• 沒有找到結果。

有線電視與廣告

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "有線電視與廣告"

Copied!
22
0
0

加載中.... (立即查看全文)

全文

(1)

~.fJt~/159

~.fJt~

/165

~#~/169

~'Jt~/171

1~#~/179

~#~/183

.

Jl~W'lt;fJL' ~ ~~Im!ttl ~831t-7Jl

Jll-

22

1f

#)jt

1t~fl.~~%**

Jii£JX*

{~j:~r-l-}

*1iff

~ ~

-tf.

4~"tt ~

1m

lP!

'It

#u!-

Jl % if J£

{If.

X.

29 :i!

JfI

it ,

a:it

11­

'ltiJL1ttft1:.~a9fJf! 0

tb

x.J.k~"tt~i~J.t~-t~Jt*.Jl.9;t1

:

-'~m-tf.~Ma

• •

~.'It«*Jl%ifJ£~~M~~.~o ;,~.'It«:i!+rJl%n~~J ,~~rn~Jl%~J

, . I

r

-0-

M.

~r ~

Jl%1t. J a9

f.f..;t

0 ~,~.'It«~.£'It«~M+.A*.M.'~~Jl%~*. .*~~~t~o~~.4Jf1:it~x.~'.i#~,t«~.I~~

fJf!;/]

0 w,~.'It«

• •

1:.~r.*J '4a~.k~*~3.o .... ..a.&.-=­

.!f '

fllJ

a

4'1fJ~:~IfI.I.ff~~~fift'U{t;I¥J-if.

'

-I::;FJ

r~~~.ff~~7tfflG:lr~

,

~~.ff~lE

~tmw.:

:

xllilti~

8

mrx.ll1fiHP}!fftmw.:~f:!l!mll9*~~.ff~

irl¥J

(tiijflJH! '

1993)

;

1J[JL1tj£flff~tJ:&..~$1¥J0;1kflff~

,

ir1!f:tt!!~~~I¥J!&ff~~~ZJFlI.lzO)(~ 0

flff~I¥JJ}J~~z-

,

~}!fffi~m'~JJi'S-Jm(Esslin, 1987) ,

pJTtJ '

f1Jl'S-~*lffi~

,

fi~f*flff~I¥J~&z- 0 tJ?fiJJHi~~t3I¥J~~flff~

,

m'~rmm*~I¥J~~Mrmi!f

' W

ifd'rft~if*I¥Jf:!l!~,~,1~J!3rm 0 ~lM~~flff~I¥J::Z~~{AiUi~

§

fj?@. ,

m~~]t

,

p~

f»j~~~.ff~JJi'S-~J-'B"Jliff~ 0

**~~.*a.4~~4~**Jl.'It~*JM.~o

***~~

• • • •~~~At.~~Jl%~~#M.*.~ff.o

(2)

*1iff~~~~ft~fj~.ff~$.t5-~~f~)(t¥J~mtt' J:J)(ik~gj&~J~lW~5t m1tJt.ff~~t~t¥J~W

'

~~~fJft~fj~.ff~~lm1rllt

'

&l:I:;!fiX)t~~*:t~lii!fEl~

1:tm

0 fj*JRmff~

,

fjJ.1um:~~~~m11Sl1f~t¥Jmff~

,

f*J:J*~W;~$l!Jm.1ffitrff~m

' X

m~ r

J

0 ft~fj*'JI:.ff~~lm1rllt

'

tiJ5t::::::1:J11iD~~~1

:

- ,

2!{i!fl&ff~~

&

0~~*fj~mff~t¥J~~1rllt

'

~~cj(~f~~:lfuIii!~wlii!~~.ff~!&ff~=1'l~:lwr5t

(Bollins,

1984) ,

ffij~~ r ffr±Iii!~~::}(].~J (Community Antenna Television, CATV) ,

R~JN'~~i'i§m5dE 0 J;Jtfj)(m~c~

,

.m~584

'

7Di~.w~~~iliJ;JtiJ~jjgIii!1Nlf.t¥J

ffct~fr~:::};:]"JI: (~7i<.~ ,

1991)

0 EEm:lff0.ff~mF~$!&3§U.ff~iJm5dE

'

t¥Jm~1j

,

f£::fEW~j1JD~J:Jm.~:iJrflt¥J~~:::R*'JI:

'

~~~'M:t~1!U~mF 0 .m~624

'

iJ~~ff~#

'

Efl'

m*-~iliJ;JtiJJl:t~Iii!~-*ffctlii!~~7(~ (YIt~flj

,

1991) ,

~~~jjg~WIii!'!&~=1'~oZ~~~~jjg~w;wlii!'~.ili~Mnlii!~~7(~*&

~mff~!&m'tw7fJ 0

-~3§U.m~684' r .ff~:ttf1JD~

,

~~~&ffct~fr~::R~.ff~~fii~:l1JJJf$

J '

-:1:J1IDEE~[qJ::R*J.R**1t.1Ihcj(~ 0 .m~734.¥744FI3'

,

ffi~:t~~.m~$tiJ0f"t

..

m~

~fr~7(*JR

' -4ZF139 '

ij1JDT50oof~mF

'

ii~.~1'HO:Affctlii!~~7(~rr~

(

t~fU

'

1991)

'.lttf&ffctlif[~~7(~BnX*itlA! 0 .m~6546Jj

,

iJ~t~~1fLJ\O-Uli1Grmfi){~~M~.ff~

,

zf&::fEiJ~t$j'[f-=~~ ~~~~~~.~m~f!;{~~**1t

(YI:m '

1984)

'{§'~~M~mff~**1tm3l%::fEf!f;ft:~

§,ffij#• •

~.~Zmo~~~4,~~jjg~-

• •

*~t¥J.~~~, *~-~~~tt~.~~rn§~~~'~m:~mlli@~~tiJ::fE*~.~~rn§~~~

t¥Jf¥4;l'J7. '

§fii~~~

,

~*!.¥m*

'

~ffij7fJnX r ~[giJ

J

(~7k~'

199I)

o~­

~~,-~~*m:$fj.t¥Jnlii!~~7(~~~,~m:.m~~*~$~~~~h'~U r ~[giJ

J

0 fE!f*f!f;ft:1~~rn§

,

~ffib.~~

,

*~=1'Jl.~f'F~~h 0

• 2 •

- ,

IDi~~ .m~79~

:fi;

49~ J ,~®

T

~lil~ff~B' ff~

iJ

J5fif'Ft¥J~

tt*fi

Iifl

J;Jt!~j

E '

ffij

IE

rt:u

=

*1t '

~rm~t~ , n-8j;(1)~ W~~

:

(3)"lfci

m,

1984)

< o ~f&::fE ~mff~$*~1i ~m::t~[ljll

Jt&J ) ,

,

"\ -"

t¥J

r

fjffJ.Rmiill

1j

i&

Ii1GIlt

§rniW~rn§ §~M~

JEij¥Jt&r

f"t..

~~~~­

(3)

• E •

7J-0 gr911f3t~fj'Hlf"2

§

~8J

'

-S¥l¥tlfifb~

,

-i:~lftP

§

~jf~¥-p-}

¥:

H~]m~ff.-P-} 3t§~Ef

:

"2~5:Hf~§~~1lll§~~iJ1-S¥l

: iY:fi:f

r~~¥f1f~i!.If¥lrffHiJ 9~:!BiH

oftJEltiY:1fllfflElt

r

¥61f~i!.If¥l

J

M::1ffm~U:

mlf'1:Jf r

0 ¥:Mli~¥:--S¥llfmftP

§

~3t '-i:~~.~+~3t~~~If§~~'-i:~IfID~~~3tIDo"2~~§~~1lll~§ ~iJ1-S¥l

J :

iY:fi:f!illlfmf-S¥llfflM:: '

4~Jffif;j1-SlfJ r~~¥fm\lli!.~HiJ 9&~:@fJ

o

.r;.~~fJ'if

'

4~Htif;j1-SlfJlfflM::tP

r

¥f1f~i!.rff*M::

J

~ ~~.r::=ft ~ r~~¥f1f~i!.lflfJf¥M::

J

9&:!Ri1J

~

r

~~~1f~i!.~M::

J

B'#W£~ ~

r

~¥~1f~i!.f¥M::

J

9&~:@Y~~~~ 0

(£661 ,

~~~) r!41t~:.:j.?~LS:

'

wfllJit7J­

~~M'

( r9&:!Ri1J

J

~Y!i) r~~¥f1f~i!.lflfJ~M::J 1t~Y9I~:!Ri1J~7J-~

( r9&

m1£~J ~Y!i) r~~~1f~i!.f¥M::J 1t~YPS~.!f~£~~~~7Jtj3~, ~1il~:=f.fj:MWf

1lll '

15l~~~~~~~~ 0 ifl5l~7J¥/¥

'

~it~=

B

91

B

L::tZ8~~3t~~*~1f~i!.~,* M::~~

,

1-(q~j'HJt~~J-O-~~)

al{w

(r!tt~9&fgj±) ~f-J"

3t4iHli

N

o

.q~J~¥Mli~e1f~i!.rff*M::1W rffj~~~¥/~

,

IiIilWMli~:=f~-i:~

r

61lm J

ft-i:~~?f[gj~:f~1+!!!Y:1

'

11T~ 0 IH~ ¥~7J-jl::t::t08~~Yn~

,

¥/¥~~~~~1f~i!.~M::

' B

6::t6L~~~:m 0

(P86I':m:

)

~:Ii9:fJ'if~

r

6]m J

¥6±~~Nil¥i'+(p)

:

~~"2~I.*ft']ig~.s-2ij(£)

:

~~({1 1fi}~¥DfiSt

'

ID~1f~i!.ftlf¥l.¥lFH(:j:(Z)

:

;W~1f~2}jr"21f~i!.rffrmf~iM(nr!l!~

,

¥/~3IEf*\r/:MI1f~i!.~M::~Q%):!j~:@fJ

'

::tZL~~ '~ji~B

r

~6]m

J

~!',JM:: o~~§~Q%):!j.ij'W~.~.lffl~~~rffj~'W *¥tIf§~.m~

••

~MM±lIfijr

61lmJ

'~fgjo~U::M.g:=f~~M'~ ~~iM~

§

~¥tlf

r

~61lm

J

:uY:1j@~~ 0

(Z66I'

*~jl) i'f~m1~~t1ffQ%):!jl} mt-i:2~

r

~61l~

J M::M

'

1ff~~1tM~~r!-'-~lftiMlbY:1}{e-,

m1~Q%):!@~e:MY!i~1fW i!.:=f~f/:!~~~~' m'~~

r

A~aJ ~~l¥l}-ffim!IiHi1f~i!.~_ 'Q%):!@4-e1f~»5f~~1-M!J11!!Jl11~~H~fllil¥~~lHlM::¥:-3to (I

661 ,

D~Um~) rgIf~mJ1f~i!.J ~~, r~ 1f~i!.:=f~

J ¥/Ef*W'

r

~6]~

J

:=f~*IZM::1ff8~~.~3t.'if~'

6::tfgj: If

fftj

r

~D:ttP

J

~1f~i!.~WM:::=f~*-~4-e7J~.*'if:=f~tj3

, B

8Z

BZ::t6L~~ o 1:t~

,

qiiltl

o (166

&~~§!lJf;j >fltD~~

,

-i:~ ~lFHf.f3t~~ ~~=}7J-f/:!1

)

~Y1«*~

*EE'¥U1tJj

, r "I)J.f{f7TJS. "::R'~-r'lJ

}{e*f¥?f[gj:f

, (1661'

n,

,

::tZ9~~

(

1f~.1im

'

'Jt

~"§~~~II , (A~V:J 'uc ~~~,~±1f~4

lHl

Elf~l~*~ ~~m1jl~~

(4)

~mJ~~7ft

'

i§:{*Jilfj&ff~mff!finF'!j&ff~5E~*EFf~i¥J.iiii:

:

:pJ~ , f1.~~~H~

M_~mB.~~~n~_ffl,ft~*

• •

*~A

• •

'ffi~~~.~.*o

(

, 1993 ;

lii4wt '

1993) 0

:lL~~s~JU'{Ij~?t.u~

,

1Hi!:mff!fi$~~~JtJm*~.*~~:JJA

(

,

1993 ;

Ii

i4wt '

1993) '~ff~mff!fi{*.EI3*~t~~i¥J~.{1-fIDiffMm, rm:lp~~0ffft*ffi:m7EZ

~~o~~t'~Sm~rff~m~$~~J*~k.*~~~Wo

~-~~~~l~iI:1~~.*Wfra'

,

f'Ti&I~M&

r

ff~mff!fi$~~

J

~Jtk

:

,iJ:*Wfra'~f~Jm.

~~f!f'i§.j§WfrJi~s0-~+1i

;

fr'iEltEl1.~m~~t~{1.WElCP.j§~

,

~~~Jm.~~fr'i§.j§Wf~~s0-~+omJ~~rff~

• •

m~$~~J

,tE

-M:~*~m

'

.*WfrJi~1~Jm.~~W§.j§Wfra'~S?t~+1i 0

fHBjJmJiB ' hi&1i%

~rff~m~$~~J*RW§m*M~~.*~~'mJ~~rff~

• •

m~$~

J ftlJartkWElm*Mz:lp-JlKt.* '

Jt~OraJ**UHlH~~}t~,

'

~j~:lL$~JtJm 0

@]YYlJl=YJltA.±B~~~~B~1:

' :f'Ti&1i%

rfff~mff~$~~J W.*~~B~J.Lt~

,

ill~

• • •

m~$~A'~~.*Wf~~.ili:JJA~.*~~~'R~ft$~.*~

~:tf,R7c~i&.:JJA 0 ,*1~~&

r

ff~

• •

mff!fi1~~~

J Wf'Ti&1i% r

ff*ffi:mffM$~~

J

;f§{~~

,

tE~~::E~~.¥lIf1!H~!ff~~~jri¥JiiH:it.{f

'

Jt1&A~ffEG0-ffl~@]~;ji±it

0iiii:g~ni 0 fE!mJ~~tM!jH~J~~T**fE

• •

~0~~.i¥J1:.f¥~1~W:?i~%' 0 ~Efm~

r

J

*~k,~*~;f!i!~W

'

::E~JT({frTf±!E3 EI3~~

,

--I;7]EI3*il\it*~.

E3f'T~;f!i! 0

-

ruI:im~B~

r

ff~mffMY~

J

,{*:tJT$f~ :JJ~~W~*~1Ji¥J.lUa*

'

%*.~~-@~*::E~~±i¥J~~RraJ'.~~~ff~m~$~raJr

J

JIKt'W=~A±rff~ffigXffm~ffigJ 0

pff~.*

'

{*:tEiEl3{f-QJm~i¥J.!!iJ.{ft~@ApM)H#a~m,~,1W*

'

JtQJ*~EI3*

;iY:~.¥Rrt:D{f-!ftfkl!llll~*Jl~

(rTf±!)

I'JJ3mJiB{J:Eiim~~Jb ~ JbJJ:!,j!~g~ni(Dirksen et

al. 1983) 0 ;1t'E.!f5.*~~ ~ .*flH#~ ~

m_*;iY: ,

tE~lI.ilill~Ha~ ~

m.:JJA

1§'

0 Ji:1i:ff**mffM1~ffft~\~:lLY~mJm,~*~;f!i!

?

;1t{if!~*i¥Jff~mffM$~;f§~mk

~foJ?

tJ

l"Jm;fN~~~82!rf7

A

16

B

=m:im~i¥J

r

ff~mffM$

J

.*~:£1iHt*x

'

~~

~:9f-ffg$X0-tJTJt~ 0 • 4 •

-'M

~

~~ff*J

;1t.*Wfrs'i

CP.j§~,

-;

Ei'E&.o:t;. Fl ~A " JJiif.!. Q ~\JlaJ p ii 1~Jm.~6?tij

, m;30?t~

ili~ra'lt{9U~

El3ft*,*m18[­

~Ao;1t* .*~.ilis Wfra~i1H~1 Elm.~.' ~JH~o

.ttfIJWf?

~fD.1J.1<:~f

;J,*Jl '

1990

BZ:I'-

E3f'T

If}Z'

~:9~

,

~

*~ffJ

;J\~Jl

' 1990

~Jm.i&!i1:::;0-;f!i!:JJ

J:t:

W

,1Ji

~~~

1'1

0 EI3~l:t

(5)

j

· s

.

~JJ~~*1f~~~,*lf!.l.!!§¥

,

*¥0IffJElt1f~~¥f¥lf¥*Dq:

.. :s;rEl

..

~w

"

&an:t1::r~Ef3 0 ~I, i1.IHHwEb§¥bsJ&!J-!$-MlM¥~1f~~1f*lf~~

,

~ElE!~§¥bsJ&!J-!$-¥l1f~~~,*lf~~~::rr$

o

~~U~&~&!J-!$-¥lW¥lM~U~ &j;pJ&!J-!$-Ml1f~~~lf~1€ 0 (v8S'd , 0661 ' H*'ri*1ii¥rzJ1f~~*¥lf) IH~q-~~l::

,

IH~~/-!$-.,mW~~EH;&!J'ri!gfiY}~(Al.r)[g01f~~2;I!liJ:1: (OZS'd, 0661 '

13*'fi

*1ii¥02;I1f~~f*lf) li±va¥0WMl[}l;l]jll~'a*¥3llft1E1:rnM'

'

~Uji[&-!$-"1fW~~,*lf~1€ oU~.ili.~.~&.~~ro'~~*¥lf¥*~

..

:s;rEl"~Wo~ &!Jmw-!$-Ml1f~~~lfEb[{El*~

,

*¥0IffJElt1f~~~,*lf¥*Dq:

.. :s;r

El ..

~wlJq

,

ilia:

o

¥OIlI

fJ

e

liiIN

~¥.~.~&.Ef3?1HrJ&!J-!$-"[}~1f~~¥f¥lf&an:t1:r

'

(8Urd , 0661 '

H*'ri

0

*1ii¥0

2;I1fW~~,*lf)

r

1f~$'Jf.y;{lfJt~I,Y1:t?i1!*0~1(~

s=i:i;

I¥1fr~l::

'

:r

j;pJ&!J4UWD:k~

l}:It

J ~~f8}

,

~J&!Jmw-!$-¥l1f~~~,*!in~~~4[{El*

'

l¥¥0[}~1f~~f*!i~~&arl:t1:r o~HI~ ~~Eb§¥bsJ&!J-!$-Ml1f~~¥f¥!iijlt~ 0 .#£~~fr~l::

§

~.~09!g

,

6sJ&!J-!$-¥l~Wmf

§

~dt:r 0 (066[' 1f~\ri*:tt¥02;I1fW~*¥!i) B::~#£6sJ&!J~W§~~~~fr~l::H~6sJ&!J

-!$-Ml '

Eb§¥*¥fIffJEltf31M ..

$t:i: '

~*~:@[}I;I~J&!J-!$-"1f~~~,*!iMf3IM

.. $t:i:J:1

o

j;pJ&!Jmw~-!$-"1fw'a~3llf~<f/'IY*~J*amwWJj-!$-" 1fW~~,*!i

'

&&!J\r/~OZ~~~l::

'

~1,~1f1f~~1f*3lit~j;pJ&!Jr;UW1fW~¥f*!i

'

Y:c;Jr

0 lM.s=iUgfnHW~¥~~~&IW

'

nglf1f*~~,*3llf[}l;l-r

¥i,l~0 J ~.y;{-4W~~'*3litEf3

tlHM '

1fW~.~}[}I;IJ)!!i:t}I*~Ef3tlH?1}1fW~f*lfl¥1?1}

,

~ii¥01fW~WMl!i!llEbl¥flY}1:r~J&!Jm W-!$-Ml¥01fW~~!i 0 IH~6~~fr~l::§~~#09!g

:

~#S~~frtl::§~~#O£!g

,

~-!$-"~Wmf§~

:

4trun~'ffi¥f.b~¥01fW~WMl[}l;l¥HN]jIl~~~3lit~lMjf 0 ~.,g9~~fr~ l::b~~-!$-¥I

'

§~&!J\r;[~~~dt:r

'

+~#£l.rJ~~4lH§~~~~fr~l::H~j;pJ&!J-!$-Ml

,

I{E?il5W8£W¥01f~~1!f*lf~~

r

0 ~~1-Jf:Itl::-!$-1M~

§

~B}

,

-!$-"~4lHfr~l::

'

&~4lHtP §~.~}it/.:+~?i1!~H~.~}:tt§~ +~#£~J~~4lH§'@~~~fr~l::+~~bsJ~-$¥llt 0

:

it/.:--!$-MlWmffr~

,

&::ry.:1.#+~:ttj;pJ&!J~W§'@ J : ~J8£W$,1f~~f*!i~~ @~, 4~i

Ebl¥1ffJ §t*

~Uffmf

..

r

.If±.![g,

NiI"~:=

B '

:

~~¥**Ef31

NilWl2~ -3H~@J~E

r*W¥0'§

f:{J -!$-¥l~¥!-¥

,

~f2;I[}l;lli±~

o5!!J

W¥~1f~~4lH~

¥5J:@M '

ijlt![

:It '

~:=fW} I

&!J-!$-¥l '

&~

mtfrtl::

bSJ~.fi ]jilt ~

*¥3llf

lf~ ~ : £66[ ,

ml

11E)

-!$-Ml:!'Y.

0

it/.:

+~4fi~Miff~ 0

(6)

PJ~tE104PJl:

'

l:t~~184

'

i~J:Jl!f*iiH:Jc~~~~~l¥Jt~ll[ill~)1:~rEl~ 0 t§~ZT

'

~~~~.~~~ftPJM~~94'~T*~~~~~1l[ill~'~~m~~~~po ~ti~'~~~~.~*0H~~t~' rm~~J*~~tE~~,~~~~m~ ~oili~~T~~~~.~*~H~~l¥Jr~~J~~o

='MllitJ;i\.

~1B:~~.ff~JJiE1iJ:t

'

~~lif~.ff~$m38f~EJI~

:

JJiEFf!1B:frJEI~~frJEl1&

~Z

'

{flWEltI~~rEl~tE7\+5Hm.L-Jl:~

,

1~tilltl.iiiJi-~ 0 ftF!~z

'

lif~.ff~$;liJ.

~JJiE1'1~1B:WEI$tilltl, ~~F1*~:itl/J\~~PJl:~' 1~~I/J\~WEltilltl-~ 0

w~

, l:tflJu:;'f , wml¥Jlif*,~.ff~t§~$~

, tlftifrJEltltJj1iJ:tlifp!iJJ.trB

0

;ft.$l:t

flj~;liJ.~: rrm~JJiE1'1~rJ~J

' [fiLa,

rm®~+=~.L-JT:R.!i:~I¥JWEI' 1'1~

JLHPtErm~I.Ez1&

'

-lli1'1~:U:HPffiT*~JJiE 0

WEI

$1'1~tilltl.E

'

ffijB.JJiE~

1'1~!1ta:l1B::R.1tWEltltJj 0

J

w1li:Mz~,Ej)(~lI::.~ftR.ff~JJi-atE~B1f-WEltltJj

(

*,~.ff~:U:$~~/J\*Jl

'

1990 ' p.1163) 0 ~ml~~{*~~~

,

¥-i53ti~1ZlJijc*U~fmjJl¥J

:R.!i:8~~ff~;fI~ 0

wm~Utita:ltlJJiE-Flifpff;liJ.trB 0 ;ft.~~.ff~t§ml$~EJI~

,

~~F~Ef3JJitl'i'fqJfEJ

,

1'1~tEW

EI

tI~$tltJj.E-F~*¥ (lif~.ff~JL$~~/J\*Jl

'

1990 ' p.

1178) 0 JltPJ~~~~~ff~WEI~fjHfBtJJiE+tI 0

;ft.P*~ml~O~ml

'

~~

'B '

nD**~~

,

*itJJi-atltJj1iJ:t~?ff;liJ.trB 0

lifftR

.iiiJi.~tEl:~~~~H~~~'.EtltJj1iJ:tEf3~~~~6~.o

~~lif~~.ff~$~.N1tlU.E1B:WEI

$tilltl '

Ell¥JtE'S-1JE~~m{*nF~:jG~I¥J~

ff~I1~

,

*fE~nF1&ff~;fI~

,

~1B:fHtJJiErJlT

'

~.1&ff~ 0

-='

'H!r~§

~~~~.~lif~~~JJiE~$~)('*B~~-1iOO:

HJJH!rP3~=Fm.tzJjif:R.!i:~p1f:JlJL,~m

• ~§I)jt@:f

J§tlitfi} ,

0jt~F¥

~~~~.ff~$m41f~f9!lif~{.!;tJJl~

,

;ft.{tMo~~ (lif~.ff~JL$~~/J\*Ji

'

1990 ' pA50) '*~ (lif~.ff~:U:$~~/J\*Jl

'

1990 ' p.521)

'B:;$:

(~*tR.ff~JL

$~~/J\*Ji

'

1990 ' p.913) 'l:tflj~ (~*!.ff~JL~~~/N~Ji

'

1990 ' p.1178) ,

m

(~*!.ff~JL$~~/j\*Jl

'

1990 ' p.1444)

'nn**

(lif~.ff~JL~~~/j\*Jl

'

1990 ' p.1467) ~lif~{JjJJ.~ 0 ~~l'fMJL$mtrB?ff~1~~/I11JJiEtJjm~~

,

ti1B::gp~

jf~pJJiEW'lifpff~.&1tl1J 0 PJwm~-W1J

'

fJ!~,Ej)(~'&f!iU~~O:t.t1j!!

,

j!{if,XHtU~ , ~1~~iI'*R?JT

'

JhTi~17~tE

lI::.:t.t1j!!01"lJ.

(::)~

• •

ff~ ~~~*!

(

lif*~.ff~~:U: p.1163) 'l:t~ $W~/J\*Ji

'

JJ!~pfl

'

(::::)*~

Ef3

!f.3'

JE'

~~~~. fJlJY&RI~~

A.J pfffJf:f#z

1$j£JJitl1t~

wmlif~' 1~t1tJj (lif~' ~~?lUt;fl~ ~mllif~' ~

, Ff!$t~*~;

m.~~ff~;fI ~I'lffijs f§~f~)(' ~; 3:~~ml~ofJJJ

1m '

J.lIH!r

tJiH

~I£~*: Emf*~

(JJi

I"lJ.WJ~mf* ~.~I'li}!BJt PJl:tflj~

tEWEI $!1till.

A$A.Jl~~

(7)

· l .

ltdg

0 (SLIrd , 0661 '

Ef*\r/~ii~:z;I1i[ll~**Jj::) ~Ef*~eMI~n:k~\Y~~¥~Y~1\f

~ fig~Y!:fJj::fltHjf~m@}--~~*Y~illll'iltfllE:J!i1~e·!~Hi{!;f1::W:t~~~~~

,

~Mi~ibt:P

§

~:F): ~I'j.± '

itH\~f*\Y~~\Y5f£IlH1iW~tlU.~1Et.~Ii1}-:

~1i¥9~lt

'

n~~&En:k1:fr:1 o ~iJ~&l'~.fIU~~iiH~'H;ffa~ ~ID<f/W~~~e

§

(vvv{,d, 0661 ' Ef*\r/~ii::#:z;I1iW~l*M::) ~MifuE8~}jf2\if@14[g 0 \Ym:~:rr¥i

'

4~HftJE1t1i[ll~~1M::~:;i

,

D~r~ 0 (i;-!ftlJ}~Mi~~ ~ !n!~~Mi) !jii':::ti:~E:I:-:v Mi1iW~**M::fJ$M~4E(tlill!if~*~-S:~*

'

~mY!:fJj::&f\Q~Mi1i[ll~~M::~~*~41~

.i:

TIH1HIH~'

,

rul

o

~M.~9~a~~fm&ir '~~fu}tl~W~~J!i1~

,

~~&E9~lHlE1HiJ~5£al'j.i;~illll'~*

'

1:rfl~ 0 ~U:~!li~iiH~i1~Hfl:;j5f~

,

4~}W~E1t

EliE*&f\Q~Mi1iW~**Jj::~-,

i4¥llfift±&f\Q~Mi~fi$M~4ffaL~

,

o ~J¥1iW:C;hi;.f¥U ~~rEf

'

~Jj::&EJ5f£~mJE1t:rrmJfuID 0 mlfifb~

,

:ft}4E(~~tHili

'

i<~~*~¥iif

'

5f£~~i<~lffJ~~~~m~

§

~~~~~}tg~&f\Q~!I1

:

~}Ovm~1iW~~Jj::~~ oW*~J¥.f¥U~~ i!!~J~::r;;I,!E[~~~*-~lf~~ (vvv['d, 066[ , Ef*\r/~ii¥~:z;I1iW~f¥M::)

mlfm

0 ~~i<~~~IfMiillll'!;f?~!I1YJ}~

,

~m~~M::~!I1~ti:fHI~~m::#IfMi1i[ll~ ~Jj::$!,:!i o~Mi.~2\if~~Mi~~M::4

••

IM~m~~mJj::~IfMi~.

ml¥**mlfi '

~~Wf 0 (IZ~'d, 0661 ' 1f*\r/~ii~:z;I1iW~~Jj::) ~Mi~~}jfY!:f

ry

~~~.~~2\if~.~~~*~~2\if~~lt~m~mJ2\if~~Mi~4

••

Itg~M :;E}mlfifb±nM~

,

i4~~f~!JJE3¥5f£m~~~

,

~1i¥~}zr~~IfMi~f1l}m.**mlfi

¥¥&a

t;:Rlfif~~~EJR?$f2Q~"'~~~

EFl

~*<;=)

o

nUM:~~±~Mi¥t±1iW:t;h~~~~}1f

'

)L~1fi §~~;fJj:: ~ ':l}~!11§~~~~~

§

0 ~mm~Jj::* (L9v['d , 0661 ' Ef*\r/~ii~ :z;I1iW~~Jj::)

¥*oq:

~ (SLIrd , 0661 , Ef*\f/~ii~:z;I1iW~f*Jj::)

&nn:k1:f

~ (£9Ird , 0661 ' 1f*\r/~m::#:z;I1i~.$Jj::) ~M ~ (IZ~'d, 0661 ' 1f*\r/~ii~:z;I1i~~**Jj::)

mlfi

~ (O~v'd, 0661 , Ef*\r/~ii¥~:z;I1iW.$Jj::) m~ ~ ~}Iv~::#'MiI!~~Jj::m~ ~lfl.ffEl

E1

~wiD·!fHI'ff~

••

~(::)

o §

9,lfu}:;E}f{g14[g

\Ym:~:rr ¥i1f~' (vvvrd , 0661 , Ef*\r/~ii~:z;I1fW~$M::) ~Mi~Hl.tf1f[ll~f*Jj::3t.M~!JJtt ~ Y!:fm.ifM~~ -S:~*~~

,

41

,

Ef*\r/~m~ ~

(SLII'd

:z;I1i~~~

M:: )

,

Ef*\r/~m~ 'd , 0661 '

13

jgJ~~IfMiEF ~[(a~bIlnt¥1l

Jj::)mlf§

*~Mi1f.M'

if}±'

§~~

1:ft:P

It

QJSm

0 o¥:-If~ 1i¥~1i~~1M*Jj:: ~~

§ Qi2\ifmt

§ ;;iz;Y!:fi4~~#

o

<f/~rrJ5;i~

, .::L

~~E1t 0

(8)

}Jtf1i.ff~::t.gmruJ1'1~tJmm~~mf~.s

'

~~D::t.gm~mtElruJ:L}s:R~~ 0

7iiJlifi?J'j\

fIi1fIHj;Jr*~ (fI*JR.ff~1Ly*.~/J\*Jl

'

1990'

p.l163)

0

~~fI~.mY*.s.g~~X'*~.Smm~~rrm~o~~fI3*~~.~

Ei*~

,

::t.g.~.ff~mmi¥JtElruJ0E~R~,

'

~tJ0~:R~~:L}~.EhAl'i'!JJiI. 0 ~

i¥J::t.gmruJ:L}s:Rm '

{j;J~:L}~mff~~jfmiUJ:~5df 0 &l\\!~~l[hill

~JU~Jf~ff~~&~1B<:Jj'E(Keirstead and Kierstead, 1990 ' p.217) 0

ffi~fI~m~~~ffi~~~M~~,~m~0fI'~~~fIi¥J~~.~fI~U'~ ~.E~.~mi¥Jm~~~~.hA:

(1Jj(*1&AjC~f~AiP§ ~1'F

1.iwMfI~mff~tg~;r*tJ (fI~mff~1Lr*.~/j\*Jl

'

1990 ' p.102)

,mg.E

~~AJ.i!ft~t~AWEl~fF

'

m7tWEltTt:l1t@]JtYfUt*~ 0 7iiJ1jjfI~mff~1*01EmlJ~'

~*.N'~~~

• •

S~A~.*MN~o

~-=)g~~.*~~ArJjH'F~gJtl~

.ttflJ~tElruJt*tJ~J%g

,

~-tf5~.sJ&A~11HfF¥~*Jtm~

,

~:Ii!:~fmflt.S?sA.

11'

mff~1&¥&PfT~i¥Jiffil9;: 0 ~El~~ffi~::E~$~~~ii!~~g (fI~mff~1Lt*.~

IJ

'1990' p.1178) 0 ~~fI*JR.ff~$.S.g;EJ.f~x

'

*~.sflJf~fR.m~tjm~B 1E!:ttm44{~BJlx 0

:

*M~1E~J.i!~~m.~.~1E

• •

~~Z=Z~.'~~~~Z=.M.~~.

m

,WJf, (

)

il&Ji'1 '

~$t~hX1t~0:fU~NfR.Jtl

:

§3~~Z-~~tfH10~.ff~~

°1E• •

~mJj'S1E~&ilP.JtlJ&Ao ¥~B*

'

,j]D~*~~

,

J!rj*%',;t.sfIJf~fR.m~tj~J%iH 0 """A:'J-:-I-~<:t;:=-EHj **lllffltJJ:1§-~~~Ui!!~fI*JRmff~.E~;E!IH~x (J!~--') ,1§-~:tE.Spg!€f~fJPfT

~J%t(J

'

,

~£Jj'Epg;g:~ 0 ~*~~Mi:fJ~Ngitti!!~J%~il&

• •E '

~1tV&I.

~~:i¥J.Spg!€f 0 ~ii55€~

,

,

B

*~{.i~~.spg;g:fIPfT~N*1J 0

=

~fJ*~.ff~

o

7iiJlifi '

.ttflJ~[l#;~1mlJfJ*,,'R.ff~Jj'Epg'g~~

,

?J'j\~.E~r;3'

, 1ItJjhA '

,

&JJfsflJfjJfR.mj]DtJ~J%~B 0 lW~fI*1Rmff~1*:L}1EhA

'

*,,'R~ffi~*&mN

:

1&~~

fi!E~;:J:!i'.1:t:t:

0R:1E1Rir

r -r.-J_.~ §3~~

,

j]otJ~N*1J 0

{Ii '

~ff~

ffi~J.if. ~Jlt[l#;Ji~

±,

.~~ftU {t~fFi¥JfJ~

- ,

tltf:I~ ~~fI1 ~: ~.Ea

(9)

rm~ 0

(iillli?f]\

f=f3*f*~1Iff~

f:1JA1~JJ! 0 ~ [W~~1lL:1J17J ~.ff~1'fJjU

'

~ ~)

':kJ!5E:JJi15­

U*01fjM~

,

~fIJJi15-~

AJJi

~1Iff~J1:7:tW~ :~44f~~::z

:

J~f"1'M:ttQ

uU'jf

H"10~1Iff~~'] JY:N*~El6

{15- pg ;g:l:$]:fi

pJT

f"~~btI*

-

~:fi*!1ttff~

fA"

fi!l!r~:tfi!:1.:l:l: 7"~;;," • j.>!,.#-e:;; ~IUffi5x f: 1:1t-S M ;ff ~ 1tiJl.~~

0R;1ftffiil:1J:ct;(Siune

and Truetzschler, 1992) , JJi15-e'ifr03~~fB*Pomlli~~*

'

{E!5!R~

r1:EfJ~~fDfl1&e'ifrs~J: '/f1~[z;J~p::li!:JIJ:U50*~flAt1JfiffiJ?JTJ1Rff~J (:fi*)7~1Iff~J1:

t*W~/J\*Jl

'

1990 ' p.l178) 0

g:9~

, 110** "

w*:fi~1Iff~7Ff*R;:g:1JA~m±lliW~JJi15-mfjt~

,

pO~1jOCrmw

JJotJ~ll*U 0 w*~{#H~tfU".t~J&ff~;jf1.ii:

'

:M~JJ!fBJJi15-B~~Ws~Wfltfj:1J:ct; 0

,

/f~0:g

"

R;1f "

~0R;~:fi*Jl1lff~1I1U~ ':!t;ff3n1*%~gtJJi15-:fi/frnJ

fj~f¥J~:E!UkJ1I1U 0

:

~~:fi~1ttff~;ff3

n 7:t:kJ!JJi

15-~:E]!f~::zlt~

X

X

X

X

ltfUe'if

X

f.TI'

iii

X

X

X

X

B

/$:

W

m

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

~

110**

. _..L-..._ ..

X~~~:fi.1I~:fin7:tm~::ZfflnmfBo

Hi ..

fiJf

~

MS

:J!:

FE:U5:EJ[W§,~~~I7q:fi**1tff~$*fJWJffctW~rnJ::R**

...

~

r

~l!Yfl' J ~~~~~±

'

[z;J~~

. . . .g ...

~mffln::Z.~'Mu~~m~:1JA,m~.WJ1:7:t"'~.A

....

~~miJJBkJ*~-'" tJbtrm{/}x~*f.1Iff~$*f¥J~~W*

'

~~rtu000f~

"'1E'ffi'

fU!lH'FSkJ:fi*,~1Iff~$*JJi15-~g

,

:&1E:tEliff~BkJ:fi*,~.ff~i*~fF:kJ!fB

'

mtfj~j3 0

, m

tf:Ht.f

rl'l~

~~:fi.1I~7:t~~.m5E::w§.~e'ifOO1:E~+~.UJ:~'~M

• •15-­

~::!tJJi15-e'ifooft~/f~m~~W§fI~e'ifOOTI~z+o~m~f¥Jfi7:t*~:fi.~bt

(10)

&:W~1.nID

:

Jt:l:fJt~&:~W~Jl

'

x)lJ5.t~~fi1zJJ1i--er$:f:JJi7~JE

'

~5J1L:il!tm:s­

~JfJlls~J:l15~£.ffi1*M:-mlBB

°

~IDJ~~Jltit~~D~

:

·

iZ~fflG~~.ff~J:l~~Fa9~lt~JE!~pffmfB

'

JJ.jUlUJ:.fX[PJ~l:t~J~S5.tZ+

°

·

iZ~fflG~~.ff~J:l~~Fa9E!~j;J!fB

'

~1i5'l:tf§UJ;JJE!J;).riJm.fAr'J~£~

°

tl/;'-{!il.~*"fD-:;*~-I!iil-, iZ~fflG~~.ff~J:l15~Fa9~pffl:tf§U ° ~1i5's5.tZ+~+

.li~Jt:ftt!

'

::B~{t<if::fit£:&'

°

iZt!!::f;fElf8"m:f:J,ld~JE~

:

~Wf1~.~1&

'

M~

ifjj(z '

0

·

,f1l15B~Fa'~D~rN1M

'

ltff~.lt~;fI:@:

°

iZ{mm*mJE :

::f~£*~l]!~fi.~

,

Jlif6J~J:l~

;

1.§.1&*1L$~~~~~

, 1&~J;)J1.

'

::f~\~IJi~IlPQHfH~~

°

~*,Ufiff~J:l15~Fa9~l:tf§IIB~~~.ff~{jf.

,

{~~~~.ff~f~J;~l]!~fi.

.ff~

,

lZ9Jl:t,[7!~~0ZP:

°

·iZ~fflG~

• •

~IJi15~~~mm~,m~ffJ:.~®ti~~~~~ft

• •

~~

~ flJ£.ff~~l]!

,

J#H§fflG~l]U1.::;j~ °

·

jiJ!JEJJf~~Fs9l:tf§tl:illLft~~

, Jt:J;JJE! rnW

El

*~:Jl:::e;:rJ&

iJ

[A*~JE

; m JJf15

*JtWft1iJ~~F

'

R~::f~.~~1&ff~

°

·iZ::f&:WJ:.~m~olZ9~.~~~mJ:l~~OOo

·

fX::f~fflG{t<~,~J1Ii~.ff~1*S~:1J~

,

~J!fB~

• •

ff~

°

lZ9~1&~::fm~m

'

llJt:~

l]!11££.ffi

~

J:.fffl

~

1iJftrN1M tJiJiS

°

·~aili~~mJE'§~:Jl::~~.~JiS~~IJi15oWft

• •

~fffl~'ili~~mJE

,

lZ9Jt:m~{;J

• •

ff~

,

~~~J:l151&A

'

PffJ;j~J:l15Y8mi~~rI

°

*,~.ff~Jl1j~ft::f*

'

1i!~::f:g:I):IlP1iJtan

'

llJt:J1Ii~~mim'ffi':Jl::~.~

° R

,

~*,,~.ff~m1iJgttttJl1ll

'

~a~D~~

,

tE.~{'F*M®1f®I~iHEl&'*~[E

fto

·

.~mltJJ:.

'

*~*~\~{~ 0 ·N~~~~ttmJE,~~.~~

• • •

~~.~~

• • •m• •

~1f~~.

tt

o ·.EBmW~JE°::B~~JE$~'::f~tE~~

• •

$l:fJmJE'fffl1iJ.~~~:1J ~

,

nJE-:il!tm:S-tJl1ll~IJi~$

,

mfjt:S-~1lI0ZP:~~~1LJE"r5

°

,

J;!&~IDJ~~JErN7liIJ.15~F~~1L~-f*f\!i!~~.:@:

,

~~.ff~3t~

°

~1i5'B~Fa9Jtf§Ufflt1.::;j.~1&~m.&:E!

'

J1g1'J{~~

,

fffl::f5JHt<J:l~.ff~ffi1Lffi o &:W~pJi Fs9~fflG~l]U1~ ~*JR.ff~ +5.t~jJ;jJ:.~ iliUfi~~

, J;

I:fJ

-{lL~IDJ~ 1IoEltff~ltt

. rN7liU:f:E

~s~m

. *iEall'l

'E!3ZEE

'M:t£1*

IJ\~S~

ffiMm

1~ElJ:1m~ i*~fi~;fI:@: ~1i1&~?~

lit '

j;J!fBfifl

*~~1'J::f~ :lj~::t

1iJ

1U11

:=. "

IIHs

pg :

fX~~~ ~'E!;t~~ ~Jj.~'0~

~>c' *3&J~

(11)

· u

.

~fl

'

~*~i1i1l;H~J~fl" :E}}UJ:t-W~' ~**'Mit[gJ~:W ~~~=&f~¥ '4~} 0 &i'fJ~flijjIFrM*~~ 0 ~ff¥w~~~iiFJ'1i:t<f/~l!rlHif{4~

..

i{¥!~-0

..

§:}IE1§f

~Nj'fib.t:&EJ1fWit

:

~ff¥nM~Ht~ ~IHfW4

'

:t}4!{Ej~ibAll

'

lJ<Jf-*ill*~¥iii

'

~ 0 .~lJ<~H.a*.*~§~~ill*~W~~&i'fJ~.:.~~~W

••

~~~ o~±~U'4B.ili~~M~®'~~fu~.~ ~{f~~~f¥.j&Hi

'

*:r;]l~[}~fAf1?Si~[Df

..

yiltl*l~fAf1**r~1I 0 ~ff¥±.M~±fJ¥!*. M~ij±d!r8}

,

if&bfJK~*¥1~ (mt~fu~,~1fW.~fWb) i'fJWg:'t37:~ijfuJ:f.sr:llffQ!fi¥

'

q:rr

Ml~

••

ili~N*amm~W'*~l~~~.IlW.~~~~.Yl*:r;]l~~ fAf1?Si~d~"Yiltl*l~fAf1*~~.~~37:m~~~~o~~.ili$~~

..

~m~.~~ :w37:~i1i~4~~~MIfW

'

~.Mrml!i¥lfii1fW.~t~*}~ff¥J:f.sr :mlf~fl

'

mtW!{Ej~}

o

1.Ilaij±illf~~fWb~iti~

,

~lM~ ~gjlJ!f!1W:~37:~

l

!f.fWJ!l~~yr;±*.~*oq:St:Ef::W

l

ifm~~fJ1.(~~St:Ef::W

l

~ .W~fAf1~.mID'~~~m'~~~~If~~mfu~'~~~.~tm~. !m~'r/-f§*.~* 0 mlf:W~fihl.~t

...

~9~fu

'

~

••

~OI&!;l§W!&INI I ' fJq}UA~~V~SY,i 0 W:-0¥~8

'

ftmifif:f?Ir:rfJ¥! '

ng~J:f.sr:llff[}~l~INI <tf§¥~1fW.Il.M~ff¥ltffmt

§"Ef}

0 lMjf?SifultfffJ!#~~

,

.:z;r*¥~J&~3t:r~

.

o9tifAf1ij.'~Mlfff~~~.o~~.ili$~iii·

o

Q!ff¥~~'i!5W.I(r± -~B:j:rm

'

~.sr:IfW1fW

••

~ 0 !jjiJU~.

' ii:::t="*}

§ W!M

'

n:km1fW:r;]l~.jH}*

.

o§W!~~ $~~.~ill!J}m

'

jf±~~JJn;£if~#:r;]l~.~~fu

'

~.ltffr:P

§

w!3tfi!#~~

.

:

{f!:w~W~~*~;g;~u 0

if

m.!m~::r

fJl$3t '

IDM'¥!lfm~

.:$-!lf:tfjl}±~$~ff¥ltff~.

'

m~fW*ml:&m-r:P

:

~fili.:$-!l~AIlm~*

' *'M;ij:MN=W

0 ~m1f~~h*¥~~m,*}1t[gJa~~

, *IfWn!#

~9¥1~ 0 'M.N3I&f~

,

J:f.sr:IfW~

• .:$-!lM*ml:&

0 Y2-~~.ltffit

'

*::rY,il~~+ ¥3t~J~~It§rJiEiJ

'

~U{f~§rJi~mt§rJi.:$-!lm~.

:

4!{EjW~}8£~~1fW

••

~

:J:f£t

HHJ}~

=

if&!ng~¥1~:If~J

'

ij~fili:E}~%ffi*NlM

o4B$

~~.~~W.~~M~m

..

~:z;r.:Wft~

..

~±jf~:U~¥$jf=WW*MN ~:z;r¥~1f~.1 .g:¥1fW.~il o m~¥~El*. Mo~Jl~~ ~MEiJoiJ~ ~ff¥~f*~

,

¥.M~ID~~: ~=W~fudg~; ~¥.j:;J~~~: ~Dq

,

{f~9W.: +~+~~£;

o

~~UfJ~ o+~~£UJ

(12)

P'g~I'-lf?JT~RitU

'

Ji-a:r~Jlm-~~lt$)t*~l:J'l5P'g~ 0 §j-~G7tftfBJ~J~JW5;~

,

1J[Kif.:y~U{'f1H3 El3a"J:zErs~

,

1n-mtfH~f~H~lff~

"

~~ 0 ~=~~$wJ~

,

If*~mff~~

lf~ti,~~Ui

'

fl3:~J[mfHl:J'l5P'g~ 0 =~~$~~.m~~oT

:

• it£ffr±ltjf{:f "

~l5:i!!itll!~~

,

~~fHP'g~~&,S 0 mff~~iljJ!ml:B*l~PE

'~$~~§offl~~~~-a:r~$~*~n~o~~~1n-~~"~£"~~ m£~$)t*~o~*~lliI'-~-El3*~&~~mm~~~lt'

Rtst**Jtto

·

~~mgt--·JEt-a:rtm~~J&{ft

"

~z¥:~ffd:lt:i!!1tll!~~15P'g~-~D~~~~3Z:­ "~

" ffrilt3Z:-JE "

1fMt)c(~ll!lf?JT~~fH 0 {E!-a:r~~~l5lff~.{'F$1&*~

"

~~

,

m{~~Ij{'F~

1'3

El3~f&!S"J:zErs~ 0

·

~1n-~rPr:J

"

~~

"

.~~JEJ;J.~AliIt~m{~~~~rPr:J

' I'-lfrRitU ' Ji)trJl!El3:::t

~~~m~!'J-a:r 0 {E!!t{~P'g~~1:J'15

'

~1j~$1&ffi~ 0 1t~

,

~{r'~*l:J'l5lm~JlJ~

&,~a"J1:t$mJE{'*{tf:

'

::t-a:r:f:Elf~mff~*Mtml:B~l5 0

·

§lW~~~*JR.ff~Jj'*a"J~~1J

'

~05ilf!1P'g~~~~fH

'

~-a:rI'-m:f:Elf~mff~ 0

M~tt.~A~"liD~a"JmMn~,-a:r~-JEttt.~fBJ~mJEo

·

If*JR~ff~~l5P'g~}JVM

'

-~G?t*1'3J~lfl:J'mmii.1:t

'

W~D~~~~*flj~~

~#M

"

$$~RitU

"

1f&if:!itJLA~tI*

"

~.R~{ft~ 0 El31n-~*JR~ff~~l5~$)t

*~itU

'

lf~mff~~rJl>R$1~ffi~

,

?JTJ;J.lf~mff~*~§$m1n--tJ]

,

~mrJt§

$a"J~~fj1W*~-~

,

~-a:r~;jF 0

·

~ftmf.tl:J'l5P'g~lf?JTrRitU

'

~Jf!~1:1~a"J~RitU

'

B.$rf1~7}m~

,

~D~fBJa"J

m~~:tI~~g{~~15

'

[Z9:t1lf~

Alii

0 5f1n-~~U~1=~~

,

~

P'g §

lW~1T

' {E!

~m-a:r.L-)' 0 ?JT~I\!11:1~a"J~Rittl

'

1l~m1n-~fBJ~a

'

mr;jF~lftY!f1£ll 0

·

~~~

"

:JtrPr:J~~15

'

&\~J[r-J1:1if§IUI~~mJE~tI1~ml:B 0

5f1n-5t1fl:J'15 ' Jf!1tx.

:f:E~1i~~:i!!1i1f)t

,

.L-).~~;;:r1Ui 0 {E!~&:~~~~~~~~ , ~~1t~~-fl~1j

g

0 $1&lff~iJ:15P'g~~p-a:r 0

If*,,~mff~lfJJIj1n-~*,,~mff~

,

~1lm~1i~ff~$a"Jn~*mfHlf~mff~l:J'l5P'g

~ 0 ?JT~~&:~.R~{ft" {~~fJ'&if:!it'LA~I*~P'g~' ElfJt1~i:t~-a:r~~fH 0

~S~~JJU:f:Elf~~ff~1:t~JJE~151f£JIHJJf$ 0

·

~l~£1l!B!lf?JT~~JE

'

lf~/L'£1l!~I*P'g~Jf!)t~*

'

{E!.~mD11HEIJl 0 ~mmff~

$1:J'151f£1l!1JJ$ ,

~~m1n-lf*,,~mii. 0 *,1~z.

'

§tIDJA±~~~&:mff~~"JitUl:J'l5P'g~:U:~ 0 ~JJIJ~~Aa~I*TI[t'fflf~;; a"JP'g~

,

1§lj~m ~1n-$~{ Elf~f~$~~

1!9 '

11

*

tJH:!

~~lf*JR~ ~11;JJ~JE 0 iJ:l5P'g~mrJE( ~1n-iI&.-a:r~t ~fBJ~:zErdl

' /

·

~:::t1~1

1:J'15lfJ5

·

pRitU~j:]

?JTiJ:l5

~

·

1t~1t~ ! Jf!~JJU;tJ

'JJ1n-:tI'

1UIJr '

{j

·

9f,tlf&\~

r& " m{5

·

~t~iJ:~ {~S"Jilrt

15

r 1tt~ .~~~c

£1l! "'

~~

!1MJt~~

·

lf~~ff~

**1t~

~~1,fj1

(13)

o~w~~.#~" ~~.~~&No '~~~~W~~0

WJ:Zf}&±'

~.if&~dmt!~I~}-1imbJ}~~~' *rg~~~*1i~~lrii!±tt~~·

o

E;3

g:j(

~#W

*

Ef3

~m

' :J:Jf1¥l

0 n§£±&~~~~:~n~fijf

,

~~~¥*'1£1it5~MMf.l}iWf*~llf~~lIHf*1i

.

o

f:~fu~2;f:{J~.M~if±**lJl:lJ;mDq±fiEf.l}itf¥~~rn • o ~f~" ij ~j(~¥*'1£Ef3

'

n!n{ffMJJd~F1~fft}~i~~~fiH~rm± 0 -'5EJS..1­ o JfIiS-M~V]rH.w~~~Dq 0

tf:f\=fl

~~ J .~0Ef3~±~i!f}~~~~m!-~.~0M~}~~~~f.f±B}

,

~.~~G,,~~} ~.w.~£~~fu:~~o~~2;f:{J~.w~±wo.m~.~.w~~.M~·

o:&

2;f:{J

"

{I;}

'Z\li "

£l¥

:&t:1J~Zf}~ , 11:$:::.w~f.l}itf¥~±

: :W~~M9J~~~l!fmllf~~.fuH}

ji=0'

1i~(,

.

0 o fJfu~~m

'

!lIDt

2;~~.~}Dq±n;¥}

, :J:J[1¥l

'

::t=~.~f~

"

.w--!JM~.~M\Ij~f4!t~~~~¥*'1£

1iIlf-,

~¥J 0 S£:rnJfliS-~~~ZfWgiijni*

'

fi!#~Y'1Dq:j1*fu

'

.w~J:lilt

"

~~f:j

.

o

f.l}itf¥Dg~m ~.~¥"

••

~,.~~m~~~~~a'.9J~.~~~§f.l}iWfl¥J.~·

o

n!#M)j~:ffit&E?i§:~&E-~4-'

~~*~F1~*~-Ef3~fu

'

~.:Y9 if~),w~}' .~1i15~~.ow1i*Dq @i¥Mm-~' ~.M~}~.w~~£n!#M~ 0

.

o

M~~y.:1Dq:0'±~.1iIlf-M

'

i6~:Jf 0 ~tf¥:Y91i~. ~M+~

,

~Y:&~)'w

" J:liltri;f

"

]![~Dq

,

~.~f:H:~~ow-f.l}itf¥qt+JfJ~~!:i~::t=~

:~~ji=.~~owmo~.~w~.~~~.±,~~:&~g: =tf}~¥.'ff~}~£l.:@4 -. ' ~a~~~~{f~g

l

(~.~0?i§:) ~.= tf}~S£:fu.:@~fr

o

~.rwHfW~~,*!:i~n!.w~:&f44i.

"

]![~fl!#~~.

'

~::t=Dg~~~~<f/ ~~ftf:{J~. 0 1lfl!!W!~' ji=0'!:i15~~Y'14i+YG,,~~mlJfJ~~~l M~~~=tf}~~.MS£:.~i6 0 ~tf¥IZrH1~ 1i~~rttJElHili~£

" !3!M

0 ~~}~~.!!'Wf);(f{tl*

'

¥Mm~&~.*01lfl!!~~1i~~

:it

~Hff~

III "

ffil

o

~Wfu~*~tjt}~1id

I¥l '

ji=~±~y.:1n!.f~~~{f~g

:

f.l}itf¥4!{Il~llfill~~*!:i~~f~:I;i4i

'

.~H~l~*~~fr o~~.m~m~~wo:&9J¥"~£"f44i.~~·ftf:{J~

of.l}iWf

fu~¥!

f:{J

~.1lfl!!~ ~ n~I!-~~i~

'1#.'

~.~). o

,

f:~±[J!!§ ~~#Oq'

@

E;3~f1.!!I¥l'Ctt ¥$~¥.llfl!! ~~n:t~~~ o . l

jf*ff~.w~.*:

::t=Ef3ill*¥N '

)

~?i§:

"

~*lJ;: e;~~~~Dq-=-Hf~' ~¥"

l

\=fl

d

dEI

¥

\=fl

1¥l1lfl!!m~!:i

'

~

, ~WHl!.f§~1

(14)

.~~~o~~~~*~~~~~m.~~m~&~~ko

·

1~r*,,~.ff~W~*~.ff~~£:$:Djf~IJ~fElIQ]

'T-tm

J!j!.lIt~1ttJ 0 :fH~.ff~OJJtl~

m• •

m~.~~~'.W~

• •

~T-~.W

~N 0

.lI:l:~B5tx~~

:

'

~Sl!irmOJi!ffflHtt.~ 0 ~f&A±::E~

,

iI#ijff~.~~~

rmk '

x~T-1ff,@~p;fj~fJ~~H~OJ

'

{E!T-&f;:tLmtl!ip;fj~WJ~0~.~ 0 ,

:E

!M.~mf:tt~~~N

' OJ1m-l!:!;

EE~fPJ-l!ip;fj.WJl't9fr'i

El ' vFfI.:!iHgi!f.Wl't9ffitl

0

::Jtjt

El

WfJ!l!ip;fj~lim!;fJ~ 0

.~!&A~5t1JCW~m

'

~i!f*P:JAfj

• •

ff~i:tJi~~~M~? ElmJ:ft~fj

• •

ff~

1**fj~fPHJ!k

:

{af1i~lJfjfEl~mrJ!oo

'

::E~Ji~!&A~~~BtJi:Afr'iElilUfF 0 ~\w~f;:t

.lI:l:~PR{!fH~{~Il

'

~1&~blEE~~EHT~~ 0 9f&~\W~~UJtfflG

'

~1&~~fjWJtfE7tfr'i

ElilUf'F~[J'j!f

:

OJ~rltfEW:E=fltf§~~Ji~!&A

'

fF~fr'i§~f'F~m 0 f~Jr~~~~t~~

11';;1& :

·~7~~~~,.~~~~~5t~AULm*~.~.'ilUf'Ffr'iEl,m.fj.

.ff~.~:tfj~fi1! 0 9I~fj~6 r~~J 'fgjt;mffrljlft~l~Jf' ~OJ~.W-~

~~lt{jU '

m*t:1Htfr'i El

~f'F 0

r llX~U1t\1!' ~ffrr1t\1! J s"J~~

,

:ft.W:~fljJ~k tlD*1ifMT*Hl~Ij~fElIUJ0

~%*fj!fJHljJJ!oo

'

»~:ft.fflG1££j:~.~~~ffBf5J

'

m-~kl:tf91Jf'F~fr'i

§

~

{'F~Jtl 0

Djf~IJL

' :ft:ffi-g[fj • •

fftfl*~~~~~gfj.ll:l:il\l~ 0 {gl&JffT-~gftt*5itU

'

i!f~IJ

f~'I'B~.7

t3

EE~~ 0 R~T-jlm

'

l&JffT-ijg=f@~~l't9~ff~~ 0

·

:ft&J1~f~~f! m~-f.ifL;fI1T~ ~fjA~g~JmkJi~~ARf~m1Bfr'i§0 0

~W

'

t!SljtOJm1BcY:~~tf~tgmH1Jt1t:

'

~m*@]iftffrr1t\1!!¥J0~~~tJlJt; 0 ~D

5lHiIi~Nli$:~~

El '

:ftT-jf1~m-5EWtfE7t~[J'j!ffjfEl~lUJf* 0

-

m~-@~~f~~:m

'

fgT-~ft&:¥U 0 ~~FitHtUIft{J!~

,

i!f~U~~f'FOJ{t&:~

,

.~$~1rrTI 0

{Of¥5l '

{af1i~-0j:t:.fftflm*

'

'8~Dlfj:fl~1Bffrrit0~

,

HAA1JtOJ7t~0~ 0

mrJ!kT-~~~ 0 ~~&~mU9§~fJ~

, T-

x~'&1Bfr'i

El

~f'F

'

iI'§t5*~ffrr{jffle"J

tJi:~ 0 , fj*~.ff~!&Ai7JtJnF.m~::E

'

Ji~~A~fj~N 0

0 ­

-

f!:mL~

~tlD~*~1

j~ ,

fj• •ff~~

~~e"Jt3EEIl

1t\1!

~{;tf ' ~!WT 0ZP:ft~

,

tt1~ §mJJi~tr fftfl~.~ff~

,

~~fiJT~

, fiJT],;

.fjJjt~:m:o~

IjIttAAt

a '

lfJf:~

-a_Elm

~~~J

.1100:*

·fj~.ifrJl ~f$iiUo o llt~ ~~!¥J1J '1£alitf~ ~

,

fJ!W~

fJ!OJijlgm

J

iilJi]jX;1$j£1

*~, ~I

(15)

o ;Mfi'iEl~:'it¥!JEJ:OO~

,

&~~gj!}'fu~~k$J1ff~_~*~

,

ff!rn~§!i¥ff~_@ftb~ff* _~*~37:gj!}'fu-$J1*l,~~

,

ff!rn~§!i¥ff~~~lii37:-$J1*l,jf[mt~t®

'

ifJmgj!}.fu~ ~fj*~ff*_~~t1:tff*_~lii

'

ff*~1ff*~

,

1ifD~

,

iJJmgj!}'Cf.rff*~~~mijJ

' 4ft

f;f~~fuEl~ff*~~~tP:'it

°

~-37:~~0'ff~~@!tbt1:tff~~**lii

'

E.m+~¥37:

.

o ,~u~;w;~~ Ifr:ii!H~rK~~~;f~¥*$}J:rbk:

'

~M~~~~E.*}~ll$-$J14eff~~~,*lii

'

i~l:jT

°

-$

J14ftfunM~§!i¥~~4iT±

: -$J1i!ii't±

'

~§!i¥~~~~r~¥**

'

~£}'~~

°

~"l}~ ~ff*~1ff*lii.~}gil¥El!ooff*~~!tb~£f]

,

M~lii~Fr::jt~ff~~@!tbD:tff~_~,*lii

.

°

~#$:'itwfi~!}'4=

'

~$}~~ff~~1ff*lii~iUf~0'

'

¥OOIJ~ ~~fiffili~~f~

°

±iiJ+}lii~(,::r::jt~;tasfj;~LJ}'ijHY:i!M' ffili_~!~L~~~ ¥ff~~**lii

:

/rINHisf~4iT~~!iH!3~Im

'

~Nht~Wf-$J1i1t~¥J,~mJ.El ~¥

.

:

%t~i!i~f§*ml~

°

~~E.:Y9'liiiil~*,-$J1li~fiM

'

~:jT£f]

,

J1~,*~M*~

,

~l~lf::j;\I'~ ~~nMffili~~!~

,

;f~jf[m+Y:i~M*~ffili_~*lii

'

~?t!~-i:~i&~gil-5

°

~~~:'itlit~ ~!}'4=

'

~$}~~ffili~~*lii~iHf~0'-i:%nr

'

iJJ~d~fj*~-$J1-i:fiMn:y9'

'

m:y9'~~

li1~~*El*ff~~~f~D:tff~~1ff*lii~;fiIf-:

OOUfiM~~fu~~4e-i:~i&

'

_

~fttD:tffili~~liiM~

,

~§!i¥

El !OOllffttf;fImgf'a}

4ttP:'it '

~f~g~§!i¥~~-$J1mJ.

El

<PC"""..,.., , \1 -r O~*~~~~~~~~~'~~~ili' 4ft(¥.J¥~,

,

atJ¥~~E~q¥~~~~-i:3ili*~*ffili_~lii!({}~

i

~~!({}i!f}~ij·fu

'

bElJ~~tt~$ ij -i:~DEU~rlgj!}.fu

'

lli!({}ftJW:f-$J1:'it*G¥D~ 0 ij :'it~tf.$

,

°

~~Hffl;i

"

!JW~

"

El

~+.f~gf[ij-,

~~~.ff*~1ff*lii

'

i~ ~il

°

"

~~}fum-i:~nM§:

,

~~lInEU+~..3~t~

,

~:Y9'~f~~51t~D~~

o

fJfu±::r~:s:

'

4Y~::r§¥i!

.

o~.~~lii~~~~..3±W·U.~~-i:~~IDo~~

,

~~~t~~llif~~~4iT3-$J1~}gil:OO~

°

~}i!iY~,*~!f!H'i~

i

]J~±

.

o-i:~._~lii~~oou~~~±n~o ±rlff~ff

'

n:f3gj!}.±D~-$J1

' -i:m

°

§gliif{!IlIt '

El !003Jfi'i*lli

'

~rlliiY!i~-$J1~ o lii\}*}1fili_**~1¥l

'

El!oo~lliY4iT-$J1ffili~~~4Y~i,'i!/!1:f~

o ~i,'i!/!¥W~~~i!U~m%t~

,

~iSj~.ff*~~lii.44ft¥

.

4e!JWtili~*gf'( D~

°

1fJ#~§!i¥:

El

~~

lliifb

tj'

fi'i El

~~;:J"H~' lffj El¥~mnWfJ' i!i~f¥~~~LJ} !oo+.f~f{!Ilii:OO o

;:J,,}

:Jf~ 0 iflm4~

,::r:s:. o

fl

~-$J1ffiliW!~ ~-i:~}~-$~ ~

llifuffili_*1

(16)

·

1'f~mffJltJ7TW

...

IJ\W~.:t

' t!11'fID'J:**WI¥JW § ,

~15-ID'J:*rM~?JF~ 0 ~~

15-%<:*PJfm*~~~mffJlii ~~~£mffJll¥Jiii~~9!JJ' 0

'

{*~ml¥J

' rfj:ijjm

~~tt9!r%J 0 wj£tJ1'f~mffJlI¥J~iU~cFitl¥J~

,

~~~*W~:fi%<:*nX:IElt 0

wj£mffJlf01'f*JRmffJlID'J:*rM~1'f}j1J

'

WI~PJ~~tJ~rfjAD~.:t

'

4~~r%J~W

f~I3tI¥JLf)f~

:

PJtJcross-over¥IJ-J!:j;;ret1'fI¥J~R*mffJlii!W 0

IfE!LcFxt3tl¥JJ\J

OO~.tt~~ 0 1'f~mffJlPJfjg~1'f~~I¥J~~:t1

AD ...

~~1iH¥I3t!l!5c{rr.I¥Jii!W 0

·

wj£mffJla"3:9~jffiW§

,

~ID'J:*rM~~;(fjj(ZP:UL 0 1'f*~mffJl~~::f~

,

1'fr%J*

~I¥JW

§ ... ?JF1'f::fA¥mI¥JW §

0 ;gK*t¥~p

§

I¥JtJWta'i-r~~

;

mlti ...

!lflIJtii!W

:~~u~~m.:toJJ'15-ID'J:*rM~Mw§eW::f~®R~o

1'f*JRmffJl~~:tgWUJI!

'

~£mffJll¥Jiii~wIll1RJJ'

' J'ifftJ '

1'f*JRmffJl,q~wj£

mffJl8"3-tr~7T

'

~~~15-ID'J:*1'f}jU 0

1'f*)71l:mffJl~15-m*f1'l~~iii±~

...

jfuJgt~JU[~!,

'

ij£mffJl~15PJ5!RWijJ~~ti~Jlp 0

®H,.£m.~15-.tt!l!5cttMm~'~~.D~~~*mA~o

·

wj£mffJlfD1'f*~mffJl.1§.jfjittltfj~~tt

...

jfg~'I'iJJ'15- 0 ~B:;j

,

WI~JjTtmtrf)7TW

_ iiM!If

0 t!1~1'f*JRmffJl~jitf:~'I'i~1!

'

ft{r'it{i&~-~:fi

'

*a**trG7T~IDJ

~~B£~

,

1'f*,1l:mffJl~15-8"3~.lt~

.tt~JJ':fiFMI¥J1:JA 0

FM

§ WIf1icF

1Ji~

lIf£-

~~mii

'

;It:fitfjl¥JJJ'15~.lt~~~~mffJliiI¥J1/l0 0

·

1'fR*mffJltJffd:W!'I'iJJ'15-~.:t

:

ij£~ffJlJJ'15-~.1§.~jffi~::f~

,

~?~.1§.~~jfgw!

PJfI~~jfu~ft~

8"3JJ'15 '

~~lJij£mffJlIJi15-~*rf;¥4 0

~PJ~m~'1'fR*m.*_PJiii~-ft1'f~m

• •m ...

~~qflZ~R*m

• •

~

....£m• •

m,.1§..~eW.~1'fM~m~o~®'~1'fm~~l¥JeW'OOfi~

.m8"3~j~

,

{JJ~$~JB:;jii!.~~.ml¥Jw§ 0 ~® '1£~.ml¥J~~Z~

,

W1Ff

~.m~fg

...

W!~~riBll!tA::f~w*

'

n~ZJ'iffm ~19:~IDJ~tJ~ 0

,

1'f*~mffJlIJi15m

*tM~~ffd:1t

...

*±jfu~A±

'

ij£mffJlJJ'15-PJ5~WijJ~~'f'i~6b 0 ;ltcFDiX:l:$~rtt~

:iF '

wj£mffJlJJ'15-•

.tt~ii:Mlf~~

,

~~9:ffJlD~~R~*~A~ 0

-t ...

IJ\~

*,'f,ittJLfiJJ'15;g;f1I!fO~~~Jf.

'

PJtJ~JJil.

:

t"J*1'f~~ffJlJJ'15~J1I!

'

~mm*

*1Ef1'l.mfh'I¥J~}jUffH!!

' '§iiiWij£mwtll.m ...

:L}fiitHfU~.~

... JJ'15w• •

mz~}ju

~}jlJo;ltcF:L}fiit.ml¥J~.?JF::f~~'V~

• • "'.6b• • •

~I¥J:L}fiitf1'l~'PJ~tO ~.~~m?~~.£m~.m;g;~'~~~4.~I¥J.£m.$tO~~'~1'f$PJ . 16· 1'f~JJM&:'~ 0

iUH*,rillmA.:t:

f3t,M ,

1¥tl::f~O

*1iff~~1

~.0

EI3

xliJ:

t

JlIJt±l¥Jm~

,

l

A

0 1=;J1'f~mff ~~cj(~~ ~ r::fm.~ J ~

}jti '

~~ii!Wri

Ttl:I¥JW § (Gr

A:11::~'~®,

ffr)iB:;jr..,.ttBTtlfotE

~~'fI<;l

lIffJl ii

W

IJi

fI-[

to

0 J f4tiE~~

( IliYs}lfNl '

H

~m~!¥J

15%1'f

~fAA:11::~~:± ij~~~W~

:

EE~mz{f~

Ie'"

~~J ~1§

~'~&;It:m15-AfDpg~

,

;{£JJ,

1fT!

PJ

11f1

ret

fI:j:.JJ'15- '

{Q

(17)

-l?J)\~ a ~1Ji

IE!{] ,

m~~ (~ffX:IEJ:t

a

:'$IiL~f,'U ~~

:r:p>cf&B"JJi"

~E!{]fm~

a

0;,

'/flf '

ttl,

~hfm~ a [ffiJtR~~j£ is. r.F.I ,1;4-;:$:. 1=1 a '5~IJ:~PP a !§-Jj]~gff~0-W ftk:ff~0-~lW 3IWf~r:pIJi~ ~F~

t?t

1&tlli

m:

~1Wi~1tH~~ fi~'1IDf1§7 'fW}'[~ *'I>ct$~~*

;J!t!. '

~%

ffX:

'*

:~~ili~ib:ljlJ

t

pq?J: ' r5J::a tB

H& ' =t:ff$ QJ

:fl

~ 'llt~JI.~~%

tla

~w,m~~oo~*~1&m~~':ff~~mlJi~ftpq~'~~'~tBn~'~~

1ftJEi?iJ2:\~

a

1f~lW:!i:1:5i

'

ff!1&ffm~~

,

m~lfJt~lf5Z#1:~m.*~

a

lit

:x

~f*,OO~A:1:IfJW::a

a

1itB'C:!i~:gm

'

ft1Wi1t.~OOll!!tA:1:mjJW::a~1W

'

W~:lotj'c11L

i&Jft '

fiU~~Dj'cM~¥Hjff.~'I1f%ID1iJ~i~1f a

Il~ ,~±:;.o. i!!i!l ':4 :;.0.

I'".:E iJil=l aim ~A'J aim

*1itf~ ~ ft~lM~~1f*jIIff~$Jj'~1fJ!t!.f~>CB"J~FFl'li

'

1Z~f1l1iiiJMJ~Jl~El::Jt~E!{]

~.

a

r±!Jt~~lMWr~ItlW~*~5f!lI~D

'

~~ftJ~I~wff!f11f~lIff~1tJj'~1fJ!t!.1fJJ:lt

~U't1E!{]tJEJE

'

~Dnf1Jj'~~tB~rs'J:t15U

'

mJ~n~

,

Jj'~pq~~

,

li1*~H&ili~n

a f~:ff*~;~lH~mJm9!ilI1lt~

,

¥Ht(Jr~~~{~If;f§tm$% a

~~a:t~1&ff~' tWhDM'i§~~' tW~~~1fili~'WjJ~*

'

~~1f*~~ff~JJ~e

m

r J ~JmE!{]{JJ~JJ~

a

lt~ftMfttA.E!{]}'[~

,

1f*jllff~W~~Jm~*~E!{]-*ib:

JjU '

1l!~tm~r5JtJf1.n~

,

~a~~§7~iliE!{]:ff~~ff~M'i§

,

ITfjli~~*~§7Jj'~

-=fflB"JW§(Gross,

1990)

a

~~:ff*9'J!;~ff~~1*.§H~'ijjU

'

:ff~~ff~:;t~D*m*!~:!iB"J@

,

~ITfj

,

~m~~OOft!AB"J1&ff~~~

,

tJ1Zf'~JJ~E!{]@AJHf~:;I:

,

:ff*~~

~~~tt~WmJ~n~1f~}'[.~~a

~*,~~.~m$mA.mft~mJE: '~$~~~.~,.~~,~m~,

.~~WIJi.~ ~*JJ~~.fi'ili~~,~m.'Jj'~W§.R&M'i§.

ilia

~~

• •

~m:~~?J)\~Jtrm.~.~~IJi~&II.~~IJi~.RJ~~

(~8}11~

,

1990) a §IN.ff~~J.M~~1&~.~mt'''J5%

'

W-~~~~JJ~t~pff.

~m~E!{]15%:ff]Jrj

a

JJ:lt~HPft{t~JJ~ffd:~~~ft315~~:;I:

,

1I:tm:ff*,'J!;~ff~$~~

~fkA11::~~:1:~.*~

a

tJ~~mfJU

'

r±!ft~

,

:ff~.ff~W

-

*Jm~~JJi~E!{]jtfW:;I:~~;f§

..

t

~

:

r±!~1&ff~:!i~~

,

~{~IJi~a~rs'~Wf~A~:\(ff~

,

JJi~pq~?J)\i!:!IJ

r

, fI£

ft~

,

~!R?!J J ~m.(Gross, 1990)

a

[qJ~~;tff~~mU~~ltW~1ZtJm5r,mf1~B"J,iJ'~pq

'1Mtj;!tIJi~~rs~ (jrsaJlm~

,

1992)

a

tff! ~ ~

, :ff~~llJllitJEIiHIJi~~rs'

, mJmn

~;fDpq~

,

ftJ~I9',gf~~~J2:\~ a

:ffytr5J1ftll~r5Jf*~ji~.*~

,

fuQJmf;!t~:!i~0ZP:~~;fJ~

a

V~O

:

~~~*r5J

tiw~lJi~

,

f£H~~1& r J~w.,~~~*~~-~.~ma1&JJi*

(18)

r

J

~~S'JhA

'

f~1~W~1}PJ!11tff~,f~H:I:f~$:JMm 0 f!:Hri:9i~jtl-rIRfttLWT

y*z~

,

w~**ret/f~g~i:r1§fltz1!ff~filE

' x./f:[&{"Ji!.55U*fltzfilEffifFl B/ffltz

0

FIT

t) , Fl~mmwT%mff~~rm~:tIi~f~filE ,~1j![*~&l1lJtzo~:t:~

,

lII'Ht&~1j![1}PJ~mil* (t~~Jj;fJ~ ,

1992)

0

i'f

~mff~fil

E tz01

0

J

W

-JlJ)t1/tli*,Jr~ff~filE1!1~~

,

?fJ\{@

~JEl, 0 i'f*~mff~{~t) ;g;,~tE!l¥J

r

~ti{t

J

m~B(Aufderheide,

1992)

0 mtIlE*~'

r ;g;,ti{t J

Hi'fflE~1t

'

J~hA

...

fD~~~~S'J;g;,ti{t 0

wutzo :

tzO{iiJ~&tt!!t:gt~t1

...

~~~lII'Hte~~~ 0 Jt:~

,

i'f*,,~miiiJH~i'f;g;,~tE!l¥J~ra'fI~

,

!2SlffifQJ~f!I!

r

E~ottfilE

J

(informercial)S'J~i5

(Gross, 1990)

0 NP{JE~iial:llJ)1}

,

~1hf,BJt:~~~

...

~NjjjU

...

tf~iI*~

,

fOJmJtk~~ffiJt:

f~mhA 0

i'f*JHltff~~i:r

r

EHt J

'~Pi'f

r

il'H§

J ...

tf.¥

r

1}~W

El filE{t J

S'J~~ 0

ffif£L '

i'f*,~mff~~:ft~tE!WElmE~PlWEl

'

fOOlf,ft)mE1g~.JW{JE~l¥Jh

,

QJ~gJiiili/f~ 0 llt}g91~i'f*,,~1!~filE~{'F~~tJiifIBZ 0 B:rfj~*~~~W

...

::t~~

~m~t)~1i~rmfOJ~m~ij

,

fi;J~~m.*~::t!WJ&~ 0

EElltQJJi!. '

i'f~mff~3:.~ rl¥t{;~J

filJJ '

/f'@~J!JJj1J!lJt1l¥J1*tJ.*ijl?lJ

'

7t*~m.*~::t!WJ~W~1i 0

i'f*,~1!ff~Wf&!;j£mff~~El*6i:r!i!lmlf,f~FITm

'

N'i~filEWf*!1~~i'f:g[))j-:~iHf 0 ~

N'i*filE::tJ!Wf*!1~illi'f~~o~~~~fflJt:~X{t"'~a~i5,:t:~ID~~~l¥J °tt~£m~$*~$~~M'i'f~1!~*~:ft~tE!z~l¥J~~~-~fftto ~~:tIM&B~B '$mmtt$.~m~'~ffl.~ott1/tlim¥~OO~A::t!WJ

W~ZM

'

WJt:~7*)fcjif&B

'

lltl/ftzD)fcB~¥f~.IS~H~IDIDIlJm1f$*i 0

:t:J!S'J1i!:: '

~

{.$:tIl¥ttil¥J9t~

, f!*ij

1~~l¥J~'Ht

...

~'Ht

... A::t)1} ,

~1gf500~A::t!WJfi3i5l¥J~2~oW

Fl

°ff.~J!WffM~)j-¥:.~l¥J~:tI3:.g'J!.oo~*~~~m!WJo

'.

1I1J!!flJ(1991, December

10-11) , cp~~~1H~mff~l¥J~$:'" J~:t£W**

' f&!;j£Wi'f

*,~mff~w~lrm!x~ 0 il~t 0

1984, October) ,

~1!B~tE!l¥J~*

...

J~1£W**

'

fii&~~*f3.f.~~~WQJJmm

J'G¥IH5'

0 il~t

:

~~i&m*~~lifJmJ'GFIT 0

mHf(l993,

:'xbt~(l99 ~Sjjm(l99

#&0

/¥.i!J8Jf[~

(

lf~*(l99: W~P~~(1991 Jf~~(199~

(11),

~8D(l99~ ~1ifJ}aJ

i'f*,*'

il~t ~SjJ;fJ~'(

19

Alufderheid

Journ

Bollins,

T.

Publi.

Dirksen,

C.J

Mana

Gross,

L. S.

Esslin,

M. (

sidere

cal

v.

Keirstead, P

troduc

Press.

Siune,

K.

an

and E

(19)

11=1'&fElliJw

3 B:;r{$:

0

fitf

,± EB S • ;M:kilIi ~c:l:7l'JE • ~"3::. *tJ~~ilit8 t1i"*~

.,§i ~li~ 0

:!t;x •

:!rcial)t8~5 .*:m~~:!t

frH3 JJ["*1

t;

J .~U{JEmt8jJ ~fr"±'jg~ E~ r$1!f;J o~

rrJltB

~§i:fJ!s'g ~-U'[ff{Eo ~1Jtj~A±ljJ .;wr

g<,.I+. al;!ff!!}

lr:o

flil

"""'j ~j":J:Jj:fll.J.'}\ / ....

111

0

1z: •

WI

£

5fiHf

~~fr.w~Wf

:fl

~

1l!:

~J1~

JI!

%

1993, July 10) , ~:U:1*&GW*~l\Tff~tff~1* 0 -EJ'~t

:

~1li¥!&I2'i~fr. 0

~7k~(1991, February)'

r

~tm-EJ't!g:;rt!g.~~ItJl.

?

J • M1VUtE~ 0 -EJ'~t 0

~flJH~(1993, November)· r ~~*~tff~~tiBJ~:ij1~1i

-EJ'EllGt,,-EJ'

J ,~:±,¥~, 13

hJ9.o

II!1JsJ

II~

(

1990, August) ,~;wrt\1*~:m: 0 -EJ'~t

: -

~ 0

\f~*(l992, May 31)' r-=--EJ'z-9i-~--EJ': tfk5DTv§1tWmJ 'Imil¥~' ~13hJ9. 0

~~g~r'(l991, February)'

r

~i1g;l;tff~m{fL~2J 'MIDUtE~ 0 -EJ'~t 0

JiiZEi'X(l993, November)' I fl**tff~1*gqs1JT : .L-.:J.CP~~-~~f~U J '~~Ji

fU '

8

(11), 112-126 0

WS~J[(1993, July 10) , ~:U:1*1l1G*)]*hJ9.:ff~tff~1* 0 -EJ'~t

:

~1li¥R&J;.s~frJlj 0

;wrMJiU:ff*JR.ff~:~H;7C.w~/j\*Jl(l990, April) , :ff*JRtff~:u:r*~~::Z~ ( ., ~tffi-) 0

-EJ'~t

:

i=ri&Il1G;wrMJiU 0

~8Jlm~'(1992) , ~~.ff~rJjjtYJfEW~)i~ 0 -EJ'~t

:

i%tJfE 0

~

,

~)(g~7t

Alufderheide, P. (1992, Winter), "Cable television and the public interest", Journal of Communication. 42( 1). 56-65.

Bollins, T. (1984), Beyond Broadcasting: Into the Cable Age. London: BFI Publishing.

Dirksen, C.J., Krodger, A. and Nicosia, F.M. (1983), Advertising: Principles and Management Cases. IL: Richard D. Irwin.

Gross, L. S. (1990), The New Television Technologies. Wm. C. Brown Publishers.

Esslin, M. (1987), "Aristotle and the advertisers: the television commercial con­

sidered as a form of drama", In

H.

Newcomb (Ed.). Television: the Criti­

cal View. New York: Oxford University Press. 304-318.

Keirstead, P. O. and Keirstead, S. (1990), The World of Telecommunication: In­ troduction to Broadcasting, Cable, and New Technologies. Boston: Focal Press.

Siune, K. and Truetzschloer, W. (1992), Dynamics of Media Politics: Broadcast and Electronic Media in Western Europe. London: Sage.

(20)

I)

,

~. ffl5t~Wd

If.*~

~~SJ3fi Wi~~ 7i~j{ ~f!h ·20·

i&tf:!*~Y.l**lliU~~

:st1t*~~M*~gffi

fftj

£9JttmH=r~

1}81

1=r~lliUflE :R~3::*JJ1:0

81

¥JtnlliIJf#!lf~:E!E ~m.j:I1}PJ~:E!E mUq~1~~1}81~U*,~~:E!E -'flff~1J$

Ef31i':;ff$.~11Iff~¥t;;B~pt:U:i*

'

*1iH~~fllW~t0ftj<tJ.~ffUtH¥J~ffi

..

tJ:&ruJ

iCAxmff$.~1'J~$~t0~~W*~±

'

..

1;RJftA.±~1i 0 1.¥:g.l!J~(t~)

..

'L<E!~

..

Jt~'§;:E!E

..

• •

~ff~A1iH~t0

• •

~~"W~A±o 2.~:g. (1\~

)

m!bt0~~o

3.

i&R'fmU~ ":9W~~mA± (~~) ~M~W~~ff.11I~$:U:$:U:~A±":&~~~ff

• •

~~~~.,§;:E!EA±o 4. !r5!~~ (~~)

ff*;R.ff~r*:u:Y*~fjA~~'~/F rqL~&*~~1¥J

±

~:u:~ 0

tJJ:ffi1ltlWr""

17

A '

r",'~.L-:I-rmn!x:~F",'JH!~±

'

3::~~lWF",t/j':;~~8241OJ=l ia~i]grT

'

*-a*lWF",'16A '

Jtr:p-;g~lW~tJ~rm@]tI 0 , /F~,t'I~H~=f:B~{i;~

ttF""~

;

EE[u5'lWF""ftj<ftff*;R11Iff~$~,1jf5~~ffTI1!~" ~Fa'~~WjJ

,

lW~*-a*lftf

ffll)Ju5'51ffTfJUJl "

0 16;g~lW~tzDT

:

Btff{$j:I1}81 ..

71<;:

I

~~ ; \ \ \ ~jlr8~

Ii

f

m:stt$

If,~ I, ~'Iti~ t!t~ff~Ifi!\1fj:.*

±

{f

i&tf:!*~~M*~U~~

1~Y_I*~*~{$.*~U~~

(21)

;ff

1*

't~J/..~JIi:% .T~ ~~ff~.~0~~~~ ~JR ~

JE

f.j;

lIHl0

~

thh.fJ:

~*l§ mf*jJijjJiWJJfflJ~J~:

"

.f]'K*ii1'Jt.~:R ~*t mf*jJijjJ~.~~£~ff~.~W:R

mJ:£

JLm2JJ:~ r~~"

J;J,&r;m

±.< -,z;-13i!i -'--,',±7!<::: = W 1=1 ~ .lL17A':!iZ: ~ ]JI~~

:

='

~tfW5~rt::l':lH!

:

·

~~r"MfE~ffl<:ft~ff*,*.ff~1*ffmmll'5~rfl'l¥.J1:Jl5En,~

?

~{t~?

·

ffE1i£~:ft~ff*,*rilff~7*~JIll'5pq!@:ff?JfmfHo.~

?

~{t~

?

:i5~W:i~Wfqj

,

~~m.ilir",'~o{PJmiB? ,{~~'[iJi.~

'JiJIff

·

f~gH?,~ff*,*.ff~ff:.I,I!Mtjll'5fiIH:fj:1JAffpJfmiBn,~? ~{t~?

:i53i:W:i::f:fWfqj ,

~~m.iliF""~D{PJmiiB

?

·

#G:5t~*ff*,~.ff~1*tJl5E

:

?Jfff~'5'if!&*JUtJ~Ws~{'F:$[t±:I

'

f~Wffl<0,~? ~ :.~.fJ:A± 0 {t~? :ft~ff*!.ff~I*~m~{J;!.mfHQ,~

?

·

f~~£~ff*,~.ff~?*I1!JI~'5m{~~(provider)ffpJfmfHU,~? ~{t~?

·10

f1

ra~~ff

'

:i5~W:i::f:fWfqj

,

~~m.ilir",'~o{PJtJlfH

?

:~tlQ:*l¥.J{~~ ·~~ff~.~*~~t±:I~~'lli~~~£.~~~,~~~~m::f:fl¥.Jll'5~~ ~§/<(,±m 4§f , wJo7<*>=l;?f':/M'

11!

ff~tj:~~rnUlU

?

·~~~ff~.~ll'5W~£.~ll'5l¥.J~*JI.ff

• •

fqj?~~®? ~ofi:!Jfj'~N~m~8'9{$~~*

?

·21 .

(22)

Cable Television and Advertising

Wei-wei Vivian Huang

{Abstract}

This paper examines the application of the advertising articles of Cable Television Law and its impact upon the television ecology in Taiwan. The results of literature review and indepth interview show:

1. There should be some principle restrictions in the advertising

articles of Cable Television Law at the beginning stage of the Cable Television Century in Taiwan.

2. One advantage of cable television is to provide more time and channels for commercial films. On the other hand, one disadvantage of that is to commercialize television programs or public access programs.

3. The satellite television advertising should make best use of its cross-cultural, cross-linguistic characteristics, value its influence of image-making.

4. The "Environmental Protection" movement for cable television. communication depends on the participations of mass audiences.

i!JfJl

!iJHi!1"

• *j:11~il£

.ft~

NdH:r:

~.f&

#i!-1It

off(.

~831f-7 j] j

;fJt}~H

at.1ll1

-tz~

參考文獻

相關文件

Friends and family: A cross-cultural investigation of social support and subjective well-being among college students. Stress, social support, and the

And, the value or function of the various theories of consciousness should be judged on the basis of Hua Yen's &#34; complete teaching &#34; in order to ascertain the status

=&gt; Cross-curricular vocabulary is an important resource for cross-curricular reading.. =&gt; Cross-curricular vocabulary can best be taught through

These are quite light states with masses in the 10 GeV to 20 GeV range and they have very small Yukawa couplings (implying that higgs to higgs pair chain decays are probable)..

Consistent with the negative price of systematic volatility risk found by the option pricing studies, we see lower average raw returns, CAPM alphas, and FF-3 alphas with higher

In implementing the key tasks, schools should build on past experiences and strengthen the development of the key tasks in line with the stage of the curriculum reform, through

(Another example of close harmony is the four-bar unaccompanied vocal introduction to “Paperback Writer”, a somewhat later Beatles song.) Overall, Lennon’s and McCartney’s

Jesus falls the second time Scripture readings..