身體政治與青春想像：日據時期的台灣小說

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֗វ߆ڼᄃܦߋຐညĈ

͟ፂॡഇ۞ᄂ៉̈ᄲ

**

୥

छ

ࠠ

Ŏ

ၡ ࢋ

ܦ͌ѐߏϏֽ۞઼छ̚િĂۤົഏሇĂপҾߏдछ઼જᒜĂࢲܥᛜອ۞ѐ ΃྆Ăܦ͌ѐՀЯ׎ٙ׍౯۞ĶܦߋķăĶԓ୕ķඈপኳĂజ૙̟˞൑ࢨݓ ୕Ą൑ኢߏ͛ጯຐညԺߏன၁̚۞ࢭາ၁ኹĂүࠎĶϔ୉ρḈķăĶ઼छϏֽ ͹ˠਃķ۞ܦ͌ѐĂౌజኬ̟˞۩݈۞ࢦࢋّć҃Ķܦ͌ѐјܜķᄃĶ઼छј ܜķĂــд͛ጯຐည̢̚ࠎܑ྆Ăјࠎكѩ෪ಔ۞˘វ׌ࢬĄ ˵ЯѩĂଂ˘ฟؕĂ˟˩͵ࡔ۞͛̈̚ᄲĂܮ่̙၆Чᙷܦ͌ѐ۞јܜᄃ ͑ໝĂкٙႊཌྷćࠤͷĂᔘͽ΁ࣇ۞ຑެೌᝌĂ֗͵ዎెĂ֍ᙋ඾߆ۋசͫĂ ۤົዏតĄ1895ѐͽࢫĂᄂ៉അགྷ͟ώതϔ௚ڼΗ͵ࡔ̝˳Ă఍֗ٺ͟ώ߆ᝋ ̝˭ĂᄂˠϤࣧАڠ྅ԩۋĂזޢֽ۞̼͛ୁᄋĂͽ֞ٺд࠱ϔ̼ྻજ˭۞ึ ᑕѡଂĂ˟۰ᙯܼĂࣧಶкѣᖼԶćវனд͛ጯຐည̚Ă྾ͽѩѣкࢦᅺᗔ۞ ࢬШĄώኢ͛ϒߏྏဦϤĶ֗វ߆ڼķᄃĶܦߋຐညķ֎ޘ̷ˢĂᖣͽ̺ઙ༊ ॡܦ͌ѐኢࢗᄃᄂ៉ຐညдᄂ៉າ͛ጯ̚࠹Ϡ࠹ј۞൴ण࢖ྫĄ͹ࢋኢ̶ࢗࠎ ׌̂ొ̶Ĉ˘ă֗វᄃ۩มƟᄮТ߆ڼć˟ăଂᄂ៉֗វז࠱ϔ֗វĄ ᙯᔣෟĈ֗វ߆ڼăܦߋຐညă͟ፂॡഇăᄂ៉ă̈ᄲ 35 * ү۰઼ܼϲᄂ៉̂ጯᄂ៉͛ጯࡁտٙၱ઼͛̚ጯրି଱Ą ** ώኢ͛ࠎ̚δࡁտੰࣰ͛ٙ૞ᗟࡁտࢍ൪Ķϒ׏۞ϠјĈᄂ៉͛ጯᄃ͵ࠧ͛ጯ۞ᙯܼķ̄ ࢍ൪Ķ͌ѐᄂ៉Ĉкࢦ͛ጯЯቡ̚۞͌ѐኢࢗᄃᄂ៉ຐညķొ̶ࡁտјڍćܐቇഅކ᝝ٺ ̚δࡁտੰࣰ͛ٙĶϒ׏۞ϠјĈᄂ៉͛ጯ઼ᅫࡁ੅ົķĞᄂΔĈ 2004 ѐ 7 ͡ 15-16 ͟ğĄ ົٚ̚ᄋ߉୿ି଱ăౘ༱ৈି଱೩ֻ࣒ϒຍ֍Ăᖰѩ࡭ᔁĄ

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˘ă݈ā֏

ܦ͌ѐߏϏֽ۞઼छ̚િĂۤົഏሇĂপҾߏдछ઼જᒜĂࢲܥᛜອ۞ ѐ΃྆Ă൑ኢߏ͛ጯຐညԺߏன၁̚۞ࢭາ၁ኹĂܦ͌ѐՏЯ׎ٙ׍౯۞ ĶܦߋķăĶԓ୕ķඈপኳĂజ૙̟൑ࢨݓ୕Ą҃୎୻ͽֽĂĶܦ͌ѐјܜķᄃ Ķ઼छјܜķĂՀــд͛ጯຐည̢̚ࠎܑ྆Ăјࠎكѩ෪ಔ۞˘វ׌ࢬĄ1 ˵ЯѩĂଂ˘ฟؕĂ˟˩͵ࡔ۞͛̈̚ᄲĂܮ่̙၆Чᙷܦ͌ѐ۞јܜ ᄃ͑ໝкٙႊཌྷĂࠤͷĂᔘͽ΁ࣇ۞ຑެೌᝌĂ֗͵ዎెĂ֍ᙋ඾߆ۋச ͫĂۤົዏតĄ 1895 ѐͽࢫĂᄂ៉അགྷ͟ώതϔ௚ڼΗ͵ࡔ̝˳Ă఍֗ٺ͟ ώ߆ᝋ̝˭ĂᄂˠϤࣧАڠ྅ԩۋĂזޢֽ۞̼͛ୁᄋĂͽ֞ٺд࠱ϔ̼ྻ જ˭۞ึᑕѡଂĂ˟۰ᙯܼĂࣧಶкѣᖼԶćវனд͛ጯຐည̚Ă྾ͽѩѣ кࢦᅺᗔ۞ࢬШĄώኢ͛ϒߏྏဦϤĶ֗វ߆ڼķᄃĶܦߋຐညķ֎ޘ̷ ˢĂᖣͽ̺ઙ༊ॡܦ͌ѐኢࢗᄃᄂ៉ຐညдᄂ៉າ͛ጯ̚࠹Ϡ࠹ј۞൴ण࢖ ྫĂ֭ଣژ࠹ᙯયᗟĄ ૄώ˯Ķܦ͌ѐķ̝ٙͽјࠎĶܦߋķăĶԓ୕ķ۞෪ಔĂޝ̂˘ొ̶ߏ ֽҋٺϠۏጯ˯۞ࣧЯę׍ѣѐᅅ۞ăϒдјܜ൴ण̚۞֗វĂιٙθֈ ۞Ăϒߏ֕ШϏֽ࿅඀̚Ă൑ࢨซՎ᜙چ۞ΞਕّĄ൒҃Ă֗វ۞Ϡјଂֽ ಶ̙ΪߏϠۏّ۞યᗟĂଂ౮ߟĞMichel Foucaultğז͐ᄿϘĞM. M. BakhtinğĂ୎ܕЧ჌ኢࢗĂдд೩ᏹԧࣇĈд҇֗̏൒хд۞݈೩˭ĂЧё Чᇹ۞߆ڼăགྷᑻă࢕ְăޥຐăିֈă̳В኎Ϡඈ˧ณĂϒ౅࿅̙Тგ ྽Ă൑̙͋ˢг̬ˢ˞֗វ۞ޙၹ̍඀Ă֗វЯѩјࠎЧ͞ᝋ˧ᚮు֎˧۞ ᏬᏯᕇćΞߏΩ˘͞ࢬĂ֗វݒ˵ΞͽᖣϤᔟَ۞Է྅ܑႊă۳វኹҖĂၓ ព׎၆ߊѣវט۞ᆚᏝăԩᏊă١඗ٕᙹᖬćѩγĂϤۤົጯă̼͛ˠᙷጯ ඈ֎ޘ࠻ޞ֗វĂ޽΍ι۞͵ّࠧăۤົّᄃঐ෱ّপኳ۞ኢࢗĂՀٙдк 1 д็௚̼͛̚Ăܦ͌ѐ׽൒˵അ౯צࢦෛĂҭຍဦͽĶ͌ѐķֽዯԩĶҁ̂ķĂ֭ෛ̝ࠎາ Ꮈ઼छԓ୕ٙᘭ۞ኢࢗĂݒߏࠎ୎୻ͽֽٙপѣĄҋୖୁ෹೬㋃Ķ͌ѐ઼̚ᄲķͽֽĂ Ķ͌ѐኢࢗķᄃາᎸ̝Ķ઼̚ຐညķೀј̙Ξ̶౷̝˘វ׌ࢬĄྎણ୥छࠠĂĲ൴ன͌ѐĂ ຐည઼̚Ĉୖୁ෹Ķ͌ѐ઼̚ᄲķ۞ன΃ّăୁᄋኢࢗᄃ઼୉ຐညĳĂĮ႔ጯࡁտį19.1 (2001.6): 249-276Ą

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ѣĄ2ٕ҃ૻઉăٕঽऴ۞Чё֗វᇹၗĂՀߏ͛ጯຐည̚Ăкᇹ̼࣒ᙜඉ ர۞ၹјૄᖂĄĶ֗វ߆ڼķĂЯѩјࠎЧᙷ̼͛ᄃ͛ጯኢࢗ̚Ă̙Ξنෛ۞ ࢦᕇĄ Г۰Ăࡶଂॡม֎ޘ඾ீĂĶܦߋķࣧߏ጖ؠٺপؠॡมჯޘ̚۞ຐည ௑ቅĂ෪ಔ඾ְۏ۞ܐϠາ൴Ă͞ᎸϏғĄ˟ăˬŒѐ΃۞ᄂ៉Ăາ̼͛ྻ જϒтѠ͟ܐچĂ͛ጯܦѐᄊ๕ޞ൴ĂЧёܦ͌ѐኢࢗ˘тܥޢߋඎĂݎ൒ ቶ੓Ăϒٙͽࠎᄂ៉Ըड΍݈ٙϏ֍۞ĶܦߋຐညķĄ3൒҃Ă̙टӎᄮ۞ ߏĂതϔг۞̼͛߆ڼᄃۤົன၁Ăலౣѣ׎পঅّĂࢼЈ׎มĂүࠎĶܦ ߋķ͹វ۞ᄂ៉ܦ͌ѐĂ૟ࢋтңͽ˘̎۞֗វĂΝĶវķனѩ˘পঅ።Ϋ ଐဩ̚۞Ч჌ۤົ̼͛߆ڼ㈘㑣Ăҋ൒পҾࣃ଀ᙯڦĄࢨٺቔ಼Ăώ͛дѩ ͽᄂ៉̈ᄲࠎ၆෪ٙซҖ۞ܐՎଣ੅Ă૟ะ̚дͽ˭׌ีᛉᗟĈ ą֗វᄃ۩มƟᄮТ߆ڼ ąଂᄂ៉֗វז࠱ϔ֗វ

2 ણ֍౮ߟ(Michel Foucault), The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception

(London: Tavistock, 1973); Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1979) ඈć͐ᄿϘ(M. M. Bakhtin), The Dialogic (Austin: University of Texas, 1981); Rabelais and His World (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984) ඈĄ׎ιᙯٺ֗វᄃ ۤົ̼̝͛ϹЪᙯܼ۞࠹ᙯኢะĂҌ͌ᔘΒ߁ Bryan S. Turner, The Body and Society

(Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1984); Mike Featherstone, Mike Hepworth and Bryan S. Turner, eds., The Body: Social Process and Culture Theory (Newbury Park: Sage Publications,

1991); John O’Neill, Five Bodies: The Human Shape of Modern Society (Ithaca: Cornell

University Press, 1985) ඈк჌Ą 3 тૺԧ࢕дĲ࡭ᄂ៉ܦѐ۞˘ދܫĳ̚ӈ̂ᓏ়ײĈĶະຑ۞ܦѐኜӖרĊֱ֤̙։ҁѐ ࣇԧߏ̙೷ٚ׎ٶᓝĄ౵͌ԓ୕ኜӖਕૉᛇुܦѐ̝ٺۤົ˯ٙ఍۞гҜĂ΍ֽጬ੽Ă̙ ᕝг݌ซĂ̖ѣ྿זϫ۞۞˘͟ĊķࣧྶٺĮᄂ៉ϔಡį2 ס 7 ཱིĂ 1924 ѐ 4 ͡ 21 ͟Ăޢ ќˢૺЍϒበĂĮૺԧ࢕БะįĞᄂΔĈˠมĂ 2002ğĂࢱ 3 ĄΩт܇Ґ۞ĲۤົԼౄᄃ͛ ጯܦѐĳĂ˵˧࣍Ϥ͛ጯܦѐֽԼౄۤົĈĶג˭۞ԧࣇĂѣٙഇޞٺ๪ሢҁ̂۞͛ᘹछĂ ှ޺Ы˧ࢋՐٺ͛ጯܦѐ۞ҋᛇ˧Ăࠎ૟ֽۤົ۞̚િĂਕૉ࢑଀Լౄ׶౹ౄ۞ᖚయĂߏ ଺ৌᇞሤধ۞͛ጯܦѐĂ൴೭׎ᅈ̂۞நຐᄃ̙٥۞ܫهĂ׍னٺ͛ᘹ۞Б̶౎Ăͽᅳጱ ϔிᔌٺ૟ֽ๪ච۞າ͇гĂͽγᑕߏ͌ѣԓ୕۞˞Ąԧࣇ۞͛ጯܦѐĂࢋۢ྽࿀࢝۞ࢲ ำ̏дᅮࢋҰࣇܧซ΍˷ጼቢ̙Ξ˞Ă఺ߏ౵ޢ۞˘ጼ۞ĂҰࣇ۞ֹ׻ߏ఺ᆃࢦĂ҃ॡ΃ ٙഇޞٺҰࣇ۞͕ߏ఺ᆃާĂҰࣇᆷ΍ֽ۞͛ጯĂߏஊߏҕĂߏາۤົԼౄ۞፟ቡĂߏ૟ ֽض჊۞ሕдજ˧Ă઱׎тѩĂ૷̙ປࠎԧࣇ۞͛ጯܦѐ˞ĄķࣧྶĮݑࢰį1 ס 11 ཱིĂ 1932 ѐ 9 ͡ 27 ͟Ă͔ҋՂݑᏊበĂĮ͟ፂ˭ᄂ៉າ͛ጯځะ 5 ą͛ᚥྤफ़ᏴะįĞᄂΔĈ

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˟ă֗វᄃ۩มƟᄮТ߆ڼ

ᐌ඾͟ώдᄂޙϲതϔ߆ᝋĂᄂ៉˘ాҚĶன΃̼ķ۞ࢭາନ߉Ă˵ు ՎणฟĄᓝ˲າёጯ७۞నཉă̍ᇄޙ᎝ᄃϠயड़த۞ࢍზă኎Ϡᗁᒚ௫ၚ ۞Լ։ăчॡчڱ៍ه۞ޙϲඈĂ൑̙ѣҾٺ࿅Ν۞็௚ᄂ៉Ą఺ֱନ߉ٙ ੫၆۞ࢬШᔵঅĂҭౌ̙ࡗ҃Тгࠎᄂ៉૲ֽ۩มгഀ˯۞ត̼Ă֭ᖣϤᝋ ˧ྻүĂᇆᜩ֗វϠјĄҌٺࠎ˞రၔޓ઼௚ڼ۞ຍᙊԛၗ͚੨Ă၆ౌξ۩ มซҖ̂ఢሀԼౄĂ׎ᇆᜩ˧Հ̙дྖ˭Ą4൒҃ᄃѩТॡĂഫொٺ̙Т۩ ม̚۞֗វĂݒ˵ͽ࣎ˠ۞ـֽᔌᔖă۳វणႊĂវன΍߆ڼٕ̼͛ᄮТ˯ ۞ᅺᗔّĂࠤͷĂͅ࿅ֽνΠ˞۩มᛳّ۞ޙၹĄώ༼ኢژĂ૟ͽܦ͌ѐ֗ វٺ̙Т۩ม̚۞ഫொـֽĂᑭෛ׎ม۞ᄮТ߹តĄ 1922 ѐĂĮᄂ៉įᗔᄫ˯Ώ΍੠ࢲĞᔁߋ͢Ă 1902-1969ğ۞Ĳсࢋـ ң఍ΝĳĂߏࠎᄂ៉າ͛ጯΫ˯౵ѝ۞Ϩྖ̈ᄲ̝˘Ă̰टᔵߏܦѐշ̃۞૓ ᝽߇ְĂ׎มٙԶड΍۞ຍஉĂݒ̙Ӹෛࠎѩޢᄂ៉ܦ͌ѐٺ̙Т۩ม̚ฟ ण੠ವᄮТ۞੓ᕇĄд఺ቔͽ͛͟ᆷಶ۞̈ᄲ̚Ăү۰๬ౄ˞˘Ҝᄂ៉͌̃ ॳ܅Ăсд็௚ۤົ۞ͭϓ̝׻˭Ăᄃ঻͟ܦѐጯϠ୻ࢲࢎ˭૓ࡗĂ֭႕͕ ഇ࠽Ϗ૓͈ጯјܔฏĄ̙फ़Ăତצາёିֈ۞୻ࢲдࢎ૓̝݈ࣧώಶΩѣٙ ຑĂ၆ٺͭϓ۞щଵஎຏ൭ࡴĂ൑ڱତצĄаᄂ̝ޢĂ΁˧ԩѩ˘̙Ъந۞ טޘĂ֭ࢋдᖞۤົ̚Ķᕇ፼Լࢭ۞சͫķĂྋੵ૓ࡗĄॳ܅ᔵஎצχᑝĂҭ ᆾ൒ေᏹ̝ޢĂ่̙݌೷ࢬ၆ѩ˘ְ၁ĂវुזĶౌߏۤົטޘ̙рĂౌߏ ځሔĂ 1979ğĂࢱ 139 Ą 4 ͽᄂΔݱࠎּĂ͟ώ༊Ԋд̂͏̋ݑᚋޙϲᄂ៉઱˘ء။̂ۤ۞͟ώৠۤĂֹ̝јࠎĶৠ ાķĂ˫дݱ̰ொങֽҋٺ͟ώϓ઼۞ྼ㡀ăႇᄅ᧒ă׶᛻܅ඈĄѩγĂՠ֘ăᐓࢆ፶ăથ ظᘊ඄ăשપޏă࿪ᇆੰඈன΃̼ౌξഀ៍Ă˵ٙдкѣĄ̶֍ౘాڠĂĶࢲͪę۩ม ຍᙊԛၗ၁ኹĈᄂΔ࣎९ķĞᄂΔĈ୶ѯ̂ጯޙ᎝ࡁտٙჇ̀ኢ͛Ă 1993ğćోͪሔĂ Ĳ͟ፂܐഇΔξۤົગᇆĳĂќˢĮోͪሔะįĞᄂݑĈᄂݑᎩϲ̼͕͛̚Ă 1994ğćߟ༄ ځĂĲᄂΔ͟ፂॡ΃͟ώ૑ӿۏᄬĳăĲᄂΔࢲ͡໦ॹĳĂќˢٙ඾Įᄂ៉ࢲ͡įĞᄂΔĈҋ ϲ୎ಡĂ 1991ğඈĄ఺ֱౌξ۩ม۞ԼౄĂ၆ٺˬŒѐ΃າᎸۢᙊ̶̄۞ຏᛇ͵ࠧᇆᜩࠤ ࿝Ă֭јࠎ͟ፂॡ΃ᄂ៉̈ᄲ̚ᐞᆿຍᙊ۞ࢦࢋ੓໚Ąણ֍߉୿ĂĲ͟ፂॡ΃ᄂ៉̈ᄲ̚ ᐞᆿຍᙊ۞੓໚ĳĂќˢٙ඾Į׌ث͛ጯኢะįĞᄂΔĈາгĂ 1997ğĂࢱ 102-120 Ą

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૞טछल۞ཋĄԧΪߏᜁࠗ۰̝˘҃̏ĄČČፋ࣎ᄂ៉̙ۢѣк͌ˠࠎ఺࣎ טޘ҃ࣵ඾Ăт̫ԧౌځϨ࿅ֽ˞Ąԧࢋࠎ఺ֱˠጬ੽Ă݌೷гጬ੽˭ΝĊķ ࠤͷĂᔘࢋͽᏴፄᐌܑΈזڌִ঻ጯĂĶӅ˧᝝३ķĂүࠎс۞ĶΝ఍ķĄ5 ͽன̫ீЍ࠻ֽĂү۰щଵາܦѐֽ၆ԩᖞטޘĂ֭ͽĶזڌִ᝝३ķĂ үࠎયᗟྋՙ̝྽ĂϏҺε̝˘ೃଐᙸĄ൒҃Ăࡶ඾ீٺ׎̚۞۩มᄮТ੠ ವĂ݋Ĳсĳ͛дҋϤ᝽ຑăԼࢭᖞۤົඈ೼ّ࿆۞າ̼͛෦Ր̝γĂপҾ ૻአĶזڌִĞ͟ώƟౌົƟளฏƟ̰гğΝ᝝३ĞତצາёିֈğķĂޫޫ ߏ຋ӻг٣ᜨ΍༊ॡᄂ៉ܦ͌ѐдซҖ۩มᄮТ੠ವॡĂ͕̚౵ࢦࢋ۞ೀ࣎ Ᏼፄีϫę͟ώĂᔘߏᄂ៉ĉౌົĂᔘߏฏՅĉளฏĂᔘߏ߇ฏĉᖞ३ ٗĂᔘߏາጯ७ĉ˵ЯѩĂдѩޢధк̈ᄲ̚Ăԧࣇ̙ᕝ࠻זధкᄂ៉ܦ͌ ѐд఺ֱ̙Т۩ม̚ഫொـֽ۞֗ᇆĂ҃ҋϤ᝽ຑĂԼࢭ၁ኹĂͽ̈́Ч჌ຍ ᙊԛၗ۞Ϲ࠹үϡĂՀߏࠎ΁ࣇ۞ᄮТᆧ୹តᇴĂၓព΍পѣ۞ᅺᗔّĄ׎ ̚ࣃ଀ޥᏰ۞ᛉᗟĂҌ͌Β߁Ĉ̙Т۞۩ม੠ವĂߏӎĂٕ۰тңĂវன̙ Т۞ᄮТפ଺ĉ֗វ۞ᕩᔌĂߏӎυ൒ಶߏჟৠຍШ۞ԆБԸडĉଂ።ॡّ ֎ޘ៍໰Ă̙Тॡഇ۞֗វҜொĂ˫૟тңᐌ඾γд߆ڼன၁۞ԼតĂކϯ ඾ᄮТ۞߹ᖼٕኳតĉ ൑ΞӎᄮгĂጐგᄂ៉၆തϔ߆ᝋؕ௣ԩۋ̙ᕝĂҭ͟ώ̈́׎ࠎᄂ៉ٙ ૲ֽ۞ன΃Ğݱξğ͛ځăྤώ͹ཌྷοႬಕֲёϠ߿Ăͽ̈́౅࿅ିࡊ३ૻ˧ ᇫ೸۞͟ώĶ઼ϔķຍᙊĂ6ݒܳј̙͌ᄂ៉ˠϔęপҾߏ˟Œѐ΃ͽ ޢĂצ࿅തϔг̳ጯ७ିֈ۞ۢᙊܦѐĂ၆ι͕ᕏـ̝ĄĶז͟ώĞڌִğ 5 Įᄂ៉ϔಡįĂ 1922 ѐ 7 ͡ 10 ͟Ą 6 གྷ࿅ѣ͕۞ିՄనࢍĂ̳ጯ७ኝ඀ੵ˞઼Ğ͟ğᄬ̝͛γĂՀᖣϤΫг࣒֗ඈࡊϫĂ᛿Ꮾ ጯϠ͟ώຍᙊĂ׎ϫ۞ϒߏࢋ૟ώफ۞ᄂ៉͌ѐĂၔغԼౄј͟ώ۞Ķ઼͌ϔķĄ׍វઇ ڱĂΒ߁д઼ᄬኝώ̚ങˢᄃ͟ώ઼छă࠱ވٕৠ྽ܫЈѣᙯ۞͹ᗟĂར၁ͽ͟ώࠎ͹វ ۞።ΫିֈඈĄӈٕߏᄂ៉ฏ˿гநኝ඀Ă˵٩ΝĶˠķ۞߿જĂΪ঻˭Ϲ఼ă෶ٽăய ຽᇴፂăۏኳޙన۞̬௜Ąѩ˘૟Ķˠķள̼۞ፆүĂϒߏຍဦ̷ᕝ͌ѐጯ̄၆ᄂ៉࿅ـ ።Ϋ̼͛۞ᄮۢĂᖼШ၆ன΃͛ځ̈́͟ώ۞઼छᄮТĄᙯٺതϔгିࡊ३۞ࡁտĂΞણ֍ ధׂኰĂĶ๬ౄതϔг઼͌ϔę͟ፂॡഇᄂ៉̳ጯ७ିࡊ३̶̝ژķĞᄂΔĈᄂ៉̂ጯ። ΫࡁտٙჇ̀ኢ͛Ă 1994ğĂ׹્৬ĂĲ၁ጯିֈăฏ˿ຑᄃ઼छᄮТę͟ڼॡഇᄂ៉ ̳ጯ७ௐˬഇĶ઼ᄬķିࡊ३۞̶ژĳăĲεར۞྽ᇇ͵ࠧę͟ώതϔ௚ڼॡഇᄂ៉̳ጯ ७࣒֗ିֈ̝ࡁտĳĂ࣌ќˢٙ඾ĮঔҖ̲۞ॡ΃ę͟ώതϔ௚ڼϐഇᄂ៉ΫኢะįĞᄂ ΔĈ̯୐Ă 2003ğĂࢱ 215-294 ă 295-374 Ą

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ΝķĂЯѩߊΞͽߏҋԧநຐ۞੠ವᄃ၁ኹĂ˵Ξͽߏ࢝ٺன၁۞Ωವ΍ྮĄ ൒҃࡝ˠವק۞ߏĂѩ˘ϤĲсࢋـң఍ΝĳฟୁბჰĂЯ૓᝽યᗟ҃ͽ͟ ώࠎ੠ವƟ΍֕ϫᇾĂຍ୬኏ՙᖞۤົშᘲ۞ୃְĂޢᜈ൴णݒϏυߏឰາ ܦѐд͟ώฟ౹າְຽĂٕߏጯјᕩᄂޢౄ჊ॹ୙Ă҃ͅкΗߏឰ΁ࣇд̙ ᕝ۞࣎ˠ᝽ຑ߇ְ̚Ă֕Шᐞᆿ۞ຏᛇ͵ࠧĄ఺ᙷୃְдԒϖ჊Ğ1913- ğ Ĳ̋ਮ܅ĳĞ1935ğăਃጂĞ1908-1940ğĲണౠĳĞ1935ğඈͽ঻͟շ̃ܦѐࠎ ͹֎۞̈ᄲ̚జ൴ೳЍ̂Ă֭ϤਃጂĲ͇ܪ݈۞᝽ຑ߇ְĳĞ1937ğะ׎̂ јĄٙӔன۞Ăϒߏྤώ͹ཌྷওߖ˭ĂܦѐࣇϤ੠ವ࣎ˠ͕ីҋϤ҃ుՎ֕ Шౝ໡ٺҋԧ͵ࠧ۞शྮćд఺ֱ͇ৌ۞ăநຐ͹ཌྷ۞֗ᇆ˭Ăᔳᖟ۞ϒߏ തϔ௚ڼะဥͽૻ๕ຍᙊԛၗ̷ᕝ˞ᄂ៉።Ϋ̼͛ޢĂໂޘᎶණ҃௣Ҍ৔ෘ ۞࣎ˠҋԧĄ7 ᄃѩТॡĂΩѣధк՟ѣ፟ົᗓฟᄂ៉۞ώफܦѐĂ̪̙Һࢋੜ҃Ր׎ ѨĂ૟͕̚۞͟ώƟன΃̼ഢཎĂར၁д၆തϔ߆ᝋࠎᄂ៉ٙ૲ֽ۞̙Т۩ มᒖဩ۞Ᏼፄ˯Ąതϔഀ៍۞ፋ฽ሒஐĂ၆ͧ඾ώफاٙ۞ᝯใണ৔Ăᐷ༈ ؟Ğ1910-1999ğĲങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉĳĞ1937ğഅѣᔿځೡࢗĂ8ιϒٙͽΡ ಓ඾ώफܦѐͽĶҝ͟ώёٗ̄Ă࿅͟ώёϠ߿ķĂүࠎலϠ۞ጬ੽ϫᇾĄ9 7 ߉୿അѣкቔኢ͛၆ѩઇ࿅ჟᜥኢژĂኛણ֍Ĳ͟ፂॡ΃̈ᄲ̚۞ۢᙊ̶̄ĳăĲຏᛇ͵ࠧ ęˬŒѐ΃ᄂ៉Ωᙷ̈ᄲĳăĲ͟ፂॡ΃ᄂ៉̈ᄲ̚ᐞᆿຍᙊ۞੓໚ĳĂ࣌ќˢͩ඾Į׌ ث͛ጯኢะįĂࢱ 29-48 ă 84-101 ă 102-116 Ą 8 ᐌ඾͹֎ˠۏౘѣˬֽז̈ᗉĂᐷ༈؟ឰ΁࠻זώफˠ۞اҝᒖဩߏĈĶූ྽ѳᖅ҃ౚ ຳĂܩͿཙ۞ߗ̄⤼଀โโĂజϨᘿఐᄞ଀ӈ૟้ࣆķĄĶ֕ซޒ྆Ă֭ଵ۞ٗ̄Հព଀ᝯ ̲̲гĂЯࢲܥ҃ࣤར۞˿֎ᒒጨĂব৫гᑅ࢝਒˾ć̈ྮҬͼЯࠎខ̙ז͉วĂᒅᒅ гĂޅ̄ࣇᐌ఍̂̈ܮ۞ਙঈĂᄃᄐ൴ሤঈĂ஄Ъ҃چ੓ķĄ൒҃Ķ఼࿅ූ྽Ă੺˯ಶ࠻ז ȗᄦᎤົۤĄ˘ͯܦܦ҃੼੼۞ϟቴ๩Ăજ˵̙જć੼ᓒ඾໬Ӧ۞̍ᇄ۞λវĂ੯੯ߍ඾ ϨҒķĄĶ֕זූ྽۞ˢ˾఍ĂΠᙝాᖘ۞ಛᒒ̰Ă͟ˠҝшනၰг֭ଵ඾Ă׹ಛܜ඾ޝк ͢ϝፘĂᘦࢦ۞ქҒ̂ཧ˭Ăඕ඾㔏㔏ፚ๪ԛ۞ڍ၁Ăజ́วϠ຋ऴῨਨҒ๮˯ள૾ķĄ̶ ֍Ĳങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąᐷ༈؟ะįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1991ğĂࢱ 13 ă 14 ă 19 Ą 9 тĲങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉĳ̚۞߸͇ਖ਼ĂĶ΁д఺͵ม઱˘۞ԓ୕ߏԡ࡝ೀѐ̝ޢĂ̿Ї˘ ؠ۞ҜཉĂҝ͟ώёٗ̄Ă࿅͟ώёϠ߿ķĄТ˯ොĂࢱ 20 ĄѩγĂᐷ༈؟Ωቔ̈ᄲĲเ छĳ۞շ͹֎ࡶᚊĂ˘͕ຐΝڌִ൴णĂ൒ְ҃ᄃᙸ࿁ĂޢֽΪр్੧ޘ͟Ăҋԧ੟ᔖĄ ྍ͛ќˢཧϮᑾăᔨჹ߆በĂĮЍೇ݈ᄂ៉͛ጯБะįס 7Įങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉįĞᄂΔĈ ᅈഀĂ 1979ğĂࢱ 65-100 Ą

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҃ѩ˘Ķˠдᄂ៉Ă͕Ш͟ώķ۞̶͕֗ᗓĂ˫ѝдԒϖ჊۞Ĳࢵᄃវĳ Ğ1934ğ̚Ăಶ̏ன΍ბࣔĈ঻͟۞ጯϠజछ྆Ρаᄂ៉ඕ૓Ă႕ᘃ̙ᙸĂ ྾ԛјĶࢵᄃវ۞࠹ͅ၆ϲېၗķęĶЯࠎ΁ҋ̎ຐ঻дڌִĂΞߏ΁۞ छݒࢋ΁۞ĺវĻĂ˘ދତ˘ދ۞छ३ᐛᐛ๊΁ĺܔฏĻĂநϤߏࢋ΁аछྋ ՙࢦ̂۞ඕ૓યᗟĄٙͽ΁ຐ঻дڌִķĄ10 ࢵᄃវ۞̶ᗓ၆ސĂ೬ϯ۞̙Ϊߏ֗វᄃຍ୬۞ेͅĂՀߏതϔгܦѐ ̼͛͹វ۞ᙹࣆ᏾ใĄ11Ĳࢵᄃវĳ̈ᄲ౵ޢĂୃְ۰˘Г೩זࢵវளᙷ۞ ĶΫ܆ҹ೻ķĞSphinxğৠྖĂ֭ྑયĈĶ఺޽۞ߏˠ๜ĉķ12_{Հ૟̈ᄲຍў೩} چזಲ֏ᆸѨĂΎព΍׎̚ᓞᙱ۞ᄮТӧဩĄѩޢĂᄂ៉ܦѐ൑ኢ֗дң ఍Ăౌှͽ͟ώࠎĶࢵķĂੵ˞ߏ֗វƟ۩มᄮТ۞ӎؠ᜜ᙋγĂТᇹࠎ׎ม ٙঘ̈́۞Ķ֗វķᄃĶ͹វķયᗟĂ঻˭ధк᜜ᙱ۞۩มĄ Ω˘͞ࢬĂ࠹၆ٺϤன΃͟ώƟྤώ͹ཌྷٙጱ࡭۞ᐞᆿ᏾ใĂ໅จ Ğ1905-1985ğĲਖ਼ಡЀĳĞ1932ğ݋дТᇹߏـڌִವԱ΍ྮ۞݈೩˭Ăฟण ΍௡ᖐཏிĂԸ֗̍ྻ۞νᓍᙯᘃĈ΍֗ᄂ៉ྺछ۞ܦѐጯϠ໅ӖĂдछ̚ ˿гజതϔ۰μפᄹဳĂछ৔ˠ˸̝ޢĂ੸֗࢒͟Րጯχ̍Ă˫ዎࠁಡۤࣤ ݇ഡᑅĂ௣Ҍܳј˞΁ล৺ຍᙊ۞ᛇᏹĂ֭ᛏ଀̍ྻ۞౵ޢ౼ӀĄ̈ᄲඕ ԍĂ໅Ӗՙؠລ௺ᗓ͟ܔᄂĂᚶᜈጬ੽ĂĶԧ႕ᘃ඾ቁܫĂଂλ௺ቿ඿˱غ ϥڕ˯጖ෛ඾ᄂ៉غߋ͇Ă֤׊ܑࢬ˯ᔵ൒࡚ᚊ۲႕ĂҭΪࢋ೧˯˘੫Ăಶ ົ࠻זೋਙ࿀ˠ۞ҕᓘغ੢΍ķĂ13఺൫ྖĂ൑ႷކӘ඾Ĉۢᙊܦѐᔙ΍३ ᕌĂ֕Ш̍ྺཏி۞Ω˘۩ม߿જྮቢĂϒ͞ᎸϏғĄТॡĂҬͼ˵ຍᏜ ඾Ĉଂ͟ώ঻ጯᕩֽ۞ۢܦĂٕ̙Һࢋᘃ඾ୁᄋ۰۞ֹ׻ຏĂΝି̼ώफТ ࡪĄ ͽߏĂ૟៍໰൏ᕇГޘᖼаᄂ៉ώफĂܮົ൴னĈˬŒѐ΃΍ˢٺѦᕇ ˠĞ1903-1949ğĲफౌĳĞ1932ğă໅чຌĞ1905-1959ğĲՙෘĳĞ1933ğăͳ ྐ஥Ğ1908-1984ğĲ˩фྮĳĞ1936ğăĲ՟རĳĞ1936ğඈ̈ᄲ̚۞Ăϒߏ 10 ĲࢵᄃវĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąਃጂąԒϖ჊ąͳᴣฯЪะįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1991ğĂࢱ 180 Ą 11 ણ֍ౘ۾ځĂĲΫ܆ҹ೻۞തϔг͛ጯęĮ჊ႬᇝՒįॡഇ۞Ԓϖ჊ĳĂќˢٙ඾Įνᓍ ᄂ៉ęതϔг͛ጯྻજΫኢįĞᄂΔĈ౪ϣĂ 1998ğĂࢱ 121-140 Ą 12 Тො 10 Ăࢱ 184 Ą 13 Ĳਖ਼ಡЀĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą໅จะįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1991ğĂࢱ 58 Ą

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ᄂ៉ܦѐᔒᖼٺЧᙷཏிྻજ۞֗ݻĄࣃ଀ڦຍ۞ߏĂ၇̨၇੓۰׽൒ѣ ̝ĂҭՀк۞Ă҃ͅߏ՟རՔ஍ĂӴԠዚ᎐Ą΁ࣇᄃౝ໡ٺ࣎ˠଐຑ۞ă঻ ͟۞ᐞᆿܦѐפशᔵঅĂݒ௣̙Һٺঅ౉ТᕩĂ֕Шҋԧ۞͑ໝĄ ൒҃Ăᐌ඾Ķՙጼॡഇķ࠱ϔ͛ጯ۞யϠĂαŒѐ΃ͽޢĂࣧАഫொٺ ̙Т۩มĂ඗̂кᇴẴ៭㖒Ԡ۞ܦѐࣇĂݒ̙ҭ̙Гѣࢵវ၆ސ۞ӧᕘĂͅ ҃႕ᘃҋܫĂԸ֗ٺώफ̙Т۞̍үಞાĂ֭णன˞ѩ݈Ϗ֍۞ڀೳঈ෪Ą ͽ׹ܛگĞ1920-1996ğĲͪᒛĳĞ1941ğᄃӕᄿࡶĞ1914-1951ğĲ̋̌ਨ͢ĳ Ğ1944ğࠎּĂ̈ᄲୃࢗ۞ౌߏ঻͟ܦѐշ̃ܔᄂ̍ү۞߇ְĂ͹֎ˠۏ᎕ ໂጬซ۞ݻၗटٕ࠹ТĂҭᄃ۩มـֽ̢જ۞ሀёĂݒ̂࠹ూलĂЯѩ̶Ҿ ࠎܦ͌ѐ۞֗វƟ۩มᄮТĂԸड΍׌჌ԆБ̙Т۞ຐညሀёĂმ̚ѡԶĂ ͍׎ࣃ଀Ϳ௟ޥᏰĄ 1941 ѐĂѐ͞˟˩˘໐۞঻͟ܦѐ׹ܛگĂ൴ܑ˞΁Ϡπௐ˘ቔ̈ᄲ ĲͪᒛĳĂ౯צ៙᜖Ăଂѩ᜙൳͛ጪĂјࠎЧ͞៘ϫ۞າսĄ఺ቔ̈ᄲͽ˘Ҝ ঻͟ᕩֽ۞ѐᅅેຽͰᗁࠎ͹֎Ă˘ฟؕĂಶ٣ᜨ̙͌ᄃА݈࢛ள۞ன෪Ĉ ΁ᏹ࿅ֽĂ̪ᖞ዁඾Ă˘ࢬдາዛ۞ქᄉঈק̚ԯەĂ˘ࢬаጸڌִ঻ጯॡ ΃Ąрೀѐ՟ѣдၼၼѼ˯Ѓि˞Ą၆дၼၼѼޘ࿅۞ጯϠॡ΃۞ᘃهೇ߿ ੓ֽ̝ޢĂ˫ѣՀ̂۞ຏೖയ˯͕ᐝĄᄮࠎШ੼ͪ໤۞Ϡ߿ତܕ˘Վęᔘ ᄮࠎԆј˘ีཌྷચęࣆ̙тᄲតјߙ჌̙ٽᒔ଀۞ᐹ෸ຏĂღღг࿀࢝Б ֗Ą дၼၼѼ˯࿅ည͟ώˠ۞Ϡ߿Ċ ఺ֹ΁߶߶ҋ଀Ăֹ΁ٱؠ႐൒҃၈າ۞ԓ୕Ą ͽ˛˛ְតࠎᖼହᕇ҃ΐిซҖ۞࠱ϔᔤјྻજĂ̙ϡᄲĂଂ৭дᅳጱล৺ гҜ۞΁ࣇཙ˭ШγᕖणĄιͽᕇ፼౎ͫ˘ਠ۞ঈ๕Ă፵ᒎਜ਼ܫĂχ৔ࢩ ௫Ą ΁дڼᒚଈ۰Ͱጎ۞༊׊Ă֭՟ѣԞ੃ކ็ι۞υ൒ّĄ ČČ ᖼீมĂ၃ވ۞Ԗዛວฟ˞ĂజԼౄјၼၼѼٗมĂ΁ಶд֤׊੓اĄ΁Ă ҋ̙υᄲĂ΁۞छˠ੓ܐ׽൒ຏז̙නڇĂΪࢋ˘௫ၚĂ˵ฟؕჍ៙Ă֭Ξ ͽдၼၼѼ˯ᅅᗫҋ଀۞Ϡ߿˞Ą͍׎ߏޅ̄ࣇĂд˯ࢬྯֽྯΝĂрညᛇ ଀ΞͽྒᚹĄ ΁ϡ͘ၤ˘˭ၼၼѼĂຏזໂࠎ႕ຍĄ फϔߏΞͽି̼۞Ă҃ͷΞͽͧٙ࿰ຐ۞ՀࠎटٽĂՀ֝ిгᏱזę΁ٙ

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˘ۡٱؠ۞ܫهĂజ౵ܕࡎ൒ٶᐝ۞ૻѣ˧۞ҋܫ֝ిгଯ˯ΝĄ14 дѩĂĶ΁ķٱؠܫهĂຍ୬ି̼ώफТࡪĂ࠻ֽҬͼᔘߏ࿅Νۢᙊ̶ ̄ୁᄋֹ׻۞ؼᜈć൒҃Ăҋᛇٺ˘̎Ķᅳጱล৺ķ۞̶֗Ă֭ͷࢋ੨Ъ Ķ࠱ϔᔤјྻજķĂჟৠפШ˯׎၁̏ᄃѝഇ̼͛ୁᄋ۰ԆБ̙ТĄ̙ͤٺ ѩĂ̙ኢߏ࠹ྵٺĲങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉĳ̚Ă֤Ҝ˘͕ຐĶҝ͟ώёٗ̄Ă ࿅͟ώёϠ߿ķ҃ϏΞ଀ĂΪਕ୕͟ˠҝшᎸရ۞ܦѐ߸͇ਖ਼ĂٕߏТቔ̈ ᄲ̚Ăࣧώ˘͕ጬ൴Ш˯Ă౵ޢݒ̙Һࢋឰ̈ᗉަ೓ّॾႣˢ҇វĂឰĶ૚ ွ҃ᘄ೓۞̈ᗉ۩ঈࢲ̼˞ຍԠķ۞ౘѣˬĂ15Ĳͪᒛĳ̚۞Ķ΁ķౌणன ΍ͅ࿅ֽࢋԼតă౹ౄγдᒖဩ۞ૻধજਕĈ૟၃ވԼౄјၼၼѼٗมĂឰ ҋ̎Ă˵ឰछˠĶдၼၼѼ˯࿅ည͟ώˠ۞Ϡ߿ķĄೈѩĂ݋ӈٕ֗дᄂ៉Ă ̪ΞགྷϤ۩ม۞ԼតĂᝀ൒ጾѣ͟ώˠ۞Ϡ߿͞ёĂֹޅ̄ࣇౌЯѩĶᛇ଀ ΞͽྒᚹķĄ ̙ؑኢѩ˘Ķྒᚹķ͕ၗߏӎΞᛉĂଂЯᐌγд۩ม۞୧Іপّٕ෪ᇈ ຍཌྷ҃జજгـֽᔌᔖĂז੭غ٩ᓟĂ͹જ၆۩มซҖॲώԼౄĂܑࢬΞ֍ ۞Ă׽൒ߏܦѐˠ˘ԼᐞᆿঐՔ̝ၗĂ᎕ໂጬซĂ̙ТߊـĄ൒҃ᔳᖟ׎̚ ۞Ă׎၁ϒߏᄮТ۞̰உ۞ኳតĄтڍᄲĂѝАĲсࢋـң఍Νĳͽ͟ώࠎ ᕩᔌĂߏ೬ϯώफܦѐ၆ٺ͟ώன΃̼͛Ɵྤώ͹ཌྷϠ߿۞ᕏـćĲਖ਼ಡЀĳ ـֽٺᄂ̝͟มĂߏᛚځ΁ࣇ၆νᓍƟ൑யล৺நຐ۞֗វ˧ҖĂĲͪᒛĳ ݒߏдᄂ៉ώफͽТॡซҖ۩มᄃҋԧຍᙊ۞ԼౄĂކϯүࠎĶ࠱ϔķ۞ந ٙ༊൒Ą҃༊ѐᅅ۞֗វᔒᖼٺ఺ֱ̙Т۞۩มᄮТ̝มĂซҖాҚ۞Լౄ ᄃజԼౄॡĂᄂ៉ߏӎᔘѣٙᏜ۞Ķ͹វķΞ֏ĉϏజԼౄ۞гഀࢲᄻĂ˫ ૟ົᄃ߿જٺ׎ม۞ܦѐࣇ൴Ϡң჌̢જᙯܼĉдѩĂӕᄿࡶ۞Ĳ̋̌ਨ ͢ĳĂٕΞ೩ֻΩ˘ࢬШ۞៍໰Ą Ĳ̋̌ਨ͢ĳ๬ౄ˞˘Ҝ঻̃͟ጯϠᚗాĂсࣧώ঻͟ጯࢰሄĂϲԠјࠎ ࠎᄂ៉ۋפၷ᜖۞ّ̃ࢰሄᘹఙछĂߙͭ͟Ꮠీ͵Ăаᄂ؋ಉĂϤٺ̙ਕ֍ टٺᚶϓĂࠎ˞໰ᜪѐρԙ؏ĂсΪрҋજٸୢ͟ώጯຽĂ૲඾ԙ؏ˢ̋ચ ྺĂˠϠଂѩᖼШĄүࠎᚗాр̓۞̈ᄲୃְ۰ĂࣧώஎຏଌଓĂ൒҃Ăࡶ 14 ׹ܛگĂĲͪᒛĳĂќˢ̚फӀࢡă׹ॎࡻበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĞᄂΔĈ݈ ኎Ă 2002ğĂࢱ 3-4 Ą 15 ᐷ༈؟ĂĲങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉĳĂࢱ 49 Ą

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̒ॡ̝͟ޢĂ΁ᄃ؍̄ˢ̋ଣ୕ᚗాĂݒ̂̂មಈٺс۞ᖼតĈ αặ̙࣎͡֍Ăमᕇᄮ̙΍ֽĂᓚజ͉วខโ˞Ă˵ត଀ඕ၁Ă࠻੓ֽѣ ѐᅅˠ۞Ѝ૾ĄԧଂϏ࠻࿅఺ᆃѣഈঈ҃˫ઉ૵۞ᚗాĄͽ݈дڌִॡĂс ֤჌ˠࠎ۞፧㝲Ăࡓࣼ፧࠺Ă֤჌࡚࠻੓ֽޝ΄ˠፉ͕Ăҭனдԧᛇ଀౻જ ۞ّ̃˵ߏ˘჌࡚Ąមతᚗా఺჌ԆБᄃͽ݈̙Т۞ઉ૵࡚Ăԧຐ˘ؠߏϠ ߿۞ᙯܼĂԧᅅᅅгᗫ˞˘˾ঈĄ16 ҃ԛјтѩĶઉ૵࡚ķ۞ĶϠ߿ķĂ൑Ⴗॲ໚ҋٺᄂ៉۞̋̌ਨ͢Ąдୃ ְ۰͈૎ˢ̋౉̚Ă˘ྮٙ֍۞ώफฏ˿ࢲ࡭Ăѝ̏࿰ϯ˞ᚗాᖼត۞ҋ൒ ҃ͷυ൒Ĉ ქҒ۞ϣг˯۞ങۏజࢲә଀፬ধ۞ອજĄ֤͇ຏᛇ˯ѣߋ۞ঈिĂ೾६۞ ͇۩ĂᆸᆸϨำĂ዇၏ځព۞ܦ̋Ăдϣ྆Ѓጵ۞ͪͱĂଟ࿅۞ࢳ౧Ăீ̚ ·႕ᔿځ۞ҒአĄ؍̄జ఺ֱᔿځ۞Ғ૾ٙຏજĂۡຏᔁᚗాᔛԧࣇֽ఺ ྆Ăீ྆ঙ΍Ҭͼ̏֍זᚗాҬ۞Ѝ૾Ăԧ˵ТᇹгຏזಈॆČČ17 ِˠ۞̋̌ࢲۏĂઉ࡚۞ѐᅅ֗វĂ˟۰Ϲ࠹ዂߍĂ఺ৌߏ͟ፂॡഇ̈ ᄲ̚Ă͌֍۞જˠ൪ࢬĄᛝѣᎸק۞ߏẴ͹֎ࠎ˞छलయЇҋԧᜁࠗĂٸ ୢጯຽĂϤ͟ώаזᄂ៉Ăҋݱξ֕ˢฏมĂ่̙ᄃĲсࢋـң఍Νĳٙ೬ ϯ۞ّ̃ᕩᔌԛјځព۞၆ྖᙯܼĂ׎̚Ϥ֗វٙপҾᇾϯ΍۞Ķ౻જķপ ኳĂ̈́Я̝҃Ϡ۞Ķઉ૵࡚ķĂޝΞਕ˵ߏνᓍү۰д̙଀̙ึᑕതϔ߆عጼ ॡĶᆧயķཱིΡ۞ТॡĂͽ˯̋˭ฏĂ֕ШཏிĂֽܑځ˘̎߆ڼݻၗ۞ᔳ ಔĄ18_{ѩ˘ன෪Ăϒٙͽ೩ᏹԧࣇĈᑭෛᄂ៉າ͛ጯ൴ण۞።඀Ă఺ֱϤ͛} 16 ӕᄿࡶĂĲ̋̌ਨ͢ĳĂќˢӕᄿࡶࣧ඾ĂڒҌሒᛌĂĮӕᄿࡶ̈ᄲБะįĞᄂΔĈᓑЪ͛ ጯĂ 1995ğĂࢱ 489 Ą 17 Т݈ොĂࢱ 487-488 Ą 18 1940 ѐͽޢĂ͟ώതϔ߆ع੨ЪጼॡᅮࢋĂдᄂ˧Җ࠱ϔ̼ྻજĂࢋՐ͛ጯ؇̳Ăᆧயޙ నĄ໅จăӕᄿࡶăૺ͛ᒖඈүछĂౌഅజ޽ࠁזЧгϠயனಞણ៍Ă֭ᆷү࠹ᙯಡጱ͛ ౢĄдĲ̋̌ਨ͢ĳ̚ĂᚗాഅܑϯĈĶ՟ѣ̙ͧਕаڌִĂᘹఙ۞Ԡᙸצक़Հ൭ࡴ۞ְ ˞ĄՏ༊؆྆ຐ੓ᓁԡ̙ҝࣵڥĂҭனд̏௫ၚ˞ϣ๩۞Ϡ߿Ąԧຐԧ̏ѣ֖ૉ۞݌ঈĄ னд೩࣍ᆧயĂԧᇶॡ٦˭ࢰሄĂӅ˧ଂְϠயĄߏޝ̙᏾۞Ϡயጼࣺ̀ĊķĞࢱ 487ğϒ ߏײᑕ˞༊ॡခәĶᆧயķ۞߆ඉࢋՐĄ̙࿅Ăፂ߉୿̝ᄲĂ఺ݒĶΞਕߏ੃ᐂ඾͟ፂॡ ΃ϐഇĂ֕΍̈οႬಕֲ۞ݱξĂࢦາኼ˯ਥഌ̝ྮ۞νᓍۢᙊ̶̄Ă౅࿅౻જԼౄĂд ĺ࠱ϔĻ۞ં྅˭ĂӅ˧ഈШĺˠϔĻᖼ̼۞Ω˘ొ͕ី৪Ϋ۞үݡķĄ֍Ĳ३ᕌăౌξᄃ ฏՅĳĂĮ׌ث͛ጯኢะįĂࢱ 83 Ą

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ጯຐညٙԸड΍۞֗វĂ่̙ࢋͽ̎֗ٺ̙Т۩ม̚۞ـֽᔌᔖĂᇾᓝᄮТ ۞ഫொٕኳតĂ׎ώ֗۞ϠநېڶĂТᇹ۬ඕ඾ᅺᗔ۞߆ڼຍஉĄ˵ЯѩĂ ͽ˭۞੅ኢĂܮჸ൏ٺ̈ᄲ̚ܦ͌ѐ۞֗វƟϠநன෪Ăซ҃ଣ੅׎ม۞ᄂ ៉ຐညĄ

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ѝѣኢ۰ڦຍזĂ͟ፂॡഇ̈ᄲ̚۞ˠۏĂĶѪ˸ķٕĶႺճķ۞΍ன த੼଀មˠĄ҃̈ᄲ̚൴ճٕѪ˸۞ˠۏĂ঍Ηࠎྺ͈ăྺ૎ăආዳ๿ᄃ̈ ޅć׎͹ўĂ̙γᖣѩ޽ଠതϔ߆ᝋٕᖞѣࢩ௫̝࢝चĄ19_{дѩĂώ͛݋ࢋ} ซ˘Վ޽΍Ăੵݒֱ֤ࣧώಶᛳٺऴ๕۰۞ˠۏཏ̝γĂүࠎۤົ̚િ۞ܦ ͌ѐĂТᇹࢋͽ֗វ۞ঽऴ਽଼ĂԶड΍ѩ˘পঅ።Ϋॡഇ̚۞ᄂ៉఍ဩĄ ࠤͷĂϒߏд఺ֱѐᅅ҃ಯऴ۞ঽវĂ̈́࠹ᑕ҃Ϡ۞ᒚା̝྽̚Ăԧࣇ଀֍ ຍᙊԛၗă̼͛߆ڼᄃۤົன၁۞ـֽϹዡę҃ι۞޽ШĂϒߏтңϤ Ķᄂ៉֗វķזĶ࠱ϔ֗វķ۞ኳតĄ Ğ˘ğफ˯ঽᄃѪęঽऴ਽଼۞ᄂ៉֗វ ྕ൒Ăೀͼߏଂ˘ฟؕĂᄂ៉̈ᄲ̚ಶ·ϋ˞ЧёЧᇹ۞ঽវĂͽ̈́ᐌ ֽ̝҃۞Ѫ˸Ą఺ֱफ˯۞ঽᄃѪĂ˫ͽ൴Ϡдܦ͌ѐ֗˯۞Ă౵ࠎ΄ˠ͕ មĄͽĶᄂ៉າ͛ጯ̝ͭķᏥ׶Ğ1894-1943ğ̈ᄲࠎּĂ΁۞΃ّܑүݡ Ĳ˘୛ჍͿĳĞ1926ğᄃĲΞᇔсѪ˞ĳĞ1931ğĂಶ̏ځពᛈ̈́ѩ˘͹ᗟĈ Ĳ˘୛ჍͿĳ۞͹֎২଀ણĂ̖˟˩΍ᐝĂĶ΁۞֗វĂಶЯࠎ࿅౻ĂЄ˭ঽ ॲĂдѝ؞ќᘥ۞ॡ࣏Ă΁ଈ඾Ⴘ়ķĂϤٺ൑ڱ˭ϣĂࠎዳछ߿˾ĂԼઇϠ ຍĂ྾̖ົЯჍͿ̙̳યᗟĂᄃ֟ᛋ኏ࡎĂ௣Ҍ֗˸Ą20ൾޢĲΞᇔсѪ ˞ĳĂѐᅅ۞ˮ͈ࠎାаঘ̈́̍ᇄቪ̍۞ͭᏐĂĶజᛋ၅χ๋Ăаזछ྆ܮ̙ ਕ੓ԖĂ൴ሤယҕĂ̙ೀ͟ܮѪΝķć؍̄ආዳ๿ܠܛࠎַ؇૔૔Ăԡ੘༊ 19 ણ֍ధܷฮĂĮ͟ፂॡഇᄂ៉̈ᄲࡁտįĞᄂΔĈ͛ΫࣰĂ 1995ğĂௐ 4 ౢௐ 5 ༼ĲͽѪ˸ ٕႺճࠎ̈ᄲ۞ୃְߛၹĳĂࢱ 590-600 Ą 20 Ꮵ׶ĂĲ˘୛ჍͿĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąᏥ׶ะįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1991ğĂ ࢱ 57 Ą

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ಱˠݽ͉͉Ă̙फ़ᘃθޢͅజ᏷ୢĂాТཛ̰ࡩ׊Ă˘੓໡ͪ҃ѪĄ21 ѩޢĂ໅чຌĲ̘̃ĳĞ1931ğ̚۞̙͌̃ಝޢϓࢅޞĂ஍རࢲဧĂ̙ ضᎮଈ୥߲҃Ѫćૺ͛ᒖĞ1909-1978ğĲ⼉ᗗĳĞ1942ğ྆ࣧώಶಯऴ۞ܠ ݌Ă˵Я͉࿅౻௢Ă଀˞Ⴘ়̝ޢĂĶࢬ͋เ଀ညҒ৽Ă̂ሤ͇྆ᔘࢋᄏ˯ ജజĂٱ඾ͫ᝕Ԫ̙࣎ઃĄሤֽ˞Ăܮ಄ܠیܠϓ಄࣎՟ԆķĄ22఺ֱ̂ౌ΍ ֗ฏ˿ྺՅ۞ܦѐշ̃ࣇĂ˘ٕ࣎࣎࿅౻࡭ঽĂٕ౯צതϔ๕˧ഡᑅ๋֗Ă ٕͽҋ̎۞֗វࠎᜁࠗĂᚥ௉ٺ็௚ࢩ௫Ăౌ˘ԼϠந˯ࣧྍӔன۞ܦߋј ܜ૱ၗĂͅͽঽ˸̝វĂ֍ᙋ˞͟ፂॡഇ̈ᄲ̚ĂĶᄂ៉֗វķ۞਽଼Ą ̙ͤٺѩĂధкౌົ̚۞ۢᙊܦѐĂТᇹߏٕঽٕѪĂঈि؊؊Ą໅ч ຌĲ˘࣎୎˯ĳĞ1931ğ̚۞ѐᅅ؍̄݌ٺࡦݔ̂छलĂݒ̙ಝछચፆ౻Ă ሣ̙࿅ᒙঽ̝ࡴĂጐგঽၼ˯̙Ԟᐛᐛ΢ឤˮ͈ࢋᚶᜈࠎநຐۤົጬ੽Ăᔘ ߏҺ̙˞ࢋͽԸᒖҋႽĂҋԧ˞ඕć23_{ͳྐ஥ĲܦߋĳĞ1935ğ̚۞˩ˣ໐͌} ̃Ăצ࿅ᄂΔ੼̃ྏរĂͽࢵयலຽ̳ጯ७Ăᇅ଀р˘͘ࢲൣᄃ᐀ൣĂࣧϲ Ԡͽᓏሄछϲ֗Ăݒ̙फ़ࡴٺ۱ᒙĂଂѩᜇწঽၼĂৰ༤ܦߋĄ24_Ѧᕇˠ ĲࡔهፘĳĞ1934ğ۞ѐᅅ̃ିर୥Ă͌̃ॡ΃അѣ˘߱᏾ε۞ຑଐĂޢֽࠎ ۱ඕ८ٙࡴĂĶ̙ᕝг൴ሤĂ࿆֗ᒅᒅ۞߹ѭĂࡶߏൾજ˘ᕇ׊ޤٕߏ࿅˘ ֱ׊౻˧Ă֖͘ಶົДҽĂ਒྆ଙજ଀ܧ૱ᆖचĂೀࢋ඗ि˞۞ķĄ25Г࠻঎ ϮϠĲࢬᐙĳĞ1936ğĂ̖ଂ੼७லຽ۞շିरĂ๔ٺିֈ̍үĂ࡭ֹࢬᐙሴ ݇Ăវঈ͟਽ĂĶФ΍ֽ۞།૲඾੅န۞เҒĂᓏࢰՒ઩˞Ăײӛ˵ӧᙱ ˞ķĄ26_{˲ѩĂ˵ౌ̙଀̙ឰˠមྌĈߏ̦ᆃᇹ۞Я৵ĂၨԶ˞఺ֱࢲරϒ} ࡷĂ̄͟ϒ༊ѐ͌۞ᄂ៉ۢܦĉ҃পҾ͔ˠ៘ϫ۞ߏĂѣҾٺฏ˿ܦѐঽ˸ ࣧЯ۞̙˘֖҃Ăݱᗉ̚۞ۢᙊܦѐкᇴࠎ۱ඕ८ٙࡴĄ়ঽ۞ᙷݭमளĂ 21 Т˯ොĂࢱ 133-148 Ą 22 ૺ͛ᒖĂĲ⼉ᗗĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąૺ͛ᒖะįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1991ğĂ ࢱ 234 Ą 23 Ĳ̘̃ĳăĲ˘࣎୎˯ĳĂ࣌֍ૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą໅чຌะįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1991ğĂࢱ 107-115 ăࢱ 123-132 Ą 24 ͳྐ஥ĂĲܦߋĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąͳྐ஥ąѦᕇˠЪะįĞᄂΔĈ݈ ኎Ă 1991ğĂࢱ 27-39 Ą 25 Т˯ොĂࢱ 168 Ą 26 ঎ϮϠĂĲࢬᐙĳĂќˢཧϮᑾăᔨჹ߆በĂĮЍೇ݈ᄂ៉͛ጯБะįס 7Įങѣ͢ϝፘ۞ ̈ᗉįĂࢱ 336-337 Ą

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ߏӎ˵ຳϯ˞ᔳனٺ׎̚۞̼͛߆ڼĉ ְ၁˯ĂଂޝѝͽֽĂҘ͞۞̼͛็௚ܮ૟ඕ८ঽෛࠎߏ˘჌Ķॡม̝ ঽĂιΐిϠ׻Ă໰ܪϠ׻ĂֹϠ׻·႕ჟৠķćĶᘓѪ۞ඕ८ঽଈ۰జೡ ᆷࠎ࡚ᚊăѣჟৠķ۞ćЯѩĂ༊঎ႝ͹ཌྷ۰ͽາ͞ёྋᛖѪ˸۞ಲຍॡĂ ྾ᄮࠎĈĶඕ८ঽౄј۞Ѫঐྋ˞҇វĂݒី̼˞ˠॾĂᕖ̂˞ຍᙊķĄೈ ѩĂ྾ԛјٙᏜ۞Ķඕ८ঽৠྖķĈඕ८ঽצሤଐٙᄵ൴Ăҭ఺ሤଐυצܡ ጿĂԓ୕υצक़ԶĄ఺ሤଐĂጐგ఼૱ߏຑଐĂҭՀΞͽߏ߆ڼٕ྽ᇇ۞ሤ ଐĄ27 ፂѩаᜪ݈ࢗ۞ඕ८ܦѐĂܮົ൴னĈ׎၁Ă΁ࣇϒߏଂ̙Т͞ࢬĂײ ᑕ˞ѩ˘Ķඕ८ৠྖķĂ֭ВТᔳಔ඾തϔۤົ̚۞நຐ੠Րᄃक़ୀĈĲ˘࣎ ୎˯ĳ̝ٺ൑யۤົ۞ᇓᇗĂĲܦߋĳ̝ٺᘹఙϠ׻۞ഽ࠽ĂĲࡔهፘĳ၆ ٺ᏾εଐຑ۞କ൒Ă൑̙ߏሤଐ۞ܡጿĂԓ୕۞क़ԶĄ൑ኢߏνᓍᙯᘃᔘߏ οႬಕֲຍᙊĂԱ̙ז΍ྮĂ˵࠻̙֍ϏֽĂݒߏВ఼۞૛׻Ą҃౵ޢĂक़ ୀ۞ۢܦࣇะඕдᐷ༈؟۞̈ᄲ̚ԛј၆ྖę֤ͽঽऴ۞ඕ८̝֗Ă૙੉ ۤົࢭາநه۞ะ̂ј۰Ă༊൒ߏĲങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉĳ̚۞ĶڒՃݑܜ ̄ķćι۞аᑕ۰Ă݋ߏд̈ᄲ̚ాЩфౌ̙അ΍ன۞ĶڒՃݑܜ̄ķĂĶҋ ̈֗វಶ̙ޝрķĂ̳ጯ७லຽޢĂ๔ٺҋጯĂ˟˩໐఼࿅ᑭؠ҂ྏĂҭ˵Я ѩຣᗼ˞֗វĄ΁Ꭾଈ۱ঽĂĶܜ˳ۻঽ̙੓Ăᗁڼ˵̙֍੓ҒķĂ௣Ҍᇩ͘ ˠጰĄ΁ᄔϨă͛ฮă௟ቜăሤଐĂддߏඕ८ଈ۰۞׏ݭĄྏ࠻΁ࢬ၆͹ ֎ౘѣˬ۞ҋϨĂͽ̈́ᓜ௣݈Ϲ;ගౘ۞͘ቇĂ൑̙߶໕඾Ķ߆ڼٕ྽ᇇ۞ ሤଐķĈ ԧ۞Ϡ׻˵ధ̏࢝ٺό̝́มĄҭдԧ۞҇វᄃჟৠ૟ঐεٺϖᅈ۞෍൑̝ ᒠมࠎͤĂԧࢋ੠Րৌ၁Ą̙ٸୢԧ۞੠ՐĄ๫дԧࣇீ݈۞โຳ۞඗୕ॡ ΃Ă૟тѩϖ˳˭Ν๜ĉᔘߏтТনћ֣۞׶ሄۤົυ൒΍னĉČČ28 ˟˩ˬѐ۞໐͡˵ధޝൺĄ ԧ۞҇វ̏໑ໝĂҭԧ۞ჟৠݒ߿˞̣˩໐ă̱˩໐Ą ԧͽஎג۞ޥଘᄃৌۢĂᒔ଀˞ְۏ۞ྚྋĄ 27 ᄲણᛂࠞąॹ๰ॾĞSusan Sontagğ඾Ă˦✕රᛌĂĮ়ঽ۞ᔳಔįĞᄂΔĈ̂ϣĂ 2000ğĂௐ 2-3 ౢĂࢱ 15-35 Ą 28 ఺ߏڒӖࢬ၆ౘѣˬ۞ҋϨĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąᐷ༈؟ะįĂࢱ 65 Ą

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னдᔵߏ൑ࢨโຳᄃೌݖĂҭ̙˳࡚ᚊ۞ۤົ૟ົֽᓜĄ ԧᙸ˘ᙝೡ൪඾ˠม·႕ض჊۞࡚ݻĂ˘ᙝ֕ШДҽ۞г˭҃ܜ্Ą29 ព൒Ă఺Ҝܦѐ۩ѣநຐሤଐĂݒ٬ٺ˧Җ၁ኹĂΪਕͽࣚຐᄃඈޞܓ ШѪ˸ć΁۞Ѫ˸ĂϺͽѩјࠎ࡚ጯ̼۞ᆶ࡚၆෪ĂεݒԲҿ۞જਕĄ30_఺ ߏඕ८ঽ۞ঽநপኳֹ൒Ă˵ߏιүࠎĶৠྖķ̰ٙᛃ۞υ൒͓྘Ĉඕ८ঽ ۞࡚ጯĂࣧಶֽҋٺநຐ۞ར۩Ă੠Ր۞ږ൒ć఺˘̷ར۩ᄃږ൒Ă˫ٙͽ ֍ᙋ˞நຐ۞ૣ੼Ă੠Ր۞൑Ξפ΃Ą ˵ЯѩĂТᇹߏநຐݭ۞ۢܦ̝ѪĂ༊ι̙ГߏЯࠎ۱ඕ८Ă҃ߏ׎ι ঽাॡĂٙ౅ព΍۞ຍஉĂಶࣃ଀ΩҖᙯڦ˞ĄĲเڃ͡ĳ̚۞ೆࡻ؄Ăϒ ߏ఺ᇹ۞ּ̄Ą ೆࡻ؄ࣧߏ࣎ঈຍࢲ൴Ăॎүѣࠎ۞ᐹսܦѐĂፂୃְ۰ೡࢗĂ΁̚ጯ ॡഅણΐጯ७᜜ኢ̂ົĂ༊ॡଐഀߏĈ д΁֤ࡻ॔۞ᗝ֎˯Ăឰѐᅅ۞ሤଐ߶໕඾ĂͽĶܦѐᄃӅ˧ķࠎᗟĂኢז Ӆ˧Ξͽҹڇ˘̷ӧᙱĂ྿זϫ۞Ă͍׎ܦѐĂϏֽ˘ͯ՘߶Ă҃ͷಱٺ݌ ঈĂЯѩ̷̙Ξឰܦߋ෍ᕗĂᑕࠎ઼छᄃۤົӅ˧ͽ࢒Ą ѩγĂ΁ᔘߏྻજᏴ͘Ă͍׎Ķྯᅈķ˘ีĂഅߏጯ७ࡔᐂ۞ܲ޺۰ĄՏె ྻજົĂĶ˘֗ྻજڇĂᐝ˯ཆ඾ο୧Ă֤࡚ӻ۞ྯ᜙ĂΞͽᄲಶߏѐᅅˠ ۞׏ቑķĄݒ̙फ़Ăೀѐ̝ޢĂ΁ត଀Ķீ჏˭ౝĂ㝆੻ࡎ੓Ăᓠᓠ۞ᆜࣼ઀ ͐͐۞ĂᓚҒᄔโĂ҃ͷ͉ሴ˞Ă࠻੓ֽಶည࣎਽ҁ۞ҁ̳̳ķĄ̙˳Ă΁ಶ Ꭾଈ˞ೋّႸ়Ă҃ܧඕ८ঽĂࡻѐ↢ీĄ31 аᜪೆ֗߇݈۞჌჌үࠎĂтѩඕԊᑕܧઊ൒ęд៭៭̙଀Ԡ۞ᒖဩ ̚Ă΁్੧ăە̃ˠăࣄ᏿̙ᔘĂЇຍᇧ˭ࡻ͛ିࡊ३ࢱࠎ̈ޅᑡԋ۵Ăϒ ߏ޽ౘ˞நຐ۞஍ಉĂϠ׻۞ᆪརĄ࠹၆ٺඕ८ঽ૱జϡͽĶ᜔యᑅԺّ۞ ௫ܸƟ׏ቑķĂ֭ᔳಔ඾Ķ၆າ߆ڼ৩Ԕ۞ΡಓķĂ32_{ೆࡻ؄ݒΪར଀Ѫٺೋ} 29 ڒӖᓜ௣͘ቇĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąᐷ༈؟ะįĂࢱ 70 Ą 30 ߉୿അፂѩᛚژĶνࠁᇎ៭াķĄᄲણĲᐷ༈؟ޥຐܐኢĳĂќˢᄂ̂͛̚րበĂĮᄂᐖྺ АϠѺ໐ࣚኚጯఙࡁ੅ົኢ͛ะįĞᄂΔĈᄂ៉̂ጯ͛̚րĂ 2001ğĂࢱ 263-274 Ą 31 ᐷ༈؟ĂĲเڃ͡ĳĂќˢཧϮᑾăᔨჹ߆በĂĮЍೇ݈ᄂ៉͛ጯБะįס 7Įങѣ͢ϝፘ ۞̈ᗉįĂࢱ 101-126 Ą 32 ֍ᛂࠞąॹ๰ॾ඾Ă˦✕රᛌĂĮ়ঽ۞ᔳಔįĂࢱ 93 Ą

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ّႸ়Ă֗ޢᏂ୧Ăმ̚ຍஉĂऻُߏՀஎᆸ۞඗୕ᄃೌݖӐĉ33 ϤѩΞ֍Ăܦߋ֗វ۞ٕঽٕ˸Ăٙͅߍ΍۞Ă඗̙Ϊߏಏ৷۞Ϡநன ෪Ąതϔᑅ࢝ᄃ็௚ࢩ௫Ϲ࿀̚۞ۤົன၁ă൑யۤົᙯᘃᄃοႬಕֲຍᙊ ̶ސ˭۞நຐक़ୀĂддӵᑝ඾كॡ۞ᄂ៉֗វĂࠎ̝ᅛג˭਽଼۞О੃Ą ЯѩĂਕӎƟтңॎ਽੓଼ĂૻઉវጄĂҋ൒ಶ̙Ϊߏ৷ო۞ᗁᘽ኎Ϡă֗ វᔪᔤયᗟ҃̏Ă҃ߏ๗ჸ˞ଂ߆ڼטޘזຍᙊԛၗ۞Б͞ҜԼౄęտ ౣĂᄂ៉۞ঽវਕӎԼౄĉтңԼౄĉԼౄ̝ޢ˫૟тңĉ఺ֱયᗟĂдٙ Ꮬ۞Ķ࠱ϔ͛ጯķ΍னޢĂ࿲ॡѣ˞̙ТࢬШ۞ᖼԶĄ׎มĂ׹ܛگ۞Ĳͪ ᒛĳĂޫΞүࠎΩ˘࣎੅ኢ۞੓ᕇĄ аᜪ݈ࢗĂҋĶ২଀ણķͽࢫĂᄂ៉̈ᄲ̚۞ঽវጐგ൑̙ٙдĂҭι ࣇ۞ঽېĂଂֽϏഅည׹ܛگĲͪᒛĳٙೡࢗ଀఺ਠ΄ˠٌϫម͕Ĉ ΁ШݍૻΗฟ۞˾ට྆ࢬଣෛĂ༰̙ҝ׭Ӥ˘ᓏĄంΞЩې۞ೋਙᇡซᆄ ͋ĄညѼᒳڽ෉˘ਠ۞ঈק੺˯Шαࢬˣ͞ᕖ೸Ăᖎۡࢋ್ҝ֗य़ˠ۞๥ ᛇĄ˭͐νᙝொᐙొ۞ᗠಟĂజچՑͪ፺ᜀјܦโҒĂጎ᜾జܬᄞ଀˘๲ቘ ๮Ąҁѝಶ෹࿅ௐ˘ഇĂௐ˟ഇ۞ͪᒛাېĂрͧᙔ˭ֽҬ۞Ăд˾ට̰۞ ˘֎ԛј፾প۞โຳొ̶Ă˘ਠˠॲώ̙ԡϒࢬ࠻΁˘ீĄ34 ఺ߏ࣎ᄂ៉͌̃۞ঽវĄс۞ϓᏐрኯјّĂ˘Гؼᄱ̃׊ঽଐĂ௣Ҍ ֹс̙ڼ҃ѪĄ҃఺Ҝ࠻෧۞Ķ΁ķĂϒߏ݈͛അ೩ז۞Ă֤Ҝࢋ዁дၼၼѼ ˯࿅͟ώˠ۞Ϡ߿ăԯҋ̎၃ވԖዛວฟĂ૟ιԼౄјၼၼѼٗม۞ăҋ͟ ώጯјᕩֽ۞ͰᗁĄ΁఍఍͕Ш͟ώĂ၆ᄂ៉჌჌к̙ͽࠎ൒ĄЯѩĂᇡᆄ ۞ೋਙĂ፺ᜀјܦโ۞ᗠಟĂ׽൒ߏᎮᒛ͌̃˾ට̚۞၁ڶĂҭᔳᖟдѩ˘ ෧ᒚ၁ڶࡦޢ۞ĂϏဘ̙ߏ˘჌ᅑୢᄂ៉Ķঽķវăຍ୬ͽᐹ෸ຏԼ̝ౄ̝ ۞Ķᗁķ۰͕ၗĄѩ˘͕ၗĂд΁଀ۢ͌̃ঽ߇ĂϓᏐݒ൑જٺਾĂ҃ͅត ώΐᆖॡĂ·̶ពᜨĈ ఺ಶߏனд۞ᄂ៉ĄΞߏĂϒЯࠎтѩĂ̖̙ਕᄮᏮĄ֤჌̃ˠ֗˯ٙ߹۞ ҕĂ˵ߏ߹дԧ֗˯۞ҕĂ̙ਕӱෛĂԧ۞ҕ˵ࢋ߾઀ஐĄԧΞ̙ߏ೼఼۞ 33 ᐷ༈؟۞Ωቔ̈ᄲĲเछĳ˵ѣᙷҬଐԛĈ͹֎ࡶᚊࣧܜٺࢰሄĂ˘͕ຐΝڌִ൴णĂ൒ ְ҃ᄃᙸ࿁Ăޢ్ֽ੧ޘ͟ĂҋᇷҋୢĂ౵ޢᎮଈ۞ߏࡤ়Ą΍఍ણ֍ො 8 Ą 34 ׹ܛگĂĲͪᒛĳĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 4-5 Ą

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ᗁϠબĂԧ̙ߏυืઇТࡪ۞͕ঽ۞ᗁϠ๜ĉިᆃΞͽᄮᏮ׸ĉČČ35 ଂԼౄҋԧ۞اҝᒖဩĂזઇТࡪ͕ঽ۞ᗁϠĂ఺ҜĞү۰̼֗۞ğͰ ᗁព൒׍ѣૻধЋဦ͕Ą36_{҃΁ϡͽି̼Ɵᒚାफϔ۞޽ጱࣧ݋Ăҋ൒ಶߏ} ٙᏜĶͽ˛˛ְតࠎᖼହᕇ҃ΐిଯҖ۞࠱ϔᔤјྻજķĄϤ΁ٙҋࢗ۞Ķҕ ˵ࢋ߾઀ஐķăĶઇТࡪ͕ঽ۞ᗁϠķඈӘϨ࠻ֽĂѩ˘ࢬ၆Ķঽវķٙጱ൴ ۞ĶᒚାķĂੵ˞тңឰঽऴ۞֗វᖼऴࠎૻ̝γĂ༊൒˵உ߁˞ϤĶҕķז Ķ͕ķ۞ၔغԼౄĄְ၁˯Ă࠱ϔ̼ྻજࣧώٙᙯঘ۞̰टѣαĈ 1.؟ିᄃۤ ົࢲܸ۞Լࢭć 2.઼ᄬྻજć 3.ԼؖЩć 4.ԠᙸһטޘĄ37ጼॡүछт׹ܛ گăͳᴣฯăౘͫߵăૺ͛ᒖඈĂౌഅಶѩѣ̙͌࠹ᙯ३ᆷĂ38_ҭ׎͍̚ͽ ಛᖒĶԠᙸһķ̈́Ķᇈһטķ۞͹ᗟࠎ̂؟Ą҃ͷĂι˵ߏ׎̚઱˘੫၆ Ķܦ͌ѐķ၁Җ۞ନ߉Ą39_{ͽ˭ĂܮϤιٙᙯঘ۞Ķ֗វķયᗟࠎ̷ˢᕇĂࣘ} ̈́ĶҕķᄃĶ͕ķĂଣ੅Я̝҃णฟ۞ܦ͌ѐኢࢗᄃᄂ៉ຐညĄ40 35 Т˯ොĂࢱ 12 Ą 36 ׍ѣѩ˘͕ၗ۰Ă่̙ߏ̈ᄲ̚۞ᗁϠĂՀߏ׹ܛگώˠĄፂ׹ҋࢗĂĲͪᒛĳ၁פՄٺ ΁аᄂ࠷Ꮠ̝ᅫ۞Ꮠ֗֍ჷĈĶԧԯ࠷Ꮠ̝ᅫٙ֍۞Ă၆֤̙࣎ᜪࢦঽ͌̃Քਜ਼ኯ౾۞ϓ Ꮠ۞ީঈĂБᆷдĲͪᒛĳ˞ķĄ֍׹ܛگĂĲԧ֕࿅۞྽ྮę͛ጯąᑚᆐą࿪ᇆĳĂќ ˢĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 279 ĄΩγĂ̚फӀࢡ˵޽΍Ĉྍ͛۞͹ˠࠎ޽ጱۢᙊ ล৺ăٱ඾Ķି̼फϔķܫه۞ͰࡊᗁϠĂԧࣇΞͽ૟఺ˠෛࠎߏ׹ܛگĄ֍̚फӀࢡĂ Ĳ׹ܛگາኢĳĂќˢĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 3 Ą 37 ણ֍׹્৬ĂĲଂͧྵ۞៍ᕇ࠻ᄂ៉ᄃᔹ઼۞࠱ϔ̼ྻજĞ1937-1945ğĳĂќˢͩ඾ĮঔҖ ̲۞ॡ΃įĂࢱ 34-73 Ą 38 ࠹ᙯࡁտĂΞણዦݬͪ˼೎ĂĲᄂ៉үछ۞ᄮТຍᙊᄃ͟ώę׹ܛگ۞ܕ΃៍ᕇĳăĲ͟ ώ௚ڼᄃ࠱ϔ͛ጯęౘͫߵ۞ּ̄ĳăĲк̼͛͹ཌྷ۞ශ܂ęͳᴣฯ۞ּ̄ĳĂ࣌ќˢ ٙ඾Įᄂ៉۞͟ώᄬ͛ጯįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1998ğĂࢱ 47-65 ă 67-94 ă 95-112 ćߐЩԈ ࣒ĂĲ̂ڌֲВၷ઻۞ᄂ៉үछĞ˘ğęౘͫߵ̝࠱ϔ͛ጯݭၗĳăĲ̂ڌֲВၷ઻۞ᄂ ៉үछĞ˟ğęΩ˘჌Ķ࠱ϔ͛ጯķĈ׹ܛگ۞͛ጯݭၗĳăݬͪ˼೎ĂĲጼ݈Ķ͟ώᄬķ үछęͳᴣฯᄃౘͫߵă׹ܛگ̝ͧྵĳĂ࣌ќˢเࡻࣰበĂἪჴ܅ᛌĂĮᄂ៉͛ጯࡁտ д͟ώįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1994ğĂࢱ 33-57 ă 59-86 ă 87-107 Ą 39 ፂ 1942 ѐ 1 ͡ 16 ͟ᓁ༛عଐಡొ൴ο۞Ķౙ࢕Ԡᙸ۰੊ቚٙϠव๒ะࢋჩķĂ׎Ķˢٙྤ ॾķځ͛ఢؠд˩˛໐ͽ˯Ą֍Įᄂ៉ॡಡįௐ 266 ཱིĞ1942 ѐ 2 ͡ğĂࢱ 72 Ą 1943 ѐฟ ؕ๒ะঔ࢕ԠᙸһĂѐ᛬ఢؠ݋ࢎࠎĶ˩̱໐ͽ˯҃Ϗ႕˟˩̣໐ķ۰Ą֍ĂĮᄂ៉ঔ࢕ পҾԠᙸһ໤౯᝝ώįĞᄂΔĈ੼ฯᛋ౯عĂ 1943ğĂࢱ 205-210 ĄҌٺ׎ιˬีĂౌߏБ ϔّ۞ྻજĂ՟ѣѐ᛬ࢨטĄ 40 ώኢ͛၆ٺĶ࠱ϔ֗វķ۞ኢژĂ૟ჸ൏ٺᄃĶԠᙸһķѣᙯ۞ĲԠᙸһĳăĲ൑ᗟĳă

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Ğ˟ğॎ਽੓଼ĉęԠᙸһᄃ࠱ϔ֗វᔤј ᑭෛኜк࠱ϔ३ᆷĂޝព൒гĂЯᑕጼॡĶԠᙸһķᄃĶᇈһķטޘٙ ૲ֽ۞Ч჌͕֗ᔪᔤĂϒߏֹѐᅅ۞Ķᄂ៉֗វķᖼऴࠎૻ۞ᙯᔣĄтૺ͛ ᒖĲ࿲ुĳĞ1942ğ̚۞ܦѐͳࠎᇇĂࠎ˞χზΝ༊һĂܮՙ͕ᙜΝ̍үĂ χზĶАаฏ˭ᔪᔤăᔪᔤវጄķĄ41Ωт׹ܛگĲ൑ᗟĳĞ1943ğĂ׎̚ѣΈ ԙࣂĂА݈ቚߘ྽ॡĂ࣯࣯Ξͽᅅٽг૟ԙԙ֗វ೩੓ֽĂϡཙᅅᅅବ࿅ Νć൒҃༊ԙԙШጯ७ϦኛԠᙸ͌ѐࢳҖһĂ֭ࠎѩฟؕАΝઇཌྷચّ۞౻ જڇચޢĂଐڶពѣ̙ТĈ΍னд࣯࣯ீ݈۞ԙԙĂĶវॾត଀ޝઉӴĂ͟ ខ׶౻જĂͽ̈́ѣఢޠ۞Ϡ߿ăዋ༊۞฼ࢴĂົឰˠѣ఺ᇹ۞ԼតĂ఺჌ј ܜឰ΁ᎌϫķĄГѨቚߘ྽ॡĂࢬ၆࣯࣯ĂԙԙЯѩĶాજౌ̙જķĂࠤҌᔘ ΞͽԹ඾΁۞਒ᙅĂĶΠ͘ღღгШݟಘᑅ࢝࿅ֽķĄ42ѩγĂ׹ܛگ۞Ĳӄ ିĳĞ1944ğՀ΍னໂ׍Ķᇹڕķّ۞ଐ༼Ĉ̈ᄲ͹֎ቷώĂࣧώЯࠎវॾ ᑭߤ՟ਕ఼࿅Ă൑ڱԸ҂ᗁ૞ĄҭߏĂݒЯдࠎ၁߉ᇈһט҃੓ౄ۞Ķ઼ϔ ྽ಞķ̚ତצ੊ቚĂซ҃ፉЇӄିĂវኳ࿲ॡԼ៍Ă̙ΪߏҖ࢕ᇴ˩֧ౌ̙ ᛇি௢ĂĶϠֽ୮൑ҋܫ۞఺ᗕཙĂд఺ѨૻҖ࢕̚ᙋځ˞ߏ˘ొ̙൴Ϡ߇ ᅪ۞ෳࢦ፟ୠ˘ᇹķĂӈֹΪߏཆ੓˞ཙĂ໤౯΍൴ĂౌົĶ̙ᛇгຏז֗វ ˵ॎү੓ֽ˞ķĄҌٺ׎ιצ࿅੊ቚ۞ጯࣶĂՀ̙Ԟࢋдᗓฟ྽ಞޢĂᐛᐛܑ ϯĈ ̈Ϡҋ̶ҾޢĂ֗វܧ૱ઉ૵Ăனдໝռ؇̳дፉЇ઼छᆧயጼ̀Ą43 ĲӄିĳĞ׹ܛگğăĲ྽ĳĞౘͫߵğ̈́Ĳ࿲ुĳĞૺ͛ᒖğඈ͛ώ̝˯ĄҌٺͳᴣฯ۞Ĳ؋ ߹ĳĞќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąͳᴣฯะįĂᄂΔĈ݈኎΍ۍۤĂ 1991ğĂᔵ൒ߏ ࢦࢋ۞࠱ϔ͛ጯ΃ܑүĂ҃ͷ׎̚˵ѣ၆ٺĶᄂ៉֗វķᄃĶ࠱ϔ֗វķ۞кᆸޥᏰĂҭ ЯᄃĶԠᙸһķ͹ᗟ൑ᙯĂ߇ѩ఍ᇶ̙੅ኢĄ 41 ૺ͛ᒖĂĲ࿲ुĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąૺ͛ᒖะįĞᄂΔĈ݈኎Ă 1991ğĂ ࢱ 179-197 Ą 42 ׹ܛگĂĲ൑ᗟĳĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 153-166 Ą 43 ׹ܛگĂĲӄିĳĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 117-151 Ą˫Ăፂ׹ܛگ۞׊̄׹ॎ ࡻ̝ᄲĂྍ͛ࣧߏ΁ͭᏐତצᓁ༛ଐಡኝ۞؎ឤٙᆷ۞үݡĄ༊ॡజ؎ឤ۞үछĂΒ߁ӕ ᄿࡶăૺ͛ᒖăᐷ༈؟ă໅จăౘͫߵ̈́׹ܛگඈкˠĄ఺ֱүछజࠁזЧг۞Ϡயன ಞĂซҖಡጱࡔᐂĂϫ۞ߏͽ̝Ķүࠎ˘჌ጼຍ੼ೳ۞࠱ϔ͛ጯķĄ҃఺ֱүछĂ˵Я̝ј ࠎ̚फӀࢡٙᏜ۞Ķมତ۞͟ώጼۋ۞ણΐם˧۰ķĄ֍׹ॎࡻĂĲԧ۞ͭᏐę׹ܛ گĳĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 381 Ą

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ٙͽтѩĂ༊ЯԠᙸһ۞ᎡᏴᇾ໤ᚑॾĂᚮۋ۰ிĂ౵፬ধ۞ॡ࣏Ăᐂ פதࠤҌ̙ז̱Ѻ̶̝˘Ă44_{ૻઉ۞វጄĂҋߏ̙Ξٕ৿Ą҃Ԡᙸһ̝ٙͽ} ឰБᄂܦѐࢲ੓ำയĂϠѪͽ̝Ăੵ˞തϔ߆عͽĶफϔ౵੼ၷ᜖ķခᄅˠ ͕ă൴જܦѐဥજࣶܦѐշ̃ΐˢăᄦౄܦѐТጓม۞࠹̢ခᒜĂͽ̈́Ӏϡܦ ѐˠ۞ϔ୉ᚮۋ͕நĂឰ΁ࣇᖣѩᙋځҋ̎ͧ͟ώˠᔘࢋᐹսඈЯ৵γĂ45 ಶ༊ॡүछࣇдኘ̈́ѩ˘͹ᗟॡٙᙯڦז۞ࢬШ࠻ֽĂҌ͌ᔘѣ׌͞ࢬ۞ࣧ ЯĈ 1.ιֹ଀Бᄂܦѐ଀ͽд˘࣎পؠ۞ВТϫᇾ˭̶̙كѩĂღ૜ඕЪĂ јಶ˘វຏĄ 2.ιග̟ᄂ៉ܦѐం̂۞ԓ୕׶޽͔ĂឰշّᖣϤଂ࢕҃јࠎԆፋ۞ ˠĂགྷϤଂ࢕ٕጼѪĂതϔгܦѐѳ፩ăן˭۞ჟৠ̖଀ͽஐ̼ćࡶਕࠎ઼ ⤄རซˢࡻីЪঢ়۞࿭઼ৠۤĂՀΞ྿̰ᄂ˘វ̝ဩгĄ46 ׎̚Ăௐ˘ีЯ৵Ξͽ׹ܛگ۞Ꮠ֗វរࠎּĄ׹۞ܦ͌ѐॡഇౌд͟ ώޘ࿅Ă˟˩˘໐аᄂ៉Ăؕ௣ᄃᄂ៉ۤົᅲѣ෼ᗓĂҭ 1941 ѐ 6 ͡ 20 ͟ Ԡᙸһטޘކο၁߉ޢĂဩڶ྾̂ѣ̙ТĂ׹അд͟੃̚ᆷ྽Ĉ ఺˘͇ĂԧপҾຏז·႕ҋܫ۞ಈॆĂԜقΞͽଂႝܜ؝፾۞ഥ̚ଲ௲΍ ֽĄČČԧ׶ᄂ៉۞ۤົ˘ۡѣᕇ෼ᗓĂӈֹѣତᕇĂ˵̙ღ૜ĄČČΞߏ ඈז̱͡˟˩͟ĂԠᙸһטޘކҶĂଐڶࠎ̝˘តĂ̂छ۞ܑଐត଀Ϡঈݎ ݎĂྖ˵к੓ֽĂԆБᜨ΍ৌ၁۞ّଐĄԧࣇ؃൒࠹၆гĶღ૜ķд˘੓ ˞ĂТᇹߏֽҋٺჟৠ൴ೳ۞ૻধࢋՐĂֹ఺Ķღ૜ķඕЪј˞ΞਕĄԧ͕ 44 1942Ğߌ׶ 17ğѐௐ˘Ѩ٢๒ౙ࢕ԠᙸһॡĂᑕ๒ಡЩ۰ 425,961 ˠĂᐂפ 1,020 ˠćௐ ˟Ѩ 1943Ğߌ׶ 18ğѐಡЩ۰ 601,147 ˠĂᐂפ 1,008 ˠćௐˬѨ 1944Ğߌ׶ 19ğѐಡЩ ۰ 759,276 ˠĂᐂפ 2,497 ˠĂᚮۋத౵੼ॡĞߌ׶ 18 ѐğ྿̱ѺࢺĂᐂפ۰̂ొ̶д˩ ˝ז˟˩ˬ໐Ă౵ѐᅅ۰ࠎ˩˛໐Ă౵੼᛬ࠎˬ˩໐Ăͽ༊ॡˠ˾ 650 ༱ࢍზĂੵ˞Ηᇴ ૎̃γĂͽ˩໐ࠎม࿣Ăז̱˩໐۞̱࣎ล߱Ăᑕᇈ۰ଂ˩̣໐ޢΗזˬ˩̣໐݈Η۞˟ ࣎ลֽ߱ଯზĂߌ׶ 19 ѐ۞ 75 ༱ಡЩ۰Ăೀ྿ዋ᛬۰۞˛јĂຐ༊ԠᙸһĄ̶֍ĮᎸݑ າჷįĂ 1942 ѐ 6 ͡ 10 ͟ă 1943 ѐ 2 ͡ 13 ͟ćͽ̈́׹ॎࡻĂĲԧ۞ͭᏐę׹ܛگĳĂ Įᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 374-375 Ą 45 ણ֍׹્৬ĂĲଂͧྵ۞៍ᕇ࠻ᄂ៉ᄃᔹ઼۞࠱ϔ̼ྻજĞ1937-1945ğĳĂĮঔҖ̲۞ॡ ΃įĂࢱ 70-72 Ą 46 ણ֍ߨ३ൣĂĲതϔг̼͛ྻજᄃ࠱ϔ̼Ĉኢૺ͛ᒖ۞̼͛៍ĳĂќˢѯҋ଀በĂĮതϔг གྷរᄃᄂ៉͛ጯįĞᄂΔĈᅈ߹Ă 2000ğĂࢱ 1-43 Ą

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ຐĂԧ௣ٺ௲ᗓ˞؝ϲ۞ഥĄЯࠎԠᙸһטޘѣᄂ៉ˠ۞ᙸ୕૙੉Ăٙͽ̂ छವՐ۞͞Ш˘࡭Ăீৠ·႕ৌྕĄ47 ٕధϒߏ఺Ķ·႕ҋܫ۞ಈॆķĂ΁ᆷ˭˞ࠎ΁ᛏ଀ௐ˘بĶ͛ᘹᄂ៉ካķ ̂ረ۞̈ᄲĲԠᙸһĳĞ1941ğĂ׎̚۞Ķ֗វķኢࢗĂЯѩপҾࣃ଀੅ኢĄ ĲԠᙸһĳ۞͹ࢋˠۏߏ׌ҜܦѐĂ˘ߏҋ͟ώ঻ጯᕩֽ۞ᏥځෳĂ˘ߏ ΁۞р̓Ă˘ۡ঻дᄂ៉۞̈ጯТጯ੼ซ̱Ą׌ˠ࠹֍̝ޢĂܮฟؕᛉኢ Ķ࠱ϔ̼ķયᗟĄ੼ซ̱༊ॡѝ̏ણΐĶಡ઼ܦѐฤķĂ˧ҖĶৠˠ˘࡭۞ˠ ม಴ᚑ࣒ᔤķĂଵϋநኢᄲڱĂૻአĶٮೠᆇёķ۞ࢦࢋĂ֭ͽࠎ఺ߏ࠱ϔᔪ ᔤྻજ۞̙˟ڱܝĈ ٮೠॡĂৠځົ͔ጱԧࣇШৠځତܕĂШҌྕৠځࡆᘤಶߏ྿זৠˠ˘࡭۞ ဩࠧĂΟ΃۞௉ۥಶߏ఺჌ৠˠ˘࡭۞நهĂ௉׏ಶߏଂ఺྆ฟؕ۞Ă߆ି ˘࡭ಶߏ࠱྽۞ॲ໚Ăԧࣇฤࣶଂٮೠᆇё҃ਕତᛈז̂׶ჟৠĂӅ˧Νវ រ̂׶ჟৠĂ఺჌វរߏ࿅Ν۞ᄂ៉ܦѐޝ͌ѣˠᅳົז۞Ą ԧࣇགྷ࿅˘჌ٮೠ۞ԛёயϠ˘჌ܫهĂಶߏ఺჌ܫه۞યᗟĂ఺჌ਕјࠎ ૅૅϒϒ͟ώˠ۞ܫهĄ ԧࣇЫฺ݈˵ٮೠĂࢋ΍Ν੊ቚͽ݈˵ٮೠĄ48 Ꮵځෳ݋ͽன΃͛ځۢᙊ̶̄ҋاĂ၆ѩ˘ࣄϡৠ˧۞үڱ̙ਕତצĂ Ķᛇ଀ᄂ៉۞̚િܦѐϡ఺჌͞ڱૈዳ΍ֽຏזѣᕇऻᛵķĂ΁ᄮࠎĂᄂ៉ז னдࠎͤᔘߏĶޝി̈۞ˠ჌ķĂᑕྍࢋԯĶֱ֤ͽ݈৿͌۞ିዳ׶੊ቚᅁԣ Ν၁ҖķĂĶᅁԣԯᄂ៉۞ͪ໤ٛז׶͟ώ̰г˘ᇹķĄ΁̙ᙸĶညซ̱˘ᇹ ညజᘢҝீ༗۞ٳ੺֘˘ᇹķĂ֭ͷͿ௟ሹზĈࠎ̦ᆃᄂ៉ˠ̙༊͟ώˠߏ̙ Җ۞ĉநϤߏĈ ԧд͟ώ۞ᅳ˿΍ϠĂԧצ͟ώ۞ିֈܜ̂Ăԧ͟ώྖͽγ̙ົᄲĂԧ઄т̙ ֹϡ͟ώ۞ͯ઄Щ͛фԧಶ൑ڱᆷܫĂٙͽԧυืјࠎ͟ώˠͽγ՟ѣᏱ ڱĄ49 ѩ˘͕ၗĂ˘݋ײᑕ˞ѩ݈ĞΒ߁ĲͪᒛĳᗁϠд̰۞ğ঻ۢ͟ᙊ̶̄ ۞යࡻຍᙊćГ݋Ă˵ᇷព΍Ĉᔳᖟдѩ˘ຍᙊ̝ޢ۞ĂֽࣧߏĶдڌִٙ 47 ׹ܛگĂĲԧ֕࿅۞྽ྮĳĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 281 Ą 48 ׹ܛگĂĲԠᙸһĳĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 32 Ą 49 Т˯ොĂࢱ 33 Ą

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଀ז۞ۢᙊลᆸ۞ࢍზ۞ຐڱķĄͽ࡭Ă༊΁଀ۢ੼ซ̱ཌྷ൑ͅᜪĂĶҕ३Ԡ ᙸķ̝ޢĂ̙଀̙ϟ޵˭ࢲĈ ΝШซ̱྽ႆ˞ĂᏮග΁˞Ăซ̱̖ߏࠎᄂ៉҃ଯજᄂ៉۞ˠՄĂԧᔘߏ൑ ˧۞Ă൑ڱࠎᄂ៉ઇ̦ᆃְĂČČ఺࣎౬Ͼ౷˞̈޽ᆷҕ३Ă఺ᕇԧઇ̙ זĂ̫͇Ăԧޝշ̄ঈໄ۞Ш΁Ҳ˞ᐝĄ50 Ꮵă੼˟ˠ۞ኢۋĂځពঘ̈́঻͟ᄃώफܦѐ۞ྮቢ̝ۋĈ঻ۢ͟ᙊ̶ ̄ჟχ௟ზĂநኢଭޔĂ௣̙̈́ώफܦѐ۞֗វ˧ҖĄ51ᏥШ੼ĶҲ˭˞ ᐝķĂ఺၆ٺА݈఍఍͕Ш͟ώĂෛᄂ៉ࠎĶঽវķ۞঻ۢ͟ܦ҃֏Ă࠻ֽৌ ߏ˘̂ͅᏝĂҭݒ˵ଂΩ˘͞ࢬĂᙋ၁˞ĶԠᙸһķ̝ٺώफܦѐ۞পঅຍ ཌྷĂ֤ಶߏĈӈٕ֗дώफĂӈٕϏυ׍ѣ঻͟۞ۢᙊࡦഀᄃ͛ځ৵ዳĂӈ ٕࣄৠځ˧ณͽវរ̂׶ჟৠ۞Ӆ˧జӎؠĂᔘߏΞͽጴᖣ඾ކᄰड़م۞ ĶҕĞ३ğķă؇ᚥٺ࠱઼ጼְ۞Ķ֗វķĂĶវķன˞ҋ̎ᄃ͟ώˠ۞˘൑˟ ࡭Ăᛏ଀಴ᚑᄃ಴ະĄι۞ໂ࡭ĂܮߏтĲ൑ᗟĳ̚۞Ԡᙸһԙԙٙ֏Ĉ ĶԧົΝѪගҰ࠻Ă҃ͷѪ଀੼ሒЍၷķ52_{ęឰҋ̎۞Ķ࠱ϔķ֗វৰĶ֗ķ} ༤੻Ăࠎ઼ॕĶᖻķĄ ព൒гĂ఺˘ͽĶআ઼ķࠎநຐໂ࡭۞࠱ϔ֗វኢࢗĂࣝዼ֭ᓁඕ˞˘̷ ඾ீٺჟৠ͛ځƟ͕۞ԼౄƟ઼ᄬྻજඈវன͟ώ࠱ϔჟৠ۞׎ιኢࢗĂ53 јࠎ௣ጼ݈ώफܦѐВТ͕ᕏـ̝۞ᕩᔌĄѩ˘ኢࢗТᇹ˵֍ٺౘͫߵ۞΃ ܑүĲ྽ĳĈˬ˩ዶ໐۞շ̄ܦເ͟؆ࡴޥтңјࠎ࠱ϔ̝Ķ྽ķĂೀགྷᖼ ԶĂ̪ͽĶࠎӖॕᖻķࠎ̙˟ڱܝĄᔵ൒ͽ΁۞ѐ᛬̈́ঽኳ۞វॾĂೀͼ՟ ѣˢᏴ۞ΞਕّĂᔘߏࢋᐛᐛૻአĈĶ༊݌೷࢒ѪٺՒಞĂߊՙຍ଺֗݋൑ ୬୕Ăҭᙸјࠎ࠱ϔ҃ޢ̏ķĄ̈ᄲ౵ޢĂ΁ࠤҌࢋՐ̓ˠ༴̃͡Ĉ 50 Т˯ොĂࢱ 35 Ą 51 ፂ׹ܛگώˠҋࢗĂĲԠᙸһĳೡᆷТ˘ॡ΃׌჌ˠ۞ຐڱĈ˘ߏჟχ௟ზݭĂ˟ߏ̙ᅮ ࢋநኢĂ˘͕ᄮؠҋ̎ಶߏ͟ώˠĄ݈۰ͽᏥځෳࠎ΃ܑĂޢ۰ͽ੼ซ̱΃ܑć઱ޢ۰̖ ਕ۷࢑ᄂ៉۞ϏֽĄ֍Ĳᙯٺᇈһטĳळኘ൴֏ĂќˢĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 236 Ą 52 Įᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂࢱ 153 Ą 53 ࠹ᙯኢࢗĂΞણ֍ᆒࡔᎼĂĲଂĶ̙ТķזĶТ˘ķĈᄂ៉࠱ϔ͹វĶ͕ķ۞Լౄᄃჟৠ ۞ԛёĳĂĶ˟˩͵ࡔᄂ៉շّ३ᆷ۞Гዦ᝝ęԆБّ̃៍ᕇጯఙࡁ੅ົķኢ͛ĞᄂΔĈ ߆ڼ̂ጯĂ 2003 ѐ 10 ͡ğĄ

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тڍጼѪ˞ಶኛؙᑒԧԘ࣎ဪᄫᅛӐĊͧ͞ęĶܦເا̀Ϡٺᄂ៉Ăܜٺ ᄂ៉Ăͽ˘࣎͟ώ઼ϔ҃ڢķćٕ۰Ķܦເا̀ࠎ͟ώҊϔĂا̀ࠎᅃ೅̂ ຽ҃ϠĂا̀ࠎᅃ೅̂ຽ҃߿Ăا̀ࠎᅃ೅̂ຽ҃ѪķĄ54 Ϥѩ࠻ֽĂٙᏜ۞Ķ࠱ϔ̼ྻજķĂᔵ൒ֹ଀ࣧА̂Բঽ˸਽଼۞ᄂ៉֗ វᖼऴࠎૻĂҭѩ˘ᖼតĂݒֹ่̙ࣧА۞ᄂ៉֗វĂ̏ኳតࠎ͟ώ۞࠱ϔ ֗វĂࠤͷᔘࢋͽ˘̎҇֗۞ዚ˸Ăࠎ଀ֽ̙ٽ۞Ķ࠱ϔķ̶֗ࡦ३ĄΪ ߏĂѩ˘ેຍٺĶॕᖻķ۞ѐᅅ֗វĂੵ˞ᔒᖼٺ͟ώƟᄂ៉̝มγĂᔘѣ ՟ѣ׎ιΞਕ۞ᕩᛳĉдѩĂૺ͛ᒖ۞࠹ᙯኢࢗ̈́׎̈ᄲĲ࿲ुĳĂݒຍγг ฟୁ˞Ω˘ࢬШĄ Ԡᙸһטޘ၁߉ޢĂૺ͛ᒖഅѣ̙͌࠹ᙯ֏ኢ൴ܑĄ࡝ˠವק۞ߏĂ΁ ۞ࢦᕇкะ̚дԠᙸһ૟тңਕֹᄂ៉ܦѐјࠎ˘࣎Ԇፋ۞ĶշˠķĂּтĈ Ԡᙸһטޘ۞͛Ә൴ܑ΍னдಡ৽۞ॡ࣏Ăٕధώफܦѐ̂ౌົᛇ଀௣ٺቁ ϲ˞ઇࠎշّᑕѣ۞ࢬϫӐĊ55 շˠ۞˘ϠĂ̙ۢ྽ߏࠎ̦ᆃĂΪຐࠎ઼छᚥ֗ઇְĂ̖ߏշˠᑕ֕۞ྮĄ ਕૉтѩĂᄂ៉۞ܦѐ˵Ξͽᄲ̏གྷಶߏԆፋ۞͟ώܦѐ˞Ą56 дĲ࿲ुĳ̚ĂՀᖣ඾ୃְ۰ܦѐͳѣᇇ۞ෛ֎Ă၆ѩઇ΍ໂ׎Ϡજ۞ ೡᘱĈ ז˞̱͡ϐĂ̳ο၁߉ώफˠԠᙸଂ࢕۞͞ڱĄ఺˘˭ԧрညࡎ൒జ˘੃ߋ ࿩χᏹ˞Ăԧຐז֗ࠎշ̄႔ᑕѣ۞үࠎĂ˘ॡଐჰ፬ᒜĂౣంЩ׎ӻг߹ ˭ஊͪĄČČշޅ̄ࣵౣߏ఺ਠ̙ಝ۞ְ๜ĉڍৌтѩĂҋ̎˫֤ᔘѣ̦ᆃ շ̄ঈໄΞ֏ĉՏѨ֍זఈႀҖ࢕۞̀һĂৌχଂ͕غཎᇍ΁ࣇĄٺߏԧຐ זࢋԠᙸ༊һĄČČߏշˠĂಶ˘ؠࢋ˯ጼಞĄČČְ၁˯Ăࢋд఺࣎ۤົ ۞ᕍڒವՐࡎ৔ĂಶΪѣΝ༊һ˘౉ĄጼѪҌ͌ࢋͧঽѪٕோि҃ѪՀ׍ѣ ˮ͈ঈໄĄώ˘ర۞ჟৠϫᇾШ݈ᔙซĄ҃఺჌ڀೳ۞̀ঈՀਕۡତѣ੒ᚥ ٺछ઼Ăٙͽԧд׎̚ỉڦ˞Бొ۞ԓ୕Ą҃౵΄ˠᎸጬ۞ߏĂԧᔘ଀ͽᖣ ѩ፟ົΝྫྷܠᜋ֍ࢬĂྫྷсྖҾĄ57 54 ౘͫߵĂĲ྽ĳĂĮᄂ៉͛ᘹį6.3 (1943.7)Ą 55 ૺ͛ᒖĂĲ˘ཏᕄ̄ĳĂќᐂٺĮૺ͛ᒖБะĈᐌඊะĞ˘ğįĞᄂ̚Ĉᄂ̚Ꭹϲ̼͕͛̚Ă 2003ğĂࢱ 103 Ą 56 ૺ͛ᒖĂĲ፼፵۞˧ณĳĂќᐂٺĮૺ͛ᒖБะĈᐌඊะĞ˘ğįĂࢱ 181 Ą 57 ૺ͛ᒖĂĲ࿲ुĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąૺ͛ᒖะįĂࢱ 190-191 Ą

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ܑࢬ࠻ֽĂ఺߱͛ф̪ߏೡࢗ၆଀ͽԠᙸ༊һ˘ְᝌڟခᄅĂͿ௟̶ ᏰĂმ̚ຍᛃݒ̂ΞەקĄᙯᔣдٺ౵ޢ˘߱ĈĶ౵΄ˠᎸጬ۞ߏĂԧᔘ଀ ͽᖣѩ፟ົΝྫྷܠᜋ֍ࢬĂྫྷсྖҾķĄܠᜋߏͳѣᇇռ͕᝽ᇍ۞၆෪Ă˘ۡ ࡴ൑፟ົٛܕ෼ᗓĂт̫ҋ̎ӈ૟Ԡᙸ༊һĂ݈ـྖҾĂٺߏึநјౢĄҭ тѩ˘ֽĂݒ˵ᑩߎ̼˞΁༊һ۞ৌϒϫ۞ęտౣĂ΁ࠎ۞ߏ᝽ˠĂᔘߏ छ઼ĉࠎ۞ߏ͟ώĂᔘߏᄂ៉ĉ༊ૺ͛ᒖ˘Гૻአ༊һ၆ٺĶշˠķ̝ࢦࢋ ّ۞ТॡĂߏӎຍק඾Ķշّ֗វķ૟ߏפ΃Ķᄂ៉֗វķٕĶ࠱ϔ֗វķ ۞Ω˘΍ྮĉ׎၁Ăტ៍ૺ͛ᒖдĲ˘ཏᕄ̄ĳăĲ፼፵۞˧ณĳඈ׍ѣࠎ༊ Ԋކ็ຍק۞ᐌඊ̚Ă̪൒ГˬૻአԠᙸ༊һߏࠎ࠱઼҃ᚥ֗۞ઈ̂ԠຽĂ ൒҃̈ᄲ३ᆷĂݒ΍ன˞ᑩߎ۞ଐ༼Ăმ̚ѡԶĂࣃ଀௟ޥĄ҃Ϥᄂ៉֗ វă࠱ϔ֗វĂͽ֞ٺշّ֗វ۞͛ጯຐညĂϒٙͽԸड΍തϔгᄂ៉۞к ࢦᄮТӧဩĄ58

αăඕᄬęኡ۞֗វĉިᇹ۞ܦߋĉ

д੫၆͟ፂॡഇᄂ៉̈ᄲ̚Ķ֗វ߆ڼķᄃĶܦߋຐညķ۞ኢژӘ˘߱ ར̝݈Ăԧࣇ̙ӸГಶᄂ៉າ̼͛ᄃ͛ጯ൴णࡔְĂઇ˘аᜪĈ 1920 ѐĂ঻ ͟۞ᄂ៉ጯϠдڌִјϲĶາϔົķĂ൴ҖĮᄂ៉ܦѐįć 1921 ѐĂቼഺͪ ඈˠдᄂΔ౹ϲĶᄂ៉̼͛םົķć 1922 ѐĂ੠ࢲᆷ˭Ĳсࢋـң఍Νĳć 1924 ѐĂૺԧ࢕ాᜈ൴ܑĲ࡭ᄂ៉ܦѐ۞˘ދܫĳăĲᒷᎣ۞ᄂ៉͛ጯࠧĳă Ĳࠎᄂ៉۞͛ጯࠧ˘ࣵĳĂ̝ޢૻአĶ͌ѐᄂ៉ֹ̝׻ķĄྏ࠻كॡᄂ៉۞ѐᅅ ጯ̄ࣇĂߏңඈຍঈࢲ൴Ăᄹঈ̒ำĄ఺ֱᓏࢰ۞෦ՐᕇटٕЧѣٙࢦĂҭ ۧ޺Ķܦߋຐညķͽᇓᇗᄂ៉ĂຍဦͽĶ͌ѐჟৠķԩᏊҁ̂ăԼౄᄂ៉۞ ϫᇾĂ݋ߏ̙ࡗ҃ТĄଂቼഺͪ၆௡ᖐĶ̼͛םົķજ፟۞ᄲځ࠻ֽĂ఺ֱ ܦѐĂ༊ॡቁͼߏᘃٱ඾Ķᒚାķ۞ၗޘࢬ၆ᄂ៉Ĉ ČČᄂ៉ˠனॡѣঽ˞Ă఺ঽ̙ᕽĂߏ՟ѣˠ̖Ξౄ۞Ąٙͽώົன̫ϫ ݈Ă̙଀̙А඾͘ᗁڼ఺۞ঽॲĄԧ෧ᕝ଀ᄂ៉ˠٙଈ۞ঽĂߏംᙊ۞ᒉዳ 58 ˘͞ࢬĂ΁ޝΞਕтТ݈ࢗ۞ӕᄿࡶ˘ਠĂຍဦͽ֛ѡޖ຋۞͞ёĂຳϯ˞ҋ̙̎Т۞߆ ڼϲಞćΩ˘͞ࢬĂࡶଂّҾኢࢗ֎ޘ඾ீĂѩ˘၆֗ࠎĶᄂ៉շّķ۞גຍૻአĂ˵Ϗ ဘ̙ΞෛࠎЯࠎ֗צ͟ώതϔĶΝ๕ķ̝ޢĂຍ୬ࢦॎĶฯķࢲ۞ᔳಔĄ

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̙։াĂੵܧڇ˭ۢᙊ۞ᒉዳݡĂߏ༱༱̙ਕᕽ۞Ą̼͛ྻજߏ၆఺ঽ઱˘ ۞ࣧЯᒚڱĂ̼͛םົĂಶߏ૞ܝᓾտ֭߉ҖࣧЯᒚڱ۞፟ᙯĄ59 ൒҃ĂᖣϤ̼͛ᄃ͛ጯĂᄂ៉ڍৌ˘тഇޞгజୁᄋăజԼౄăజڼᒚ ˞ᆃĉιߏӎົҋѩڀೳጬซĂјܜࡼӴĉᑭෛҋĲсࢋـң఍Νĳͽࢫ۞ ᄂ៉̈ᄲĂΞ֍۞ߏĈ˟˩кѐ྆Ăᅛ੃д఺ிкĶܦߋ֗វķ̝˯۞Ă˜ ߏ̙ᕝ߹ត۞ᄮТĂߏϤঽऴᄂ៉זૻઉ࠱ϔ۞វॾኳតĄଂ۩มᄃᄮТ߆ ڼ඾ீĂ͟ώᄃᄂ៉ĂݱξᄃฏՅĂνᓍᙯᘃᄃοႬಕֲຍᙊĂ̙Т۞ຍᙊ ԛၗᄃ̼͛߆ڼĂߏтѩᓂፖϹ᏾Ăᅺᗔᙱ̶Ą൑ኢߏԼౄԺٕజԼౄĂᔒ ᖼٺ̙Т۞߆ڼƟ̼͛۩ม̝̚Ăܦ͌ѐϒߏͽҋĶ֗ķ۞ـֽᔌᔖĂᕇႍ Ķវķன඾തϔгᄂ៉۞ᄮТ߹ᖼĂ֗͵໦ॹĄଂĶᒚାķ඾ீĂϤঽऴ҃ૻ ઉĂࣧߏᗁঽᗕ͞ВТ۞ຐ୕Ąҭܕ͵ͽֽĂдĶঽķ۞ᔳಔ̏јࠎ઼୉Ɵ ֗វኢࢗ૱֍۞͘ڱ̝ޢĂঽऴ۞ᄂ៉֗វᖼࠎૻઉ࠱ϔ֗វ۞ኳតĂ݋̙ ่Ύព΍ᄂ៉͛ጯٺതϔॡഇ۞፾প֕ШĂ60_{˵͔൴ԧࣇՀኑᗔ۞ޥᏰę} ͛ౢ౵ޢĂٕధԧࣇΞͽซ˘Վ੠ય۞ߏĈኳត̝ޢĂ఺ົߏኡ۞֗វĉᄂ ៉ĉᔘߏ͟ώĉЯ̝ٙԸड΍۞ܦߋຐညĂߏިᇹ۞ܦߋĂިᇹ۞ຐညĉι ົдॡมค˯̙ᕝјܜĂڟڟШၷĉᔘߏ҃ͅࢋͽҋ֗۞ዚ˸ĂࠎϠ׻ထ˭ ϖޮ۞ήᕇĉ҃ѩ˘ኳតޢ۞͛ጯĂ૟ົјࠎᄂ៉͛ጯ̚۞Ķϒ׏ķᆃĉᔘ ߏࠎٙᏜ۞Ķ͛ጯϒ׏ķĂ૲ֽՀк۞ҋԧኳႷăҋԧྋၹĉ

͔ϡ३ϫ

˘ăࣧؕ͛ᚥ ͳྐ஥ĂĲ˩фྮĳăĲ՟རĳăĲܦߋĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąͳྐ ஥ăѦᕇˠะįĂᄂΔĈ݈኎΍ۍۤĂ 1991 Ą ͳፍگበĂĮቼഺͪБะįĂᄂΔĈঔदጯఙĂ 1998 Ą ѦᕇˠĂĲफౌĳăĲࡔهፘĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąͳྐ஥ăѦᕇˠ 59 ቼഺͪĂĲ̣࣎ѐ̚۞ԧęˬă௡ᖐ̼͛םົ۞જ፟ĳĂࣧྶٺĮᄂ៉ϔಡįௐ 67 ཱིĂ 1925 ѐ 8 ͡ 26 ͟ĂޢќˢͳፍگበĂĮቼഺͪБะįĞᄂΔĈঔदጯఙĂ 1998ğĂࢱ 87 Ą 60 ଂᆒ㓊זጆ֝Ăѩ݈۞઼̈̚ᄲĂ̙ࣧͻͽᗁƟঽᙯܼຐညछ઼۞үڱĂᄂ៉۞ĶঽķĂߏ ӎԆБ̙Тٺ઼̚Ăٕధᔘкѣ੅ኢ۞۩มĂҭགྷϤĶᒚାķ҃វॾኳតĂݒߏᄂ៉തϔ ॡഇ۞পঅன෪Ą

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ะįĂᄂΔĈ݈኎΍ۍۤĂ 1991 Ą ӕᄿࡶĂĲ̋̌ਨ͢ĳĂӕᄿࡶࣧ඾ĂڒҌሒᛌĂĮӕᄿࡶ̈ᄲБะįĂᄂΔĈᓑЪ͛ ጯ΍ۍۤĂ 1995 Ą Ԓϖ჊ĂĲࢵᄃវĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąਃጂąԒϖ჊ąͳᴣฯЪ ะįĂᄂΔĈ݈኎΍ۍۤĂ 1991 Ą ׹ܛگĂĲͪᒛĳĂќˢ̚फӀࢡă׹ॎࡻበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą׹ܛگะįĂᄂΔĈ ݈኎΍ۍۤĂ 2002 Ą ܇ҐĂĲۤົԼౄᄃ͛ጯܦѐĳĂќˢՂݑᏊበĂĮ͟ፂ˭ᄂ៉າ͛ጯځะ 5 ą͛ᚥ ྤफ़ᏴะįĂᄂΔĈځሔ΍ۍۤĂ 1979 Ą ঎ϮϠĂĲࢬᐙĳĂќˢཧϮᑾăᔨჹ߆በĂĮЍೇ݈ᄂ៉͛ጯБะįס 7Įങѣ͢ϝ ፘ۞̈ᗉįĂᄂΔĈᅈഀ΍ۍۤĂ 1979 Ą ૺ͛ᒖĂĲ࿲ुĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąૺ͛ᒖะįĂᄂΔĈ݈኎΍ۍ ۤĂ 1991 Ą ૺ͛ᒖĂĲ˘ཏᕄ̄ĳăĲ፼፵۞˧ณĳĂќˢĮૺ͛ᒖБะĈᐌඊะĞ˘ğįĂᄂ̚Ĉ ᄂ̚Ꭹϲ̼͕͛̚Ă 2003 Ą ૺԧ࢕ĂĲ࡭ᄂ៉ܦѐ۞˘ދܫĳĂќˢૺЍϒበĂĮૺԧ࢕БะįĂᄂΔĈˠม΍ۍ ۤĂ 2002 Ą ౘͫߵĂĲ྽ĳĂĮᄂ៉͛ᘹįௐ 6 ס 3 ཱིĂ 1943 ѐ 7 ͡Ą ໅чຌĂĲՙෘĳăĲ̘̃ĳăĲ˘࣎୎˯ĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą໅ч ຌะįĂᄂΔĈ݈኎΍ۍۤĂ 1991 Ą ໅จĂĲਖ਼ಡЀĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะą໅จะįĂᄂΔĈ݈኎΍ۍۤĂ 1991Ą Ꮵ׶ĂĲ˘୛ჍͿĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąᏥ׶ะįĂᄂΔĈ݈኎΍ۍ ۤĂ 1991 Ą ᐷ༈؟ĂĲเछĳăĲเڃ͡ĳĂќˢཧϮᑾăᔨჹ߆በĂĮЍೇ݈ᄂ៉͛ጯБะįס 7Įങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉįĂᄂΔĈᅈഀ΍ۍۤĂ1979Ą ᐷ༈؟ĂĲങѣ͢ϝፘ۞̈ᗉĳĂќˢૺޮᄹበĂĮᄂ៉үछБะąᐷ༈؟ะįĂᄂ ΔĈ݈኎΍ۍۤĂ 1991 Ą ᔁߋ͢ĂĲсࢋـң఍ΝĳĂĮᄂ៉ϔಡįĂ 1922 ѐ 7 ͡ 10 ͟Ą

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Body Politics and the Youth Imagination: Taiwan

Fiction in the Japanese Period

Chia-ling Mei

Ŏ

Abstract

Youth, as a group, are commonly viewed as the backbone of a nation’s future and the pillar of its society. Carrying the promise ofņfreshnessŇand

ņhope,Ňyouth bear heavy societal expectations, particularly during times of national upheaval and uncertainty. Whether in the literary imagination or the implementation of real-life reforms, youth carry symbolic importance as

ņnational seedlingsŇorņfuture protagonists of the nationŇwho are imbued with unprecedented potential. In the literary imagination,ņthe growth of youthŇandņthe growth of the nationŇare often viewed as being two sides of the same metaphorical coin.

Thus, since the beginning of the twentieth century, Chinese-language fic-tion has romanticized the growth and dissipafic-tion of youth to the point that its trials and tribulations are taken as witness to political clashes and wrenching social transformations. During the half-century following 1895, during which Taiwan was under Japanese colonial rule, the relationship between the two groups underwent multiple transformations, from initial Taiwanese military resistance to cultural enlightenment and eventual conformity as imperial sub-jects. These transformations, in turn, found a heterogenous variety of

expres-* Chia-ling Mei is a professor in the Graduate Institute of Taiwan Literature and the Department of Chinese Literature at the National Taiwan University.

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sion in the literary imagination. Usingņbody politicsŇandņthe youth imagi-naryŇas its mode of inquiry, this paper attempts to outline the mutually com-plementary development of the discourse of youth and the Taiwanese imagina-tion during the Japanese occupaimagina-tion. The discussion is divided into two main parts: 1) space and bodyƟ identity politics; and 2) the transformation from the Taiwanese body to the body of the imperial subject.

Keywords: body politics, youth imagination, Japanese occupation, Taiwan, fiction