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A Review of the Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from Taiwan
Hsi-Te Shih1,2,*, Hsueh-Wen Chang2 and Jiun-Hong Chen31Institute of Marine Biology, 2Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan 804, R.O.C. 3Department of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106, R.O.C.
(Accepted July 13, 1999)
Hsi-Te Shih, Hsueh-Wen Chang and Jiun-Hong Chen (1999) A review of the earthworms (Annelida:
Oligochaeta) from Taiwan. Zoological Studies 38(4): 435-442. The study of earthworms of Taiwan began with the Japanese scholars Goto and Hatai (1898). The collecting sites from available publications are limited to Ilan, Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Miaoli, Kaohsiung, and Pingtung. A total of 26 species belonging to 9 genera are recorded in Taiwan: Drawida japonica (Michaelsen, 1892), Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès, 1828), Bimastus
parvus (Eisen, 1874), Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872, Amynthas aspergillum (Perrier, 1872), Am. candidus
(Goto and Hatai, 1898), Am. corticus (Kinberg, 1867), Am. formosae (Michaelsen, 1922), Am. gracilis (Kinberg, 1867), Am. hsinpuensis (Kuo, 1995), Am. hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895), Am. incongruus (Chen, 1933), Am.
minimus (Horst, 1893), Am. morrisi (Beddard, 1892), Am. omeimontis polyglandularis (Tsai, 1964), Am. papulosus (Rosa, 1896), Am. robustus (Perrier, 1872), Am. swanus (Tsai, 1964), Am. taipeiensis (Tsai, 1964), Am. yuhsi (Tsai, 1964), Polypheretima elongata (Perrier, 1872), Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867), M. posthuma (Vaillant, 1869), M. schmardae schmardae (Horst, 1883), Pithemera bicincta (Perrier, 1875), and Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891). Among these species, 9 species were published as new species from
Taiwan. Three holotype specimens can be found in the museums, but the rest can not be located. One species,
Amynthas asiaticus Michaelsen, 1900 was not included in the list because it appeared in non-taxonomic
refer-ences with no description. The present paper reviews the studies on Taiwanese earthworms, and lists species published from Taiwan according to current classification and their collecting sites. Some mistakes in the litera-ture about Taiwanese earthworms are also discussed.
Key words: Pheretima, Taxonomy.
*To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Tel: 886-7-5252000 ext. 3614. Fax: 886-7-5253614. E-mail: htshih@mail.nsysu.edu.tw
E
arthworms are among the most important animals living in soil, both for their role in agriculture and in terrestrial ecology (Edwards and Bohlen 1996). While most species of earthworms are known to be beneficial to agriculture, some species may damage crops (Edwards and Bohlen 1996), e.g., Polypheretima elongata in central Taiwan (Gates 1959). In addition, earthworms are important for studying the behavior and ecology of animals which feed on them (Edwards and Bohlen 1996).In general, earthworms possess the following principal systematic features: bilateral symmetry, ex-ternal segments with a corresponding inex-ternal seg-mentation, setae borne on all segments except the first 2, and possession of an outer layer of circular muscles and an inner layer of longitudinal muscles.
The alimentary canal is basically an anterior-poste-rior tube with excretion through the anus or special-ized organs (nephridia). Respiration is mainly cuticular. Earthworms are hermaphroditic or parthe-nogenetic (Gates 1972, Reynolds 1974, Edwards and Bohlen 1996).
The study of earthworm fauna of Taiwan is not yet completed. The collecting sites in the literature began with the Japanese scholars Goto and Hatai (1898) and extend to the Taiwanese Chen and Shih (1996) most recently, and are mostly in northern Tai-wan (Ilan, Taipei, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, and Miaoli areas), with a few in southern Taiwan (Kaohsiung and Pingtung areas) (see HISTORICAL REVIEW). Because some species were recorded with only a brief or no description, and most type specimens of
these studies are not extant, it is impossible to deter-mine if some species may have been misidentified. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a list and the collection sites of earthworms in Taiwan for earth-worm taxonomists before a thorough revision is possible. In addition, there are some mistakes con-cerning Taiwanese earthworms in the literature due to the paucity of complete literature and taxonomical training. Therefore, a review of Taiwanese earth-worms is important for future earthworm studies. In this study, we provide a complete historical review of studies on Taiwanese earthworms and a list of the Taiwanese earthworms hitherto reported according to the present taxonomic system (mostly based on Easton 1980). In addition, some confusing points about the taxonomy of earthworms of Taiwan are discussed.
The localities, as both Chinese and Japanese names, used in this study are shown in Appendixes I and II.
HISTORICAL REVIEW
In the first study of earthworms from Taiwan, Goto and Hatai (1898) published 2 new species of earthworms, Perichaeta takatorii (= Amynthas
aspergillum) and Perichaeta candida (= Amynthas candidus), from Taipei City. Both species were
col-lected by Y. Takatori of the Department of Agriculture of the Government of Formosa.
Michaelsen (1922) described 1 new species,
Pheretima formosae (= Amynthas formosae), and 1
new variety, Pheretima papulosa sauteri (=
Amyn-thas papulosus) of earthworm collected by Hans
Sauter at Chiahsien (as Dorf Koseypo or Dorf Kosempo), Kaohsiung County in January 1908. The holotype of Ph. formosae was deposited at the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum, Leiden, Neth-erlands (Gates 1959: 9, Reynolds and Cook 1976: 103) and the paratypes were deposited at Zoo-logisches Institut und ZooZoo-logisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany (Reynolds and Cook 1976: 103); the holotype of Ph. papulosa
sauteri was in the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch
Mu-seum (Gates 1959: 18, 1972: 206, Reynolds and Cook 1976: 168).
Takahasi (1932a,b 1933) studied the morphol-ogy and variation of an unknown species of
Phere-tima in Taipei. The descriptions and figures of this
species agree with the characters of Amynthas
gra-cilis (Kobayashi 1939 [as Ph. hawayana]).
Kobayashi (1938) published Perionyx
excava-tus collected by Masao Yamanaka in Shinchiku (=
Hsinchu) as a new record for Taiwan. Kobayashi (1939 1940a) described some earthworms near the Hsinchu area (Hsinchu, Kuanhsi, and Hsinwu), in which 11 species were new records: Drawida
japonica, Aporrectodea trapezoides (as Allolo-bophora caliginosa subsp.), Bimastus parvus, Amynthas corticus (as Ph. diffringens), Am. gracilis, Am. hupeiensis, Am. minimus (as Ph. zoysiae), Am. morrisi, Am. robustus, Metaphire californica and M. schmardae schmardae. In addition, Amynthas aspergillum (as Ph. takatorii), Am. formosae, Am. papulosus (as Ph. papulosa sauteri and Ph. rocke-fellerii), and Perionyx excavatus were also collected.
These specimens were collected by M. Yamanaka and his students, A. Kawasaki and M. Aragaki of Shinchiku High School. Kobayashi (1940c) dis-cussed the dispersal passage of Drawida japonica from China to Japan and the possibility by way of Taiwan. Kobayashi further reported Dichogaster
bolaui (1941c) from Taiwan as a new record.
Gates (1959) published 4 species as new records: Pithemera bicincta (Yangmingshan [as Green Mountain]), Polypheretima elongata (Tsing-Chao Maa), Amynthas incongruus (Taipei), and
Metaphire posthuma (Chaochou). Other species of Am. aspergillum (Chaochou), Am. corticus
(mingshan), Am. formosae (Chaochou and Yang-mingshan), Metaphire californica (Taipei), and
Peri-onyx excavatus (Suao) were also collected. Those
specimens were collected by D E. Beck and depo-sited at the American Museum of Natural History (New York). Specimens of Po. elongata were pro-vided by the United States Department of Agriculture with a label stating that this species caused serious damage to rice plants near a small village “Tsing-Chao Maa” in central Taiwan. However, the actual locality could not be identified.
A thorough survey of the earthworms in northern Taiwan was reported by Tsai (1964). Four new species, Pheretima polyglandularis (= Am.
omei-montis polyglandularis) (small hill behind the 8th
dor-mitory of NTU [= National Taiwan Univ.]), Pheretima
swanus (= Am. swanus) (campus of NTU), Ph. taipeiensis (= Am. taipeiensis) (Chungho City), and Ph. yuhsi (= Am. yuhsi) (Yuantung Temple [as
En-tong Temple] and Neihu) were found. Ph. yuhsi was named after Dr. Yu-Hsi Moltze Wang, then the head of the Department of Zoology, and Ph. swanus was named after a friend of Tsai. The other 11 species described were Am. aspergillum (campus of NTU and sand bank of Tanshui River [as Tam-sui River]),
Am. corticus (sand bank of Tanshui River and small
hill behind the 8th dormitory of NTU), Am. gracilis (sand bank of Tanshui River, campus of NTU,
Yingko, and Wanhua [as Huang-fa]), Am. hupeiensis (sand bank of Tanshui River), Am. incongruus (campus of NTU), Am. morrisi (Yingko), Am.
papulo-sus (campus of NTU), Am. robustus (the 8th
dormi-tory of NTU) (also as Ph. lauta [campus of NTU and Yingko]), Metaphire californica (campus of NTU and Yingko), M. posthuma (Wanhua Station and sand bank of Tanshui River), and M. schmardae
schmar-dae (campus of NTU, sand bank of Tanshui River,
and the 8th dormitory of NTU). Most specimens were collected by Tsai, while some were collected by C.-M. Kuo in Yingko. Unfortunately, none of these specimens could be found in NTU now.
Reynolds and Cook (1976) in their “Nomen-clatura Oligochaetologica” listed names, descrip-tions, and type specimens of the oligochaetes hith-erto published. They included 8 species published as new species from Taiwan. Easton (1976) dis-cussed the taxonomic system of the Metapheretima
elongata species-complex, and he included the
record of earthworm of Taiwan.
Kuo (1987) studied the propagation and compo-sition of “Amynthas asiaticus” and its effects on soil fertility. Kuo (1993) provided a key and some genital markings of Taiwanese pheretimas. Kuo (1995) pub-lished a new species, Pheretima hsinpuesis (=
Amynthas hsinpuensis), in Hsinpu and described
some other species, Bimastus parvus (Toufen),
Peri-onyx excavatus (Chungli), Amynthas gracilis
(Hsinpu), Metaphire californica (Tsaochiao), and M.
schmardae schmardae (campus of National Hsinchu
Teacher’s College) with some scanning electron photomicrographs of genital markings. The speci-mens are deposited at the National Hsinchu Teacher’s College.
Chang (1992) studied how “Am. asiaticus” ac-tivities affect surface soil infiltration. Kuo and Huang (1993) studied the lethal effects of 5 pesticides on
Bimastus parvus.
Chen and Shih (1996) surveyed the earthworm fauna in Fushan Botanical Garden and recorded 6 species of Amynthas: Am. corticus, Am. formosae,
Am. gracilis, Am. omeimontis polyglandularis, Am. papulosus, and Am. taipeiensis. The specimens
were deposited at the Department of Zoology, NTU (Table 1).
DISCUSSION
The Pheretima group is the largest group of earthworms in the world, consisting of more than 700 nominal species and subspecies (Sims and Easton 1972). It is also the largest group in Taiwan.
Be-cause it is too large to be handled, Sims and Easton (1972) divided the genus into 8 genera by phenetic analysis according to the greatest number of shared morphological attributes. Further, Easton (1979) re-examined the specimens and revised some species without caecum in the Pheretima group. In his study, the genus Ephemitra was combined into
Metaphere-tima, the genus Polypheretima was divided from Metapheretima, and the genus Pleionogaster with
in-testinal gizzards was considered to be a member of the Pheretima group. In addition, Begemius was separated from Amynthas by Easton (1982) (Fig. 1). The subdivision of the Pheretima group is based on body shape, caecum, gizzard, male pore, clitellum, spermathecal diverticula, and spermathecal duct (Sims and Easton 1972, Easton 1979 1982). For a key to the genera of the Pheretima group refers to Easton (1979 1982).
A total of 26 species of earthworms is recorded from Taiwan (Tables 1, 2). These species can be classified into 9 genera: Drawida, Aporrectodea,
Bimastus, Perionyx, Amynthas, Polypheretima, Me-taphire, Pithemera, and Dichogaster. The Pheretima
group contains 21 species which are the dominant earthworms in Taiwan. Amynthas is the largest ge-nus (16 species), the 2nd is Metaphire (3 species), while the other genera are each composed of only 1 species. Most collecting sites were restricted to northern Taiwan, especially Taipei City and County, followed by Hsinchu City, Hsinchu County, and Kaohsiung County; other areas were Ilan, Taoyuan, and Pingtung (Fig. 2). A key to the recorded species of earthworms of Taiwan would be inappropriate until a more thorough survey on the fauna of Taiwan is undertaken.
Nine species were published as new species in Taiwan: Perichaeta takatorii (Goto and Hatai, 1898),
Perichaeta candida (Goto and Hatai, 1898), Phere-tima formosae (Michaelsen, 1922), Ph. papulosa sauteri (Michaelsen, 1922), Ph. polyglandularis
(Tsai, 1964), Ph. swanus (Tsai, 1964), Ph.
taipeien-sis (Tsai, 1964), Ph. yuhsi, (Tsai, 1964), and Ph. hsinpuensis (Kuo, 1995). However, only 3 holotype
specimens can be found in museums: Ph. formosae,
Ph. papulosa sauteri, and Ph. hsinpuensis (Gates
1959 1972, Kuo 1995).
According to Kuo (1987) and Chang (1992), “Amynthas asiaticus” was studied as their material. However, Am. asiaticus Michaelsen, 1900 was not recorded from Taiwan and is not described in their text. In addition, Kuo (1993) also did not include it in her later publication about Taiwanese earthworms. It might be a misidentification. Therefore, Am.
asiati-cus was not included in our list.
Gates (1959) identified a new record of the earthworm, Polypheretima elongata, in central Taiwan. However, the information Kuo (1993) pro-vided about Po. elongata was based on various items of literature from Japan (e.g., Ohfuchi 1965, Kamihira 1973). An important character of Po.
elongata (Perrier, 1872) is that it does not have a
caecum, however, Japanese “Po. elongata” does have a caecum (Ohfuchi 1956). According to Gates (1972), Sims and Easton (1972), and Easton (1976 1980), Japanese “Po. elongata” may be a misidentification of Amynthas morrisi, and Japanese “Pheretima biserialis” identified by Ohfuchi (1956) is the same as Po. elongata.
In Kuo’s (1993) paper, the character of the 1st dorsal pore was considered to be the key character. This would be misleading because the 1st dorsal
Table 1. Species of earthworms of Taiwan recorded in the literature
Author(s) Year Drawida japonica * * * Aporrectodea trapezoides * * * Bimastus parvus * * * Perionyx excavatus * * * * Amynthas aspergillus * * * * Am. candidus * Am. corticus * * * * * * * Am. formosae * * * * Am. gracilis * * * * * * Am. hsinpuensis * Am. hupeiensis * * * * * Am. incongruus * * Am. minimus * * * Am. morrisi * * * *
Am. omeimontis polyglandularis * *
Am. papulosus * * * * * * Am. robustus * * * * Am. swanus * Am. taipeiensis * * Am. yuhsi * Polypheretima elongata * Metaphire californica * * * * * * * M. posthuma * * M. schmardae schmardae * * * * * * Pithemera bicincta * Dichogaster bolaui * 1898 1922 1938 1939 1940a 1941a 1941b 1941c 1959 1964 1995 1996 Goto and Hatai Michaelsen Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Kobayashi Gates Tsai Kuo Chen and Shih
pore is too variable to be used as a taxonomic char-acter (Gates 1937). In addition, some figures of the caeca and prostates were apparently modified from Kamihira (1973). However, many species names in Kuo’s legends are misplaced. For example, in Kuo’s paper, Figs. 4A (Ph. morrisi), 4B (Ph. hupeiensis), 4C (Ph. posthuma), 4E (Ph. taipeiensis), 4I (Ph.
californica), 5C (Ph. californica), and 5D (Ph. robusta) are the same as Kamihira’s (1973) Figs. 5
(11) (Ph. pusilla), 5(1) (Ph. carnosa), 5(2) (Ph.
heteropoda), 5(16) (Ph. maculosus), 5(20) (Ph. masatakae), 6(F) (Ph. riukiuensis), and 6(D) (Ph. iizukai), respectively. The wrong legends will
mis-lead inexperienced researchers in identification work.
Kuo (1995) published Pheretima hsinpuesis as a new species from Hsinpu. However, the spelling “hsinpuesis” should be replaced by the spelling
hsinpuensis by the Latinization of Hsinpu. According
to the characters described, this species should be placed under the genus Amynthas, so its valid name is Amynthas hsinpuensis.
Amynthas candida was described as a new
spe-cies in Taipei by Goto and Hatai (1898) and was not collected for about 100 years since. Therefore, Gates (1959) considered Am. candida and regarded it as a species inquirenda. Among the species pub-lished by Kobayashi (1939 1940a 1941a,b,c),
Dra-wida japonica, Aporrectodea trapezoides, Amynthas minimus, and Dichogaster bolaui have not been
re-ported since then (Table 1).
Kobayashi (1940a 1941b,c) recorded
Allolobophora caliginosa subsp. from Taiwan. He
could not confirm that the Taiwanese specimens were Al. caliginosa typica or Al. caliginosa
trape-zoides because the specimens were immature
indi-viduals (1940a 1941b). According to Kobayashi (1940b 1941b,d), both subspecies occurred in Man-churia, Korea, and Japan. Kobayashi’s “Al.
cali-ginosa typica” (1940b) was probably a synonym of Al. tuberculata Eisen, 1874, but this needs to be
con-firmed (Gates 1972: 80). However, Chinese “Al.
Fig. 2. Recording localities of earthworms of Taiwan. The place
“Tsing-Chao Maa” is not included in this map, because we could not locate it in central Taiwan presently.
Table 2. Species list of earthworms of Taiwan. The
classification of earthworms follows the classification of Reynolds and Cook (1993)
Phylum Annelida ô`Ê«ù
Class Oligochaeta hòõ
Order Moniligastridae ìGCØ
Family Moniligastridae ìGCì
Drawida japonica (Michaelsen, 1892) é»ùÔC
Order Haplotaxidae æVCØ
Suborder Lumbricina ¿CÈØ
Family Lumbricidae ¿Cì
Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès, 1828) èÎüiC
Bimastus parvus (Eisen, 1874) LpùÝC
Family Megascolecidae dCì
Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 ¸ÞôöC
Amynthas aspergillum (Perrier, 1872) Ѭ·ôC
Am. candidus (Goto and Hatai, 1898) úA·ôC
Am. corticus (Kinberg, 1867) Öè·ôC
Am. formosae (Michaelsen, 1922) O9·ôC
Am. gracilis (Kinberg, 1867) ÖÓ·ôC
Am. hsinpuensis (Kuo, 1995) sH·ôC
Am. hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) ò_·ôC
Am. incongruus (Chen, 1933) Ñt·ôC
Am. minimus (Horst, 1893) Lp·ôC
Am. morrisi (Beddard, 1892) Èó·ôC
Am. omeimontis polyglandularis (Tsai, 1964) h¢oÝ·ôC
Am. papulosus (Rosa, 1896) Cl·ôC
Am. robustus (Perrier, 1872) §¶·ôC
Am. swanus (Tsai, 1964) ·û·ôC
Am. taipeiensis (Tsai, 1964) O_·ôC
Am. yuhsi (Tsai, 1964) Íè·ôC
Polypheretima elongata (Perrier, 1872) øÎhôC
Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867) [{ÄôC
M. posthuma (Vaillant, 1869) gáÄôC
M. schmardae schmardae (Horst, 1883) ÎóÄôC
Pithemera bicincta (Perrier, 1875) ùañôC
Family Octochaetidae KòCì
caliginosa trapezoides” is a synonym of Al. tra-pezoides (Dugès, 1828) (Gates 1972: 77) and is
dis-tributed extensively in China (Chen 1931 1933). Therefore, we suggest that Al. trapezoides is possi-bly the species collected by Kobayashi in Hsinchu. However, the best solution to this confusion is to col-lect earthworm specimens extensively and identify them precisely. Because Lumbricus trapezoides Dugès, 1828 is designated as the type species of the genus Aporrectodea Oerley, 1885 (Gates 1975: 4),
Allolobophora trapezoides is displaced by Aporrecto-dea trapezoides.
Amynthas swanus was erected as a new
spe-cies by Tsai (1964). However, Sims and Easton (1972) stated that another new species may be separated from Am. swanus according to the original description. Unfortunately, the specimens studied by Tsai were lost.
The present study provides a preliminary review of earthworm studies in Taiwan. A thorough survey of the earthworm fauna of Taiwan, including adja-cent small islands (Penghu, Lanyu, and Lutao), is needed.
Acknowledgments: We are grateful to John W.
Reynolds of the Oligochaetology Laboratory, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada and Kamihira Yukiyoshi of the Biological Laboratory, Hakodate University, Japan, for reading the manuscript; Chu-Fa Tsai for providing relevant information about Taiwanese earthworms; Cheng-Chien Chen and Meng-Wan Yeh of the Institute of Marine Biology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Chin-Shiang Wang of the Depart-ment of Zoology, National Taiwan University, Barrie G. M. Jamieson of the Department of Zoology, Uni-versity of Queensland, and Ya-Wen Hung for biblio-graphic help. We also wish to thank 2 anonymous reviewers for greatly improving this manuscript.
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Sims RW, EG Easton. 1972. A numerical revision of the earth-worm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 4: 169-268. Takahasi S. 1932a. The body length and segments of an
earth-worm (Pheretima sp.) from Taihoku. Nat. Hist. Mag. 30: 10-14. (in Japanese).
Takahasi S. 1932b. On the morphological variation of a
Pheretima sp. from Taihoku. Zool. Mag. 44: 343-360. (in
Japanese).
Takahasi S. 1933. On the immature specimens of a Pheretima sp. Nat. Hist. Mag. 32: 17-22. (in Japanese).
Tsai CF. 1964. On some earthworms belonging to the genus
Pheretima Kinberg collected from Taipei area in north
Taiwan. Quart. J. Taiwan Mus. 17: 1-35.
Romanization Chinese
Chaochou éw(in Pingtung County) Chiahsien ÒP(in Kaohsiung County) Chungho ¤M (in Taipei County) Chungli ¤c (in Taoyuan County) Dorf Kosempo ÒPÜ (= Chiahsien) Dorf Koseypo ÒPÜ (= Chiahsien) En-tong temple êqx (= Yuantung Temple) Fushan Botanical Garden ÖsÓ«é
(betwen Taipei and Ilan Counties) Green Mountain ós (= Yangmingshan)
(in Taipei City)
Hsinchu City s˫
Hsinchu County sˤ
Hsinpu sH (in Hsinchu County) Hsinwu sÎ (in Taoyuan County) Huang-fa station UØ®¸ (= Wanhua Station)
Ilan County yõ¤
Kaohsiung County ª¯¤
Kuanhsi öè (in Hsinchu County)
Lei-hu ºò (= Neihu)
Appendix I:
Taiwanese localities in Chinese and their Romanizations used in the text are listed as follows:
Romanization Chinese
Miaoli County ]ߤ
National Taiwan University êßO9jÇ (in Taipei City) Neihu ºò (in Taipei City) NTU êßO9jÇ
(= National Taiwan Univ.) Pingtung County ÌF¤
Shinchiku sË (= Hsinchu) Shinchiku High School sˤÇÕ
Suao ¬D(in Ilan County)
Taipei City O_«
Taipei County O_¤
Tam-sui River Hôe (= Tanshui River) Tanshui River Hôe(in Taipei County)
Taoyuan County çé¤
Toufen Y÷ (in Miaoli County) Tsaochiao yô (in Miaoli County) Wanhua Station UØ®¸ (in Taipei City) Yangmingshan §ús (in Taipei City) Yingko aq (in Taipei County) Yuantung Temple êqx (in Taipei County)
Appendix II:
Some English spellings of Chinese or Japanese names used in the text are listed as follows: English spelling of name Chinese or Japanese name
Aragaki, Morimasa s®±¿ Chang, Wen-Liang iåG Chen, Jiun-Hong ¯T» Goto, Seitaro qMÓ¦ Hatai, Shinkishi ;«sßq Huang, Yi-Tien ÀqÐ Kamihira, Yukiyoshi W¯n Kawasaki, Asaharu tTLv
English spelling of name Chinese or Japanese name Kobayashi, Shinjiro pLsG¦
Kuo, Chin-Ming ¢Üú
Kuo, Teng-Chih ¢nÓ
Ohfuchi, Shinryu jWus
Shih, Hsi-Te Ißw
Takahasi, Sadae ªôwÃ
Tsai, Chu-Fa ²ío
Yamanaka, Masao s¤¿Ò
O9£LC
(
ô`Ê«ù/hòõ
)
§^U
Ißw1,2 iÇå2 ¯T»3
O9LCºãsÛ 1898 ~éH Goto M Hatai }l, ú~ÓºÕddòÈ]byõ*O_*çË]*
ª¯*ÌF¥aÏ, ܵ@Tw³ 26 غLC, kþó 9 ݧU+ä¤ôòCÝ (genus Pheretima) OLC¤
ØþÌhºÝ)Sims and Easton (1972) M Easton (1979 1982) Nþ@ɺôòCþÓÀ° 10 Ý: Amynthas ·ôCÝ)Archipheretima jôCÝ) Begemius ¦ôCÝ)Metapheretima ¡ôCÝ) Metaphire ÄôC Ý)Pheretima ôòCÝ)Pithemera ñôCÝ)Planapheretima óôCÝ)Pleionogaster hGCÝM Polypheretima hôCÝ)ØeO9º 21 ØôòCikþó䤺 4 ÓݧU+O9º 26 ØLCpU:
Drawida japonica (Michaelsen, 1892) é»ùÔC)Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès, 1828) èÎüiC) Bimastus parvus (Eisen, 1874) LpùÝC)Perionyx excavatus Perrier, 1872 ¸ÞôöC)Amynthas aspergillum (Perrier, 1872) Ѭ·ôC)Am. candidus (Goto and Hatai, 1898) úA·ôC)Am. corticus
(Kinberg, 1867) Öè·ôC)Am. formosae (Michaelsen, 1922) O9·ôC)Am. gracilis (Kinberg, 1867) ÖÓ
·ôC) Am. hsinpuensis (Kuo, 1995) sH·ôC)Am. hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895) ò_·ôC)Am. incongruus (Chen, 1933) Ñt·ôC)Am. minimus (Horst, 1893) Lp·ôC)Am. morrisi (Beddard, 1892) È
ó·ôC) Am. omeimontis polyglandularis (Tsai, 1964) h¢oÝ·ôC)Am. papulosus (Rosa, 1896) Cl·
ôC)Am. robustus (Perrier, 1872) §¶·ôC)Am. swanus (Tsai, 1964) ·û·ôC) Am. taipeiensis (Tsai, 1964) O_·ôC)Am. yuhsi (Tsai, 1964) Íè·ôC)Polypheretima elongata (Perrier, 1872) øÎhôC) Metaphire californica (Kinberg, 1867) [{ÄôC)M. posthuma (Vaillant, 1869) gáÄôC) M. schmardae
schmardae (Horst, 1883) ÎóÄôC)Pithemera bicincta (Perrier, 1875) ùañôCM Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891) ]ó«GC+䤣óO9ºÒ¡Ð»³ 9 Ø, MÓȳ 3 غҡлOdUÓ, äl
¡£sb+t~ Amynthas asiaticus Michaelsen, 1900 Èw·ôCÑóÊF¿¡ºÀþyz)³²wù~º
ià)]¹È£CJO9ºØþ+»øiãzú~ÓãsO9LCÛMvº¹ãåm)CXoíLºØ þHÎÄ°a)ÃÌÓØeºÀþtι©AíºÀþaì, t~ïúÓåm¤ºù~§B][HQ×+ öäü/ôòC)Àþ+ 1êߤsjÇüvÍ«ãsÒ 2êߤsjÇÍ«ìÇt 3êßO9jÇÊ«t
