Գ۰ऱࢪ՗‫ࠐ଺ط‬ऱؓࢪ᧢‫ۃࣺཾڶګ‬ऱ ܑኀΔ଺ࠐऱ‫ڤ۔‬᢮߫ང‫່ګ‬ᄅཱིၒ߫Ε‫ٳ‬ཏ߫Δ୮೭ՠ‫܂‬ ‫ٱط‬৫Εဗ৳ᎏऱ؆႗ᖜٚΔ‫ڶ‬ऱઝ৖௽Ֆ৘‫ ڇ‬18 ᄣ‫ֲس‬ ழ‫ئ׀‬ᄎಬԫᔖ Jaguar ၒ߫ᅝ‫ֲس‬៖ढΔ11 ᅝྥ‫ࠄڶ‬ઝ৖௽ Գսঅ਍ᆏᏠᖦైऱ฾ክΔ‫܀‬ਢ᜔᧯‫س‬੒ऱ༄ᇛլߢ‫ױ‬໧Ζ ‫ڇ‬௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮խΔઝ৖௽ኙඒߛऱૹီႛ‫֣࣍ڻ‬ ࣥΔᙟထ‫ف‬ईತ༄ऱᏺ९Δᆖᛎऱ߰ຒ࿇୶Δઝ৖௽լႛኔ ਜᆠ೭ඒߛΔૹီൿळሎ೯֗‫ګ‬ԳඒߛΔᝫીԺ࣍ሽᆰຍԫ ෼‫ז‬ඒߛՠࠠऱࠌ‫ش‬ፖཏ֗Δ੔᎞ᑇଡ‫ז‬।ቸࠩ௧؆ᖂ฾‫ٺ‬ ᣊറᄐΔࠀ༼ࠎᖂ‫ٌس‬ຏՠࠠΕ២ଇΕፖࠡ‫ה‬ढᔆ࿛‫ٺ‬ႈᇷ ‫ܗ‬Δ‫ڶ‬ऱՕᖂ‫س‬ԫଡִ‫ױ‬Ꮖࠩ 500 ઝ৖௽ร౏ዿऱሿ‫ش‬ᙒΖ 9. ԫଡઝ৖௽ร౏ዿપ‫ ٽމ‬3.4 ભցΖ. 10. http://www.china.com.cn/world/txt/2006-11/16/content_7367814.htm 2006-11-16 ᤕဒ೷Θ჋ཎ‫ߺ׬‬ΕᗪߔᚈᐚΘᕙশ‫ۏ‬ထΔ๺ཕ໑᤟Δ τ௧᨜ࣔఇઝ৖௽υ Δ π‫ڃ‬ග֮ᖂρ Δ2008 ‫ڣ‬Δ02 ཚΔ଄ 71Ζ 11. 97.

(10) 12. ઝ৖௽ದॣ֮ळ෷ೣ೏Δ‫ف࣍ط܀‬ईತ༄ࠌ൓ඒߛཏ֗෷. ߰ຒ༼೏Δॣ࿛ඒߛऱ࿇୶ՕՕ༼೏ᢝ‫ڗ‬෷Δ1970 ‫ ۟ڣ‬1992 ‫ڣ‬ऱᢝ‫ڗ‬෷༼೏ 0.74 ଍Δ13 ‫ ڇ‬20 ‫ڣ‬ऱழၴխ֮ळԳᑇൕ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. 1970 ‫׭זڣ‬ԳՑ᜔ᑇऱ 48.3%Հ૾ࠩ 1990 ‫זڣ‬ऱ 11.5%Ζ14 1990 ‫ڣ‬ඒߛᆖ၄‫ڇ‬ഏ‫سا‬ขֻᠰխऱֺࠏ੡ 5%Δ1994 ‫۟ڣ‬ 1995 ‫ڣ‬৫ऱඒߛᆖ၄‫ڇ‬ቃጩխऱֺࠏ੡ 9.8%Δਢඒߛᆖ၄ ለ೏ऱխࣟഏ୮հԫΖ15 ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱ೏࿛ඒߛ࿇୶ຒ৫ለ‫ݶ‬Δ֠ࠡ‫ࠅ۫ڇ‬ऱॳ ࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ΔՕᖂ‫س‬Գᑇᏺ९ֺࠏՕຟ၌መխᖂ‫س‬Ζൕཏ֗࿓ ৫ࠐ઎Δբၲ࿇ഏ୮‫ ڇ‬1989 ‫ڣ‬ऱཏ֗෷੡ 27%Δઝ৖௽ঞ ፖપ‫؟‬Εୗ֗Ε‫׬‬ሒΕඖ‫ࠅܓ‬࿛ഏጩਢॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮խ೏࿛ඒ ߛለ࿇ሒऱഏ୮Ζൕറᄐ࿨ዌࠐ઎Δॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱՕᖂೣૹ ‫ࡲא‬ඒ੡‫׌‬ऱႚอ֮ઝඒߛΔ1990 ‫ڣ‬Օᖂ‫س‬խ෻ՠઝᖂ‫ؓس‬ ݁‫ ׭‬35%Δ1994 ‫ ۟ڣ‬1995 ‫ڣ‬৫ઝ৖௽Օᖂ‫س‬խ෻ՠઝᖂ‫س‬ ‫ ׭‬35.6%Δ16 1995 ‫ڣ‬ঞਢ 39%Ζ17 ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱઔߒ‫س‬ඒ ߛ२‫ࠐڣ‬࿇୶ለ‫ݶ‬Δ࿇୶່‫ݶ‬ऱਢઝ৖௽࿛௧᨜ॳࢮ‫ٺ܄‬ഏ ፖॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬Εᐰ੖ୂΕપ‫؟‬Εඖ‫ࠅܓ‬Ζઔߒ‫س‬ऱറᄐՂΔ 1990 ‫ڣ‬ऱᑇᖕ᧩‫ق‬Δ۞ྥઝᖂ‫ ׭‬15.7%Δՠ࿓ᖂ‫ ׭‬14.3%Δ ልᖂ‫ ׭‬11.9%Δ֮ઝ‫ ׭‬45.8%Δᇠ‫ڣ‬໑Փ‫ڶࢬ׭س‬ઔߒ‫س‬ऱ 28%Ζ‫ڂ‬੡լ֟ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ऱ೏࿛ඒߛᖂઝլᏘ٤ΔైᔆՈ ᆵ৵࣍٣ၞഏ୮Δࢬ‫א‬ᆖൄ੔Օ‫ޅ‬ᖂ‫נس‬ഏఎᖂΔઝ৖௽ऱ ఎᖂ‫׭س‬Օᖂ‫ࠏֺس‬ऱ 16%Ζ18 12. ᤕဒ೷Θ჋ཎ‫ߺ׬‬ΕᗪߔᚈᐚΘᕙশ‫ۏ‬ထΔ଄ 71Ζ ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ τൕอૠᑇ‫ڗ‬઎ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ඒߛ࿇୶෼णυ Δπॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρΔ1999 ‫ڣ‬Δ01 ཚΔ଄ 67Ζ 14 ᤕဒ೷Θ჋ཎ‫ߺ׬‬ΕᗪߔᚈᐚΘᕙশ‫ۏ‬ထΔ଄ 67Ζ 15 ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ଄ 67Ζ 16 ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ଄ 67-68Ζ 17 UNDP, Human Development Report 1998, (New York: Oxford University Press. 1998), Table 15, UNDP, Human Development Report 1999, (New York: Oxford University Press. 1999), Table 14. 18 ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ଄ 68Ζ 13. 98.

(11) ‫א‬ૠጩᖲΕጻሁΕፖᓡਣຏಛ੡‫ז‬।ऱ෼‫ז‬ᇷಛ‫ݾ‬ઝ۞ 1970 ‫זڣ‬ၲࡨ‫ڇ‬٤෺‫ݶ‬ຒ࿇୶Δᇷಛ٤෺֏‫᧢ޏإ‬Գଚ‫࢓א‬ ऱ‫س‬ขፖ‫س‬੒ֱ‫ڤ‬Δբၲ࿇ഏ୮ᖇ៶ᇷಛઝ‫ݾ‬ऱᚌႨࠆ‫ڶ‬ᇷ 中阿文庫. ಛ٤෺֏൅ࠐऱ壆‫ڍ‬፺墿Δ‫܀‬෼‫ז‬ᇷಛઝ‫ڇݾ‬խࣟഏ୮࿇୶ ለඡΔፖբၲ࿇ഏ୮‫ڇژ‬ᄕՕ஁၏Ζ1999 ‫ٺ܄ࢮॳڇڣ‬ഏ ᆢ࿜ᆢԺං೯ՀΔ٥‫ދٵ‬ᇷ 1.6 Ꮩભցᆖ၄࿇୴๻ໂ٣ၞऱ. 28. ॳࢮ‫ ܄‬A-3 ᇆᓡਣΔઝ৖௽‫ދ‬ᇷ 14.6%Δ‫ޥ࣍ڻ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ ऱ 36.7%Ζ19 A-3 ᇆᓡਣሎ‫ش‬෼‫ז‬೏ઝ‫ݾݾ‬๬Δ๻‫ ڶ‬54 ଡ᙮ ሐΔ‫ٵױ‬ழᐾ࣋ 300 ‫ڍ‬୚ሽီᆏ‫ؾ‬Δᓡਣ៿።૿ᐖሒ༓‫ࢬ׏‬ ‫܄ࢮॳڶ‬ፖՕ‫ڍ‬ᑇ۫ᑛഏ୮Δၲ໌ॳࢮ‫܄‬ᓡਣሽီࠃᄐΔ‫ؾ‬ ছࢬ‫܄ࢮॳڶ‬ഏ୮ऱሽီᆏ‫ؾ‬ຟՂԱᓡਣΔࠌ‫ ش‬30 ଡ᙮ሐΔ ‫֚ޢ‬ᐾ࣋ॳ፿ᆏ‫ؾ‬Δࠌ‫چٺ੺׈‬ᗪཎࣥ౨ႜᦫࠐ۞ॳࢮ‫׈܄‬ ੺ऱᜢଃΔ‫ؚ‬ధֱ۫ᓡီኙॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ऱᡐឰ‫૿ݝ‬Δኆ൓ԫ ࡳऱ‫׌‬೯ᦞፖ़ࠫᦞΖ 2006 ‫܄ࢮॳڣ‬ഏ୮ԳՑ᜔ᑇ‫׭‬٤‫੺׈‬ԳՑ 4.8%ΔՂጻ Գᑇ‫׭‬٤‫੺׈‬Ղጻ᜔Գᑇ 2.16%Δ೏࣍‫ֽ݁ؓ੺׈‬ᄷऱॳࢮ ‫܄‬ഏ୮‫܄ࢮॳڶ׽‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬ՕֆഏΕઝ৖௽Ε֣ࣥፖ‫׬‬ሒ؄ഏΖ ઝ৖௽࣍ 1992 ‫ڣ‬ၲࡨࠌ‫ش‬ጻሁΔ20 2000 ‫ڣ‬ՂጻԳᑇ 15 ᆄ ԳΔ2006 ‫ڣ‬ՂጻԳᑇሒ 70 ᆄԳΔ‫᜔׭‬ԳՑֺࠏ 26.61%Δൕ 2000 ‫ ۟ڣ‬2006 ‫ڣ‬ጻ‫ا‬ᏺ९෷ሒ 366.67%Ζ21 2004 ‫ڣ‬ઝ৖௽ ፖ௧᨜ࠡ‫ה‬նഏࠉᖕԳՑֺࠏല‫چ‬೴࿇୶᜔ቃጩ 1,090 Ꮩભ ցխऱ 22%‫ދ‬ᇷ࣍ᇷಛඒߛ֗ԳԺഛಝΔኙ࣍ጻሁՂՕၦྂ Եऱ૎፿ಛஒΔ‫ٺ‬ഏຝ॰ೈൎԺංᐖ۞աऱॳ፿ጻీհ؆Δ ࠀ‫مګ‬റ॰ࡡ୉ᄎิ៣ॳࢮ‫ݾ܄‬๬Գ୉Ε፿ߢᖂ୮Δ‫ףঁא‬ ൎຌ᧯ፖጻሁಛஒऱॳ፿֏Δ༼ࠎ‫ء‬ഏԳ‫ا‬ᑵ൜ࠌ‫ॳش‬፿ጻ 19. ᚁ٢ᗊထΔ τ߰ຒ࿇୶ऱॳࢮ‫܄‬ᓡီυΔ πॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρ Δ2003 ‫ ڣ‬04 ཚΔ଄ 57Ζ ‫ࣗ׆‬ထΔτॳࢮ‫چ܄‬ഏ୮෼‫ॾז‬ஒ‫ݾ‬๬ऱ࿇୶ፖਗᖏυΔπॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ઔߒρΔ2008 ‫ڣ‬Δ ร 5 ཚΔ଄ 27-29Ζ 21 ᑇᖕኲ۟ 2006 ‫ ڣ‬9 ִΔ֧۞‫ࣗ׆‬ထΔτॳࢮ‫چ܄‬ഏ୮෼‫ॾז‬ஒ‫ݾ‬๬ऱ࿇୶ፖਗᖏυΔ଄ 28Ζ 20. 99.

(12) ሁऱঁ‫ܓ‬Ζࠀࠫૡઌᣂऄ‫ࠌח‬ጻሁಛஒฤ‫ْٽ‬ཎᥞႚอ๵ ᒤΔ‫ף‬ൎጻሁ጑ጥፖመៀΔᝩ‫ֱ۫܍‬լߜಛஒ៶‫ط‬ጻሁኙॳ ࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ऱዶຘፖᐙ᥼Ζઝ৖௽ᝫૠ྽๻‫م‬ᣊ‫܄ࢮॳۿ‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. Օֆഏऱ‫ޙ‬ਈጻሁৄΰDubai Internet Cityαऱጻሁ‫ق‬ᒤ೴Δ ‫ঁא‬࿇୶‫ء‬ഏऱᇷಛขᄐ֗ഛ塄۞ߪऱറᄐ‫ݾ‬๬ԳթΖ 2004 ‫ ۟ڣ‬2005 ‫܄ࢮॳڣ‬ഏ୮‫ ڇ‬ICT ጵ‫ٽ‬ਐᑇ22 ऱ‫ޢ‬Գ ؓ݁‫ڶ۾‬ၦመ‫ת‬ऱ‫ ڶ׽‬13 ഏΔ‫׌‬૞։‫ڇ܉‬௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬քഏΕ પ‫؟‬Εᕟ֣ኊΕ֣೬ཎࡖΕડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Εᐰ੖ୂΕॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬ ፖ‫ࠅֺܓ‬Δ‫ת‬ᑇ‫א‬Ղॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮ ICT ࿇୶սॺൄᆵ৵Ζઝ৖ ௽‫ڶ‬റூᇷ८ᗨᄕ‫ދ‬Ե࿇୶ ICT ขᄐΔ‫مګ‬ഏ୮్ᇷಛ࠰ᓳ ጥ෻խ֨Δറ॰૤ຂࠫૡഏ୮ຏಛ࿇୶๵ቤΔ࿇‫܉‬ഏփᇷಛ ࿇୶णउΔิ៣ࠀ࠰ᓳઔ࿇۞‫׌‬ᇷಛ‫ݾ‬๬ፖขᄐΔቔᚐᄅ‫ݾ‬ ๬ᚨ‫ش‬ፖᇷಛٌੌ࿛Ζᝫፖ‫׬‬ሒΕ֣ࣥፖॳࢮ‫܄‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬Օֆഏ ෷٣৬‫م‬௧᨜٠᧜ՠ࿓Δ23 ิ৬փຝ೴഑ጻሁࣚ೭Δኔ෼ᇷ ಛᇷᄭ٥ࠆΔ༼ࠎঁ൸ሽ՗೸೭ࣚ೭Δᜍ՛ፖ؆ຝ‫੺׈‬ऱಛ ஒ஁၏Δ࿨‫ߪ۞ٽ‬ऱᚌႨΔઌյ‫܂ٽ‬ኔ෼೴഑ಛஒ࿇୶࿜ฃΖ. 3. ઝ৖௽ഡՖऱඒߛፖ༉ᄐ 1937 ‫ڣ‬ઝ৖௽รԫࢬՖ՗ᖂீ৬‫م‬Δ1953 ‫ڣ‬ഏ୮ࢭᎁ Ֆ՗࠹ඒߛऱ‫ٽ‬ऄᦞ‫ܓ‬Δ‫ڇ‬٤ഏ‫چٺ‬৬‫م‬ૉեՖ՗ᖂீΔࠫ ࡳߊՖؓ࿛ഗ៕ऱඒߛ๵ቤΖ‫ڇ‬ᛧ࠷ሰᠰ‫ف‬ईತ༄৵ᏺ‫ף‬ഡ Ֆඒߛᆖ၄Δࠌ൓ഡՖඒߛ࿓৫Օ‫֒༼ڶ‬Ζ1970 ‫זڣ‬ၲ࣋Ֆ ࢤԵՕᖂ༉ᦰΔ24 ઝ৖௽ഡՖ‫׭‬٤ഏ᜔ԳՑ 58%Δઝ৖௽ऱ. 100. 22 ICT ਢᇷಛፖຏॾઝ‫ݾ‬ΰInformation and Communication Technologyαऱ១ጠΔICT ጵ‫ٽ‬ਐᑇ ਢਐଡԳሽᆰᖑ‫ڶ‬ၦΕጻሁࠌ‫ش‬ԳᑇΕ֫ᖲሽᇩᖑ‫ڶ‬ၦ֗ࡐࡳሽᇩᖑ‫ڶ‬ၦΰpc / internet / mobile / fixed phoneαፖᇠഏԳՑ᜔ᑇऱֺଖΔਢഏᎾຏ‫ش‬ऱᘝၦഏ୮ᇷಛขᄐ֏࿇୶ऱਐᑑΖ 23 ‫ࣗ׆‬ထΔ଄ 29-32Ζ 24 Judith E. Tucker, ‘Women in the Middle East and North Africa : the 19 th and 20 th Centuries’, in Haideh Moghissi (ed.), Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology, Vol. 1, Imagines and.

(13) ഏ‫م‬Օᖂխ೏ሒ 70%ਢՖࢤᖂ‫س‬Ζ25 1996 ‫ڣ‬પ 2,000 ‫ټ‬Ֆࢤ ൕઝ৖௽ՕᖂฅᄐΔᅝ‫ ڶ׽ڣ‬600 ‫ࢤߊټ‬ฅᄐ‫س‬Δ26 2004 ‫ڣ‬ઝ৖௽ՕᖂՖ‫ ׭س‬75%Ζ27 1975 ‫ڣ‬ઝ৖௽ߊࢤֆ‫֮ا‬ळ 中阿文庫. ෷੡ 30%ΕՖࢤֆ‫֮ا‬ळ෷੡ 59.1%Δ1985 ‫ڣ‬ઝ৖௽ߊࢤֆ ‫֮ا‬ळ෷Հ૾ࠩ 15.5%ΔՖࢤֆ‫֮ا‬ळ෷Հ૾ࠩ 36.9%Ζ1990 ‫܄ࢮॳڣ‬ഏ୮ऱ՛ᖂΕխᖂ֗Օᖂ‫س‬ऱՖ՗ጵ‫ٽ‬ཏ֗ඒߛ෷. 28. ੡ 48%Δ൷२ၲ࿇խഏ୮ऱֽؓ݁ᄷ 49%Δઝ৖௽પ੡ 48%Ζ ࠹Ֆ՗ඒߛཏ֗հᔅΔઝ৖௽Ֆࢤᢝ‫ڗ‬෷෼‫ڇ‬ሒ 83%Δߊࢤ ঞ੡ 94%Ζ28 ഡՖࠀၲࡨ൷࠹଺٣‫׽‬଱ߊࢤᖂ฾ऱᆖᛎᖂΕ Ւֵՠ࿓Ε֏ᖂΕ৬ᗰ࿛ՕᖂറᄐΔ༼೏ࠀឩ୶ഡՖऱवᢝ ࿨ዌΔՖՕᖂ‫س‬પ‫ ڶ‬30%༉ᦰ෻ՠઝऱറᄐᓰ࿓Ζ29 ԳՑլ‫ڍ‬ऱ௧᨜՛ഏΔਙࢌ‫شܓ‬ഏ‫ا‬ऱඒߛፖ‫ݾ‬๬ऱ‫ګ‬ ९ࠐআၞഏ୮ऱ࿇୶ΔᅝྥՈ༉ྤऄലՖࢤඈೈ‫៭ڇ‬໱հ ؆Δվֲઝ৖௽ഡՖ 90%‫א‬Ղբߨ‫נ‬ፖ‫׈‬ሶᠦऱ෡ೃ೏ᛥΔ ௫ߩषᄎ‫س‬੒ऱ‫ٺ‬ጟᏆ഑Δ‫ڇ‬ඒᖂΕ᠔᛭ΕᄅፊΕ८ᘜΕ೸ ၉ፖֆ٥ࣚ೭࿛۩ᄐ࿇ཀૹ૞‫ش܂‬Δ‫ڇ‬ਙࢌᖲᣂፖषᄎቸ᧯ խഡՖֺࠏբ၌መԿ։հԫΖ30 ઝ৖௽ഡՖ༉ᄐ෷ൕ 1970 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 8%Ε1980 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 14%Δࠩ 1990 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 21%Δ31 1994 ‫࠹ڣ‬ መ೏࿛ඒߛऱഡՖ‫ڇ‬խࣟഏ୮ऱᆖᛎ೶ፖ෷Δઝ৖௽լ֗Ւ ۘࠡऱ 45%Δ‫܀‬Ոሒ 27%Δ೏࣍પ‫؟‬ऱ 10%ፖୗ֗ऱ 9%Ζ32 Օຝ։પ‫؟‬ፖୗ֗ഡՖ൷࠹೏࿛ඒߛਢ੡Ա‫ބ‬෻უՁ֛Εᅝ Realities, (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 84. 25 Economist, “Arab Women”, 2004, June 19, p. 26. 26 ᬄᚨख़ထΔτ೏࿛ඒߛኙխࣟഡՖਙएᆖᛎ‫ۯچ‬ऱᐙ᥼υΔπႆতඒߛρΔ2001 ‫ڣ‬Δ76 ཚΔ ଄ 77Ζ 27 ᏥցഛထΔ τઝ৖௽Ֆᦞሎ೯ऱԿՕ໏‫ܓ‬υΔ πॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ρΔ2005 ‫ڣ‬Δร 5 ཚΔ଄ 44Ζ 28 “Arab Women”, p. 26. 29 ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ଄ 68Ζ 30 ᏥցഛထΔ଄ 44Ζ 31 ֧۞ Valentine M. Moghadam, Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003, Table 2E, p. 51. 32 ֧۞ UNDP, Human Development Report 1995, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 67.. 101.

(14) ‫ئړ‬ᘣඒߛ৘՗Δۖլਢ੡Ա‫ބ‬ԫٝ‫ړ‬ՠ‫܂‬Ζઝ৖௽ഡՖឈ լቝ‫ڔ‬ଚԫᑌΔথ‫ڇ‬ၞԵ៭໱ՠ‫܂‬৵Δ‫ڇ‬Օપլ၌መԿ‫ڣ‬ऱ ழၴ༉‫ڇ‬࿨ദ৵ᠦ៭ΖՈ‫ڂ‬੡࿨ദΕ೚୮೭Εᅃ᥽৘՗࿛ۖ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ທ‫ؑګ‬໱໎೯Ժ೶ፖऱխឰΔᖄીՠ‫܂‬ᆖ᧭ऱ౒‫׎‬Δ‫ۖڂ‬ൄ ๯ࢴ࿪࣍෼‫֏ז‬ऱ៭ᄐຝ॰հ؆ΖࢤܑࣴီՈਢທ‫ګ‬ഡՖ༉ ᄐԳᑇ྇֟ऱ଺‫ڂ‬հԫΔᅝ‫౒៭࣍ڍृ៭ޣ‬ழΔՠ‫܂‬౨Ժհ ؆ऱයٙΔ‫ܑࢤڕ‬Ε‫᤿ڣ‬Εദৗ࿛༉‫ګ‬੡ေ‫ެ࠷ܒ‬ऱයٙΖ 33. ઝ৖௽ਙࢌᇢቹঅᎽ‫ߊۯޢ‬ΕՖࢤฅᄐ‫س‬ऱՠ‫܂‬ᖲᄎΔৰ. ‫ڍ‬ഡՖঁ๯‫ڜ‬ඈ‫ڇ‬ඒߛࡉ೜ൈᓡ‫س‬ຝ॰ՠ‫܂‬Δࢨਢᖜ֮ٚ஼ ۩ਙΖ‫܀‬ਢ֧ၞ؆໎ऱਙ࿜ΔᖄીਙࢌીԺᏺ‫ءף‬ഏՖࢤ໎ ೯Ժऱ‫ګ‬யլኦΔᅝྥᝫ‫ڶ‬ຝ։‫ైڂ‬ਢլᣋ‫װ‬ᤛ৷ൎۖ‫ڶ‬Ժ ऱႚอࡲඒঅ‫ښ‬ႨԺΖ ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮‫ ڇ‬1970 ‫ॣזڣ‬ኔᎾՂࠀྤറᄐՖࢤ‫נ‬ ෼Δ‫᧢ޏ܀‬থॺൄᚭᏣࢤΖઝ৖௽Ֆࢤ໎ՠൕ 1965 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 1,000 Գ༼೏ࠩ 1985 ‫ڣ‬ऱ 25,000 ԳΔࠡխ၌መ 50%ਢറᄐՖࢤΔ34 ઝ৖௽ഡՖፖࠡ‫ה‬௧᨜ഏ୮ൣउઌ‫ٵ‬Δ൷࠹መለ೏ඒߛऱՖ ࢤለ୲࣐‫ࠩބ‬ՠ‫܂‬Ζ35 Բᖏ৵խࣟ‫ف‬ईᆖᛎऱ࿇୶‫ף‬ຒຟؑ ֏ऱ‫ګݮ‬Δৄؑ๵ᑓፖᑇၦՕ༏Ղ֒Δ1980 ‫זڣ‬խ৵ཚխࣟ ԫ‫את‬ՂऱԳՑࡺ۰࣍ৄؑΔࠀ‫נ‬෼‫ۍ‬ᆄ‫א‬ՂԳՑऱৄؑΔ ੷۟‫ࠄڶ‬၌Օীৄؑ‫ڕ‬ၲᢅΕᐚ႕ᥞΕْཎࡖ໵ऱԳՑຟ၌ መՏᆄΖ1990 ‫ޥڣ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ऱຟؑԳՑ‫׭‬٤ഏԳՑ 77%Δ ॳࢮ‫܄‬ᜤ‫ٽ‬Օֆഏ੡ 78%Δઝ৖௽ঞ೏ሒ 96%Ζ36 ຟؑ֏༼ ࠎ࠹መߜ‫ړ‬ඒߛऱवᢝٝ՗ፖറᄐԳթ‫ڍޓ‬ऱ༉ᄐᖲᄎΔՈ ‫֧ܮۖڂ‬Օ‫ޅ‬ഡՖ౑౑ߨ‫נ‬୮அࠩৄؑՠ‫܂‬Δຟؑ֏ሀ။Ա 33. ᬄᚨख़ထΔ଄ 78-79Ζ Lubna Ahmad al-Kazi, “ The Transitory Role of Kuwaiti Women in the Development Process”, Unpublished Paper Presented at the CCAS Annual Symposium, April, 1986. 35 Munira A. Fakhro, Women at Work in the Gulf: A Case Study of Bahrain, London: Kegan Paul International, 1990. 36 ຫ೜‫ا‬ထΔ πᅝ‫ז‬խࣟρΔ‫ࠇק‬Κ‫ࠇק‬Օᖂ‫נ‬ठषΔ2002 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 199Ζ 34. 102.

(15) ‫ا‬ගΕၸ్ΕፖࢤܑΔ‫ڇ‬ৰՕ࿓৫Ղ༼೏ԱഡՖऱ‫ۯچ‬Ζ խࣟ‫چ‬೴റᄐഡՖຏൄࠐ۞ဍ૎ഡՖࢨխขၸ్ഡ ՖΔ๺‫ڍ‬Գຟམ‫ڇ‬ഏ؆࠹ඒߛΔຍै᝟Ⴈլ‫׽‬࿇‫ڇس‬ඒߛፖ 中阿文庫. ᠔ᖂ࿛ႚอለᔞ‫ٽ‬ՖࢤऱᏆ഑Δᝫឩ୶ࠩՠ࿓Εᖲඳ࿛Ꮖ ഑Ζ37 Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬റᄐᏆ഑Ղ࠷൓ૹՕၞ୶Δ‫נ‬෼ৰ‫ڍ‬റᄐഡ ՖΔ‫ڔ‬ଚຏൄ౨ॺൄ߰ຒ‫چ‬៚່֒ࠩ೏៭‫ۯ‬Δ໴౐Εᠧ፾ऱ. 28. ᙰය௣ஒൄ౨઎ࠩᄅ៚‫נ‬ऱՖࢤΔ‫ڕ‬ઝ৖௽Օᖂْཎᥞऄࡉ ऄ৳ᖂೃऱՖೃ९ΕՖࢤ௧੉‫س‬ढᖂ୮ΕՖࢤሽᆰઝᖂ୮Ε ՖࢤᆖᛎᖂृΕՖࢤሽီ፹‫܂‬ԳΕՖࢤሽᐙ፹ׂԳΕ‫֗א‬Ֆ ࢤ‫گ‬ଃᖲᐖᐾ୉࿛Ζ38 վֲऱઝ৖௽‫ڶ‬լ֟ᚌߐՖࢤ‫ڇ‬ഏ୮ ᖲዌխᖜٚ૞៭Δ‫ ڇ‬2005 ‫ڣ‬Ֆࢤૠ྽ຝ९๯ٚࡎছΔઝ৖ ௽ഡՖխբ‫ړڶ‬༓Գ‫ࡺۯ‬೏ᐋΔ‫ڕ‬ઝ৖௽Օᖂீ९Ε೏ඒຝ ‫ڻ‬Օ‫۝‬Εᄅፊຝ‫ڻ‬Օ‫ܗ۝‬෻Εᕋ჋‫ܓچ‬Ε੍֣ؒଁ࿛ഏՕࠌΕ ᕋᜤ‫ٽ‬ഏል២ิ៣‫ז‬।ΖഡՖೈ༉៭࣍ഏ୮ᖲዌ؆Δᝫ‫ץ‬ਔ ᠔‫س‬ΕᥨՓΕඒஃΕᄅፊՠ‫ृ܂‬Εֆ‫ࡉ׹‬Ꭼ۩៭୉࿛Δ39 ԫ ࠄई‫ض‬ፖᅂईᐗՈ‫ڶ‬੡ᑇฒ‫ڍ‬ऱՖՠ࿓ஃΖ40 መ‫װ‬ᆖ೸ਢॳࢮ‫ࢤߊ܄‬ᗑ‫۾‬ऱᏆ഑Δ‫ڕ‬վഡՖ‫ڇ‬ຍԫᏆ ഑ኛ᥻ᙰߡΔॳࢮ‫چ܄‬೴່‫ڶ‬ᓢঢऱഡՖ༉᥆ઝ৖௽ഡՖΔ ‫࣍ط‬Ꭹფᆖ೸Δ‫ڶ‬௧᨜‫چ‬೴ऱψဂ‫؍‬ഗԳωհጠΔ‫ڇإ‬ᆖᛎ Ꮖ഑խ୶‫ڔق‬ଚໃ‫נ‬ऱ౨ԺΔ‫ڍ‬ൕࠃ࣍ैปࡉ႘ٌ࣐ࠦΖ‫ڇ‬ ઝ৖௽ै‫ا‬խഡՖ‫ڶ׭‬ઌᅝԳᑇΔ‫ؾ‬ছ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽ै࿆ؑಖု ‫ם‬ऱՖࢤै‫ا‬પ‫ ڶ‬1.65 ᆄԳΖઝ৖௽ैปٌ࣐ؑ໱࣍ 2003 ‫ ڣ‬2 ִ 28 ֲၲ๻റࠎՖࢤै‫شࠌا‬ऱٌ࣐ՕᨚΔਢ‫੺׈‬Ղ ଈ୮ၲ๻Ֆࢤറ‫ش‬ऱैปٌ࣐໱ࢬΔ41 ੡ഡՖऱؑ໱੒೯༼ 37. Judith E. Tucker, p. 84. Trevor Mostyn (ed.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Middle East and North Africa, (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1988), p. 128.. 38. 39 40. 41. http://www.china.com.cn/world/txt/2006-11/16/content_7367814.htm ᏥցഛထΔ଄ 45Ζ http://economy.enorth.com.cn/system/2003/02/03/000501955.shtml. 2006-11-16 2003-02-03. 103.

(16) ࠎঁ‫ܓ‬Δࠌ‫ڔ‬ଚ‫ޓڶ‬ᐖऑঁ‫ܓ‬ऱ‫ދ‬ᇷᖲᄎΖ. 4. ઝ৖௽ഡՖፖ෼‫֏ז‬षᄎ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ‫ڇ‬௧᨜ॳࢮ‫ࠫ׌ܩ܄‬ऱഏ୮խΔઝ৖௽‫ڇ‬ං೯ഡՖൕႚ อߨ‫ٻ‬෼‫֏ז‬ऱֱ૿ದ‫ޡ‬ৰ‫ڰ‬Δ42 ‫ޥ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ഡՖ۟վս լ౨໢ᗑՂဩΕၲ߫Δ‫נ‬॰ঞႊല٤ߪᣤയ‫ץ‬፷Δ‫࣠ڕ‬໢ᗑ ፖߊ՗‫ڇ‬؆ߠ૿Δ༉‫ױڶ‬౨ᔡࠩࡲඒᤞኘऱᡕፆΖፖᔣഏ‫ޥ‬ ௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ऱՖ՗ઌֺΔઝ৖௽ഡՖ‫ ڇ‬1970 ‫ॣזڣ‬༉բࠆ ࠹ࠩ‫ޥ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬ഡՖࢬྤऄࠆ࠹ࠩऱ۞‫ط‬ፖᦞ‫ܓ‬Ζઝ৖௽ ഡՖ‫ڤإڇ‬໱‫ٽ‬խ؆ઠ႕‫ۥ‬࿭ጾࢶଅΔփထᨻᣝऱጾᒶ९ ๲Δൕᙰࠩᆬ‫ץ‬፷٤ߪΔ‫܀‬Ո‫۫אױ‬ᇘ଀ᐌΕլᚮ૿౅‫ڇ‬ဩ Ղ۞‫ߨ۩ط‬ΕՂᖂᦰ஼Εࠀ‫ط‬ਙࢌ‫ڜ‬ඈ༉ᄐΔࠀ‫ڇ׊‬ઝ৖௽ ൄ౨ߠࠩ๰౥᥻હΕᖺ݉ᨻࢳऱᐰ࿆Ֆ૴Ζઝ৖௽ 1984 ‫ڣ‬ ၞ۩‫م‬ऄࡉඒऄऱ‫׈‬ঋ֏‫଀ޏ‬Δ๵ࡳՁ֛Ꮑ‫ٻ‬๯ٖऱࡠ՗༼ ࠎԫ۟ࠟ‫ࢨڣ‬լࡳᑇᠰऱ‫س‬੒၄Ιᝫ๵ࡳ‫ئ‬ᘣኙߊ৘ऱ጑ᥨ ᦞ۟ॹਞཚΔኙՖ৘ऱ጑ᥨᦞঞ۟ࠡ࿨ദΙ43 ઝ৖௽ፖ֣ࣥ ᝫਢ௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮խ່٣࣋ᐈՖࢤᕏ߫ૻࠫऱΖ44 ઝ৖௽լ༼ଠ໘಺ࢨਢၞ᜔࡙ᄎ࿛ୡᑗΔ࣍ਢ᝜ढ‫ګ‬Ա ๺‫ڍ‬ઝ৖௽ԳΔ֠ࠡਢഡՖऱ່Օୡᑗႈ‫ؾ‬Δ८Ꭼଈ堸ࢋ‫س‬ რᘋၼΔઝ৖௽‫ګ‬੡٤෺່Օऱഝࠔ঴௣၄ؑ໱հԫΖઝ৖ ௽ഡՖؓழფ၇ഝࠔ঴Δ‫່ڕ‬ᄅཱི८।Εፈፇ୚堸Ε๻ૠஃ ঴ྨऱ‫ץؼ‬Ε‫ྨټ‬ழᇘ࿛Δ‫ִޢ‬ଉֽ֗֏݉঴ऱक़၄༉‫ ڇ‬500 ભց۟ 800 ભցհၴΖઝ৖௽Ֆࢤᝫਢભ୲ೃऱൄড়Δԫ౳ ‫ִޢ‬Ղભ୲ೃࠟ‫ڻ‬Δԫ‫ڻ‬પࠟ՛ழΔ‫ڍ‬ঞक़Ղ‫֚ת‬ழၴΔᆏ 42. ٔᐜੳထΔ଄ 49Ζ ႓‫ا‬ᘋထΔ଄ 41Ζ ‫ܦ‬ᡯΕጥ८ੳထΔ τᇢ૪ॳࢮ‫چ܄‬೴ഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ऱ᧢֏υΔ πխဎՖ՗ᖂೃᖂ໴ρΔ2005 ‫ڣ‬Δร 17 ࠴ร 5 ཚΔ଄ 52Ζ 43 44. 104.

(17) ᐜ೗ֲፖദᐜழ‫ޓ‬ਢ‫װؘ‬ભ୲ೃଥ堸ԫ྾Ζઝ৖௽ഡՖඍ൓ क़ᙒ೚ભ୲Δऐ‫ޥ‬ᚊΔࢬक़၄ऱழၴፖ८ᙒઌᅝ‫ױ‬ᨠΔ‫ִޢ‬ ऱભ୲֭‫݁ؓנ‬૞ 400 ઝ৖௽ร౏ዿΰપ‫ ٽ‬1,360 ભցα Ζઝ 中阿文庫. ৖௽‫چ‬๠௧᨜‫ޥ‬ዣΔၺ٠‫ߩך‬Ε࿫؆ᒵൎΔᅝ‫چ‬Գऱ‫ؼ‬ᓅ‫א‬ ཝ‫ۥ‬੡‫׌‬Δ༓‫ڶࢬ׏‬Ֆ՗ຟ‫ݦ‬ඨᖑ‫ػڶ‬෣าኊऱ‫ؼ‬ᓅΖৰ‫ڍ‬ ഡՖઠᚮႚอऱ႕९๲ፖ႕ᙰդΔႛᜭຝࡉ֫ᆬᑊ᥻‫ڇ‬؆Δ. 28. ࢬ‫א‬ኙᜭຝऱ૞‫ޣ‬௽ܑૹီΖભ୲ભ᧯ऱࣚ೭ႈ‫ؾ‬᜗‫ڍ‬Δൕ ᙰࠩᆬྤࢬլ‫ץ‬Δ२‫ࠐڣ‬Δભ୲ભ᧯խ֨ᨏᏺΔ࠹ࠩઝ৖௽ ໾᧯ऱཏሙᣂࣹΖ45 ઠᚮᙰդΕ૿౅ࢨ९๲ऱॳࢮ‫܄‬Ֆ‫س‬ऱֺࠏ‫ڶ‬ᒷኬᏺ‫ף‬ ऱ᝟ႨΔ‫ٺ‬ഏൣउ஁ฆৰՕΔൕᕟ֣ኊΕડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬ऱ 10%۟ 20%Δඖ‫ࠅܓ‬Εપ‫؟‬ऱ 60%Δْࠩࢮ‫֗܌‬ઝ৖௽ऱ 80%Ζ46 ኙ ᅝ‫چ‬ԳࠐᎅΔ‫ڶ‬ऱԳᙇᖗঅ‫ښ‬ႚอऱࣚ堸‫׽‬ਢഗ࣍ࡲඒ෻ ‫ط‬Δࢨਢ֘‫ݼ‬؆ࠐ֮֏ऱੌ۩Δࢨొጰ‫׽‬ਢᇿᙟழࡸੌ۩Ζ ઝ৖௽ഡՖऱ‫܅‬ᓳഝဎ।෼‫ڇ‬႕‫ۥ‬؆๲ऱ๱ՑΕᏆၴࡉᕓ堸 Ղऱᒁ᛫ֽདྷࢨᨵ‫ف‬Δ‫֗א‬ઠ‫ڇ‬؆๲ᇙऱ‫ྨټ੺׈ཱིٺ‬೏్ ࣚ堸Ζ෼‫ڇ‬ԫࠄՕᖂ‫س‬Ε໾᧯ՠ‫܂‬Գ୉ऱઠထ‫ފؚ‬။᝟࣍ழ ࡸΔৰ‫ڍ‬ԳլᚮᙰդΔ᥻‫נ‬ழᏐऱᕓীࡉዦॽऱᕓ堸Δሽီ ፕऱՖ‫׌‬਍Գ֠ࠡ໛ᦟᗍᕓࡉ਩ᕓΖ‫חޓ‬Գ‫᧫پ‬ऱਢઝ৖௽ Ֆࢤ෼‫ڇ‬ᝫಳ‫׃ޣ‬ᕡऱભᣝΔլ֟‫ڣ‬᎘Ֆ՗ფ೚‫׃‬ᕡભ୲Δ ੷۟‫׃ڇ‬ᕡᨣՂ՛Ⴧ൑‫ۥ‬ᨵ‫ف‬Δࠌ۞ա‫ٌڇ‬ᓫࢨპూழ᥻‫נ‬ ᑥ‫ڍػ‬൑ऱೂॽ‫׃‬ᕡΖ‫׼‬؆ᖞ୲բ᧢‫່ګ‬ཏຏऱ؆ઝ֫๬Δ ່ੌ۩ऱᖞ୲֫๬‫ץ‬ਔᆮຝࢼ౟Ε‫ؼ‬ᓅ౟ौ֊ೈΕᜭຝࢮ ‫ؼ‬Εณ๳໊ೈΕ᠆୏ፖၼᏗ࿛Δຍࠄࠡኔຟሔْ֘ཎᥞऱ๵ ࡳΔ‫܀‬থ๯ᖞଡषᄎࢬ൷࠹Ζࠀ‫׊‬ઝ৖௽Ֆࢤ۞ա‫ڶ‬լᙑऱ ᜲᇷ‫گ‬ԵΔ‫ࡉئ׀‬Ձ֛Ո‫ױ‬၀ᇖࠡक़‫ش‬Δլღ޲ᙒ೚ભ୲Ε 45 46. http://www.jhnews.com.cn/gb/content/2003-03/13/content_161857.htm 2003-03-13 “Arab Women”, p. 27.. 105.

(18) ભ᧯Δۖ‫ޢ׊‬୮۟֟‫ڶ‬ԫଡ؆ᤄᚥ႗Δઝ৖௽ഡՖ୮೭լ ‫ڍ‬Δ‫ߩڶ‬ജऱழၴࠐଥ堸‫۞ފؚ‬աΖ47 ઝ৖௽Ֆࢤ೶‫ߛ᧯ף‬ሎ೯ࡨ࣍ 1970 ‫זڣ‬Δ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽ψ‫׬‬ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ૭۫ࠅଟᑗຝωփ‫مګ‬ԱՖ՗ᤃ෺ၷࡉඈ෺ၷΔ‫ࠩ܀‬Ա 1970 ‫أזڣ‬Δ‫࣍ط‬ႚอႨԺऱࣂࠫۖ๯૰ᇞཋΖԫऴࠩ 1982 ‫ڣ‬ ‫ٱ‬৫ᄅᐚߺࠅሎᄎཚၴΔթԾ‫ ڶ‬3 ‫ټ‬ઝ৖௽Ֆᙇ֫೶‫್ף‬๬ ֺ᝛ΔࠀᦖਔছԿ‫ټ‬Ζઝ৖௽੡ໂᖏ 2006 ‫ ڣ‬12 ִऱ‫ڍ‬শࠅ ሎᄎΔઝ৖௽჋ࡡᄎഡՖ᧯ߛሎ೯ࡡ୉ᄎ‫ڇ‬٤ഏࢵႥᙇࢸՖ ՗ᙇ֫೶‫ף‬ഏ୮‫ז‬।ၷΔֆၲ‫נؚ‬լૻ‫᤿ڣ‬ऱՑᇆΔ൓ࠩ‫ٺ‬ ੺ഡՖᗨᄕ᥼ᚨΔ٥‫۞ࠐڶ‬ઝ৖௽‫ ੺ٺ‬200 ‫ټڍ‬Ֆࢤ໴‫ټ‬೶ ‫ף‬Δ‫ץ‬ਔ 10 ༓ᄣऱ֟Ֆࡉ 40 ‫ڍ‬ᄣऱ୮அ‫׌‬ഡΖ48 ‫ڶ‬ऱਢ‫ڇ‬ ‫ئ׀‬ऱຩ‫ٵ‬ՀΔ‫ڶ‬ऱਢ࿨۴ۖࠐΔ੷۟ᝫ‫ڶ‬ઠᚮ૿౅ऱՖࢤ ໴‫୴ټ‬ᚰႈ‫ؾ‬Ζ49 ຍ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽ࡸ᥆ଈ‫ڻ‬Δ‫ߠױ‬ᗪཎࣥഡՖ೶ ‫ߛ᧯ף‬᝛ࠃբ‫ڇ‬ஓྥ‫᧢ޏ‬խΖ ‫ڍ‬শࠅሎᄎઝ৖௽ഡՖ೶‫ף‬ၕஜሐΕ‫ىو‬෺Εጻ෺Ε୴ ᚰΕਫሐΕᚰᏦΕ‫ض‬உΕ್๬Εঅ᤿෺Ε᝛ᆲ࿛ႈ‫ؾ‬Δ50 ຍ ਢઝ৖௽‫ࠐא׾ڶ‬ଈ‫ڼڕڻ‬Օ๵ᑓᤂิഡՖ᧯ߛ‫ז‬।ቸ೶ ‫ף‬ՕীഏᎾ᧯ߛ᝛ࠃΖ໴‫ृټ‬ଈ٣૞ᔹᦰ໴‫ټ‬ႊवΔ‫ץ‬ਔ‫ڇ‬ ഏᎾֺ᝛ႈ‫ؾ‬խਢ‫ٵܡ‬რઠထ‫ֺڤإ‬᝛ࣚᇘΔ່ૹ૞ऱԫႈ ਢ‫ڣګآ‬ፖ‫נآ‬჌Ֆࢤऱ໴‫ټ‬Ꮑᆖࠡ୮९‫ٵ‬რࠀ‫ڶ‬୮९ᘣ ࿝᡽‫ټ‬Ζ‫ؾ‬ছ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽‫ڶ׽‬ԫ୮‫ټ‬੡ψՖॹ‫ڣ‬ሎ೯ଟᑗຝω ऱՖࢤሎ೯ଟᑗຝΔଟᑗຝխ٥‫ڶ‬પ 52 ‫ټ‬Ֆࢤሎ೯୉ൕࠃ Ղ૪ຍࠄሎ೯Δ51 ഡՖ᧯ߛሎ೯ࡡ୉ᄎૠ྽‫ڻڼא‬੒೯੡ৈ 47. http://www.china.com.cn/world/txt/2006-11/16/content_7367814.htm 2006-11-16 ᚊख़ΕዼৎထΔτᇢᓵْཎᥞඒഏ୮ഡՖ᧯ߛሎ೯ऱ࿇୶Ϋ‫ڍط‬শࠅሎᄎ֧࿇ऱ৸‫ە‬υ Δπ᧯ ߛ֮֏റ‫ע‬ρ Δ2007 ‫ڣ‬Δร 12 ཚΔ଄ 84-85Ζ 49 http://sports.qq.com/a/20060925/000137.htm 2006-09-25 50 ᚊख़ΕዼৎထΔ଄ 84-85Ζ 51 ‫ࣟڜ‬ୟထΔ τᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫ْڇ‬ཎᥞ֮ࣔ࿇୶խऱ‫ش܂‬υ ΔπխഏᗪཎࣥρΔ2000 ‫ڣ‬Δร 3 ཚΔ ଄ 39-41Ζ 48. 106.

(19) ᖲΔञ࠷‫ڇ‬լՆऱലࠐ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽ 6 ଡઊ‫ٺ‬৬‫م‬ԫࢬՖࢤሎ೯ ଟᑗຝΔԳᑇឈྥլ‫ڍ‬Δ‫ॾڇ܀‬ٛట‫׌‬Εᙅൕߊࢤ۟Ղऱᗪ ཎࣥഏ୮ۖߢΔբ᥆ॺൄᣄ൓Δ‫ٵ‬ழՈᎅࣔઝ৖௽ഡՖՈ‫ڶ‬ 中阿文庫. ထ‫ٵ‬ᑌऱཚઐፖྐඨ࿆Ղ᧯ߛሎ೯᝛ࠃऱ‫੺׈‬Օፘ‫؀‬Ζۖ‫ط‬ ࣍堬ଇࡉ‫س‬੒฾ክऱ଺‫ڂ‬Δॅ઴఑ࡉᗷ‫ݟ‬ఐਢઝ৖௽षᄎΔ ௽ܑਢ‫ڇ‬Ֆࢤխለ੡ੌ۩ऱఐ఑Δᇆ‫ࡉ״‬ቔᚐഡՖ೶‫ߛ᧯ף‬. 28. ሎ೯Δല‫༼࣍ܗڶ‬೏ഡՖኙຍᣊఐ఑ऱࣂᗧ౨ԺΔ‫ٵ‬ழᝫ౨ ᚥ‫ܗ‬ԫࠄՖࢤឭๅᄿᦥΔ੷۟੅঴ऱॿ୭Ζ. 5. ْཎᥞፖઝ৖௽෼‫֏ז‬ ෼‫֏ז‬ᄭֱ࣍۫Δࣹૹ؆‫੺ྥ۞ڇ‬ऱढᔆ‫ܓ‬墿Εડ᧩ઝ ᖂΕ෻ࢤΕ۞‫׌اط‬ፖऄएΔ‫א‬Գࢤ֘ኙ壀ࢤΔ‫א‬Գᦞ֘ኙ 壀ᦞΔ༼ଠԳऱ༇ᣤፖᏝଖΔ‫്׌‬Գࢤᇞ࣋ፖ۞‫ؓط‬࿛Ζ‫ٵ‬ ழΔֱ۫෼‫ז‬ᄅ֮֏ፖ‫׈‬ঋ‫س‬੒ຑ࿨Δန࿇‫࣎נ‬ฐऱ໌ທ ԺΔᙟထֱ۫ഗᅮඒ‫੺׈‬ऱഹದດዬ‫ٻ‬؆ឩ୶Δ෼‫ګ֏ז‬੡ ฒ‫ڍ‬ၲ࿇խഏ୮ኔ෼༄ഏൎ܎ऱ‫ؘ‬ᆖհሁΖխࣟਢၲ࿇խഏ ୮່٣࿇୶෼‫֏ז‬ऱ‫چ‬೴հԫΔ20 ‫׈‬ધ‫ࠐא‬Δ֠ࠡਢรԲ‫ڻ‬ ‫੺׈‬Օᖏছ৵ΔՕ‫ڍ‬ᑇऱխࣟഏ୮ઌᤉឭๅཷ‫ا‬ഏ୮ऱᚘ ૰Δᛧ൓‫ا‬ගᗑ‫م‬Ζֱ۫೏৫࿇୶ऱढᔆ֮ࣔፖઝ‫ݾ‬ၞ‫ޡ‬໦ ᙌࠡᆵ৵რᢝፖ‫ٲ‬ᖲტΔ࣍ਢԫ໱ๅᠦຆᒡΕᆵ৵ΕଷচΔ ኔ෼༄ߩΕൎՕፖᗑԺ࿇୶ऱ෼‫؎֏ז‬Օՠ࿓ঁ‫ڇ‬խࣟഏ୮ ౑౑୶ၲΔࠩԱ 1960 ‫ڶࢬזڣ‬ຍࠄഏ୮ሀԵ‫ٻ‬෼‫֏ז‬षᄎ ᠏᧢ऱၸ੄Δ52 ෼‫֏ז‬௡ᑪլឰข‫س‬ऱ؎Օᓢᚰኙխࣟഏ୮ ዌ‫ֺॺګ‬༈ൄऱᐙ᥼Ζ ْཎᥞዌ‫ګ‬խࣟᗪཎࣥषᄎᖵ‫׾‬Ε֮֏ፖᏝଖ᧯ߓऱ‫׌‬ 52. ᝛ᜏዿΘࣜॼቅထΔ π᧢֏षᄎխऱਙए఼‫ݧ‬ρΔԿᜤ஼ࢋΔ1989 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 39Ζ. 107.

(20) ᧯Δ༓‫اڶࢬ׏‬ฒຟਢْཎᥞऱಇᇨॾஈΔխࣟᗪཎࣥഏ୮ ࠹ْཎᥞ‫ޔ‬ᗻ࿓৫ॺൄ෡Δ‫۫א‬ց 7 ‫׈‬ધऱඒᆠඒ๵ࠐᘝၦ ፖ๠෻ᅝվࠃ೭Δᣄ‫܍‬ᆵԵඒයፖঅ‫ښ‬ऱঋ୚Ζֱۖ۫෼‫ז‬ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ᄅ֮֏ऱ௽រኙْ࣍ཎᥞۖߢ᧩ྥਢԫጟฆᔆ֮֏Δْཎᥞ ऱ௽ࢤፖ෼‫୶ࢬ֏ז‬෼ऱֱ֮۫֏ፖრᢝীኪհၴႨ‫ؘ‬ข ‫س‬ᅸᐳፖᓢડΖխࣟᗪཎࣥഏ୮‫ڇ‬ኔਜ෼‫֏ז‬ऱषᄎ᧢଀ ழΔ‫ྥؘ‬૞ଈ٣‫ە‬ᐞ‫ڕ‬۶ᓳᔞࡲඒፖ‫׈‬ঋΔႚอፖ෼‫ז‬Δ‫ײ‬ ‫ֱ֮ࣔࣟ۔‬ፖ෼‫ֱ֮ࣔ۫ז‬հၴऱ‫ٺ‬ጟᣂএΔ‫ঁא‬ᛧ൓ࡲඒ Ղऱψ‫ٽ‬ऄࢤωΖْཎᥞഏ୮ᖵ‫׾‬Ղ‫נ‬෼ऱ‫଀ޏ‬ሎ೯ྤլൕ ْཎᥞඒᆠխ༈‫ބ‬෻ᓵ֭਍ΔࢨਢᓿղْཎᥞᄅऱᇭᤩΔࠀ ‫ڼא‬੡ࠉᖕࠐං೯षᄎ‫଀ޏ‬Ζ ထ‫ټ‬ऱْཎᥞ෼‫׌ז‬ᆠृୃ್ᕙԭΘॳ༄‫؍ۀ‬ᎁ੡ْ ཎᥞ࿳࣍‫گܮ‬ᄅवፖլឰ᧢଀Δࡲඒፖઝᖂࠀլ‫ؿ‬એΔْཎ ᥞ౨ଫ୲ࠀ፝٣ၞऱઝᖂ‫ݾ‬๬ፖ֮֏Δຏመ‫ۖ଀ޏ‬ሒࠩ෼‫ז‬ ֮ࣔΖ53 ᒔኔْཎᥞࠀլඈ‫؞‬ઝᖂवᢝፖԳᣊ֮ࣔΔઌ֘‫چ‬ ‫ڇ‬ৰՕ࿓৫Ղ౨ജ‫گܮ‬؆ࠐवᢝፖ֮֏Δ٦ലࠡ᠏᧢੡݇Օ ْཎᥞ‫ߪء‬ऱ壄壀ತ༄Ζխ‫׈‬ધْཎᥞ‫੺׈‬౨੡Գᣊ໌ທᔕ ᅇऱॳࢮ‫ْ܄‬ཎᥞ֮ࣔΔ༉ਢլႛ࿇ཆॳࢮ‫܄‬ऱႚอ֮֏Δ ᝫᤉࢭ‫ݦ‬ᢊ֮ࣔऱ壄᧮Δࠀᐖ౏؆ࠐ‫اٺ‬ගऱ٣ၞઝᖂ‫ݾ‬๬ ፖ֮֏Ζྥْۖཎᥞฅຶլ‫ࡲהࠡ࣍ٵ‬ඒΔْཎᥞऱࡐ‫ڶ‬௽ ࢤ֗ࠡኙฆᔆ֮֏ऱඈ‫؞‬Δࠡ௽௘ࢤࠌՕ‫ڍ‬ᑇխࣟᗪཎࣥഏ ୮‫ڇ‬෼‫֏ז‬መ࿓խլ൓լ࠹ْࠩཎᥞႚอᏝଖᨠऱૻࠫΔৰ ᣄሀ။ࠡᏝଖ࠷‫ٻ‬Ζ٦‫ף‬Ղխࣟഏ୮९ཚ࠹ֱࠩ۫ཷ‫׌ا‬ᆠ ऱ૰୭Δൕۖข‫س‬ኙ؆ࠐ֮֏ऱඈ‫ࢤ؞‬Δᖄીխࣟഏ୮ऱ෼ ‫֏ז‬ৰᣄං೯ΔະԵၞԫ‫ޡ‬Εಯࠟ‫ޡ‬ऱ‫ڴ‬ᒵ߮ಱΕዬၞ࿇୶ ऱܺቼΖԾ‫ْ࣍ط‬ཎᥞඒ੔ࣥ‫م‬Δ‫ٺ‬਍աߠյլઌᨃΔᖄી 53. 108. ೶ߠխഏْཎᥞ‫ۍ‬ઝ٤஼ᒳࡡᄎᒳထΔ πխഏْཎᥞ‫ۍ‬ઝ٤஼ρΔ؄՟Κ᢯஼‫נ‬ठषΔ1994 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 735Ζ.

(21) ઌյඈ‫؞‬Δْཎᥞ‫ڇژߪء‬ऱঅ‫ښ‬৸უፖඈ‫׌ה‬ᆠਢ‫׈ء‬ધ խࣟഏ୮ਙए᧯ࠫ‫଀ޏ‬ऱԫଡլ‫ైڂܓ‬Ζ ๺‫ڍ‬ᣂ࣍ഡՖऱઔߒ൶ಘਙएᦞ‫ܓ‬ፖᖲᄎ‫ڇژ‬ऱૹ૞ 中阿文庫. ࢤΔࠀࣹრࠩॳࢮ‫܄‬षᄎ‫ڇ‬ႚอՂ։಻࿯ഡՖऱਢਙएΕᆖ ᛎΕषᄎֱ૿ൕ᥆ऱ‫ۯچ‬Ζॳࢮ‫܄‬ᖂृ Kazemi ࠀլᎁ੡෼ ኔխऱഡՖ‫ۯچ‬णउਢፖْཎᥞऱ๵ࡳઌฤࢨਢᎄᇞԱْ. 28. ཎᥞऱ๵ࡳ‫ڶ‬ᣂΔ54 ᖂृ Barakat ঞਐ‫נ‬ഡՖऱൕ᥆‫ۯچ‬ፖ ௽ᦞࢤऱषᄎ఼‫ݧ‬Ε‫֗א‬ຍጟषᄎ఼‫ݧ‬Հऱ໎೯։ՠΕࢬ‫ڶ‬ ᦞऱীኪፖ‫س‬ขመ࿓ऱᣂএΔࢨ๺ֺഡՖ‫ۯچ‬ፖ֮֏֗֨ᇙ ႜ‫ٻ‬ऱᣂএ‫ڍޓ‬Ζ55 ᖂृհၴ༉ഡՖषᄎ‫ۯچ‬ംᠲऱञᓵᎅ ࣔԱઝ৖௽ፖխࣟഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬ംᠲࢬ๠ऱહནΔଈ٣ΔࢤܑΕ ਙए۩੡᧯Εፖਙएኪ৫‫ڇ‬ԫଡ‫ط‬რ࠺ထլ‫ᦞٵ‬Ժፖᐙ᥼Ժ ऱࠡ‫ۯچה‬௽ᐛࢬዌ‫ګ‬ऱਮዌհփ࿇ཀ‫ش܂‬ΔรԲΔ،ଚ‫ژ‬ ‫࣍ڇ‬ԫଡխࣟഏ୮ࢬ௽‫ڶ‬ऱิ៣ፖଡԳጻ࿮ऱᛩቼհՀΔร ԿΔ‫ْڇ‬ཎᥞऱᐙ᥼ՀΔࢤܑፖਙएհၴऱᣂএբᆖচஇΖ 56. ઝ৖௽ऱᖆऄร 2 ය๵ࡳΚ ψഏ୮ऱࡲඒਢْཎᥞΔْ ཎᥞඒऄਢ‫م‬ऄऱ‫׌‬૞௅ᖕω Δร 12 ය๵ࡳΚψഏ୮‫ڶ‬ᆠ೭ অᥨْཎᥞॳࢮ‫܄‬ᙊขΔ੡Գᣊ֮ࣔऱၞ‫ޡ‬೚ಥ᣸ΖωΔઝ ৖௽ऱਙए᧯ࠫឈྥ֧Ելֱ֟۫෼‫ז‬ഏ୮ਙए᧯ࠫऱ৸ უፖᨠ࢚Δ‫܀‬ս‫ْނ‬ཎᥞඒᆠΕඒऄ‫܂‬੡षᄎሐᐚፖፂᢀ୮ அΕषᄎ‫إ‬ൄሎ‫܂‬ऱഗ‫ء‬ᄷঞΔઝ৖௽षᄎսࠠ‫ڶ‬ធࣔऱॳ ࢮ‫ْ܄‬ཎᥞ‫ۥ‬൑Δ‫ڇ‬෼‫֏ז‬࿇୶Ղ۞ྥᄎ࠹ࠩԫࡳ࿓৫ऱᚘ Ժፖ෰ࠫΔ֠ࠡਢᣂ࣍ഡՖऱംᠲΔࠏ‫ڕ‬ઝ৖௽ഡՖ‫ࠐڣڍ‬ 54. ᇡߠ F. Kazemi, “Gender, Islam, and Politics”, Social Research, 2000, 67(2): 453-475. ᇡߠ H. Barakat, The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State, (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1993). 56 ້ᅖྱΘᝬળΕ௧଩Θߺ۸Εᚌై壂ΘॳߺထΔພ৬ᄐ᤟Δ τ᧢֏խऱഡՖਙएᦞ‫֭ܓ‬ᐶᇷ ᄭυΔ πഏᎾषᄎઝᖂᠧ፾ρ Δ2006 ‫ڣ‬Δ02 ཚΔ଄ 13Ζ 55. 109.

(22) ञ࠷ᙇᜰᦞፖ๯ᙇᜰᦞΔԫऴᔡ࠹ْࠩཎᥞঅ‫ښ‬ႨԺऱॴᐹ ۖ؈ඓΖ1990 ‫זڣ‬ਙएᇞ࣋‫֏׌ا֗א‬ऱࡅᩃΔբᆖߠᢞࠩ ْཎᥞ۩೯‫׌‬ᆠ‫א‬ԫጟᄅऱߡ‫֗ۥ‬ᑨ‫ڇ‬ਙएႨԺऱ‫נ‬෼Δْ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ཎᥞ‫׌‬ᆠृ᤻֗ࠡ੔‫ڇ‬ડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Εୗ֗Εપ‫؟‬Εॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬Ε ᆺ॰ΕՒۘࠡΕઝ৖௽࿛ഏ୮ຟ‫ګ‬੡‫׌‬૞ऱചਙႨԺࢨਢ֘ ኙ᤻Δْཎᥞ༚ᘋ‫׌‬ᆠຘመᖂீΕषᄎࣚ೭ຝ॰ΕᎬ۩Ε៭ ᄐ࠰ᄎ࿛ᖲዌࠫ৫֏‫ګ‬੡षᄎ֗ਙएԺၦΔࠀᤢ൓Գ‫ا‬ᎁ‫ٵ‬ ۖᛧ൓ᙇปΔᖄી๺‫ڍ‬Գ୭ࢢψْཎᥞऱ৖ౡωΔࠀᎁ੡ْ ཎᥞ‫׌‬ᆠृᆙਮԱ‫׌ا‬Δ֠ࠡਢլ‫࣍ܓ‬ഡՖፖ֟ᑇගᆢΖ ઝ৖௽ऱ‫م׌ܩ‬ᖆࠫਙ᧯ឈլւ๺ਙ᤻‫ڇژ‬Δ‫܀‬ኔᎾՂ ԫࠄᣊ‫ۿ‬ऱ‫׈‬ঋ੔ܑࡉቸ᧯ᝫਢ‫ڇژ‬Δ‫׌׌ا܄ࢮॳڕ‬ᆠሎ ೯Εॳࢮ‫܄‬षᄎ‫׌‬ᆠ༚ᘋ᤻ઝ৖௽։ᄎΕ57 ፖઝ৖௽ՠ೸ᄎ ࿛Δ58 ‫ࡲ֗א‬ඒ੔ܑፖቸ᧯Δ‫ڕ‬ᗪཎࣥ‫ݬכ‬ᄎΔչᆺ੔ቸ᧯ ࿛Ζรԫ‫ڻ‬௧᨜ᖏ৵‫֣៳א‬᎒୮ග੡ு֨ऱᇷขၸ్ս‫۾‬ᖕ อए‫ۯچ‬Δ‫ْ܀‬ཎᥞ༚ᘋሎ೯壆੔ܑቸ᧯ፖ‫׈‬ঋ‫׌‬ᆠ壆੔ܑ ቸ᧯ઃᛧ൓‫ٽ‬ऄ‫ۯچ‬ΔຍࠟጟႨԺբດዬ࿇୶‫ګ‬੡ছᤜ୉ႃ ቸΕْཎᥞᖆີሎ೯ΕْཎᥞԳ‫ا‬ᜤᅩΕْཎᥞ٤ഏᜤᅩΕ ‫ا‬ගᓵᕽΕᖆີᜤᅩ࿛քଡਙए੔ܑऱᄷਙ᤻ิ៣Δຍࠄ᤻ ੔ፖቸ᧯ऱ‫ז‬।‫ױ‬ၞԵᤜᄎ֗փᎹΔွᐛઝ৖௽ऱ‫م׌ܩ‬ᖆ ࠫਙ᧯սࠠ‫׌اڶ‬ऱ‫ګ‬։Ζ‫ ڇ‬1992 ‫ڣ‬รԮࡻഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎᙇᜰ ৵Δքଡਙए੔ܑ‫ף‬Ղᗑ‫م‬ԳՓ٥‫ ڶ۾‬70%ऱᤜஂΔ1996 ‫ڣ‬ รԶࡻഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎᙇᜰ৵Δ٥‫תڶ۾‬ᑇ‫א‬Ղऱஂ‫ۯ‬Ζ59 ‫ࡲڇ‬ඒ ፖ‫׈‬ঋࠟጟႨԺऱለၦխΔࡲඒႨԺ‫ڶ۾‬ᚌႨ‫ۯچ‬Δ‫ڂ‬੡࠹ ْࠩཎᥞ༚ᘋሎ೯‫܄ࢮॳڇ‬Εْཎᥞ‫੺׈‬ଅದႆྂऱᐙ᥼Δ ਙࢌᖲᣂፖഏᛜΕ‫ا‬ᛜٞᄐઃᦨᆝൎ௺ऱࡲඒ௛ࣷΖઝ৖௽ 57 58 59. 110. ᏥຶΕ‫ڜ‬ፂဎထΔ଄ 228Ζ ᗪߔᚈᐚΘশ՞ΘْᐚᕙཎထΔ πઝ৖௽२෼‫׾ז‬ρ Δઝ৖௽Օᖂ‫נ‬ठषΔ1997 ‫ڣ‬Δ଄ 218Ζ ್ᖂ࢘ထΔ଄ 60Ζ.

(23) อएၸ్‫܂‬੡รԿጟႨԺΔࡨึኙ࣍ࡲඒፖ‫׈‬ঋࠟጟႨԺආ ࠷ᡖਫਙ࿜Δ٦‫ڂ‬Ⴈ‫ܓ‬ᖄኙࠟृၞ۩ؓᘝऱ‫ٵ‬ழΔᔞ৫ᓳᖞ ۞աኙ࣍ࠟጟႨԺऱႜ඙৫Ζ 中阿文庫. ઝ৖௽षᄎࠉྥᣤ௑‫چ‬অ਍অ‫ښ‬ଅঋΔࠀ࠹ْࠩཎᥞፖ ႚอ֮֏ऱᐙ᥼ΔૻࠫԱ෼‫֏ז‬ऱၞ࿓Ζઝ৖௽ഡՖ౨ᕏ ߫Εՠ‫܂‬Εᖜٚਙࢌ૞៭Δ‫܀‬ֆ‫م‬ᖂீ۞ؔᆇႼհ৵ঁኔ۩. 28. ߊՖ։ீΖॹ‫ߊڣ‬Ֆऱദࠃٍ‫ࡲࠠڍ‬ඒ‫ۥ‬൑Δദ៖խߊՖᎏ ড়։ၲΔദছঞਊᅃႚอ‫ط‬୮அ‫ڜ‬ඈߊՖᠨֱઌᘣΔ‫ڇ‬տฯ Գऱᣤ௑጑ီՀٌ࢓Δ‫܀‬๺‫ߊڍ‬Ֆ‫ڇ‬࿨ദհছ௅‫ء‬լᎁᢝኙ ֱΖ෼‫ڇ‬ൣउ‫ڶ‬Աԫࠄ‫᧢ޏ‬ΔጻሁΕ᝜ढխ֨Εຒଇࢋࡉ࠼ ೽塢༼ࠎઝ৖௽‫ڣ‬᎘Գ۞‫᧐ط‬ფऱ໱ࢬΔৰ‫ڣڍ‬᎘ߊՖՂጻ เ֚ΕપᄎΔ‫֫ش‬ᖲፖฆࢤเ֚Ε‫ؚ‬ൣᒼ঄Ζ60 ኙ࣍Օ‫ڍ‬ᑇ ઝ৖௽ՖࢤۖߢΔᓫ᧐ფ‫׽‬რ࠺ထፖߊ֖ᆖൄঅ਍ሽᇩᜤ ᢀΔ‫ޢ‬ၜ‫ބ‬ԫଡ‫ֱچ‬壆‫ڕ‬ψਣ֣‫܌‬ωຍᑌऱ۫‫࠼ڤ‬೽塢Εຒ ଇࢋࢨਢ᝜ढխ֨ߠ૿เ֚Δᝫ‫ڶ‬ԫࠄ‫ڣ‬᎘Գ౉ࢤၲ߫‫ބ‬ଡ ޲Գ‫ؚ‬ឫऱ‫ֱچ‬Ζࠡխ່‫໌ڶ‬რऱਢ‫߫߫޳ش‬ᗉ೚ᄆᇆյઌ ।ሒൣრΔ‫࣠ڕ‬ᠨֱऱ߫ᗉຟ࿇‫ړقנ‬ಛᇆΔࠟᔖ߫༉ᄎ‫ބ‬ ଡ‫ֱچ‬ೖՀࠐ୶ၲԫ੄௡ደൣᒴΖ‫܀‬࿪լ౨ല᧐ფֆၲΔ‫ܡ‬ ঞՖֱ‫ټ‬ᥩᄎ࠹ࠩᣤૹჾ୭Δ੷۟๯ီ੡‫ݒ‬Ֆऱ۩੡Δ‫ॳڇ‬ ࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ΔഡՖऱ‫ټ‬ᥩ‫ז‬।୮ගዊᥩΔֺ۞ߪ‫ޓࡎس‬ᣪ၆Ζ ઝ৖௽षᄎᣤ௑ᙅ༛ࡲඒሐᐚΔՖ՗‫ؘ‬ႊ‫ڇ‬୮Գऱຩ‫ٵ‬Հթ ౨ᄎߠߊ՗Δ‫ܡ‬ঞլ੡षᄎࢬ൷࠹ΖೈԱषᄎႚอ৸უऱᐙ ᥼հ؆ΔৰՕ࿓৫Ղᄭ࣍ઝ৖௽ߊ՗լ౨൷࠹ࡠ՗‫ڇ‬ദছམ ࡉܑऱߊ՗ᓫመ᧐ფΖ. 6. ઝ৖௽षᄎጻ࿮ፖഡՖิ៣ 60. “Arab Women”, p. 27.. 111.

(24) ኙᇷᄭ೯୉ፖਙए೶ፖऱઔߒբᆖᢞࣔԳᎾጻ࿮ፖ‫إ‬ ‫ิڤ‬៣ኙਙए೶ፖऱૹ૞ࢤΔ‫֗א‬ኙ֭࣍਍‫ה‬Գ೶ፖਙएऱ ᑨ‫ૹڇ‬૞ࢤΖ‫ڇ‬խࣟᗪཎࣥഏ୮Δኙ࣍ଡԳۖߢΔ‫ݳ‬ᣋृิ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ៣ࡉࠡ‫ڤإה‬ፖॺ‫ڤإ‬ቸ᧯ዌ‫ګ‬ৰૹ૞ऱጻ࿮Δ‫ګݮڇ‬ᣂ࣍ षᄎፖਙएംᠲऱᨠរֱ૿֠ࠡ‫ڼڕ‬Ζ 61 ຏመഏ୮ਙ೭໴ ‫ܫ‬Εழࠃ໴‫֗ܫ‬໾᧯‫׌‬࿝ऱᨠរΔՈᄎ‫ګݮ‬ᣂ࣍षᄎፖਙए ംᠲऱᨠរΔԫ౳ۖߢΔ‫ڤإ‬ፖॺ‫ڤإ‬ऱጻ࿮ᣂএ‫֗א‬ኙ໾ ᧯ऱఎრΔ݁ທ‫ګ‬ਙए۩੡ፖኪ৫ऱՕၦข‫س‬Ζषᄎࢤ‫چ‬೶ ፖ‫ݳ‬ᣋृิ៣ऱઝ৖௽Գኙ࣍ഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬ᄎ‫֭ڍޓڶ‬਍Δ‫ڂ‬੡ ᏺ‫ף‬ԱኙഡՖࢬ૿ᜯऱषᄎംᠲऱᎁᢝΔۖࡳཚൕ໾᧯൷࠹ ಛஒՈᏺ‫ף‬ԱኙഡՖംᠲऱ֭਍ፖૹီΖਊᅃ Alnajjar ऱᨠ រΔ‫ڇ‬ᐙ᥼ਙएެ࿜መ࿓ֱ૿Δ໾᧯࿇ཀԱૹՕ‫ش܂‬Δ62 ઝ ৖௽ऱ໾᧯ኙ࣍ֆ‫ا‬ᣂ࣍ᏺ‫֏׌اף‬ऱრᢝፖ૞‫ڶࠎ༼ޣ‬ Ժऱ֭਍ፖᚥ‫ܗ‬Δ‫ץ‬ਔ壆‫ڕ‬ֆ‫ا‬ၴऱؓ࿛ΕഡՖऱਙएᦞ‫ܓ‬ ֗‫נ‬ठ۞‫ط‬࿛ംᠲΖ63 ‫ڇ‬խࣟ‫ٺ‬ഏऱਙ᤻ፖषᄎቸ᧯Δ‫ץ‬ਔਙएْཎᥞิ៣ຟ ‫ڶ‬ԫࠄՖࢤՠ‫܂‬Գ୉Δຍࠄ‫ࠐڣ‬ᆺ॰Εપ‫؟‬Εઝ৖௽࿛ഏऱ ਙएْཎᥞิ៣៶‫ط‬๻‫م‬ഡՖՠ‫܂‬ຝΔഛ塄ՖࢤიຝΔ༼‫ټ‬ ՖࢤଢᙇԳࠐ‫֧ܮ‬Ֆࢤᙇ‫ا‬Ζ‫ڇ‬ຍࠄਙएْཎᥞิ៣ऱ‫ܘ‬Ժ ՀΔՕၦഡՖ೶‫ދף‬ปΔຝ։ഡՖ੷۟‫ދ‬ԵᤁᙇΔড়ᨠՂឩ ՕԱഡՖ೶ፖਙएऱᐖ৫ፖ෡৫Ζൕ‫ٺ‬ഏഡՖᅝᙇᤜ୉ऱൣ उࠐ઎Δխࣟഏ୮Ֆᤜ୉‫׭‬ᤜ୉᜔᧯ֺࠏऱ 7.2%Δ‫݁ؓ੺׈‬ ֺࠏঞ੡ 16.7%Δ64 ‫ڶ‬ԫࠄխࣟഡՖᝫ‫נ‬ٚຝ९Ε᜔෻Ε೫. 112. 61 ೶ߠ A. Jamal, “Engendering State Building: the Women’s Movement and Gender-Regime in Palestine”, Middle East Journal, 2001, 55(2), pp. 256-277. and V. Moghadam, “Development and Women’s emancipation: Is There A Connection?”, Development and Change, 23, 2004, pp. 215-255. 62 G. Alnajjar, “The Challenges Facing Kuwaiti Democracy”, Middle East Journal, 54, 2000, pp. 242-258. 63 ೶ߠ N. Momayezi, “The Struggle for Democracy in the Middle East’, International Studies, 34, 1997, pp. 25-38. 64 ೶ߠ International Parliament Union (IPN), “Women in National Parliaments”, http://wwwipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm , 2006-7-8..

(25) ᜔อ࿛૞៭Ζઝ৖௽ਢ௧᨜քഏഡՖᇞ࣋ሎ೯່٣ၞऱഏ ୮Δ1963 ‫ࠟمګڣ‬ଡഡՖቸ᧯ Cultural and Social Society Δ ΰCSSα65 ፖ Arab Women’s Development Society ΰAWDSα 中阿文庫. ࠩ෼‫ڇ‬ս‫ڇ‬੡ઝ৖௽Ֆࢤ࿇ߢࠀञ࠷ഡՖऱؓ࿛ፖᦞ‫ܓ‬Ζ66 Rizzo ‫ ڇ‬2004 ‫ڣ‬ኙ࣍ઝ৖௽ഡՖऱറᠲઔߒխಘᓵԱઝ৖௽ ഡՖቸ᧯հၴ‫ڇژ‬ऱ஁ฆΔ‫֗א‬๠෻ᣂ࣍ᏺ‫ף‬ഡՖਙएᦞ‫ܓ‬. 28. ऱ‫ٺ‬ጟംᠲऱֱऄΔ67 ԫࠄഡՖቸ᧯ᗨᄕ༼ଠፖআၞ‫ޓ‬٤૿ ‫چ‬ᓿղഡՖֆ‫ܓᦞا‬ऱ‫م‬ऄΔࠡ‫ה‬ቸ᧯ঞല壄ԺፖࣹრԺ‫ދ‬ ࣹ‫ڇ‬षᄎ壂‫ܓ‬ऱ੒೯ՂΔ‫૿ࠐآ‬ᜯऱਗᖏ‫ڕ࣍ڇ‬۶ࠌ਀༚ഡ Ֆऱᦞ‫ܓ‬൓ࠩ‫ޓ‬ᐖऑऱ‫֧ܮ‬Ժፖཏሙऱ֭਍Ζ ٤෺֏‫׌ا‬ऱઔߒᎁ੡‫ิڶ‬៣ऱቸ᧯ࢤ੒೯ਢֆ‫ا‬ਙ ए೶ፖ‫ࠫૻ֗א‬อएਙᦞऱૹ૞ሁ࿓Δ२༓Լ‫ࠐڣ‬Δխࣟഏ ୮‫נ‬෼๺‫ڍ‬ቝഡՖ࠰ᄎΕს࿳ิ៣ࡉՖ࿙՗૨ऱഡՖቸ᧯Δ ຍࠄิ៣ऱ੒೯ֲ墿᙮᜗Δᐙ᥼။ࠐ။ՕΖഡՖቸ᧯࠹ࠩᖂ ๬ࢤऱᣂࣹਢ‫ڂ‬੡‫ڔ‬ଚբᆖ‫چפګ‬ၞԵਙएᏆ഑Δࠀᆖ‫ڔط‬ ଚ‫ڇ‬ֆ‫֏֮ا‬Ղऱ‫ܘ‬ԺআၞԱ‫֏׌ا‬ऱၞ࿓Δ‫ٺ੺׈ڇ֗א‬ ‫פګچ‬ਗᖏषᄎऱ‫ᦞ׀‬࿨ዌΖ68 ࠏ‫ ڕ‬Pripstein-Posusney ࢬಘ ᓵऱડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Εॳዿ֗‫ࠅܓ‬Εᐰ੖ୂΕୗ֗Εપ‫؟‬Εᆺ॰Ε ઝ৖௽Εᕟ֣ኊࡉ֣೬ཎࡖ࿛‫چ‬ऱᄕࠠᤁञࢤऱഏᄎᙇᜰऱ ֒೏ኪႨΔ69 ࢨ‫ ڕ‬Peterson ፦ႃ௧᨜ऱॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮‫ދ‬ป෷Ε ᤁᙇ੒೯Ε۞ᣋࢤิ៣֗ᤂิᤁᙇᙄֆ৛࿛‫ٺ‬ႈ‫׌ا‬ᙇᜰመ. 65. 1966 ‫ڣ‬ழᚨψઝ৖௽षᄎࠃ೭ፖ໎ՠຝωΰMinistry of Social Affairs and Laborαऱ૞‫ޣ‬Δ‫ڇ‬ ‫ټ‬ጠՂᏺ‫ף‬ψഡՖω‫א‬ᝩ‫܍‬ፖࠡ‫ิࢤߊה‬៣‫ټڶ‬ጠՂऱ෗෤Δۖ‫ټޏ‬੡ Women’s Cultural and Social SocietyΰWCSSα Ζ 66 Haya al-Mugni, Women in Kuwait: the Politics of Gender, (London: Saqi Books, 2001), p. 67. 67 ᇡߠ H. Rizzo, Islam, Democracy, and the Status of Women: the case of Kuwait, (New York: Routledge Press, 2004). 68 ᇡߠ Valentine M. Moghadam, Women, Work and Economic Reform in the Middle East and North Africa, (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998). 69 Marsha Pripstein-Posusney, “ Behind the Ballot Box: Electoral Engineering in the Arab World”, Middle East Report, 1998, 28: 12-16.. 113.

(26) ࿓ऱᇷறࡉ֮ٙΔ70 ᧩‫ڇق‬ઝ৖௽౨ജ࠹ࠩཏሙࢨ‫ڍ‬ᑇᝨᓵ ֭਍ऱ‫ิڶ‬៣࠰ᄎΕቸ᧯‫ץנ༼࣐୲ޓ‬ਔഡՖᖑ‫ݙڶ‬ᖞᦞ‫ܓ‬ ‫ڇ‬փऱᤜᠲΔAl-Mugni ‫ࠡڇ‬ઔߒխՈ堚ཐਐ‫נ‬ઝ৖௽ഡՖิ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ៣ኙֆ‫ا‬षᄎऱૹ૞ࢤΖ71 ઝ৖௽Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬ֆ‫ا‬षᄎऱԺၦ֗ ᑇၦຟ‫ڇ‬ດዬ‫ګ‬९խΔ‫ا‬ၴषᄎᏆᖄृऱᜢଃ‫ٺڇ‬ଡ໴‫ע‬໾ ᧯ࡉᅝ‫چ‬ष೴ᐖ੡ੌႚΖ ᅝ‫֏׌ا‬ᐖ੡ཋ‫ڇࠀ܉‬խࣟ‫چ‬೴ດዬ࠹ࠩᣂࣹΔ‫֏׌ا‬ ऱွᐛ‫נ‬෼‫ڇ‬ਙࢌ֗ֆ‫ृࠟا‬ՂΖ௧᨜‫ٺ‬ഏਙࢌឈ૿ᜯঅ‫ښ‬ ੔ፖْཎᥞ଺ඒ‫׌ڱ‬ᆠऱ৖ౡΔ‫܀‬ຟ‫༼്׌‬೏ഡՖ‫ۯچ‬Δ֠ ࠡਢ൷࠹ֱ۫ඒߛΕ‫܂‬ଅၲ࣋ऱᄅԫ‫׌ܩז‬Δ‫֣៳א‬᎒୮ග ੡ଈऱઝ৖௽ਙࢌኙഡՖᇞ࣋ऱኪ৫༉ለ੡ၲࣔΖۖ MeyerΕRizzo ፖ Ali Կ‫ۯ‬ᖂृऱઔߒ࿇෼ઝ৖௽ֆ‫ا‬Ո֭਍ ឩՕਙए೶ፖ৫Δ֭਍ല೶ਙᦞឩ֗ഡՖ࿛ԫࠄ଺‫ء‬๯ඈೈ ਙएᦞ‫ܓ‬ऱቸ᧯Ζ72 ᆖመ९ཚլᖎऱ‫ܘ‬Ժፖᕿ೐Δઝ৖௽ഡ Ֆऱࡅᩃፖ‫༼᧩ࣔش܂‬೏Δึ࣍ດዬ‫᧢ޏ‬Գଚऱ઎ऄΔ‫ڶ‬ᣂ ഡՖਙएᦞ墿ऱംᠲ‫ګ‬੡๺‫ڍ‬ψ૭‫ࠅ؍ر‬ω73 ऱᑷ॰ᇩᠲΔ ‫ץ‬ਔᎬ۩୮Εٞᄐ୮Εਙࢌᖲᣂխऱ೏్ࡴ୉ຟ।‫֭ق‬਍ഡ Ֆऱᙇᜰᦞፖ๯ᙇᜰᦞΔࢭᎁՖࢤऱՠ‫ۥנ܂‬Δ‫۟੷ࠄڶ‬໏ መߊࢤΔլࣔ‫ػ‬ઝ৖௽੡۶սലഡՖඈೈ‫ڇ‬ᤜᄎՕ॰հ؆Δ ֠ࠡୗ֗Εડ‫ࠅ۫؍‬Εᐰ੖ୂ࿛ࠡ‫ה‬ഏ୮ऱഡՖຟբࠆ‫ڶ‬ຍ ࠄᦞ‫ܓ‬Ζ 70 ᇡߠ J. E. Peterson, The Arab Gulf States: Step Toward Political Participation, New York: Praeger, 1988). 71 ᇡߠ Haya al-Mugni, “Women’s Movement and the Autonomy of Civil Society in Kuwait”, in R. L. Teske and M. A. Tetrault (eds.), Conscious Acts and the Politics of Social Change: Feminist Approaches to Social Movements, Community, and Power, (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 2000). 72 ᇡߠ Katherine Meyer, Helen Rizzo and Yousef Ali, “Islam and the Extension of Citizenship Rights to Women in Kuwait”, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1998, 37: 131-144. ࡉ “Islam, Women’s Organizations and Political Rights to Women in Kuwait”, in Paula D. Nesbitt (ed.), Religion and Social Policy for the 21 st Century, (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2001), pp. 111-127. ‫ ֗א‬Helen Rizzo, Katherine Meyer and Yousef Ali, “Women’s Political Rights: Islam, Status and Network in Kuwait”, Sociology, 2002, 36(3): 639-662. 73 ࡙ඡழԳଚፋ‫ڇ‬ԫದ௧ខ़֚Εྤࢬլเऱԫጟ୮அ՛ፋᄎΔᅝ‫چ‬Գጠհ੡ψ՛ᤜᄎω Ζ. 114.

(27) լመ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽Ε‫ޥ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬࿛௧᨜ॳࢮ‫܄‬ഏ୮Δৰ‫ڍ‬ ഡՖิ៣ਢ‫ط‬ഏ୮൳ࠫፖ༼ࠎᇷ८Δ৬‫طم‬ψषᄎࠃ೭ፖ໎ ೯ຝωࢬጥ෻ऱ‫ٺ‬ጟഡՖቸ᧯Δຍࠄ‫ط‬षᄎဍ૎ፖխՂᐋഡ 中阿文庫. Ֆ൳ࠫऱഡՖิ៣ᜰᙄऱ੒೯Δᙅൕࡴֱਙ࿜ࢬ੺ࡳऱഡՖ षᄎߡ‫ۥ‬ΔൎᓳႚอऱኔᔌΔۖॺषᄎऱ‫଀ޏ‬Δ74 ࠏ‫ڕ‬ઝ৖ ௽ऱ Islamic Care SocietyΰICSαՖࢤิ៣ΖՖᦞ‫׌‬ᆠऱ෻ᓵ. 28. ࿇୶ፖഡՖሎ೯ઃࠉॵ࣍ഏ୮ऱ࿇୶Ꮑ૞Δ‫ڇ‬௧᨜ഏ୮ਙࢌ ऱ֭਍ՀΔ‫ូڃ്׌‬ႚอऱْཎᥞഡՖิ៣ཏሙ৬‫م‬Δߨऱ ਢઌኙ࣍ψ‫׈‬ঋՖᦞ‫׌‬ᆠωऱψْཎᥞՖࢤ‫׌‬ᆠωሁᒵΔ‫ڇ‬ ੡ഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬ᕿ೐ऱመ࿓խഒ਍۞աऱْཎᥞॾٛΔᇢቹຏመ ࠌ‫ش‬π‫ײ‬ᥞᆖρխൎᓳՖࢤ‫ش܂‬ऱᆖ֮Δআၞْཎᥞࢬ‫്׌‬ ऱؓ࿛෻ᓵΔឩ୶ՖࢤඒߛऱຜஉΔ75 ࠏ‫ڕ‬ઝ৖௽ऱ Bayader al-Salam Ֆࢤิ៣Ζፖψ‫׈‬ঋՖᦞ‫׌‬ᆠृωऱञᓵ‫׌‬૞ፋྡྷ ْ࣍ཎᥞࣚ堸ፖْཎᥞ৳ऄΰshari‘aαऱംᠲՂΔՈኙֱ۫ ψ۞‫ط‬Ֆᦞ‫׌‬ᆠωऱᨠរ༼‫ޅנ‬ေΔᎁ੡ᗪཎࣥഡՖ‫ڶ‬ᏺൎ ୮அᣂএΕඒߛ৘࿙ፖঅᥨषᄎႚอ֗฾ঋऱᆠ೭Δᎁ੡۫ ֱՖࢤ৸უ‫׽‬ᄎᖄીഡՖᦞ‫ܓ‬ऱၞԫ‫ޡ‬๯ଷኆΖ. 7. ઝ৖௽ഡՖञ࠷೶ਙհሁ 1961 ‫ڣ‬ઝ৖௽৙‫܉‬ᗑ‫م‬৵ቇؒᖆऄΔࣔᒔ๵ࡳࢬ‫ڶ‬ઝ৖ ௽ֆ‫ا‬ຟ‫ڶ‬ᙇᜰፖ๯ᙇᜰᦞΔ‫ࠐڣڍ܀‬ઝ৖௽ᤜᄎԫऴࢴ࿪ ࿯ղഡՖຍԫᦞ‫ܓ‬Ζઝ৖௽ऱᙇᜰऄΔૻࡳ‫ڣڶ׽‬የ 18 ᄣ ‫א‬Ղऱߊࢤֆ‫ا‬թࠆ‫ڶ‬ᙇᜰᦞࡉ๯ᙇᜰᦞΔլฤ‫ٽ‬ઝ৖௽ᖆ ऄᐊࣔֆؓኙৱլ‫ܑࢤٵ‬ऱ๵ࡳΖՖᦞሎ೯ԳՓམᆖ‫ڇڻڍ‬ 74. Haya al-Mughni, 1996. P. 32. Valentine M. Moghadam, “Islamic Feminism and Its Discontents, Toward a Resolution of the Debate”, Signs, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Summer, 2002), p. 1147. 75. 115.

(28) ᖆऄऄஅ༼‫္נ‬๼Δ‫ڻޢ܀‬ຟ๯Ꮝ‫ڃ‬Δ‫ࠐڣڍ‬ઝ৖௽ഡՖԫ ऴ‫ڇ‬੡ञ࠷ᛧ൓‫ץ‬ਔᙇᜰᦞࡉ๯ᙇᜰᦞ‫ڇ‬փऱਙएᦞ‫ۖܓ‬ ᕿ೐Δထ‫ټ‬ऱઝ৖௽ՖᇣԳ៳ॳឝΘ៳֣᎒ਢषᄎሎ೯୮ፖ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ഡՖᦞ墿‫ߢז‬ԳΔ‫ڔ‬ऱᇣᒧ‫ڕ‬ᖏ೐ऱᇆߡ‫ٻ‬षᄎࡅᩃ‫ך‬։༇ ૹՖࢤᦞ墿Δᆠ‫ဲإ‬ᣤ‫ܒޅچ‬ഡՖ९ཚ๯ଷኆᙇᜰᦞፖ๯ᙇ ᜰᦞऱ෼णΖ 1963 ‫ڣ‬รԫࡻઝ৖௽ഏᄎ‫مګ‬ழΔഡՖଚߨՂဩᙰሏ۩ ‫ق‬৖ࠀྡᗈ‫ڔ‬ଚऱ႕‫ۥ‬؆๲ΰabbayaα Δ‫ݼ‬ᤜ‫ڔ‬ଚ޲‫ڶ‬ਙएᦞ ‫ܓ‬Δabbaya ွᐛ‫ڔ‬ଚ๯षᄎࢬሶᠦΔຍ‫۩ڻ‬೯‫ז‬।ઝ৖௽Ֆ ࢤञ࠷ᙇᜰ‫ދ‬ปᦞऱၲࡨΖ‫ ڇ‬1970 ‫ ࡉזڣ‬1980 ‫זڣ‬ഡՖቸ ᧯ශྤඛᛧΔ1986 ‫ڂڣ‬ઝ৖௽ഏᄎऱᇞཋۖ‫ګ‬੡լኔᎾऱᤜ ᠲΖรԫ‫ڻ‬௧᨜ᖏञথ൅ࠐ᠏ᖲΔ1990 ‫܌ࢮْڣ‬Եॿઝ৖௽ ৵Կ֚Δ؄Εն‫ۯۍ‬ഡՖ೶‫ף‬ሏ۩‫ق‬৖Δ‫ݼ‬ᤜْࢮ‫܌‬ऱ‫۾‬ᏆΖ ‫ڔ‬ଚ‫֟ڶ۔ڶ‬Εᡖ؋ࢨࣄထ՛᚛ࠝΔৰ‫ڍ‬Գຟ౑౑ઠՂ‫۞ڰ‬ 1970 ‫זڣ‬༉բլઠऱ abbayaΔֱঁ‫ڔ‬ଚ‫ڇ‬๯ْ૨໮ܺ৵ᖜ૤ ದֆฒऱࠃ೭ࡉ۩೯Δᨃ‫ڔ‬ଚ៲ದࢤტᕖԺΔ᥋൅૨‫ࣳ־‬ᕴ ࡉ௣ஒൣ໴Δଡଡᅝದྤ‫ټ‬૎ႂΖຍ‫ ڻ‬abbaya ွᐛऱլਢࡲ ඒࢨ֮֏ΔۖਢঅᥨഡՖΕഏ୮ऱࣳᕴΖ76 հ৵ઝ৖௽ഡՖ Ծຬᥛ೶‫ڻڍף‬ᣊ‫ۿ‬ऱ‫ق‬৖ΔഡՖऱ౨ߠ৫ყࠐყ೏Δথ༓ ‫׏‬઎լࠩߊࢤऱ‫נ‬෼ΔՖࢤ‫ګ‬੡অᥨृΕߊࢤ֘‫ګ‬੡๯অᥨ ृΔ‫ګݮ‬ွᐛψՖ‫׌‬؆Εߊ‫׌‬փωऱᄅ෼ွΖ ‫ ڇ‬1990 ‫܌ࢮْڣ‬Եॿઝ৖௽৵ΔഡՖ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽ऱषᄎ ‫ۯچ‬࿇‫ૹس‬Օ᧢֏Ζԫֱ૿Δ‫ڇ‬ഏ୮‫ٲ‬ᣄհᎾΔઝ৖௽ഡՖ ।෼‫נ‬ᄕՕऱট௛ፖფഏൣᖙΔকထ๯ၚ஢ࡉ‫މ‬ᗣऱ‫ٲ‬ᙠΔ অᥨತขࠀᚥ‫ߊܗ‬Գଚ‫ྥڜ‬᠏ฝΔԫࠄഡՖᝫ‫۾ݼ֘ڂ‬Ꮖ૨ 76. 116. Margot Badran, ‘Gender, Islam, and the State: Kuwaiti Women in Struggle, Pre-Invasion to Postliberation’ in Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad & John L. Esposito (eds.), Islam, Gender, and Social Change, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 191 - 95..

(29) ۖᔡၚ஢Δ൅࿯ઝ৖௽षᄎൎ௺ᔼᖔΔຍࠄഡՖՈᤢ൓Գଚ ऱཏሙ༇ૹΔ‫ٵ‬ழઝ৖௽ഡՖऱ۞‫ݺ‬რᢝՈՕՕᏺൎΖ‫׼‬ԫ ֱ૿Δ‫܌ࢮْڇ‬૨ၷ๯ᦀດ৵१ഏऱઝ৖௽ୗ‫ۏ‬ዿΔ।෼‫נ‬ 中阿文庫. ‫ޓ‬ၲࣔऱৎኪΔࢭᘭઝ৖௽ഡՖ‫ڍޓ‬ऱਙएࡉᆖᛎՂऱؓ࿛ ᦞ‫ܓ‬ΔՈ൓ࠩભഏऱ֭਍Δ‫ݦ‬ඨ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽‫נ‬෼‫֏׌اڍޓ‬ၞ ୶Δൕۖ‫ګ‬੡ॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ऱ‫׌ا‬ᄒᑓΖ1999 ‫ ڣ‬5 ִୗ‫ۏ‬ዿᇸ. 28. ֺዿΘ‫ۦ‬শᝬᐚΘᇸֺዿΘ៳֣᎒࿇‫܉‬ਙ‫ח‬Δ৙ؒഡՖ‫ڇ‬ 2003 ‫ڣ‬ऱᤜᄎᙇᜰխ‫ױ‬ᛧ൓ᙇᜰᦞፖ๯ᙇᜰᦞΔ‫܀‬থ࠹ࠩᤜ ᄎխْཎᥞࡉຝᆵ९‫ࠟ۔‬Օ੔ߓऱᤜ୉֘ኙۖ‫آ‬ᛧຏመΖ‫ڇ‬ ‫ط‬堚ԫ‫ࢤߊۥ‬ᤜ୉ิ‫ګ‬ऱᤜᄎխΔᅝழլ‫്׌‬ഡՖ೶‫ף‬ᤜਙ ऱঅ‫ښ‬ႨԺॺൄൎՕΔ٦‫ף‬Ղᤜᄎፖਙࢌլழ࿇‫ؿس‬એΔൄ ֘ኙਙࢌऱެ࿜Δ11 ִ 23 ֲ‫ދڤإ‬ปᅝ֚Δ‫׆‬ᚏଫଈઌ៳ ॳᐚΘॳؒຟࢮΘ៳‫ࡥܓ‬Θ៳֣᎒ፖԫࠄՕ‫ࠩآࠀ۝‬ᄎΔֆ ٥ՠ࿓Օ‫۝‬Ծխຜಯ໱ΔচஇԱ֭਍ୗ‫ۏ‬ዿऄ‫ח‬ऱԺၦΔ່ ৵‫ א‬21 ปኙ 41 ปऱᣬ௘ֺᑇᔡࠩ‫ެܡ‬Ζ ֭਍੔ᤜ୉༼‫נ‬ፖୗ‫ۏ‬ዿਙ‫ח‬ઌ‫ٵ‬ऱᤜூΔ૞‫ޣ‬ᤜᄎ‫ڇ‬ 7 ֚৵༉ഡՖ೶ਙംᠲ٦‫ૹڻ‬ᄅಘᓵ।ެΔԫࠄፖਙࢌഀ֘ ᓳࢨ‫ڇ‬ଈᔚ‫ދ‬ปխ਍֘ኙኪ৫ऱᤜ୉‫م᧢ޏ‬໱Δ1999 ‫ ڣ‬11 ִ 30 ֲऱ‫ދ‬ป࿨࣠ਢ 2 ԳඵᦞΔ32 Գ֘ኙΔ30 Գᢥ‫ګ‬Δ֭ ਍ഡՖ೶ਙऱֺࠏՕᏺΔࠌഡՖଚ઎ࠩ‫ݦ‬ඨऱᚻ٠Ζ2000 ‫ڣ‬ 2 ִ༓‫ิڶټۍ‬៣ऱઝ৖௽ഡՖছ࢓փਙຝ૞‫ޣ‬೶‫ף‬ᙇ‫࿆ا‬ ಖΔ‫ ڣٵ‬3 ִ 8 ֲഡՖᆏΔԫᆢഡՖࠩऄೃ൳‫ܫ‬փਙຝፖᤜ ᄎࢴ࿪ᓿղՖࢤᙇᜰᦞፖ๯ᙇᜰᦞਢሔ֘ᖆऄΔຍࠟ‫۩ڻ‬೯ ឈ‫פګآ‬Δ‫܀‬ՕՕᐙ᥼ᝨᓵऱᖄ‫ٻ‬Ζ੡֧ದԳଚኙഡՖംᠲ ऱᣂࣹΔઝ৖௽ഡՖ֮֏षᄎ࠰ᄎΕഡՖംᠲࡡ୉ᄎ࿛ઌᣂ ิ៣լឰᜰ۩ႃᄎሏ۩ΔഡՖߨՂဩᙰ೏ࡅψ෼‫ڇ‬༉૞ഡՖ ᦞ‫ܓ‬ωऱՑᇆΔ೏ᜰᑑ፿༼‫נ‬Κψ૞‫ޣ‬ᙇᜰᦞፖ๯ᙇᜰᦞωΕ 117.

(30) ψଥ‫ޏ‬ᙇᜰऄωΕψઝ৖௽ഡՖፖ‫܃‬ଚ‫ڇ‬ԫದωΕψْཎᥞ৳ ऄլ‫ܡ‬ᎁഡՖऱᦞ‫ܓ‬ωΖ‫ޢ‬ᅝഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎ‫״‬ၲΔ༉‫ڶ‬๺‫ڣڍ‬᎘ Ֆࢤࠩ໱லᦫΔ௽ܑਢ‫ٺ‬ഡՖิ៣ऱ‫ګ‬୉ࢨ‫ז‬।ଚΔ‫شܓ‬ຍ 第三、四屆中東與伊斯蘭研討會論文集. ጟ‫ٽ‬ऄᖲᄎ‫֘ٻ‬ኙऱᤜ୉ၞ۩ሏᎅΔࠀፖ֭਍Ֆᦞሎ೯ऱᤜ ୉ٌངრߠ‫א‬ञ࠷ഡՖऱᦞ墿Ζ77 2003 ‫ ڣ‬7 ִΔ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽รԼࡻഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎᙇᜰխΔഡՖଈ ‫ڻ‬๯ւ๺‫ڇ‬ਐࡳ‫چ‬រၞ۩ွᐛࢤ‫ދ‬ปΔឈྥլ౏Ե‫ڤإ‬ૠป ࿨࣠Δ‫܀‬ս๯ီ੡ઝ৖௽Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬ञ࠷ਙएᦞ‫૿ֱܓ‬ᛧ൓ऱၞ ୶Ζ78 ഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎึ࣍‫ ڇ‬2005 ‫ ڣ‬4 ִ 19 ֲ‫ א‬26 ปᢥ‫ګ‬Δ20 ป֘ኙΔ3 ปඵᦞऱ࿨࣠Δຏመଥ‫ޏ‬ઝ৖௽ؑਙऄรԿཱིΔ ւ๺Ֆࢤ೶ፖઝ৖௽ؑਙᤜᄎऱᙇᜰΖ2005 ‫ ڣ‬5 ִ 16 ֲઝ ৖௽ഏ‫ا‬ᤜᄎᆖመ 10 ଡ՛ழ᥯ᓵΔ٦‫ڻ‬ኙ 1962 ‫ڣ‬ቇؒऱᙇ ᜰऄรԫཱིଥ‫إ‬ூၞ۩‫ދ‬ป।ެΔ‫ א‬35 ปᢥ‫ګ‬Ε23 ป֘ኙΕ 1 ปඵᦞऱ࿨࣠Δຏመւ๺ઝ৖௽ഡՖࠆ‫ڶ‬ᙇᜰᦞࡉ๯ᙇᜰ ᦞऱऄ৳ଥ‫إ‬ூΔᇠଥ‫إ‬ூ๵ࡳࢬ‫ڣڶ‬የ 21 ᄣऱઝ৖௽Գ ઃᖑ‫ڶ‬೶‫ף‬Օᙇऱᦞ‫ܓ‬Ζ79 ᅝଥ‫إ‬ூ່ึຏመழΔᤜࠃᨚல ऱᨠฒஂ᥼ದ‫ڕ‬ሼ༳ᜢΔ‫ښ‬ଢ‫ڍ‬ழऱԫࠄഡՖሎ೯ृլᆃᑷ ෝઆดΔ‫ࠄڶ‬Գ೏ഀದഏዚΖ‫ח܀‬ഡՖტࠩࠄ๺լ‫ڜ‬ऱਢຍ ႈଥ‫إ‬ூᝫ‫ڶ‬ԫႈॵ‫ף‬යཱིΔ๵ࡳՖࢤ‫ڇ‬೶‫ף‬ᙇᜰࢨ๯ᙇᜰ ழΔ‫ؘ‬ႊᙅ‫ْښ‬ཎᥞඒऄࢬ๵ࡳऱ‫ٺ‬ႈᄷঞΖլመኙ࣍ԫऴ ‫ܘ‬Ժञ࠷೶ਙᦞऱઝ৖௽ഡՖۖߢΔຍսਢԫ໱೛Օऱ໏ ‫ܓ‬Δઝ৖௽‫ګ‬੡ᤉॳ೷Ε֣ࣥࡉ‫׬‬ሒ࿛ഏհ৵Ծԫଡւ๺Ֆ ࢤࠆ‫ڶ‬ᙇᜰᦞࡉ๯ᙇᜰᦞऱ௧᨜ഏ୮Δ၌መԱᇠ‫چ‬೴່Օࡉ ່ૹ૞ऱഏ୮‫ޥ‬௻‫܄ࢮॳچ‬Δ۟վᇠഏս޲‫اڶ‬ᙇᤜᄎΔഡ ՖՈ޲‫ދܓᦞڶ‬ปΖ 77 78 79. 118. http://www.voanews.com/chinese/archive/2005-03/n2005-03-07-voa37.cfm 2005-03-07 http://www.eduzhai.net/yingyu/617/787/yingyu_252459.html 2007-11-09 ଥ‫ޏ‬ছऱઝ৖௽ᙇᜰऄ๵ࡳ‫ڣڶ׽‬የ 18 ᄣऱઝ৖௽ߊࢤֆ‫ا‬թࠆ‫ڶ‬ᙇᜰᦞࡉ๯ᙇᜰᦞΖ.

(31) 2005 ‫ ڣ‬6 ִ 6 ֲઝ৖௽ਙࢌٚࡎ 2 ‫ټ‬ഡՖᖜٚ 16 ‫ؑۯ‬ ਙᤜ୉ิ‫ګ‬ऱᤜᄎ‫ګ‬୉Δ80 ᒬທԫႈᖵ‫໌ࢤ׾‬ᜰΔࠌઝ৖௽ ፖᖞଡॳࢮ‫੺׈܄‬ऱՖᦞሎ೯ृ੡հາᥬΖຍࠟ‫ۯ‬ᤜ୉ԫ‫ۯ‬ 中阿文庫. ਢ៳‫܌‬শΘऄᆳጆΘ౏᝛ዿΘ៳֣᎒Δਢছٚ‫ف‬ईՕ‫៳۝‬௻ ᐚΘ౏᝛ዿΘ៳௻ᐚΘ៳֣᎒ऱࡢࡢΔ‫׼‬ԫ‫ۯ‬ਢऄ౿ႁΘ֣ শዿΔࠟԳ݁ਢՠ࿓ஃΖ81 6 ִ 12 ֲઝ৖௽ਙࢌԾ‫ڤإ‬ٚࡎ. 28. ۞‫ط‬੔ᖂृ್ᤕ௻ୟΘᗪ֣ࢮ‫܌‬੡ઝ৖௽‫ࠐא׾ڶ‬รԫ‫ۯ‬Ֆ Օ‫۝‬ΔՈਢছࢬ‫ڶآ‬ऱՖࢤփᎹ‫ګ‬୉Ζ್ᤕ௻ୟΘᗪ֣ࢮ‫܌‬ ‫ڇ‬ભഏկ۵Օᖂ࠷൓ୃᖂ໑Փᖂ‫ۯ‬Δ1982 ‫ូڣ‬ഏ৵‫ګ‬੡Ֆᦞ ሎ೯ᏆᖄԳΔ‫ڇ‬ઝ৖௽ՕᖂഏᎾᣂএߓᖜٚඒ඄Δ৵ࠐ‫ګ‬੡ ઝ৖௽‫ੌ׌‬໾᧯πᄅፊ໴ρऱՖࢤറ᥏‫܂‬୮Δ෼‫ڇ‬ᖜٚ௧᨜ ഏ୮รԫ‫ۯ‬Ֆࢤຝ९Δଫٚૠ྽Օ‫۝‬ፖ۩ਙ࿇୶ࠃ೭ഏ೭Օ ‫ࠟ۝‬ଡ៭೭Δ82 ຍኙ௧᨜՛ഏઝ৖௽ۖߢ෡ࠠᓢᚰԺΔ‫ޏ‬ᐊ Աઝ৖௽ᖵ‫׾‬Δലઝ৖௽ഡՖᇞ࣋ሎ೯ංՂᄅ೏ᑪΔՈ‫ױ‬౨ ല֧࿇ᄅԫᔚऱॳࢮ‫܄‬ഡՖᇞ࣋ሎ೯Ζ 2006 ‫ ڣ‬4 ִ 5 ֲऱઝ৖௽ؑਙᙇᜰխ‫ ڶ‬2 ‫ټ‬Ֆࢤ೶ᙇΔ ࠡխ 1 ‫ټ‬Ֆՠ࿓ஃ‫ٳ‬ୟΘؒ๎ߺ‫ߡڇ‬ດ໢ԫஂ‫ڻ‬ऱ 8 ‫ټ‬ଢᙇ ԳխΔ‫ א‬1,807 ปรԲ೏ปᆵᙇΔ؈‫ᤢװ‬൓ؑਙࡡ୉ᄎ່৵ ԫଡஂ‫ۯ‬ऱᖲᄎΔຍਢઝ৖௽ഡՖଈ‫ڻ‬ංᙇഡՖ‫ז‬।೶ᙇΔ ‫܀‬ਢᔡሖ؈ඓΖ2006 ‫ ڣ‬5 ִ 21 ֲ‫࣍ط‬ຝ։ᤜ୉ፖઝ৖௽ଈ ઌ౏᝛ዿ‫ڇ‬ଥ‫ޏ‬ᤜᄎᙇᜰऄຝ։යཱིംᠲՂ࿇‫س‬ᖿ௺ञ ചΔୗ‫ۏ‬ዿՀ‫ח‬ᇞཋᤜᄎΔ༼ছᜰ۩ᄅԫࡻᤜᄎᙇᜰΔ83 ଺ ࡳ࣍ 2007 ‫ ڣ‬7 ִᜰ۩ऱᤜᄎᙇᜰ༼ছᜰ۩Ζ2006 ‫ ڣ‬6 ִ 29 80 ઝ৖௽ؑਙᤜᄎ٥‫ ڶ‬16 ‫ګټ‬୉Δ‫׌‬૞૤ຂઝ৖௽ৄؑ๵ቤΕֆ٥ᓡ‫ࢪ֗אس‬ขਙ࿜࿛Δ‫ٵ‬ ழኙৄؑ塊堬ፖؑਙ৬๻ၞ۩጑ᅮΖ‫ؑڇ‬ਙᤜᄎऱ‫ګ‬୉խΔ‫ץ‬ਔຍࠟ‫ټ‬Ֆࢤ‫ڇ‬փऱ 6 ‫ګټ‬୉ਢ ຘመٚࡎข‫س‬Δࠡ‫ ה‬10 ‫ګټ‬୉ঞਢຘመᙇᜰข‫س‬Ζ 81 http://tw.epochtimes.com/bt/5/6/6/n945725.htm 2005-06-06 82 http://tw.epochtimes.com/bt/5/6/13/n953326.htm 2005-06-13. 83. http://big5.chinabroadcast.cn/gate/big5/gb.cri.cn/8606/2006/05/21/107@1053633.htm. 2006-05-21. 119.