國小階段因數與倍數相關分年細目階層結構研究

୯ҥᆵύ௲ػεᏢኧᏢ௲ػᏢسᅺγፕЎ

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻ݅চֻ റγ

୯λ໘ࢤӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞ

໘ቫ่ᄬࣴز

ࣴزғǺЦᕉྍ ኗ

ύ ๮ ҇ ୯ ΐ Μ Ζ ԃ Ϥ Д

ᄔा

ҁࣴزଞჹΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢᏢಞሦୱӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺϷځ߻࿼࿶ᡍϐ࣬ ᜢϩԃಒҞǴ೸ၸӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕϷૈΚϩಔࡕǴϩ݋୯λΟǵϤԃભ ᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞޑ໘ቫ่ᄬ੝ቻǶԜࣴزаύ೽Οᑜѱޑ ΟǵϤԃભᏢғࣁࣴزჹຝǴӅीԖΟԃભ 404 ՏǵϤԃભ 444 ՏǴځϩ ݋่݀ᡉҢӵΠǺ ΋ǵӧӢኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍύǴёว౜ΟԃભᏢғޑϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ ᄬკϩࣁΒঁ໘ቫǴЪ೯ၸ౗ࣁ.86 ~ .96ǴᡉҢΟԃભᏢғჹԜςၲ ύ΢ำࡋǶ ΒǵӧӢኧᆶ७ኧፐำ໘ࢤෳᡍύǴϤԃભᏢғޑϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკϩ ࣁΒঁ໘ቫǴ᏾ᡏޑ೯ၸ౗ပӧ.70 ~ .84Ǵ߄ҢϤԃભᏢғӧय़ჹӢ ኧᆶ७ኧཷۺޑᏢಞǴۘឦύ฻ำࡋǶ ΟǵӧΟԃભӚಔόӕૈΚᏢғဂಔύǴϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკࣣࣁΒ໘ቫ Ǵՠ೸ၸ೯ၸ౗ᆶ่ᄬϐৡ౦КၨǴёว౜ӚಔԖܴᡉޑ୔ձǶ ѤǵӧϤԃભϩಔᏢғ໘ቫ่ᄬკύǴӚಔ໔ޑ໘ቫ่ᄬࣣό࣬ӕǴᡉҢ όӕૈΚᏢғဂಔځޕ᛽่ᄬৡ౦ࣗεǶ ᜢᗖӷǺϩԃಒҞǵԛׇ౛ፕǵӢኧǵ७ኧ

The Hierarchial Structure Research about Factors and Multiples

Related Annual Details in Elementary School

Abstract

This research is about the concept in structure of factors and multiples for Grade 1-9 Curriculum with related previous experience. Through the utilization of polytomous ordering theory and grouping by ability, the research attempts to analyze the difference on factors and multiples and the related annual details between the third graders and the sixth graders. The sample includes 404 third graders and 444 sixth graders. The results are the following:

1. Based on the factors and multiples previous experience test, it is found that the hierarchal structure diagram of the concepts for the third graders are divided into two levels with the correct ratio ranging from .86 to .96, indicating the students have reached middle and upper level.

2. In the factors and multiples curriculum test, the hierarchal structure diagram of the concepts for the sixth graders are divided into two levels with the correct ratio ranging from .70 to .84, indicating the students have reached middle level.

3. Students with varied abilities in the third graders and the hierarchal structure diagrams of the annual details are divided into two levels. Through the comparison of the difference based on correct ratio and structure, the characteristics of concept structures are easily understand.

4. However, in the hierarchal structure diagram for the grouped sixth graders, the hierarchal structure diagrams vary among groups. It indicates great difference in knowledge structure among students groups with varied abilities.

Ҟԛ!

ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ ... 1

ಃ΋࿯ ࣴز୏ᐒ ... 1 ಃΒ࿯ ࣴزҞޑ ... 4 ಃΟ࿯ ࣴزጄൎᆶज़ڋ ... 5 ಃѤ࿯ Ӝຒញက ... 6

ಃΒക Ў᝘௖૸ ... 8

ಃ΋࿯ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺࣴز ... 8 ಃΒ࿯ ԛׇ౛ፕ ... 20 ಃΟ࿯ ቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ ... 26

ಃΟക ࣴزБݤ ... 31

ಃ΋࿯ ࣴزࢎᄬ ... 31 ಃΒ࿯ ࣴزჹຝ ... 33 ಃΟ࿯ ࣴزπڀ ... 34 ಃѤ࿯ ၗ਑ᇆ໣ᆶೀ౛ ... 47 ಃϖ࿯ ၗ਑ϩ݋ ... 49

ಃѤക ࣴز่݀ᆶ૸ፕ ... 51

ಃ΋࿯ ࡼෳԋᕮϩթ่ᄬ ... 51 ಃΒ࿯ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧϩԃಒҞϐ໘ቫ่ᄬϩ݋ ... 53 ಃΟ࿯ ΟԃભϩಔᏢғϐ໘ቫ่ᄬϩ݋ ... 57 ಃѤ࿯ ϤԃભϩಔᏢғϐ໘ቫ่ᄬϩ݋ ... 63

ಃϖക ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼ ... 70

ಃ΋࿯ ่ፕ ... 70

ಃΒ࿯ ࡌ᝼ ... 75

ୖԵЎ᝘ ... 77

΋ǵύЎ೽ϩ ... 77 ΒǵमЎ೽ϩ ... 82

ߕᒵ ... 86

ߕᒵ΋ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤෳᡍ(চۈ၂ڔ) ... 86 ߕᒵΒ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤෳᡍ(চۈ၂ڔ) ... 88 ߕᒵΟ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤෳᡍ(Ⴃ၂၂ڔ) ... 90 ߕᒵѤ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤෳᡍ(Ⴃ၂၂ڔ) ... 92 ߕᒵϖ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤ҅Ԅࡼෳ၂ڔ ... 94 ߕᒵϤ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤ҅Ԅࡼෳ၂ڔ ... 96

߄ԛ!

߄ 2-1-1 82 ፐำᆶΐԃ΋ೣፐำӧӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺৡ౦Кၨ... 12 ߄ 2-1-2 ΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢፐำᆜाϐӢኧᆶ७ኧૈΚࡰ኱ϣ৒... 12 ߄ 2-1-3 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧޑ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞǵૈΚࡰ኱... 14 ߄ 2-2-1 Βϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ၂ᚒi ک၂ᚒ j ޑเᚒΓኧϐӈᖄ߄... 22 ߄ 2-3-1 ቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ၂ᚒiک၂ᚒ jޑเᚒΓኧϐӈᖄ߄.... 27 ߄ 3-2-1 ΟԃભԖਏኬҁϩଛ߄... 33 ߄ 3-2-2 ϤԃભԖਏኬҁϩଛ߄... 34 ߄ 3-3-1 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ(ፐำᆜाಃ΋໘ࢤ) ... 35 ߄ 3-3-2 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧፐำ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ(ፐำᆜाಃΒ໘ࢤϖԃભǵಃΟ ໘ࢤϤԃભ) ... 35 ߄ 3-3-3 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞંତ(চۈ၂ڔ) ... 37 ߄ 3-3-4 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞંତ(চۈ၂ڔ) ... 38 ߄ 3-3-5 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞંତ(Ⴃ၂၂ڔ) ... 40 ߄ 3-3-6 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞંତ(Ⴃ၂၂ڔ) ... 41 ߄ 3-3-7 Ⴃ၂ࡼෳԖਏኬҁϩѲ߄... 42 ߄ 3-3-8 Ⴃ၂ෳᡍޑᜤࡋϷ᠘ձࡋ... 43 ߄ 3-3-9 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤ҅Ԅࡼෳ၂ڔϩԃಒҞંତ... 45 ߄ 3-3-10 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤ҅Ԅࡼෳ၂ڔϩԃಒҞંତ... 46 ߄ 3-4-1 ҅ԄෳᡍޑᜤࡋϷ᠘ձࡋ... 48 ߄ 4-1-1 ΟԃભӚભϩኧΓኧಕीϩଛ߄... 51 ߄ 4-1-2 ϤԃભӚભϩኧΓኧಕीϩଛ߄... 52 ߄ 4-2-1 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ(ፐำᆜाಃ΋໘ࢤ) ... 53 ߄ 4-2-2 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ(n₀₁ n)߯ኧ ... 54 ߄ 4-2-3 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞᎃௗંତ(⸣ॶ = .2) ... 54

߄ 4-2-4 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧፐำ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ(ፐำᆜाಃΒ໘ࢤϖԃભǵಃΟ ໘ࢤϤԃભ) ... 55 ߄ 4-2-5 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧፐำ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ(n₀₁ n)߯ኧ ... 56 ߄ 4-2-6 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧፐำ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞᎃௗંତ(⸣ॶ = .2) ... 56 ߄ 4-3-1 ΟԃભӚಔΓኧϩଛ߄... 58 ߄ 4-3-2 ΟԃભଯϩಔϐϩԃಒҞ(n₀₁ n)߯ኧ ... 58 ߄ 4-3-3 ΟԃભύϩಔϐϩԃಒҞ(n₀₁ n)߯ኧ ... 58 ߄ 4-3-4 ΟԃભեϩಔϐϩԃಒҞ(n₀₁ n)߯ኧ ... 59 ߄ 4-3-5 ΟԃભଯϩಔϩԃಒҞᎃௗંତ(⸣ॶ = .2)... 59 ߄ 4-3-6 ΟԃભύϩಔϩԃಒҞᎃௗંତ(⸣ॶ = .2)... 59 ߄ 4-3-7 ΟԃભեϩಔϩԃಒҞᎃௗંତ(⸣ॶ = .2)... 59 ߄ 4-4-1 ϤԃભӚಔΓኧϩଛ߄... 64 ߄ 4-4-2 ϤԃભଯϩಔϐϩԃಒҞ(n₀₁ n)߯ኧ ... 64 ߄ 4-4-3 ϤԃભύϩಔϐϩԃಒҞ(n₀₁ n)߯ኧ ... 64 ߄ 4-4-4 ϤԃભեϩಔϐϩԃಒҞ(n₀₁ n)߯ኧ ... 64 ߄ 4-4-5 ϤԃભଯϩಔϩԃಒҞᎃௗંତ(⸣ॶ = .2)... 65 ߄ 4-4-6 ϤԃભύϩಔϩԃಒҞᎃௗંତ(⸣ॶ = .2)... 65 ߄ 4-4-7 ϤԃભեϩಔϩԃಒҞᎃௗંତ(⸣ॶ = .2)... 65

კԛ!

კ 2-1-1 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧϐ௲׷ӦՏࢎᄬკ... 11 კ 2-1-2 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢӚϩԃಒҞᜢ߯კ... 15 კ 3-1-1 ࣴزࢎᄬკ ... 31 კ 3-1-2 ࣴزࢬำ ... 32 კ 4-1-1 ΟԃભӚભϩኧΓኧԛኧϩଛკ... 52 კ 4-1-2 ϤԃભӚભϩኧΓኧԛኧϩଛკ... 53 კ 4-2-1 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკ... 54 კ 4-2-2 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧፐำ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკ... 56 კ 4-3-1 ΟԃભӚಔᏢғϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკ... 60 კ 4-4-1 ϤԃભӚಔᏢғϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკ... 66

ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ

ҁࣴزԑӧᔈҔԛׇ౛ፕ(ordering theory)БݤǴϩ݋୯λ໘ࢤᏢูӢ ኧǵ७ኧޑΐԃ΋ೣ࣬ᜢૈΚࡰ኱ϐϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ܄کԛׇ܄Ǵа୯λΟ ǵϤԃભᏢูࣁࣴزჹຝǴጓᇙ୯λ໘ࢤӢኧᆶ७ኧෳᡍǶҁകӅϩࣁѤ ࿯Ǻಃ΋࿯ǵࣴز୏ᐒǹಃΒ࿯ǵࣴزҞޑǹಃΟ࿯ǵࣴزጄൎᆶज़ڋǹ ಃѤ࿯ǵӜຒញကǶ

ಃ΋࿯ ࣴز୏ᐒ

ӧ౜Չޑΐԃ΋ೣ௲ػޑፐำΠǴӢኧǵ७ኧޑᏢಞ٩ᙑࢂᡣᏢғ७ ག֚ൽޑǴҭࢂ௲ৣᜤа௲ᏢԋфޑፐำǴ׳ឦܭϿኧӧȨኧᆶໆȩޑЬ ᚒΠǴځૈΚࡰ኱ᐉၠܭ୯ύᆶ୯λǴӧ୯λ೽ϩޑፐำ׳ࢂޔௗቹៜᏢ ғӧ୯ύޑᏢಞǴӧځှᚒޑ߄౜΢р౜֚ᜤ(ᒘ৒ዝǴ2005)ǹԶӢኧǵ ७ኧཷۺϐΐԃ΋ೣૈΚࡰ኱௦ϩԃ຾໘Ԅ௲ᏢǴஒ໘ࢤૈΚࡰ኱ᄽᛢр ׳ಒጏޑϩԃಒҞϷ၍ញǴ٠٩Ԝբࣁ௲ৣ௲ᏢϷ௲ࣽਜጓᒠޑЬाୖԵ ٩ᏵǹӧຑໆᏢғਔǴ௲ৣᔈа௲׷ϣ৒ǵ௲ᏢҞ኱ᆶ࣬ᜢፐำૈΚࡰ኱ Ǵुۓຑໆ኱ྗǴಒҞ၍ញύ܌ߕϐຑໆጄٯǴёբࣁ௲ৣڮᚒᜤࡋޑୖ ԵǴа೸ၸ௲ᏢຑໆǴϩ݋ᏢғޑᏢಞୢᚒǴ଺፾྽ޑບᘐǵᏤЇᆶှ، (௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)ǴӧԜ٩Ᏽ௲ػ೽܌ႧुϐϩԃಒҞጓᇙ୯λ໘ࢤӢኧᆶ ७ኧෳᡍǴаբࣁԜԛᏢғࡼෳϐπڀǶ ໳ᝊᄆ(2003)ਥᏵύλᏢኧᏢ௲ৣޑୢڔፓ่ࢗ݀ว౜ǴᏢูӧȨӢ ኧᆶ७ኧȩཷۺޑᏢಞԖ֚ᜤǶჹځӢኧᆶ७ኧϷځ࣬ᜢޑӜຒཀကᕕှ ၨค֚ᜤǴՠࢂӧ؃ݤ΢Ǵࠅܰܭр౜ᜬॹ܈ᒱᇤޑเਢǴӵճҔനεϦ ӢኧϷനλϦ७ኧှ،ЎӷᚒБय़ǴЬा֚ᜤࢂᙯ᝿ᚒཀԖ֚ᜤǴόᕕှ ࢂाճҔനεϦӢኧ܈നλϦ७ኧٰှᚒǶ݅੦ӵ(2002)ӧځࣴزύࡰр

୯λᏢูᏢಞӢኧਔޑ଎ࡘཷۺӅीԖཷۺషౄόమǵཷۺᒪᅅᆶཷۺᒱ ᇤΟεᜪǶՖܿቘǵᑵߎβ(1995)аϷߋችࣔ(2002)ҭගډᏢಞӢኧᆶ७ኧ ൂϡਔǴ೽ϩᏢғਥҁคݤ౛ှځཷۺǴӧ௲׷Ꮲಞ΢ǴӸԖ೚ӭޑᏢಞ ౟ᓍک଎ࡘཷۺǶ໳୯Ꮜǵቅ౺೯(2002)ޑࣴزϩ݋ύΨࡰрǴӢኧ௲׷ ჹ୯λᏢғࢂࡐ֚ᜤޑǴᏢғӧᏢಞӢኧ௲׷ਔǴӸӧ๱೚ӭޑምᛖǶ ԶӢኧᆶ७ኧӧΐԃ΋ೣޑϖεЬᚒύǴࢂ೏ᘜᜪܭȨኧᆶໆȩϐΠ ޑȨ᏾ኧȩ೽ϩǴځ௲ᏢҞ኱ࢂӧϤԃભਔǴሡૈ౛ှ୷ҁޑӢኧϩှᆶ ፦ኧཷۺǴ٠ᆶϩኧၮᆉ࣬ϕуமǴࡌҥֹ᏾ޑኧӷག(௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)Ƕ ёـ᏾ঁȨӢኧᆶ७ኧȩ೽ϩӧ୯λޑ᏾ኧ௲Ꮲύࢂתᄽ๱നࡕᕴԋޑف ՅǴΨࢂᖄᛠ୯ύޑ᏾ኧ௲ᏢޑଆۈᗺǴ୯ύᏢғѸ໪ڀഢ౛ှ҅᏾ኧޑ ፦ӢኧϩှૈΚǴ٠ૈаനεϦӢኧǵനλϦ७ኧዕግᔈҔԿऊϩǵᘉϩ аϷനᙁϩኧޑीᆉǶӧԜӕਔǴΨࡐԾฅӦЇΕࡰኧޑ૶ဦᆶࡰኧࡓǶ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ҅ࢂж߄᏾ኧ௲Ꮲ܍Ӄ௴ࡕޑӦՏǴҭж߄๱ӧ᏾ኧ௲Ꮲύޑ ΋ঁख़ᗺ܌ӧǶ ӧኧᏢሦୱፐำᆜाύǴϩԃಒҞ 5-n-03 ϣ৒ࣁȨૈ౛ှӢኧǵ७ኧ ǵϦӢኧᆶϦ७ኧǶȩǴ٠ගډȨа 1-n-07(൳ঁ΋ኧ)Ǵ2-n-08(ΐΐ४ݤ) Ǵ3-n-04(ନݤ)ࣁ߻࿼࿶ᡍǴ౛ှӢኧǵ७ኧޑཷۺǶȩ(௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)Ǵ ёޕᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ኧޑཷۺࢂ෌୷ܭ΢ॊ൳໨ϩԃಒҞǶӧӚৎрހޗ ޑኧᏢፐҁύǴҭёว౜೿ࢂа४ݤǵନݤޑཷۺٰᏤΕӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺ Ƕഋ኱݊(2003)ǵ݅ᄪ຦(2004)ǵࡼذ᜽(2006)೿ࡰр४ନݤၮᆉཷۺޑᒱ ᇤஒቹៜډӢኧᆶ७ኧޑᏢಞǶᖴ୲(1997)׳ᇥܴΑа४ନݤޑᢀᗺٰ೛ ीӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ௲׷Ǵ٬ᏢғޑӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺ೴؁׎ԋǶӧ౜ՉޑλᏢ ኧᏢሦୱύǴவ΋ԃભ໒ۈǴ೿ࣣаፐำᆜाϷϩԃಒҞӼ௨Ǵаచ౛Ъ ᅌ຾Ӧ຾Չ᏾ኧ೽ϩޑ௲ᏢǴࡺჹځӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍǴҭࢂԜԛࣴ زޑຑໆख़ᗺϐ΋Ƕ ԜѦǴӧᏢғޑᏢಞၸำύǴ௲Ꮲޣ۳۳׆ఈᙖҗȨຑໆȩٰΑှᏢ

ಞޣޑᏢಞԋ݀ǴບᘐᏢಞޣࢂցςၲ௲ᏢҞ኱Ƕՠӧ໺಍ર฽ෳᡍکঁ ձంፋБݤǴ೿໪઻ਔ຤ΚӦΑှᏢғޑၮࡘၸำǶа۳ޑෳᡍεӭаȨ ၂ᚒȩ଺ࣁෳᡍന୷ҁޑϩ݋ൂՏǴځև౜ޑ໻ࢂเਢჹ܈ᒱޑኬᇮǴ۹ ౣᏢಞޣԖȨ೽ϩȩΑှޑёૈǴէ҇ჱǵഋ჏ԋ(1998)ࡰра۳ޑຑໆ Ǵத๱ख़ӧᏢಞޣനࡕ܌և౜ޑȨᕴ่܄ຑໆȩǴࠅ۹ౣΑޕ᛽ࡌᄬၸำ ޑȨ׎ԋ܄ຑໆȩǶӢԜຑໆόӆѝࢂࣁΑΑှᏢಞޣࢂցςၲ௲ᏢҞ኱ Ǵ׳ᔈݙख़ޑࢂǴෳᡍၸำύޑӚঁᕉ࿯ǴᏢғޑຑໆࢂցёև౜໘ቫ܄ ޑҞ኱ǴаӚཷۺբࣁࡼෳޑൂՏǴБૈ׳ుΕΑှᏢಞޣޑᏢಞ௃׎Ǵ ٠ளޕځᒱᇤޑচӢǴуаࡰᏤׯ຾ǶԜࣁஒȨཷۺ่ᄬϩ݋ȩᏤΕຑໆ ϐख़ाཀကǶ

ӧፏӭཷۺ่ᄬޑϩ݋БݤፕύǴBart and Krus (1973)܌ගрޑԛׇ ౛ፕǴૈගٮཷۺϐ໔ޑԛׇ܄(ordering)ک໘ቫ܄(hierarchy)่ᄬკ׎Ǵ ჹܭᏢูޕ᛽ޑཷۺ่ᄬϩ݋Ԗ࣬྽ӭޑշ੻(է҇ჱǵഋ჏ԋǴ1998ǹ݅ চֻǴ2005ǹTakeya, 1999)Ƕ

Airasian and Bart (1973)ޑԛׇ౛ፕࢂ୷ܭΒϡीϩޑၗ਑Ǵ຾Չཷۺ ໘ቫϩ݋Ϸӄᡏڙ၂ޣޑ่ᄬკǶฅԶӵ΢ॊ܌قǴᏢғჹኧᏢཷۺϐ౛ ှǴᜤаҔΒϡीϩϐ҅ዴ(1)ᆶᒱᇤ(0)ٰղۓǴ٬ளӧᔈҔ΢Ԗज़ڋǶӢ ԜǴLin, Bart and Huang (2006)ගр፾ӝӭϡीϩکషӝӭϡीϩޑቶကी ϩԛׇ౛ፕǶ

୷ܭ΢ॊǴҁࣴزᔈҔ Lin, Bart and Huang (2006)܌ว৖ޑӭϡीϩԛ ׇ౛ፕ(polytomous ordering theory, POT)Ǵ຾Չ୯λΟԃભᏢูӢኧᆶ७ኧ ߻࿼ཷۺϷϤԃભӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺឦ܄ޑϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬϐ௖૸ Ǵ٠ஒ೭ٿҽෳ၂ϩձ٩ځԋᕮଯեϩԋଯǵύǵեΟಔǴ೸ၸКၨόӕ ૈΚॶޑ໘ቫ่ᄬკϐ੝ቻǴϩ݋όӕૈΚڙ၂ᏢูӧӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢϩ ԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკޑৡ౦ᆶᡂϯ௃׎Ƕ

ಃΒ࿯ ࣴزҞޑ

ҁࣴزҞޑǴགྷा೸ၸ Bart and Krus (1973)܌ගрԛׇ౛ፕǴᔈҔ Lin, Bart and Huang (2006)܌ว৖ޑӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕჹᏢูޑӢኧᆶ७ኧཷ ۺ่ᄬϷځ߻࿼࿶ᡍ຾Չϩ݋Ǵа୯λΟǵϤԃભᏢғǴӅΒঁԃࢤࣁࣴ زჹຝǴጓᇙ୯λ໘ࢤӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺϷځ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍǴҔаϩ݋୯λ ໘ࢤᏢูӧӢኧǵ७ኧ࣬ᜢΐԃ΋ೣૈΚࡰ኱ޑϩԃಒҞϐ໘ቫ܄کԛׇ ܄ǶӢԜҁࣴزҞޑ૟ӈӵΠǺ ΋ǵ௖૸Ӣኧᆶ७ኧӧΐԃ΋ೣፐำϐϩԃಒҞǴ٠ጓᇙӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢ ෳᡍǶ (΋)ϩ݋ΟԃભᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤ္ϐΐԃ΋ೣϩԃಒҞ ໘ቫ่ᄬϩ݋Ƕ (Β)ϩ݋ϤԃભᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ኧޑፐำ໘ࢤύΐԃ΋ೣϩԃಒҞϐ໘ቫ ่ᄬϩ݋Ƕ ΒǵਥᏵࣴز໘ࢤෳᡍ܌ளၗ਑ǴКၨଯǵύǵեΟಔόӕૈΚॶޑڙ၂ ޣϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკϐ੝ቻǶ (΋)КၨΟԃભᏢғǴӧଯǵύǵեΟಔόӕૈΚॶޑڙ၂ޣϩԃಒҞ໘ ቫ่ᄬკϐ੝ቻǶ (Β)КၨϤԃભᏢғǴӧଯǵύǵեΟಔόӕૈΚॶޑڙ၂ޣϩԃಒҞ໘ ቫ่ᄬკϐ੝ቻǶ

ಃΟ࿯ ࣴزጄൎᆶज़ڋ

΋ǵࣴزጄൎ ҁࣴزϐጄൎǴ٩ȨࣴزӦ୔ȩǵȨࣴزჹຝȩǵȨࣴزϣ৒ȩᆶȨࣴز Бݤȩ฻Бय़уаᇥܴǺ (΋)ࣴزӦ୔ ҁࣴز߯аᆵύѱǵᆵύᑜǵᄆϯѱϦҥλᏢࣁጄൎǶ (Β)ࣴزჹຝ ΐΜϤᏢԃࡋϐΟǵϤԃભᏢูࣁࣴزჹຝǶ (Ο)ࣴزϣ৒

ҁࣴزа Lin, Bart and Huang (2006)܌ว৖ޑӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕǴ຾Չ ୯λΟԃભᏢูӢኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼ཷۺϷϤԃભӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺឦ܄ ޑϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬϐ௖૸Ǵ٠КၨଯǵύǵեΟಔόӕૈΚॶޑڙ၂ޣ ϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკϐ੝ቻǶ

(Ѥ)ࣴزБݤ

а Lin, Bart and Huang (2006)ගрϐӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕኳԄࣁࣴزБ ݤǴϩ݋ཷۺ໔่ᄬᆶԛׇᜢ߯Ƕ Βǵࣴزज़ڋ ୷ܭਔ໔ǵΓΚǵࣴزኬҁ฻ӭ໨ӢનԵໆǴҁࣴزޑज़ڋӵΠǺ (΋)ҁࣴزጄൎ໻ज़ܭύ೽Οᑜѱ(ᆵύѱǵᆵύᑜǵᄆϯᑜ)λᏢޑΟǵϤ ԃભᏢูǴ܌ள่݀όە଺ၸࡋ௢ፕǶ (Β)ҁࣴزаӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕኳԄբࣁࣴز୷ᘵǴՠڙज़ܭࣴزᕉნǴ คкىޑਔ໔ᆶΓΚǴคݤଞჹ܌ԖӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞ຾ՉӚ ᚒࠠޑࡼෳǴ໻ज़ܭ΋૓தـϐᚒҞǴ٠аԜ௖૸ڙ၂ޣޑཷۺ่ᄬ კ੝ቻǶ

ಃѤ࿯ Ӝຒញက

ࣁ٬ҁࣴز܌૸ፕϐጄൎᆶϣ৒ܴዴమධǴ૟ஒҁࣴزύ܌ੋϷޑख़ ाӜຒࣚۓӵΠǺ ΋ǵӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢӜຒ ٩Ᏽ௲ػ೽ܭ 92 ԃϦѲޑΐԃ΋ೣፐำኧᏢሦୱፐำᆜाϐ኱ྗҔ ຒᆶှញύ܌ගډǴԖᜢҁࣴز܌ҔϐӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢӜຒǴᇥܴӵΠǺ (΋)४ݤǺ4×3=12Ǵ4 ࣁ೏४ኧǴ3 ࣁ४ኧǴ12 ࣁᑈǶ (Β)ନݤǺ14÷4=3Ǿ2Ǵ14 ࣁ೏ନኧǴ4 ࣁନኧǴ3 ࣁ୘Ǵ2 ࣁᎩኧǶ྽Ꭹ ኧࣁ 0 ਔǴᆀࣁ᏾ନǴӵ 12÷4ɨ3Ƕ (Ο)ӢኧǺ΋όࣁ႟ޑ᏾ኧҘऩૈ᏾ନќ΋᏾ኧΌǴҘᆀࣁΌޑӢኧǶ୯ λ໘ࢤࣺᏢಞ҅ӢኧǶ (Ѥ)७ኧǺ΋όࣁ႟ޑ᏾ኧҘऩૈ᏾ନќ΋᏾ኧΌǴΌᆀࣁҘޑ७ኧǶ୯ λ໘ࢤࣺᏢಞ҅७ኧǶ (ϖ)ϦӢኧǺ΋᏾ኧҘӕࣁٿঁа΢᏾ኧޑӢኧਔǴ߾Ҙࣁ೭٤ኧޑϦӢ ኧǶ (Ϥ)നεϦӢኧǺϦӢኧύനεޣջᆀࣁനεϦӢኧǴനεϦӢኧ΋ۓࣁ ҅᏾ኧǶ (Ύ)Ϧ७ኧǺ΋᏾ኧΌӕࣁٿঁа΢᏾ኧޑ७ኧਔǴ߾Όࣁ೭٤ኧޑϦ७ ኧǶ (Ζ)നλϦ७ኧǺӧ܌Ԗ҅Ϧ७ኧύനλޣᆀࣁനλϦ७ኧǶ (ΐ)፦ኧǺ΋εܭ 1 ޑ҅᏾ኧѝԖ 1 Ϸҁيٿঁ҅ӢኧਔǴᆀࣁ፦ኧǶ (Μ)ӝኧǺΞᆀӝԋኧǴεܭ 1 ޑ҅᏾ኧύόࢂ፦ኧޣᆀϐǶ (Μ΋)ϕ፦Ǻٿ҅᏾ኧନ 1 ѦคځдϦӢኧޣᆀࣁٿኧϕ፦Ƕ (ΜΒ)፦ӢኧǺࢂ፦ኧΞࢂࢌኧޑӢኧǴᆀࣁࢌኧޑ፦ӢኧǶ (ΜΟ)፦ӢኧϩှǺղձ΋ኧ܈΋ኧа΢ޑӢኧਔѝቪрନኧک୘Ǵ٠ό

၁ಒၮᆉନݤၸำǴӵځीᆉࠠᄊࣁอନݤǶऩନኧࣣࣁ፦ኧǴځၸ ำջᆀࣁ፦ӢኧϩှǶ Βǵԛׇ౛ፕ ԛׇ౛ፕࢂ൚୷ܭ Guttman ໆ߄კϩ݋ݤ܌ว৖рޑ΋ᅿෳໆኳԄǶ ԖٿεҞ኱Ǻ(1)ᔠᡍٿঁᚒҞ໔ଷ೛ޑԛׇǴዴۓ໘ቫᜢ߯ǹ(2)྽҂ଷ೛ ٿঁᚒҞ໔ޑԛׇਔǴૈ΋૓ϯᚒҞޑԛׇǴаዴۓࢂցԖ໘ቫᜢ߯Ƕၸ ѐЈ౛ीໆޑ࣬ᜢࣴزύǴBart and Krus (1973)܌ගрޑԛׇ౛ፕǴࢂа Βϡीϩ(dichotomous)၂ᚒǴਥᏵځӈᖄ߄ၗ਑Ǵղᘐٿঁ၂ᚒ໔ޑӃഢ చҹ(precondition)ϐԛׇᜢ߯Ǵ຾Զև౜၂ᚒ໘ቫǴࡺதԋࣁҔٰۓကǵ ϩ݋၂ᚒ໔่ᄬޑБݤ(է҇ჱǵഋ჏ԋǴ1998ǹ݅চֻǴ2005Ǵ2006ǹ Airasian & Bart , 1973)Ƕ

Οǵӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕኳԄ

җܭЎ᝘΢ԛׇ౛ፕ໻ज़ܭϩ݋Βϡीϩޑၗ਑ǴLin, Bart and Huang (2006)ஒΒϡीϩޑԛׇ౛ፕᘉ৖ࣁӭϡीϩޑኳԄǴԶΒϡीϩޑԛׇ ౛ፕࢂӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕኳԄޑ੝ٯǶ

ಃΒക Ў᝘௖૸

٩ᏵࣴزҞޑᆶୢᚒǴ຾ՉаΠΟᜪ࣬ᜢЎ᝘௖૸Ǻ(΋)ϩ݋Ӣኧᆶ ७ኧፐำ่ᄬǴ٠௖૸ࣴزൔ֋ǴᘜયӚࣴز่݀ǹ(Β)٩ׇϟಏԛׇ౛ ፕϣ఼ǵҞޑϷ࣬ᜢᔈҔǹ(Ο)ϟಏӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕǵ࣬ᜢᔈҔǶ

ಃ΋࿯ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺࣴز

΋ǵӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢፐำϩ݋ (΋)ΖΜΒԃ୯λኧᏢፐำ኱ྗ ௲ػ೽ܭ҇୯ΖΜΒԃႧѲኧᏢཥፐำ኱ྗǴ٠ܭ҇୯ΖΜϖԃ೴ԃ ჴࡼǶਥᏵ྽ԃ܌Ϧթޑፐำ኱ྗύܴዴޑࡰрǴ୯҇λᏢᏢғӧᏢಞኧ ᏢਔǴᔈᕇளޑཷۺǵޕ᛽ǵࡘԵکמૈԖǺ(1)ኧᆶीᆉǹ(2)ໆᆶჴෳǹ (3)კ׎ᆶޜ໔ǹ(4)಍ीკ߄ǹ(5)ኧໆᜢ߯ǹ(6)ೌᇟᆶ಄ဦǶ೸ၸԜϤ໨ ཷۺᆶמૈǴᇶаٽูϐВதғࢲ࿶ᡍǴёவύᕇளԖᜢኧᏢϐޕ᛽Ǵ຾ Զ୻ᎦԖਏၮҔኧᏢБݤǴаှ،ჴሞୢᚒޑᄊࡋکૈΚǶ٠ӧλᏢ໘ࢤ ा୻ᎦᏢғ഻៿ኧᏢǴௗ߈ኧᏢǴૈаኧᏢБԄᆶΓྎ೯ǵ૸ፕǴ٠຾Զ ᎦԋЬ୏ᏢಞኧᏢޑᄊࡋ(௲ػ೽Ǵ1993)Ƕ ӧΖΜΒԃ୯λኧᏢፐำ኱ྗύǴஒኧཷۺϩࣁ᏾ኧǵϩኧǵλኧϷ ཷኧѤᜪǶځύ᏾ኧ೽ϩӧϖԃભਔޑख़ᗺࣁᇡ᛽ӢኧǵϦӢኧǵ७ኧǵ Ϧ७ኧǴԶѬΞᆶ᏾ኧޑ४ݤǵନݤीᆉǴаϷϩኧޑऊϩکᘉϩǵ೯ϩ ǵϩኧޑѤ߾ၮᆉԖஏϪޑᜢ߯ǶӧӢኧǵϦӢኧǵ७ኧǵϦ७ኧൂϡૈ ᏢளӳǴᏱԖ҅ዴޑӢኧǵϦӢኧǵ७ኧǵϦ७ኧཷۺǴஒԖշܭᏢಞϩ ኧޑऊϩکᘉϩǵ೯ϩǵϩኧޑѤ߾ၮᆉǴډΑ୯ύ໘ࢤǴ׳ૈаԜࣁ୷ ᘵᏢӳ࣬ᜢޑኧᏢޕ᛽ཷۺᆶמૈǶ 1. ፐำ኱ྗύӢኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ ӧፐำύӃϟಏӢኧޑӜຒǵཀကǵှݤکӢኧޑפݤǴӕਔӆϟಏ

ϦӢኧޑཀကک؃ݤǴפрٿঁ(܈ٿঁа΢)᏾ኧޑϦӢኧǶӧ௲׷Ӽ௨ ύନΑၮҔ४ݤکନݤ(᏾ନ)চ౛פࢌኧޑӢኧѦǴᗋ஥຾ΑӢኧᆶ७ኧ ϕ଍ޑཷۺǶ ୷ܭኧᏢཥፐำ኱ྗύࡌᄬԄ௲Ꮲޑ౛ۺǴமፓаԾρޑ࿶ᡍٰࡌᄬ ኧᏢޕ᛽Ǵ܌а௲׷ޑӼ௨εӭа௃ნΕᚒǴ೸ၸΟᅿୢᚒ௃ნǴߦ٬Ӣ ኧཷۺϐ׎ԋǺ(1)ஒڰۓᑈЕኧ௨ӈԋߏБ׎(Бତ௨ӈ)Ǵ٠૶ᒵӚᅿಔ ӝኳԄǴ೸ၸ૶ᒵ٠ଛӝΐΐ४ݤǴΨ൩ࢂճҔ४ݤޑཷۺٰϟಏӢኧޑ ཷۺǹ(2)ӧх֖ନϷ฻ϩନޑ௃ნୢᚒύǴ๏ۓᕴໆǴा؃Ꮲูӣเёૈ ޑ฻ϩಔБԄǴᔅշᏢูඓඝᕴໆёаҗব٤ൂՏໆಔԋޑཀကǹ(3)ӧ७ ޑୢᚒ௃ნύǴ๏ۓᕴኧǴा؃Ꮲูှ،ёૈಔԋൂՏໆޑኧॶୢᚒǴᔅ շᏢูඓඝব٤ൂՏໆёаಔԋᕴໆޑཀက(ᖴ୲Ǵ1997)Ƕӆ೸ၸȨૈց ନᅰȩ(᏾ନཷۺ)ǴЇΕȨନݤȩ຾ՉӢኧޑᔠෳǶӧӢኧ࣬ᜢፐำ߻೽ ϩ(Ӣኧ)Ǵᕴ่ܭ೸ၸӢኧϩှޑ४ᑈǴइᒵ४ݤᆉԄǴפр܌ԖޑӢኧ Ǵ٠வځύפрനεޑکനλޑӢኧǶӧ୯λޑӢኧፐำࡕъࢤ(ϦӢኧ) Ǵ२ӃᡣᏢูϩձӈрٿঁኧޑ܌ԖӢኧǴ೸ၸϕ࣬КၨޑБԄǴפрٿ ኧ೿ԖޑӢኧǴ٠่ӝჴሞᏹբڀᡏނǴפрٿঁኧޑϦӢኧǴᏤΕȨϦ ӢኧȩޑӜຒکཷۺ 2. ፐำ኱ྗύ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ ७ኧཷۺӧ୯λኧᏢፐำ္Ǵ܌ᒏޑ७ኧཷۺΏࢂࡰۓ΋ঁ҅᏾ኧࣁ ൂՏໆǴԶҗԜൂՏໆёа४ݤ܄Ӧғԋ೚ӭ҅᏾ኧ(᏾ኧޑኧໆᜢ߯Ǵ 2002)Ƕӧ୯λፐำ኱ྗύ໒ۈ҅Ԅ௖૸७ኧǴࢂӧϖԃભ໘ࢤǴԜਔᏢู ςԖ೚ӭ७ޑୢᚒޑှᚒ࿶ᡍǴΨࢂ࿶த٬ҔޑᇟقǴςڀԖى୼ޑ߻࿼ ࿶ᡍёаޔௗЇΕ७ޑཀကǴӢԜፐำޔௗ೸ၸ४ኧ҂ޕޑ४ݤᆉԄ༤к ᚒЇΕȨ७ኧȩཀကǶӧ୯λ໘ࢤ૸ፕ७ኧୢᚒਔǴځύ૸ፕȨҘࢂΌޑ ७ኧȩਔǴࡰޑࢂҘǵΌٿঁ҅᏾ኧǴӧኧᏢ΢ᅈىҘኧନаΌኧޑ୘ኧ Ψࢂ҅᏾ኧǴЪᎩኧࣁ 0 ޑᜢ߯(᏾ନᜢ߯)ǴԜᆶВதғࢲϐύፋፕޑȨ

ҘࢂΌޑ൳७ȩόӕǴӢࣁВதғࢲύ܌ࡰޑ൳७ࢂȨኧໆȩ΢ޑӭϿ७ ǴԶЪҘ܈Ό٠ό΋ۓࢂ᏾ኧǴٿޣ໔Ψό΋ۓाᅈى᏾ኧ७ޑᜢ߯(᏾ኧ ޑኧໆᜢ߯Ǵ2002)Ƕᖴ୲(1997)ࡰрΖΜΒԃހޑ७ኧ௲׷Ǵࢂ೸ၸࢌኧ ޑ᏾ኧ७ޑ४ᑈǴϟಏ७ኧޑཀကǴ܈ޣࢂ೸ၸ૸ፕ΋ঁ҅᏾ኧǴҗ೭ঁ ҅᏾ኧࣁൂՏໆǴ࿶җ४ݤޑБԄٰౢғ΋٤҅᏾ኧޑ௲ᏢၸำǴٰϟಏ ७ኧޑཷۺǶ ୯λ໘ࢤޑȨϦ७ኧȩཷۺǴࢂа௖૸΋ঁࡰۓޑ҅᏾ኧԖব٤७ኧ ࣁ୷ᘵǴۯ՜ࣁ௖زٿঁ҅᏾ኧϐύԖব٤Ӆӕޑ७ኧୢᚒǴٰϟಏϦ७ ኧޑཷۺ(ᖴ୲Ǵ1997)Ƕӧ؃Ϧ७ኧޑБݤ΢Ǵᖴ୲(1993)ࡰрεӭኧޑᏢ ู཮௦ҔΠӈٿᅿှᚒБԄǺ(1)Ӄϩձ؃рٿኧӧࢌ΋ኧໆጄൎϣ܌Ԗޑ ७ኧǴӆவԜٿኧޑ७ኧύפрӅӕޑ७ኧǹ(2)Ӄ؃рځύ΋ঁኧӧࢌ΋ ኧໆጄൎϣ܌Ԗޑ७ኧǴӆղᘐ೭٤७ኧࢂցࣁќ΋ঁኧޑ७ኧǶ೸ၸ΢ ॊٿ໨ှᚒ฼ౣ٬Ꮲғૈ؃рٿኧໆӧࢌ΋ጄൎϣ܌ԖޑϦ७ኧࡕǴᏢู ջૈ୼ඓඝϦ७ኧޑཀကǶ 3. ፐำ኱ྗύӢኧᆶ७ኧޑᜢ߯ ӧፐำ௲׷Ӽ௨ύǴӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ௲Ꮲࢂܫӧ΋ঁൂϡϣޑǴځख़ा ᜢ߯όقԶേǶӢኧޑཷۺࢂаᕴໆࣁୢᚒޑଆᗺǴ௖૸ёૈಔԋޑൂՏ ໆǹ७ኧޑཷۺ߾ࢂаࡰۓޑ᏾ኧࣁൂՏໆǴ૸ፕёағԋޑᕴໆǶΨ൩ ࢂᇥǴӢኧᆶ७ኧǴࢂٿঁ࣬ϸБӛޑୢᚒ௖૸Ǵځೱ่൩ӵӕ४ନϕ଍ ޑᜢ߯Ƕ வ΢ॊёޕΖΜΒԃፐำ኱ྗύǴа४ݤکନݤࣁӃഢޕ᛽ǴᏢಞӢ ኧᆶ७ኧޑཀကǵ؃ݤکᔈҔǴᘉ৖ԿӢኧᆶ७ኧޑᜢ߯Ǵӆ຾ΕϦӢኧ ᆶϦ७ኧޑཀကǵ؃ݤکᔈҔǴനࡕӆаϦӢኧکϦ७ኧޑޕ᛽ࣁ୷ᘵǴ ᔈҔډϩኧޑᘉϩϷऊϩǶҭջ४ݤکନݤ(᏾ନ)চ౛ࢂӢኧᆶ७ኧޑӃ ഢޕ᛽ǴԶӢኧ(ϦӢኧ)ᆶ७ኧ(Ϧ७ኧ)߾ࣁϩኧᘉϩऊϩޑӃഢޕ᛽Ƕ૟ ஒӢኧᆶ७ኧϐ௲׷ӦՏаკ 2-1-1 և౜Ǻ

४ݤൂϡ! ନݤൂϡ! ɀ४ݤޑཀက! ɀӈрନԄᆶှ،ନݤ! ɀΐΐ४ݤǵ४ݤ߄! ɀइᒵନݤᆉԄ٠ှ،ୢᚒ! ɀΒՏኧޑ४ݤ ɀᇡ᛽೏ନኧǵନኧǵ୘ک Ꭹኧ! ɀᇡ᛽᏾ନ! Ӣኧǵ७ኧൂϡ! ϦӢኧǵϦ७ኧൂϡ! ɀϦӢኧکϦ७ኧޑཀက! ɀϦӢኧکϦ७ኧޑ؃ݤ ɀ᏾ନᆶӢኧǵ७ኧޑᜢ߯! ɀӢኧک७ኧޑཀက! ɀӢኧک७ኧޑ؃ݤ! ɀӢኧک७ኧޑᜢ߯! ϩኧၮᆉൂϡ! ɀϩኧޑᘉϩǵऊϩ! ɀҔϦ७ኧ೯ϩ! ɀӢኧک७ኧᔈҔܭϩኧޑѤ߾ၮᆉ! კ 2-1-1 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧϐ௲׷ӦՏࢎᄬკ (Β)ΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢፐำᆜा ௲ػ೽ܭ 2003 ԃϦթΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢፐำᆜाǴځϣ৒ၨΖΜΒԃ୯ λኧᏢፐำ኱ྗǴӧӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ࣬ᜢ௲׷໨ҞύǴԖၨӭޑኧཷۺӼ௨ ܭፐำϣǴ٠ஒځ௲Ꮲԃભܗ৖ԿΎԃભ(୯ύ΋ԃભ)Ǵёޕΐԃ΋ೣፐ ำஒӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺӄ೽ᑼΕፐำϣǴ٠ஒ௲Ꮲԃࢤۯ՜Ǵය೚೸ၸ ӵԜӼ௨ૈ൚୷ᏢғޑЬाཷۺϷᄽᆉૈΚޑ୻ᎦǶ૟ஒځৡ౦᏾౛ӵΠ ߄ 2-1-1 (ΖΜΒԃ୯λኧᏢፐำ኱ྗа 82 ፐำᙁᆀϐǴΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢፐ ำᆜाаΐԃ΋ೣᙁᆀϐ)Ƕ

߄ 2-1-1 82 ፐำᆶΐԃ΋ೣፐำӧӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺৡ౦Кၨ ኧཷۺ 82 ፐำ ΐԃ΋ೣ ኧཷۺ 82 ፐำ ΐԃ΋ೣ ४ݤ V V നεϦӢኧ V ନݤ V V നλϦ७ኧ V ᏾ନ V V ፦ኧ V Ӣኧ V V ӝኧ V ७ኧ V V ϕ፦ V ϦӢኧ V V ፦Ӣኧϩှ V Ϧ७ኧ V V ΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢፐำᆜाஒኧᏢϣ৒ϩࣁኧᆶໆǵ൳Ֆǵжኧǵ಍ीᆶ ᐒ౗ǵೱ่฻ϖεЬᚒǶӧ୯λ᏾ኧ௲ᏢޑፐำҞ኱္ǴܭϤԃભਔǴ౛ ှ୷ҁޑӢኧϩှᆶ፦ኧཷۺǴ٠ᆶϩኧၮᆉ࣬ϕуமǴࡌҥֹ᏾ޑኧӷ ག(௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)ǴҗԜளޕӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ௲׷ൂϡࢂឦܭኧᆶໆޑख़ा Ҟ኱ϐ΋Ǵ٠ܴुځӚ໘ࢤϐ࣬ᜢૈΚࡰ኱ӵΠ߄ 2-1-2Ǻ ߄ 2-1-2 ΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢፐำᆜाϐӢኧᆶ७ኧૈΚࡰ኱ϣ৒ ໘ࢤ ૈΚࡰ኱ ϣ৒ Β N-2-04 ૈ౛ှӢኧǵ७ኧǵϦӢኧᆶϦ७ኧǶ N-3-01 ૈᇡ᛽፦ኧǵӝኧǴ٠բ፦ӢኧޑϩှǶ Ο N-3-02 ૈ౛ှനεϦӢኧǵനλϦ७ኧᆶٿኧϕ፦ޑཀ ကǴ٠Ҕٰஒϩኧऊԋനᙁϩኧ ӧ୯҇λᏢ೽ϩǴӢኧᆶ७ኧޑӚૈΚࡰ኱ሡၲаΠҞ኱Ǻ 1. ૈ౛ှӢኧǵ७ኧǵϦӢኧᆶϦ७ኧǺаϩԃಒҞ 1-n-07(൳ঁ΋ኧ)ǵ 2-n-08(ΐΐ४ݤ)ǵ3-n-04(ନݤ)ࣁ߻࿼࿶ᡍ(௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)Ǵ೸ၸှᚒࢲ୏ ౛ှӢኧǵ७ኧޑཷۺǶ٠೸ၸӢኧǵ७ኧޑӈ߄КၨБԄǴ൨פٿኧޑ ϦӢኧᆶϦ७ኧǴЪܭࢲ୏ၸำࡕǴᏢูᔈޕၰٿ᏾ኧޑ४ᑈ΋ۓࢂԜٿ

ኧޑϦ७ኧǶ 2. ૈᇡ᛽፦ኧǵӝኧǴ٠բ፦ӢኧޑϩှǺӧӃ߻ᇙբ᏾ኧޑӢኧ߄ਔǴ ёаว౜Ԗ΋٤᏾ኧόૈӆ೏ϩှǴ೭٤ኧᆀࣁ፦ኧǴдॺޑӢኧѝԖ 1 ᆶԾρԶςǶεܭ 1 Ъόࢂ፦ኧޑ᏾ኧ(܈Ԗ 3 ঁа΢Ӣኧޑ᏾ኧ)ᆀࣁӝ ኧǶӧჹ΋ኧ଺Ӣኧϩှޑግಞ္(ᔈᒥൻচ߾Ǻ፦ኧ<20Ǵ፦Ӣኧ<10Ǵ ೏ϩှኧ<100)Ǵว౜ၶډ፦ኧ൩Ѹ໪ଶΠٰǶӕਔӧइᒵϩှޑኬԄϷ᏾ ౛ύ(Ԝਔޑ፦Ӣኧ४ᑈόቪԋࡰኧ׎Ԅ)Ǵว౜όᆅ࡛ሶϩှǴ׎Ԅ೿΋ ኬǴٯǺ ฻ǶᡣᏢูዕ஼ 20 аϣޑ፦ኧϐ७ኧ(λܭ 200)Ƕ٠ёவࢲ୏ύǴᡣᏢูඓඝ 2ǵ3ǵ5 ޑ७ኧ ೕ߾ 5 3 2 5 3 2 2 ) 2 2 ( ) 5 3 ( 4 15 60 u u u u u u u 2u u 3. ૈ౛ှനεϦӢኧǵനλϦ७ኧᆶٿኧϕ፦ޑཀကǴ٠Ҕٰஒϩኧऊԋ നᙁϩኧǺനεϦӢኧǵനλϦ७ኧޑ߃؁௲ᏢǴаӈᖐᢀჸࣁЬǴࡑᏢ ูዕ஼ځཀကࡕǴӆϟಏอନݤǴीᆉٿኧޑനεϦӢኧᆶനλϦ७ኧǴ ٿኧޑനεϦӢኧࢂ 1 ᆀࣁϕ፦Ƕݙཀ୔ᒣϕ፦ᆶ፦ኧޑόӕǴٯǺ14 ᆶ 15ᗨฅ೿ࢂӝኧǴՠٿޣϕ፦Ƕ ӧ຾ՉӢኧᆶ७ኧ௲ᏢਔǴҭሡ೸ၸ४ݤǵନݤ฻࣬ᜢཷۺբࣁ߻࿼ ࿶ᡍ٬ள౛ှӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢኧཷۺǶΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢፐำᆜाύஒ໘ࢤૈ Κࡰ኱ᄽᛢр׳ಒጏޑϩԃಒҞǴ٠аԜբࣁ௲ৣ௲ᏢϷ௲ࣽਜጓᒠЬा ୖԵ٩Ᏽ(௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)Ǵࡺ᏾౛ΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢፐำᆜाύᆶӢኧᆶ७ኧ ࣬ᜢޑϩԃಒҞϷჹᔈޑૈΚࡰ኱Ǵ᝭ӈӵ߄ 2-1-3Ƕ

߄ 2-1-3 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧޑ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞǵૈΚࡰ኱ ԃભ ϩԃಒҞ ૈΚࡰ኱ ΋ԃભ 1-n-07 ૈ຾Չ 2 ঁ΋ኧǵ5 ঁ΋ኧǵ10 ঁ΋ ኧ฻ࢲ୏Ƕ N-1-01 N-1-03 2-n-07 ૈӧڀᡏ௃ნύǴ຾Չϩးᆶѳϩޑ ࢲ୏Ƕ N-1-04 N-1-06 Βԃભ 2-n-08 ૈ౛ှΐΐ४ݤǶ N-1-06 A-1-03 Οԃભ 3-n-04 ૈ౛ှନݤޑཀကǴၮҔ÷ǵɨբᐉԄ इᒵ(хࡴԖᎩኧޑ௃ݩ)Ǵ٠ှ،ғࢲ ύޑୢᚒǶ N-1-04 ϖԃભ 5-n-03 ૈ౛ှӢኧǵ७ኧǵϦӢኧᆶϦ७ኧǶ N-2-04 6-n-01 ૈᇡ᛽፦ኧǵӝኧǴ٠բ፦Ӣኧޑϩ ှǶ N-3-01 Ϥԃભ 6-n-02 ૈᇡ᛽ٿኧޑനεϦӢኧǵനλϦ७ ኧᆶٿኧϕ፦ޑཀကǴ౛ှനεϦӢ ኧǵനλϦ७ኧޑीᆉБԄǴ٠ૈஒ ϩኧऊԋനᙁϩኧǶ N-3-02 7-n-09 ૈ౛ှ፦ኧޑཀကǴ٠ᇡ᛽ 100 аϣ ޑ፦ኧǶ N-3-01 7-n-10 ૈ౛ှӢኧǵ፦Ӣኧǵ७ኧǵനεϦ ӢኧکനλϦ७ኧǴ٠ዕግ፦Ӣኧϩ ှޑीᆉБݤǶ N-3-02 Ύԃભ 7-n-11 ૈаനεϦӢኧǵനλϦ७ኧዕግၮ ҔԿऊϩǵᘉϩǵനᙁϩኧޑीᆉǶ N-3-02 ೸ၸ߄ 2-1-3ǴёమཱளޕӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ࣬ᜢૈΚࡰ኱ǵϩԃಒҞᆶӚ ԃࢤϐ໔ޑϩթᜢ߯ǴӵǺϩԃಒҞȨ2-n-07ȩᆶȨ3-n-04ȩǴ߯җૈΚࡰ ኱ȨN-1-04Ǵૈ౛ှନݤޑཀကǴှ،ғࢲύޑୢᚒǴ٠౛ှ᏾ନǵ୘ᆶ ᎩኧޑཷۺǶȩ٩Ᏽϩԃ຾໘БԄ܌ᄽᛢрǴаճϩԃ຾໘Ԅ௲Ꮲ຾ࡋҞ ኱ޑܴዴඓඝ(௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)ǴӢԜϩԃಒҞȨ3-n-04ȩёаᇥࢂϩԃಒҞ Ȩ2-n-07ȩޑۯ՜ᏢಞǴ٠Ӣ௲Ꮲԃࢤޑ໩ׇǴځ߻ࡕᜢ߯аȨ2-n-07ȩ Ȩ3-n-04ȩ߄ҢϐǹԶϩԃಒҞȨ2-n-07ȩᆶȨ2-n-08ȩǴࣣࣁૈΚࡰ኱Ȩ N-1-06Ǵૈ౛ှΐΐ४ݤǶȩ܌ჹᔈǴՠӧፐำᆜाύܴዴࡰр௲ৣፐำ

ϐ೛ीᆶ௲ࣽਜϐኗቪǴᔈᒥൻϩԃಒҞޑϣ৒ǴՠόሡֹӄᒥྣಒҞޑ ໩ׇǴ܌аԜٿϩԃಒҞᜢ߯ǴаȨ2-n-07ȩQȨ2-n-08ȩ߄ҢǹӢኧᆶ७ ኧ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞǵૈΚࡰ኱ϩණӧΐԃ΋ೣፐำύޑ߻ΟঁᏢಞ໘ࢤ(໘ࢤ ΋Ǻ΋ԿΟԃભǴ໘ࢤΒǺѤǵϖԃભǴ໘ࢤΟǺϤǵΎԃભ)ǴᗨฅૈΚ ࡰ኱ᆶϩԃಒҞࢂᚆණޑచҞǴՠ௲ᏢᆶᏢಞࢂೱុޑၸำǶ໘ࢤ܈ϩԃ ޑೕۓǴமፓޑࢂӧ၀໘ࢤ܈ϩԃύǴᔈаచҞϣ৒ࣁख़ᗺǴว৖٠ֹԋ (௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)Ƕ܌аӚ໘ࢤޑϩԃಒҞሡۯុ࣬ӕཷۺа຾Չፐำว৖ Ǵࡺ߻΋໘ࢤϐϩԃಒҞࢂࣁࡕ΋໘ࢤϐϩԃಒҞޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍǴ߾ಃ΋໘ ࢤډಃΒ໘ࢤޑϩԃಒҞё߄ҢࣁǺȨ1-n-07ȩȨ5-n-03ȩǵȨ2-n-08ȩ Ȩ5-n-03ȩǵȨ3-n-04ȩȨ5-n-03ȩǴಃΒ໘ࢤډಃΟ໘ࢤǺȨ5-n-03 ȩȨ6-n-01ȩǵȨ5-n-03ȩȨ6-n-02ȩǶ٩ԜǴ೸ၸ΢ॊϐ࣬ᜢБԄǴ ёஒӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢϐӚϩԃಒҞᜢ߯᏾౛ӵΠკ 2-1-2Ǻ 1-n-07 2-n-08 3-n-04 5-n-03 6-n-01 7-n-09 2-n-07 6-n-02 7-n-10 7-n-11 ಃ΋໘ࢤ ΋ɴΟԃભ ಃΒ໘ࢤ Ѥǵϖԃભ ಃΟ໘ࢤ ϤǵΎԃભ კ 2-1-2 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢӚϩԃಒҞᜢ߯კ ΒǵӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢࣴزൔ֋ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧޑཷۺࢂ฻ॶϩኧޑӃഢޕ᛽ǴΨࢂКٯཷۺޑ୷ҡ(ڬҥ Ꮜǵቅ౺೯Ǵ1999)Ǵ׳ࢂ۳ࡕᏢಞӢԄǵ७Ԅǵӭ໨ԄǵӢԄϩှǵኧӈ

ǵભኧޑ୷ᘵ(໳୯Ꮜǵቅ౺೯Ǵ2002)Ƕ٠ᆶ᏾ኧޑ४ନǵϩኧޑऊϩǵ ᘉϩǵ೯ϩϷϩኧޑѤ߾ၮᆉԖஏϪ࣬ᜢǶᏢูऩૈஒӢኧǵϦӢኧǵ७ ኧǵϦ७ኧ฻࣬ᜢཷۺ҅ዴಞளǴჹ۳ࡕޑ୯ύ໘ࢤஒԖշܭᏢಞӢԄǵ ७Ԅǵӭ໨ԄǵӢԄϩှǵኧӈǵભኧޑᏢಞǶ

࣬ჹܭځдኧཷۺޑࣴزൔ֋ǴӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢࣴزൔ֋٠όӭǴ୯ ѦЎ᝘εӭࢂ໣ύܭ୯ύ໘ࢤ(Edwards, 1987; Ewbank, 1987; Graviss & Greaver, 1992; Olson, 1991; Zazkis, 1998, 2000)ǴԶ୯ϣޑࣴزΨӧ߈൳ԃ ωԖၨӭޑࣴزൔ֋௖૸Ӣኧǵ७ኧ฻࣬ᜢཷۺǴ௖૸ޑय़ӛࣁᏢูӧӢ ኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺޑᏢಞ֚ᜤϷځ଎ࡘཷۺǵ௲ৣ٬Ҕၗૻ຾Չᇶշ௲Ꮲ Ƕ૟ϩ݋ӚᜪӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢࣴزǴஒځ᏾౛ӵࡕǴऊёϩࣁΠӈѤᅿǺ (΋)ှᚒ฼ౣᆶ଎ࡘཷۺ ໳ᝬᑫǵߋܰ⊭(1999)ӧ௖૸ϖԃભᏢғӢኧǵ७ኧᏢಞ΢ǴࡰрᏢ ูޑෳໆၮࡘว৖όӄǴόܰඓඝൂՏኧکൂՏໆ໔ޑᜢ߯ǴதషౄӢኧ ᆶ७ኧޑཷۺǴठ٬פࢌኧޑӢኧਔԖ܌ᒪᅅǶ ڬЎ۸(2002)ࡰрᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ଎ࡘཷۺǴத཮ղᘐפӢኧ൩ ࢂा٬ҔȨନݤȩǴפ७ኧ൩ࢂҔȨ४ݤȩǶפ൨Ӣኧਔനதᅅ௞ޑࣁȨ 1ȩǹ݅੦ӵ(2002)Ϸߋችࣔ(2002)ϩձӧӢኧᆶ७ኧှᚒ฼ౣϷ଎ࡘཷۺ ᆶԋӢࣴزύǴҭ࣬ӕࡰрᏢғதҔᜢᗖӷှᚒǴᇡࣁाפӢኧ൩ࢂाҔ ନޑǴפ७ኧ൩ࢂҔ४ޑǴ׳ӢࣁӃഢޕ᛽όىठ٬Ꮲғౢғཷۺషౄǵ ཷۺᒪᅅϷཷۺᒱᇤǴคݤ҅ዴ୔ϩ७ኧǵӢኧǵϦӢኧޑ࣬ᜢཀကǴ཮ ԖӭᅿှᚒᒱᇤཷۺǶ Ֆݒދ(2004)аኧᏢှᚒྎ೯ૈΚ௖૸ᏢғޑӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺਔǴว ౜Ꮲูޑཷۺᒱᇤᜪࠠх֖Ԗᇟقཷۺᒱᇤǵᇡޕཷۺᒱᇤǵ฼ౣཷۺᒱ ᇤϷঁΓᄊࡋᒱᇤǶ٠ࡰрȨӢኧȩޑྎ೯ૈΚᓬܭȨ७ኧȩޑྎ೯ૈΚ ǹӧȨ߄ၲԾךཷۺȩ΢ǴȨӢኧȩᓬܭȨϦӢኧȩϷȨ७ኧȩǴȨ७ኧ ȩᓬܭȨϦ७ኧȩǶӧȨຑሽдΓགྷݤȩБय़ǴȨӢኧȩᓬܭȨϦӢኧȩ

ǵȨ७ኧȩǵȨϦ७ኧȩǶ ഋ☰఼(2004)ޑࣴزว౜୯΋Ꮲғჹܭ஑ԖӜຒܰวғཷۺషౄ܈ᒱ ᇤǶڙӃഢޕ᛽όىǵൂϡᏢಞ࿶ᡍޑቹៜǴځཥޕ᛽ᆶᙑ࿶ᡍதϕ࣬υ ᘋǴ٬Ꮲู଺рᒱᇤޑ௢ፕǴ׳Ԗ೽ϩᏢูӢᇟཀޕ᛽όىǴᙯ᝿ᚒཀ֚ ᜤǵܰڙᚒҞύคᜢૻ৲υᘋǶᏢูத٬Ҕᒱᇤޑၮᆉೕ߾Ǵ٬ளှᚒว ғ֚ᜤǶ ᒘ৒ዝ(2005)ӧࣴز୯΋ᏢғӧှനεϦӢኧᆶനλϦ७ኧ࣬ᜢ၂ᚒ ਔว౜ᏢғதԖаΠ֚ᜤǺ΋ǵΑှᚒཀǹΒǵ౛ှ᏾ନཷۺǹΟǵ౛ှ Ӛ୷ҁཷۺǹѤǵၸܭ٩ᒘอନݤǹϖǵคݤղᘐব٤చҹࢂόѸाޑǹ ϤǵคݤϩᒣᚒҞύԖӭܭ΋ঁޑเਢǹΎǵ೽ϩύǵեૈΚᏢғ໻வᚒ ҞύޑȨ᏾ନȩచҹղᘐᚒҞёૈᆶӢኧ܈७ኧԖᜢǴՠ٠คݤ҅ዴղᘐ р၀פӢኧᗋࢂ७ኧǶ ᆕӝ΢ॊӚ໨ࣴزǴёӆஒȨှᚒ฼ౣᆶ଎ࡘཷۺȩय़ӛಒϩࣁаΠ ѤᅿǺ 1.ཷۺషౄǵᒪᅅǺᏢูӧ؃Ӣኧǵ७ኧǵϦӢኧǵϦ७ኧਔǴதԖᚅᅅ ௃׎Ǵᆶځ࣬ᜢཷۺషౄǵᒪᅅԖࡐεϐᜢ߯Ƕ 2.ᒱᇤှᚒ฼ౣǺхࡴӧှᚒਔ҂ૈ҅ዴ٬Ҕ४ନݤǵҔ΋΋ӈрჹᔈБ ԄှᚒਔǴಉЈ܈ीᆉᒱᇤǵલЮ᎙᠐ှញୢᚒૈΚаठᇤှᚒཀǵ௦Ҕ ҔᜢᗖӷှᚒᒱᇤǾǾ฻Ƕ 3.Ӄഢޕ᛽όىǺፏӭࣴز೸ၸೖፋύёว౜ǴᏢูှӢኧǵ७ኧӃഢޕ ᛽όى(ࢌኧ฻ܭবٿኧϐ४ᑈ)ǴӢԜ೷ԋᏢูှᚒ֚ᜤǶ 4.લЮ᏾ӝૈΚǺᏢูᏢಞӢኧǵ७ኧঁձ௲׷ࡕǴჹܭᜪϯ(᏾ӝ)ٿޣ໔ ᜢ߯ϐૈΚ࣬྽લЮǶ (Β)ှᚒޕ᛽่ᄬϩ݋ ೸ၸ࣬ᜢࣴزǴϩ݋Ꮲಞ֚ᜤ܈Ꮲಞᓬ౦ᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ኧϐှᚒள ϩǵޕ᛽ᜪࠠ΢ϐৡ౦Ƕᑵߎβ(1994)ӧࣴزύࡰрኧᏢᏢಞምᛖғલЮ

Ӣኧᆶ७ኧϐᜢ߯׎ԋᆶᜪϯૈΚǴՠ೸ၸᏢಞ฼ౣ௲Ꮲჹܭૈ٬Ꮲಞም ᛖғӧᏢಞ΢Ԗ܌ᔅշǹഋమက(1996)೸ၸޕ᛽่ᄬϩ݋מೌϩ݋୯λϖ ԃભӢኧᆶ७ኧ௲׷Ǵว౜௲׷ύ೽ҽཷۺግಞޑр౜ԛኧϼϿǴ௲ৣᔈ ԾՉ೛ीံк௲׷ǴЪ௲׷ጓᇙԖ΋೽ϩѸ໪଺ፓ᏾Ǵа಄ӝόӕૈΚᏢ ғޑᏢಞǶ ഋ኱݊(2003)ӧࣴزኧᏢᏢಞ֚ᜤکᏢಞᓬ౦ᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ኧှᚒ ߄౜΢ว౜ǴᏢғჹӢኧᆶϦӢኧޑᏢಞၨࣁ֚ᜤǴЪӧளϩǵޕ᛽ᜪࠠ ǵӚቫय़΢Ꮲಞ֚ᜤᆶᏢಞᓬ౦Ꮲғ೿Ԗܴᡉৡ౦ǶԶᏢಞ֚ᜤޑᏢғځ ଎ࡘཷۺεཷԖ४ݤၮᆉᒱᇤǵᇟقཷۺᒱᇤک฼ౣཷۺᒱᇤΟ೽ϩǶ ࡼऍӭ(2006)ࣴزࡰрȨϕ፦ཷۺȩϷȨӝኧཷۺȩࣣࢂȨ፦ኧཷۺ ȩޑΠՏཷۺǶȨϦӢኧཷۺȩࢂȨ፦ӢኧϩှཷۺȩޑΠՏཷۺǹ஭ᆢ ࣔ(2006)ӧӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺޕ᛽่ᄬࣴز΢ࡰрচۈϩኧ࣬ӕϐڙ၂ ޣǴځޕ᛽่ᄬҭԖࡐεޑৡຯǶӧόӕૈΚಔձ΢ǴଯૈΚॶಔޕ᛽่ ᄬკᆶ኱ྗୖྣޕ᛽่ᄬკၨࣁ࣬՟ǴύեૈΚॶಔޕ᛽่ᄬკᆶ኱ྗୖ ྣޕ᛽่ᄬკၨό࣬՟Ƕ (Ο)ံ௱௲Ꮲ ჴࡼံ௱௲ᏢǴճҔᏢಞ฼ౣǵว৖௲ᏢኳಔǾǾ฻БԄǴׯ๓Ꮲู ଎ࡘཷۺ܌ӧǶΪ୯๓(2003)ගрӢኧံ௱௲Ꮲࢲ୏চ߾Ǻ(1)җᏢғ୏Ћ ᏹբჴނǴаڐշځᇡޕว৖ϐόىǹ(2)ၮҔڀᡏނǴࡌᄬᏢғȨ᏾ନȩ ཷۺǴ٠மፓȨ໩ׇ܄ȩǴаᗉխᒪᅅ܈ӭפޑ௃׎ౢғǹ(3)่ӝᏢғғ ࢲ࿶ᡍᆶຼᎁ௃ნǴ٬ᙯ᝿ᚒҞਔόठౢғ֚ᘋǹ຾ԶᕕှȨ1ȩࢂҺՖ ኧޑӢኧཷۺǶᑵ҅ࢩ(2003)೸ၸѤঁံ௱௲Ꮲࢲ୏٬ᏢูѐନȨ७ኧ൩ ࢂाҔ४ݤȩǵȨ1 ࢂ७ኧ܈Ϧ७ኧȩǵȨפ७ኧਔ཮ᒪᅅኧӷҁيȩ฻ ଎ࡘཷۺǶ ׵੍స(2003)аޕ᛽่ᄬ߄ҢݤࡌҥӢኧᆶ७ኧޑບᘐຑໆǴِೲບ ᘐрᏢғޑᏢಞ௃׎Ǵ೸ၸບᘐຑໆޑӼ௨Ǵ຾Չံ௱௲ᏢǶ׳ࡰр௲ৣ

௲ᏢᔈݙཀᏢูӃഢޕ᛽ޑόىǴϷԐ຾ՉፐำፓଛǴᗉխᏢғޑ଎Ѩཷ ۺౢғǶ ໳୯Ꮜ(2003)ϷЦࡼඁ(2003)׳໒วӢኧ௲Ꮲኳಔ຾Չံ௱௲ᏢǴ೸ၸ ჴ፬ᆶঅुޑኳԄǴ٬ள௲Ꮲኳಔ׳уᆒጏǴ٠уаံкၲԿֹ๓Ƕ೭٤ ໒วޑኳಔ࿶ၸჴሞ௲Ꮲޑ่݀ǴዴჴёаᔅշᏢู౛ှӢኧޑཷۺǶ (Ѥ)ӭ൞ᡏᑼΕ ೸ၸၮҔӭ൞ᡏႝတᇶշ௲ᏢǴ٬ᏢғӧᏢಞԋ൩ǵኧᏢᏢಞᄊࡋа Ϸৣғ໔αᇟϕ୏ՉࣁૈԖׯ๓Ƕ݅ᄪ຦(2004)ճҔႝη၂ᆉ߄ޑфૈǴ ࡌᄬ΋ё࿶җᏹբϷ௖઩ޑຎ᝺ϯᏢಞᕉნ຾ՉӢኧᆶ७ኧႝတံ௱௲ ᏢǴว౜Ꮲู೸ၸႝတ೛ीკ׎߄ቻࡕǴૈаόӕޑှᚒ฼ౣٰှ،ཥୢ ᚒǶ٩ᏹբႝတ೛ीკ׎߄ቻޑ௃׎Ǵ౛ှୢᚒޑཀကǴඓඝӚᅿѦӧ߄ ቻϐ໔ޑᜢ߯ᡂϯǴԋфှᚒǶ׳Ӣ୏ᄊޑ߄ቻೱ่ᆶӣ㎸س಍೛ीǴԖ շܭᏢಞϷࡌҥเᚒޑߞЈᆶԋ൩གǴගϲځᏢಞԋਏǶ ໳γប(2005)ᙖҗᆛሞᆛၡѳѠޑِೲᆶߡճޑ੝ᗺǴ่ӝӭ൞ᡏቹ ॣޑфૈǴჴբ୯λӢኧൂϡᆛၡፐำᐕำǴว౜ᏢғӧᏢಞၸำǴჹܭ ጕ΢ፐำ(Ӣኧൂϡ)ޑᏢಞБԄᏱԖଯࡋޑᏢಞᑫ፪ᆶᡉ๱ޑᏢಞԋਏǶ Ъቹៜ௲ৣفՅޑፓ᏾Ǵҗ໺಍ᖱॊޣޑفՅׯᡂԋᏢಞڐշޣޑفՅǴ ගٮΑԴৣ׳ӭޑ௲Ꮲޜ໔Ǵ׳ᙦ൤ޑ௲Ꮲϣ৒Ƕ ᚑᒸഒ(2006)׳ஒၗૻᑼΕၗྍ੤ޑӢኧൂϡ௲ᏢǴ໒ว፾ӝ୯λၗ ྍ੤ჴࡼޑၗૻᑼΕኧᏢࣽ௲Ꮲ(Ӣኧൂϡ)ࢲ୏ፐำǶځࣴزࡰрၗૻᑼ Ε௲ᏢჹᇸࡋඵૈምᛖޑᏢғԖշܭගϲᏢಞԋਏǹՠӧ௲׷೛ीᆶჴࡼ ޑၸำύҭᎁၶډ௲Ꮲᙁൔϕ୏όىǵ௲Ꮲ຾ࡋᜤаඓ௓ǵᏢғፐࡕ٬Ҕ ႝတۯ᪓΢ፐ໒ۈਔ໔ǵᏢғαᇟ߄ၲόࢬᄣ฻֚ᜤǶ ࢫדֻ(2006)а Flash ႝတ୏ฝᄽᛢܜຝޑኧᏢཷۺǴЇଆᏢғᏢಞᑫ ፪Ǵ٠ගٮёᏹբግಞޑϕ୏Ԅᆛ।Ǵ଺ࣁᏢғᇡޕᏢಞޑЈඵπڀǴ٬ ᏢಞޣૈЬ୏ࡌᄬޕ᛽Ǵӆ೸ၸ Moodle ኧՏᏢಞѳѠǴଓᙫइᒵᏢಞ௃

׎Ǵ๏ϒ፾ਔޑӣ㎸ࡰᏤǶ೸ၸ΢ॊᏢಞኳԄǴᏢғӧᜢܭӢኧǵ७ኧϐ ኧᏢᏢಞԋ൩ෳᡍԋᕮᡉ๱ᓬܭ΋૓໺಍௲ᏢǶ࢒ख़ӓ(2006)Ϸߋৎᡕ (2007)ޑࣴز่݀ҭว౜٬Ҕӭ൞ᡏႝတᇶշ௲ᏢǴૈ٬ᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ ኧޑᏢಞԋ൩ǵᏢಞᄊࡋǵԾߞЈᡉ๱ගϲǶ ࿶җ΢ॊёᘜયǴ୯λଯԃભᏢูჹܭӢኧᆶ७ኧᏢಞӸԖӭᅿᜪࠠ ଎ࡘཷۺǴ೸ၸ௖زᏢಞምᛖ܈Ꮲಞᓬ౦ޣځޕ᛽่ᄬϐৡ౦Ǵനࡕӆ௦ ڗံ௱௲ᏢǵၗૻᑼΕׯ๓Ꮲғ଎Ѩཷۺǵቚ຾Ꮲಞᑫ፪ǵਏૈǶՠӧ߻ ॊϐࣴز೿ѝ๱ख़ӧӢኧᆶ७ኧޑኧཷۺ଎Ѩǵৡ౦ǵံ௱ǴۘϿԖӧΐ ԃ΋ೣፐำᆜाΠǴଞჹ௲ৣ௲ᏢǵЬाፐำว৖܌٬ҔޑϩԃಒҞǴ௖ زᏢูӧᏢಞࡕځϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬϩ݋ǶӢԜଞჹᏢูӧӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞ΢௖زᏢูޑᏢಞࢂԖځѸा܄Ƕ

ಃΒ࿯ ԛׇ౛ፕ

ᏢғޑᏢಞຑໆόᔈѝෳளᏢғޑϩኧǴ࣬ӕளϩޑᏢูǴځჹᒱޑ ᚒҞǵཀကࢂόᅰ࣬ӕǴځޕ᛽่ᄬ׳ࢂคݤаൂ΋ϩኧຑᘐǶ൩ԜԶقǴ ໺಍ෳᡍޑຑໆ่݀ᜤаቩຎᏢูޑޕ᛽่ᄬǴ܈೚ঁձంፋёаଞჹᏢ ูޑࡘԵၸำගٮ຾΋؁ޑᕕှǴՠځ຤ਔ຤ΚޑၸำǴࠅߚ౜Չ௲ػჴ ሞ௲Ꮲύޑ௲ৣૈදϷჴࡼޑǶ ՠᕕှᏢูޑཷۺ໘ቫ่ᄬǴஒԖշܭ௲ৣඓඝᏢูޑᏢಞ௃׎ǴӢ ԜӵૈၮҔ፾྽ޑБݤٰϩ݋ᏢูޑᏢಞ่݀Ǵև౜Ꮲูޑཷۺ໘ቫ่ᄬ კǴஒԖշܭ௲ৣ຾Չ௲ᏢǶ ΋ǵԛׇ౛ፕޑཀက (΋)ԛׇ౛ፕޑว৖

ԛׇ౛ፕϐ୷ᘵࢂ൚୷ܭ Guttman ໆ߄კҢϩ݋ݤ(Guttman scalogram analysis) (Guttman, 1944, 1950)аϷጕ܄ໆЁמೌ(linear scaling technique)

(Jansson, 1986)ǴவύќՉว৖рޑ΋ᅿෳໆ౛ፕǶ

Guttman ໆ߄კҢϩ݋ݤૈפрෳᡍύޑ၂ᚒ໩ׇ܈ࣴزፓࢗޑୢᚒ

ԛׇǴՠ Guttman ໆ߄კҢϩ݋ݤ߳ज़ܭጕ܄ԛׇ(linear ordering)ޑᜢ߯ ȐٯǺABCDȑǴҭջ؂΋໨Ҟѝр౜ӧࢌ΋໘ቫǴନΑനଯ໘ቫ DаѦǴځᎩ AǵBǵC Οঁ໨Ҟ೿Ѹࢂќ΋໨ҞޑѸाచҹ (Airasian & Bart, 1974)Ƕऩ٩Ԝ຾Չෳᡍϩ݋Ǵஒय़ᖏٿ໨ᜤᚒǺ(1)ჹ΋ಔᚒҞ຾Չ ጕ܄௨ׇǴѝૈᡉҢрനᆒᙁޑᚒҞᜢ߯ǴᚒҞኧཇӭǴ൩ຫᜤӆᇙ (reproductability)ǹ(2)΋٤ᡄᒠᆶ಍ीޑϩ݋่݀ࡰр٠ߚ܌Ԗޑԛׇ೿ࢂ ጕ܄ޑǶӢԜ Airasian and Bart (1973)ۯ՜ගр΋ঁёϩ݋ጕ܄ᆶߚጕ܄ԛ ׇޑБݤǺȨԛׇ౛ፕȩǴځև౜׳рӭૻ৲ޑ໘ቫᜢ߯Ǵόӆѝឍॊ၂ᚒ ޑᜤܰᜢ߯(Airasian & Bart, 1973, Bart, Frey & Baxter, 1979; Bart & Krus, 1973)Ƕ

(Β)ԛׇ౛ፕޑҞޑ

Airasian and Bart (1973)܌ගрޑԛׇ౛ፕதҔܭ،ۓ၂ᚒ໔ޑԛׇ ᜢ߯ǴЪԛׇ౛ፕޑ၂ᡍԖٿঁख़ाҞޑǺ1.ᔠᡍٿঁᚒҞ໔ޑଷ೛܄ԛ ׇ(hypothesized ordering)Ǵаዴۓځ໘ቫᜢ߯Ƕ2.ஒ҂ଷ೛ԛׇ܄ޑٿঁ໨ ҞǴ຾Չ΋૓ϯԛׇෳ၂Ǵаղᘐ೭٤໨ҞࢂցڀԖ໘ቫᜢ߯Ƕ ӧа۳ޑЈ౛ीໆޑ࣬ᜢࣴزύǴԛׇ౛ፕЬाᔈҔܭղᘐٿঁ၂ᚒ ໔ޑӃഢచҹ(precondition)ϐԛׇᜢ߯Ǵ຾Զև౜၂ᚒ໘ቫ(item hierarchy) ǴࡺதԋࣁҔٰۓကǵϩ݋၂ᚒ໔่ᄬޑБݤ(է҇ჱǵഋ჏ԋǴ1998ǹ݅ চֻǴ2005Ǵ2006)Ƕ (Ο)ԛׇ౛ፕޑϩ݋؁ᡯ ԛׇ౛ፕޑϩ݋ǴёϩࣁѤঁ؁ᡯаᔠᡍр໨Ҟ໔ࢂցڀԖԛׇ܄Ǻ 1. аقᇟ܈კ߄ᛤᇙǴև౜ଷ೛ޑԛׇ ٯӵǺ၂ᚒi ࣁ၂ᚒ j ޑӃഢచҹǶ قᇟ߄ҢǺ၂ᚒi ࡰӛ၂ᚒ jǶ

კᛤ߄ҢǺа i o j߄ҢϐǶ 2. ڀᡏᇥܴ၂ᚒޑ҅ዴᆶᒱᇤޑϸᔈಔࠠ ӃՉଷ೛ٿঁᚒҞ໔ϐԛׇǴӆՉዴᇡ၀၂ᚒϸᔈಔࠠ(item response pattern)ࢂ҅ዴ(confirmatory)܈ᒱᇤ(disconfirmatory)ϸᔈǶаΒϡीϩ၂ᚒ i ک၂ᚒ j ࣁٯ( i  j )Ǵเჹа 1 ߄Ңǵเᒱа 0 ߄ҢǴځϸᔈಔࠠхࡴ(1,1) ǵ(1,0)ǵ(0,1)ǵ(0,0)ѤᅿǴځύ(1,1)ǵ(1,0)ǵ(0,0)ࢂ҅ዴಔࠠǴ߄Ң၂ᚒi ࡰӛ၂ᚒjǴԶ(0,1)ޑϸᔈಔࠠࣁᒱᇤಔࠠǴ߄Ң၂ᚒ i όࡰӛ၂ᚒ jǶ 3. ԏ໣၂ᚒӈᖄ߄ၗ਑Ϸᒧ᏷৒הНྗ(tolerance level)

Bart and Krus (1973)ਥᏵΒϡीϩ(dichotomous)၂ᚒӈᖄ߄ၗ਑Ǵीᆉ ၂ᚒޑӃഢచҹϷԛׇᜢ߯ǶаΒϡीϩ၂ᚒi ک၂ᚒ j ࣁٯ( i  j )Ǵځเ ჹ(а 1 ߄Ң)کเᒱ(а 0 ߄Ң)ϐเᚒΓኧӈᖄ߄Ǵӵ߄ 2-2-1 ܌ҢǶ ߄ 2-2-1 Βϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ၂ᚒi ک၂ᚒ j ޑเᚒΓኧϐӈᖄ߄ ၂ᚒj 1 0 ᕴک 1 n11 n10 n1x ၂ᚒi 0 n01 n00 n0x ᕴک nx1 nx0 n n11n10 n01n00

Airasian and Bart (1973)ᇡࣁӧ΢߄ 2-2-1 ύǴ၂ᚒi ک၂ᚒ j ԖѤᅿϸ

ᔈಔࠠǴځύ(0,1)ϸᔈж߄၂ᚒϐ໔ޑᒱᇤಔࠠǴཀ఼คݤᅈىȨ၂ᚒ i ࣁ၂ᚒj ޑӃഢచҹȩǴΨ൩ࢂж߄Ȩ၂ᚒ i όࡰӛ၂ᚒ jȩǶՠᒱᇤϸᔈಔ ࠠёૈᆬӢܭเᚒޣޑ౒ෳǵቪᒱ܈ᒪᅅ௃׎ǴࡺϢ೚Ԗ΋λ೽ϩᒱᇤϸ ᔈኳԄࢂӝ౛ޑǶӢԜǴჹܭᒱᇤޑϸᔈಔࠠ(0,1)ሡ೛ۓځ৒הНྗǴΨ ൩ࢂё೏ௗڙޑᒱᇤϸᔈಔࠠ܌՞ԭϩКǶऩଷۓ৒הНྗࣁ 2%Ǵ߾߄ Ң྽ᒱᇤϸᔈಔࠠ(0,1)Ͽܭ 2%ਔǴ߾೏ଷۓޑٿ၂ᚒ໔ջڀԖԛׇ܄໘ ቫᜢ߯Ƕ

৒הНྗҭᆀࣁ⸣ॶ (threshold)Ǵ⸣ॶ  ኧॶޑελǴBart and Krus (1973)ࡌ᝼ёڗ = .2ǴAirasian, Bart and Greaney (1975)ࡌ᝼ёڗ  = .05 ~ .1ǴԶ Jansson (1986)ᇡࣁऩ၀ࣴزࢂа௖૸ҁ፦Ъኬҁόӭޑ௃׎ΠǴ⸣ ॶ ኧॶёа׳λǶՠӧჴ᛾ࣴزύǴёҗࣴزޣԾՉ،ۓǶ

4. ीᆉᒱᇤϸᔈಔࠠޑᑽໆ߯ኧǴղᘐࢂցڀԖԛׇ܄໘ቫᜢ߯

ਥᏵ߄ 2-2-1 ޑၗ਑ǴBart and Krus (1973)ۓကȨ၂ᚒiࡰӛ၂ᚒ jȩ ޑᑽໆ߯ኧࣁn01 nǴn01 nޑጄൎࢂ0d(n01 n)d1Ǵऩᑽໆ߯ኧn01 nཇλǴ ߄ҢȨ၂ᚒi ཇёૈࢂ၂ᚒ j ޑӃഢచҹȩǴ٠а⸣ॶ  (0H 1)،ۓ၂ᚒ i ᆶ၂ᚒ j ࢂցԖԛׇᜢ߯ǴᇥܴӵΠǺ (1)ऩ(n₀₁ n)HǴ߄Ң၂ᚒi ࣁ၂ᚒ j ޑӃഢచҹǴջ၂ᚒ i ᆶ၂ᚒ j Ԗԛ ׇᜢ߯ǴԜਔаr_ij 1߄ҢǴаკᛤi o j߄Ңǹ (2)ऩ(n₀₁ n)tH Ǵ߄Ң၂ᚒi όࢂ၂ᚒ j ޑӃഢచҹǴջ၂ᚒ i ᆶ၂ᚒ j ؒ Ԗԛׇᜢ߯ǴԜਔаr_ij 0߄ҢǴკᛤύ ؒԖࡰӛi jǹ ԛׇ౛ፕޑಃΒঁҞޑǺஒ҂ଷ೛ԛׇ܄ޑٿঁ໨ҞǴ຾Չ΋૓ϯԛ ׇෳ၂Ǵаղᘐ೭٤໨ҞࢂցڀԖ໘ቫᜢ߯ǶBart (1971)ճҔ Boolean algebraic (Ѳ݅жኧ)ޑБݤ௨ӈр၂ᚒϸᔈಔࠠޑжኧኳԄǴӆӈрӚ၂ ᚒϸᔈಔࠠޑჹᔈԛኧǴ௢՗ࢂցӸӧ໘ቫᜢ߯Ϸځ໘ቫ่ᄬǶ Βǵԛׇ౛ፕ࣬ᜢࣴز ԛׇ౛ፕёаᔈҔܭӚᜪሦୱǴхࡴፐำ่ᄬӼ௨ǵ᎙᠐מѯǵᇡޕ ᐕำޑԛׇ܄໘ቫ฻Ǵՠځࡕុࣴزϝа௖૸Ҝ٥ണ(J. Piaget)ᇡޕว৖౛ ፕޑว৖໘ࢤϐԛׇ܄ࣁЬ(݅চֻǴ2006ǹAirasian & Bart, 1973)ǶҭԖ ೸ၸԛׇ౛ፕٰϩ݋ǵᔠᡍঁձኬҁӧڮᚒᡄᒠၯᔍޑ߄౜ǵፓࢗ Piaget ޑ 16 ᅿΒϡಔӝ໘ቫԛׇ( Airasian, Bart & Greaney, 1975; Jansson, 1986) Ƕ

Airasian and Bart (1973) а J. Piaget ޑϤ໨୷ኳ(schema)ୢᚒǴ၌ୢ 200 Տ 10~14 ྃٽูǴ٩ྣ܌ԖޑϸᔈǴ٬Ҕԛׇ౛ፕዴᇡ୷ኳϐ໔ޑ໘ቫ໩ ׇ Ƕ ೭ ٤ Ь ᚒ х ࡴ ϩ ᜪ (classification) ǵ ᐒ ౗ (probability) ǵ ಔ ӝ ௢ ౛ (combinatorial reasoning)ǵКٯ(proportionality)аϷੌᡏ(floating bodies)Ǵ Ӆϖ໨୷ኳǶճҔѲ݅жኧ௨ӈр၂ᚒϸᔈಔࠠǴϷӈрӚ၂ᚒϸᔈಔࠠ ჹᔈԛኧǴᕇளڀᡏၮࡘයޑϩᜪ୷ኳࢂ׎Ԅၮࡘයύಔӝ௢౛ǵКٯǵ ੌᡏཷۺޑӃഢޕ᛽Ƕ

Bart and Airasian (1974) ௗ๱௖૸ J. Piaget ޑٽูԐයᡄᒠว৖ډߙ ࡾයᡄᒠࡘԵว৖ϐ໔ԛׇᜢ߯Ƕ೸ၸ 30 ՏύᏢཥғǴᏹբΎঁԖᜢၮ ࡘ୷ኳ(operational schema)Һ୍(х֖Ο໨ڀᡏᏹբϷѤ໨׎Ԅᏹբ)Ǵइᒵ ӚҺ୍۶Ԝ໔ޑ 01ǵ10 ԛኧ߄ǴᛤᇙрΎঁҺ୍ޑԛׇ໘ቫ߄Ǵዴᇡٽ ูޑᡄᒠࡘԵኳԄว৖໩ׇǴࡰрڀᡏᏹբය(concrete operative period)ࣁ ׎ԄᏹբයޑӃഢచҹǶ׳ࡰрࢌ٤Һ୍ჹٽูޑᡄᒠၮࡘǴڀԖ฻ሽᜢ ߯Ǵٯӵ matrix Q tactile SeriationǶ

Airasian, Bart and Greaney (1975) ճҔԛׇ౛ፕᔠᡍ 60 ӜߙϿԃڮᚒ ᡄᒠၯᔍȨButch and Slimȩޑ၂ᚒϸᔈǴ٠ᛤᇙр J. Piaget ޑ׎Ԅၮࡘය Βϡڮᚒ໘ቫǴ٠ว౜ڮᚒಔԋޑΒϡન(bi-atomic)ᆶΟϡન(tri-atomic)໔ Ԗԛׇ໘ቫᜢ߯Ƕ

Bart and Mertens (1979)ճҔԛׇ౛ፕϩ݋ Martorano (1977)ჹܭѤಔ Ӛ 20 Տ 6ǵ8ǵ10ǵ12 ԃભޑߙϿԃ܌ᕇளޑ׎ԄၮࡘΜ໨Һ୍ፓࢗၗ਑ Ǵ௖૸ᇡޕว৖౛ፕޑ׎Ԅၮࡘය୷ኳϐ໘ቫ่ᄬǶӧ೭Μ໨Һ୍ύନΑ ᜢᖄ܄(correlations)ᆶறՅжჾ(colored tokens)୷ኳ೿ѝԖ΋ঁҺ୍ǴځᎩ Ѥ໨୷ኳ೿х֖ٿ໨Һ୍ǶBart and Mertens (1979)ࣴز่݀ว౜ډӕ΋୷ ኳϣޑࢌ٤Һ୍ࢂ฻ሽޑǴԜѦǴ೸ၸ৒הНྗޑᡂඤǴځϸᔈಔࠠౣԖ όӕǴՠ೽ϩ่ᄬϝᡉҢ׎Ԅၮࡘයϣޑ୷ኳڀԖ໘ቫ่ᄬޑ੝ቻǴ٠Ѝ ࡭ٽูӧ׎ԄၮࡘයύΟ໨௢౛୷ኳϕԖᜢᖄǶ

Bart, Frey and Baxter (1979)КၨόӕङඳޑεᏢғӧ׎Ԅၮࡘයύޑ Ϻѳ(balance)ǵНѳय़(plane)ǵដᘍ(pendulum)ǵᅶϯբҔ(magnetization) ǴаϷᜢᖄ܄(correlation)ϖ໨բ཰ϐ߄౜ৡ౦ǶճҔԛׇ౛ፕ຾Չϩ݋ࡕ Ǵёว౜όӕङඳޑᏢғǴԜϖ໨ԛׇޑ໘ቫ่ᄬόᅰ࣬ӕǴӧֽ೽ύࠅ ΞӸӧӅӕޑԛׇ໘ቫǶ Jansson (1986)೸ၸԛׇ౛ፕϩ݋ӧόӕޑኧᏢ߄ၲύ J. Piaget16 ᅿಔ ӝᡄᒠޑԛׇ໘ቫৡ౦Ƕځኬҁ΋ࢂӧ 1980 ԃ಻ើޑ 94 ՏύᏢ΋ǵΒԃ ભᏢғӣเᜢܭڻኧǵଽኧഋॊѡǴќ΋ኬҁࢂӕ΋ჹຝޑ 30 ՏᏢғӣ เѳՉጕკ׎ᜢ߯ޑᇟѡഋॊǶஒٿ໨ࣴزКၨځԛׇ໘ቫࡕǴว౜Ꮲู ӧय़ჹኧӷᆶკ׎ٿ໨όӕϣ৒ਔǴځಔӝᡄᒠޑԛׇ໘ቫკࢂᜪ՟ޑǶ ԛׇϩ݋ᔠᡍόӕ၂ᚒᆶόӕҺ୍໔ޑࠔ፦ǵᡄᒠ΢ޑᜢ߯຾Զౢғ ໘ቫԛׇǴঁձࡼෳᡄᒠڮᚒၯᔍޑࣴزύΨԖᜪ՟ޑ໘ቫԛׇǴՠࢂǴ ર฽ෳᡍёа੃ନᗉխ΋٤җ୺ՉঁձࡼෳຑໆύޑෳໆୢᚒǴ׳ёӕਔ ჹεໆኬҁࡼෳǴ٠ёа࿯࣪ڮᚒᡄᒠࣴزਔ໔(Alliger, 1986)Ƕ է҇ჱǵഋ჏ԋ(1998)ᔈҔԛׇ౛ፕܭຑໆמೌޑ໒วϷΑှᏢูᏢ ಞ֚ᜤکບᘐᏢಞલഐǹ݅চֻǵ໳୯ᄪ(2005)ว৖Βϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕޑ ϩ݋೬ᡏ OTǶ

݅চֻ(2006)ܭࣴزύճҔ၂ᚒᜢೱ่ᄬ(item relational structural, IRS)ޑԛׇ౛ፕБݤǴϩ݋Ȩ࢛ᐈҊᐚࡋෳᡍȩ(Orange Juice Test)ύڙ၂ ޣှᚒೕ߾٬Ҕޑԛׇ܄Ϸ໘ቫᜢ߯Ƕ ݅চֻǵෞහය(2006)ӧԛׇ౛ፕڗӛޑှᚒೕ߾໘ቫϩ݋Ϸځ่ᄬ კКၨ௖زύǴճҔԛׇ౛ፕ຾ՉКٯ౛ှϐှᚒೕ߾ϩ݋ک่ᄬკКၨ Ǵ٠аȨ࢛ᐈҊᐚࡋෳᡍȩޑКٯ౛ှࣁჴ᛾ࣴزୢᚒǴᕇளڙ၂ޣޑှ ᚒೕ߾่ᄬკǶ ׵٫޼ǵ݅চֻ(2006)ҭᔈҔԛׇ౛ፕϩ݋ڙ၂ޣܭᐒ౗ୢᚒύޑှ ᚒೕ߾ϐԛׇ܄Ǵว౜ᕴϩόӕϐڙ၂ޣǴځှᚒೕ߾่ᄬ܄کԛׇ܄ό

ӕǹᕴϩ࣬ӕǴՠϸᔈಔࠠόӕޑڙ၂ޣǴӧှᚒೕ߾໘ቫ่ᄬკύǴځ ှᚒೕ߾ޑԛׇ܄ҭόӕǴ܌᝶֖ޑᇡޕ่ᄬΨόᅰ࣬ӕǶ ݅চֻǵഋಏሎ(2006)٬Ҕԛׇ౛ፕБݤǴϩ݋୯λϤԃભᏢูޑ฻ ໆϦ౛ϐཷۺ่ᄬǶϩ݋ύаཷۺ྽ԋϩ݋ޑᡂኧǴࣴز่݀ว౜ǴᏢู ฻ໆϦ౛ޑཷۺ่ᄬёϩࣁϤঁ໘ቫǶ ݅চֻǵ໳໡൛(2007)аԛׇ౛ፕ຾Չѳᑽᄫఎෳᡍϐှᚒೕ߾໘ቫ ϩ݋Ǵϩ݋ύόӕૈΚ฻ભޑڙ၂ޣǴځ٬Ҕೕ߾ޑᓬӃ໩ׇόӕǴ܌և౜ޑ ᇡޕ่ᄬҭόӕǶ! ໳ذҏ(2008)ճҔԛׇ౛ፕܭѤঁᜪձόӕ໣ဂϐᏢูǴว౜ځᆒዕ ԛׇ໘ቫ่ᄬॎ౦ǴϩձԖځ੝ਸ܄Ǵ࿶ၸٿԃࡼෳࡕǴځޕ᛽่ᄬҭᒿ ๱ᏢูᏢಞᆶԋߏԶׯᡂǶ ӧ΢ॊࣴزύǴ٬Ҕԛׇ౛ፕ௖૸ᏢูӧӚᅿཷۺޑ໘ቫ่ᄬკǴ೿ ૈᡉҢрᏢูӧᏢಞࡕǴځཷۺ໘ቫ่ᄬკ೿όᅰ࣬ӕǴᇡޕ่ᄬҭԖ܌ ৡձǴૈΚॶόӕޑᏢูځ่ᄬҭԖ܌ৡ౦Ǵ೸ၸԛׇ౛ፕᆶຑໆמೌ׳ ёᕕှᏢูޑᏢಞ֚ᜤᆶཷۺ଎ѨǶ٩ԜǴஒԛׇ౛ፕᔈҔԿኧᏢሦୱፐ ำޑϩԃಒҞǴ௖زᏢูӧӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკϩթᆶৡ ౦ࢂԖځѸा܄Ƕ

ಃΟ࿯ ቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ

җܭΒϡीϩޑԛׇ౛ፕჹܭӭϡीϩޑၗ਑Ԗځज़ڋǴӢԜǴ݅চ ֻǵBartǵ໳୯ᄪǴஒ Bart and Krus (1973) ޑΒϡीϩኳԄǴᘉ৖ࣁቶက ӭϡीϩϐԛׇ౛ፕኳԄ(generalized polytomous ordering theory, POT)Ǵ٠ ว৖рԖᜢቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕϐϩ݋೬ᡏ POT (݅চֻǴ2007ǹLin, Bart & Huang, 2006)Ƕ

(΋)ଷ೛၂ᚒ ک၂ᚒi jޑीϩᗺኧϩձࣁC_iکCjǴЪаk 0,1,,(Ci 1)ک ߄ҢǴЪڙ၂ᕴΓኧ߄Ңӵ߄ 2-3-1 ܌ҢǴځύ Ƕ ) 1 ( , , 1 , 0 C_j  l 

¦ ¦

1  0 1 0 i j C k C l kl n n ߄ 2-3-1 ቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ၂ᚒiک၂ᚒ jޑเᚒΓኧϐӈᖄ߄ ၂ᚒ j 1  j C C_j 2  _{1 0} ᕴک 1  i C n(C_i1)(C_j1) n(C_i1)(C_j2)  n(C_i1)1 n(C_i1)0 n(C_i )1x 2  i C n(Ci2)(Cj1) n(Ci2)(Cj2)  n(C_i2)1 n(C_i2)0 n(C_i )2x        1 n1(Cj1) n1(Cj2)  n11 n10 n1x ၂ᚒ i 0 n0(Cj1) n0(Cj2)  n01 n00 n0x ᕴک nx(C_j1) nx(C_j2)  nx1 nx0 n (Β)а҅ೕϯޑБݤǴคݤᅈىȨ၂ᚒ ࡰӛ၂ᚒi jȩޑԛኧࣁǺ 1 1 , '    

¦¦

j i k l kl C l C k n n and 0dkd(C_i 1), 0dl d(C_j 1) (Ο ) ۓ က Ȩ ၂ ᚒ ࡰ ӛ ၂ ᚒi j ȩ ޑ ᑽ ໆ ߯ ኧ ࣁn' n Ǵ n' n ޑ ጄ ൎ ࢂ 1 ) ' ( 0d n n d Ǵn' nऩཇλǴ߄Ң၂ᚒiཇёૈࣁ၂ᚒ jޑӃഢచҹǶ (Ѥ)ਥᏵ⸣ॶH (0H 1)،ۓ၂ᚒ໔ޑԛׇᜢ߯Ǵऩ(n' n)HǴ߄Ң၂ᚒiࣁ ၂ᚒ jޑӃഢచҹǴջ၂ᚒiᆶ၂ᚒjԖԛׇᜢ߯ǴԜਔа ߄ҢǴ аკᛤ 1 ij r j i o ߄Ңǹऩ(n' n)tHǴ߄Ң၂ᚒiόࢂ၂ᚒ jޑӃഢచҹǴջ ၂ᚒiᆶ၂ᚒ jؒԖԛׇᜢ߯ǴԜਔаr_ij 0߄ҢǴკᛤύ ؒԖࡰӛi jǶ ऩ΢ॊ၂ᚒiک၂ᚒjޑीϩᗺኧ࣬฻ޑ௃׎Π(C i Cj)Ǵջࣁሸ΋ࠠ ीϩǶЪ྽ ਔǴջࣁ΋૓தـޑΒϡीϩ၂ᚒǴҗԜёளޕǴ

Bart and Krus (1973)܌ۓကޑΒϡीϩջࣁቶကӭϡीϩϐ੝ٯǶ

2

j

i C

C

Ծ Lin, Bart and Huang (2006)ஒΒϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕǴᘉ৖ࣁቶကӭϡी ϩ౛ፕࡕǴቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕӭԛ೏ᔈҔܭӚࣴزύǴ᏾౛ӵΠǺ

Huang, Lin and Chuang (2007)ᔈҔӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕӧȨ৒ໆཷۺȩ ޑᇡޕບᘐǴँઇচԖԛׇ౛ፕޑΒϡीϩज़ڋǶځࣴزଞჹϖԃભޑᏢ

ูᛤᇙֹ᏾ޑ৒ໆཷۺ໘ቫ่ᄬკǴ٠ஒ၀კϩှԋѤঁ৒ໆཷۺਡЈ໘ ቫ่ᄬკ຾Չ௖૸Ǻ৒ໆ߃؁ཷۺǵ৒ໆ໔ௗКၨǵ৒ໆදၹൂՏКၨǵ ৒ໆෳໆൂՏඤᆉǶёаᇥࢂ೸ၸӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ຾ՉᏢғޑ৒ໆཷۺ ᇡޕບᘐǴᢀჸځ৒ໆཷۺ໘ቫ่ᄬკว᝺࣬ᜢ଎ࡘཷۺǴа຾Չံ௱௲ ᏢǶ

Chang and Lin (2007)೸ၸӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕϩ݋λᏢғϩኧуݤޑޕ ᛽ཷۺ่ᄬǴځύх֖ӕϩ҆ǵ౦ϩ҆уݤ٠షΕϩ҆ᆶϩηࣁϕ፦ǵ७ ኧǵԖϦӢኧǴӅԖϤᅿཷۺϐෳᡍǶ٠аԜ೸ၸર฽ෳᡍᕇள೭Ϥ໨ϩ ኧуݤཷۺޑ໘ቫ่ᄬǴϷځཷۺ໔ޑ࣬ϕᜢ߯Ƕ ᎄ໡໥ǵच௴Ԗǵ݅চֻ(2007)ᔈҔӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕϩ݋୯λեԃ ભ᏾ኧу෧ݤЎӷᚒޑ၂ᚒ໘ቫ่ᄬǶ݅চֻǵഡ଼۸(2007)ҭᔈҔӭϡ ीϩԛׇ౛ፕܭ୯λ΋ԃભу෧ݤୢᚒޑૈΚࡰ኱၂ᚒ໘ቫ่ᄬϩ݋Ƕഡ ଼۸ǵቅϺ๔ǵ݅চֻ(2007)ӧᔈҔӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕܭ୯λեԃભ᏾ኧ Ѥ߾ၮᆉୢᚒޑૈΚࡰ኱၂ᚒ໘ቫ่ᄬϩ݋ਔǴว౜եԃભӧѤ߾ၮᆉᏢ ಞၸำύགډനࣁ֚ᜤޑૈΚࡰ኱ϷᕇளᏢғӧೀ౛ЎӷᚒᆶߚЎӷᚒ ϐ໔ޑ౦ӕϐೀǶ ෞ൫ۃǵ݅চֻ(2007Ǵ2008)ஒӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕᔈҔܭרႍ௲Ꮲຑ ໆǴ຾Չ୏բמૈޑკ׎КၨǴว౜ԃભόӕޑڙ၂੤ભǴځרႍܕԄૈ Κ໘ቫӚڀ੝Յکཀကǹջ٬ԃભ࣬ӕޑڙ၂੤ભǴӢځᏢಞϸᔈόӕǴ ӧרႍܕԄ่ᄬკύǴܕԄ٬Ҕޑԛׇ܄کܕԄϐ໔ޑᜢᖄॎ౦Ƕ ໳ធዝǵ݅চֻǵಷᘑᇻ(2007aǴ2007b)่ӝ໣ဂϩ݋ᆶӭϡीϩԛ ׇ౛ፕ௖૸ϖԃભᏢู৒ໆཷۺޑޕ᛽่ᄬǶว౜όӕဂޑᏢғځཷۺ໩ ׇԖ٤೚ৡ౦Ǵ٠ёٮ଺௲ৣӧ௲Ꮲံ௱ޑ௲Ꮲ໩ׇϐୖԵǴЪӧᏢғޑ ཷۺ໘ቫ໩ׇ΢ҭԖᆶ΋૓௲Ꮲ࿶ᡍόࣗ࣬ӕϐ߄౜Ƕ ࡼ׶޹ǵ݅চֻ(2007)ᔈҔ S-P ߄ᆶቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕϩ݋୯λ ΟԃભȨኧᆶໆȩૈΚࡰ኱ϩԃಒҞޑ໘ቫԛׇ܄ǶځࣴزࡰрǴӚᅿᏢ ಞᜪࠠᏢғӧኧᆶໆཷۺޑԛׇ่ᄬკৡ౦ሥεǴόӕᏢಞᜪࠠޑཷۺԛ

ׇᜢ߯ΨԖ܌όӕǴӵǺȨᏢಞᛙۓࠠᏢғȩӚཷۺ໔ޑԛׇᜢ߯ၨஏϪǴ ځኧᏢᏢಞࢂൻׇಕ຾ޑว৖ǴᆶȨᏢΚόىࠠᏢғȩޑཷۺว৖όӕǶ ೚ඁޱǵࡼ׶޹ǵ݅চֻ(2007)ҭ೸ၸ S-P ߄ᆶӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕаϩ݋ ୯λΒԃભኧᆶໆϩԃಒҞϐཷۺ໘ቫᆶԛׇ܄Ƕࣴز่݀ᡉҢǺӵӕΟ ԃભ΋ኬǴόӕᏢಞᜪࠠᏢғϐཷۺ໘ቫ่ᄬკॎ౦ǴЪ೸ၸᏢғݙཀ߯ ኧଯեޑКၨǴόӕݙཀ߯ኧᏢғޑཷۺ໘ቫኧϷೱ่܄ҭԖ܌όӕǶ ໳ធዝǵЦγߞǵ݅চֻ(2007)аԾฅሦୱޑȨ෌ނᕷ෗ཷۺȩࣁЬ ᚒǴ᏾ӝኳጋ໣ဂᆶӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ௖زᏢูޑޕ᛽่ᄬǶഋ௵ࡏǵ݅ চֻ(2007)่ӝኳጋ໣ဂǵS-P ߄ᆶӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕа຾Չ୯λᏢูኧᏢ ᇡޕບᘐ฻Ƕ

Lin, Chang and Yu (2008)ճҔ໣ဂϩ݋ǵS-P ߄Ϸӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕǴ ჹ୯λϤԃભᏢู຾Չϩኧуݤޑޕ᛽ཷۺ่ᄬϩ݋Ƕගٮ௲ৣё٩ԜБ ԄᕇڗᏢғ࣬ᜢၗૻǴа຾Չံ௱௲ᏢǴ׎ԋ௲ৣԖҔޑޕ᛽ᆅ౛Ƕ ஭ᆢ੿ǵᄃ଻ذǵ݅চֻ(2008)௦Ҕӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕǴᛤᇙӚဂᏢ ูޕ᛽่ᄬკǴ٠аځϩ݋όӕဂᏢูӧኧᆶໆϩԃಒҞޑ໘ቫ܄ᆶԛׇ ܄Ǵගٮ௲ৣ຾Չံ௱௲ᏢǵፐำጓᇙᆶჴࡼୖԵϐ٩ᏵǶ ݅চֻǵ׵דֻ(2008)่ӝኳጋ໣ဂϩ݋ǵS-P ߄Ϸӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ ፕǴᔈҔܭ୯λᏢูޑΖ໨൳ՖཷۺૈΚǴ຾ՉኧᏢᇡޕບᘐǴ٠଺ࣁံ ௱௲ᏢϷፐำጓ௨ϐୖԵǶယЎ଻ǵ݅চֻǵഋֻԀ(2008)่ӝ S-P ߄Ϸ ቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕޑϩ݋БݤǴ௖૸୯λᏢғኧᆶໆЬᚒϩԃಒҞཷ ۺϐ໘ቫ่ᄬϩ݋Ǵᕇளόӕᜪࠠڙ၂ޣᏢಞރݩϐૻ৲Ƕ݅চֻǵ೚ޱ ଗ(2008)ҭ೸ၸ S-P ߄کӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕว౜όӕᜪࠠᏢғޑϩኧуݤ ཷۺ໘ቫ่ᄬৡ౦Ǵаගٮόӕ௲ৣӧᇡޕບᘐϷ຾Չံ௱௲Ꮲ΢ϐୖ ԵǶ Ֆݒދǵ݅চֻ(2008)᏾ӝኳጋ໣ဂᆶӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕǴᔈҔܭ୯ λϤԃભᏢูኧᏢှᚒྎ೯ૈΚϐޕ᛽่ᄬǶځࣴز่݀ว౜࣬ӕளϩޑ ှᚒྎ೯߄౜ǴࠅԖόӕޑޕ᛽่ᄬǹԶόӕဂޑᏢғჹܭ࣬ӕޑှᚒྎ

೯ཷۺǴΨԖόӕޑᏢಞԛׇ໘ቫǹ᏾ᡏٰᇥǴӢኧᆶ७ኧޑኧᏢྎ೯ૈ ΚǴ߄౜ܴᡉόىǶ ቅϺ๔ǵ݅চֻ(2008)೸ၸ᎙᠐౛ှǵኧᏢ੝ਸמૈǵኧᏢङඳޕ᛽ ฻Ο໨ෳᡍǴᇶау៾Ԅቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ຾ՉኧᏢ᎙᠐ૈΚ໘ቫ่ ᄬϩ݋ǶᕇளଯǵեϩಔޑᏢғǴӧ΢Π໘ቫԛׇ܄Ϸ᎙᠐౛ှૈΚ่ᄬ ৡ౦ࣗӭǴ٠ڀԖόӕޑኧᏢ੝ਸמૈૈΚ่ᄬǶ ᆕӝа΢܌ॊǴς࿶Ԗ೚ӭᏢޣၮҔԛׇ౛ፕаϷቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ ౛ፕܭᏢูޕ᛽่ᄬϐ௖زǴҁࣴزట௖૸ӧΐԃ΋ೣኧᏢᏢಞሦୱፐำ ኱ྗΠǴаཥޑϩԃಒҞࢎᄬ܌ԋϐᏢಞ຾ำǴځᏢูӧӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢ ϩԃಒҞϐޕ᛽໘ቫ่ᄬǴϷځόӕૈΚॶᏢูޑ໘ቫ่ᄬϐᡂϯ௃׎Ǵ ࡺ೸ၸԛׇ౛ፕϷቶကӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕǴа຾Չϩ݋Ƕ

ಃΟക ࣴزБݤ

ҁࣴزଞჹ୯λΟǵϤԃભᏢูϐӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞǴጓᇙ୯ λ໘ࢤӢኧᆶ७ኧޑཷۺϷ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍǴᔈҔԛׇ౛ፕБݤϩ݋୯λ໘ ࢤᏢูӢኧᆶ७ኧޑΐԃ΋ೣ࣬ᜢૈΚࡰ኱ϩԃಒҞϐ໘ቫ܄کԛׇ܄ Ƕҁക൩ࣴزࢎᄬǵࣴزჹຝǵࣴزπڀǵၗ਑ᇆ໣ᆶೀ౛ǵၗ਑ϩ݋฻ ϖ࿯ٰ຾ՉឍॊǶ Ǵጓᇙ୯ λ໘ࢤӢኧᆶ७ኧޑཷۺϷ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍǴᔈҔԛׇ౛ፕБݤϩ݋୯λ໘ ࢤᏢูӢኧᆶ७ኧޑΐԃ΋ೣ࣬ᜢૈΚࡰ኱ϩԃಒҞϐ໘ቫ܄کԛׇ܄ Ƕҁക൩ࣴزࢎᄬǵࣴزჹຝǵࣴزπڀǵၗ਑ᇆ໣ᆶೀ౛ǵၗ਑ϩ݋฻ ϖ࿯ٰ຾ՉឍॊǶ

ಃ΋࿯ ࣴزࢎᄬ

ಃ΋࿯ ࣴزࢎᄬ

΋ǵࣴزࢎᄬკ ΋ǵࣴزࢎᄬკ ҁࣴزϐࢎᄬკаკ 3-1-1 և౜ǴᇥܴӵΠǺ ҁࣴزϐࢎᄬკаკ 3-1-1 և౜ǴᇥܴӵΠǺ ԛׇ౛ፕǵӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧޑཷۺෳᡍ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍ ΟԃભᏢғ ϤԃભᏢғ კ3-1-1 ࣴزࢎᄬკ კ3-1-1 ࣴزࢎᄬკ ӄ ᡏ ύ ϩ ಔ ե ϩ ಔ ଯ ϩ ಔ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ ϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკ 1.Ӛಔϐ໘ቫ่ᄬკ੝ቻ 2.ӚಔᆶӄᡏᏢғޑ໘ቫ่ᄬ კϩ݋Кၨ ӄ ᡏ ύ ϩ ಔ ଯ ϩ ಔ ե ϩ ಔ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ ϩԃಒҞ໘ቫ่ᄬკ 1.Ӛಔϐ໘ቫ่ᄬკ੝ቻ 2.ӚಔᆶӄᡏᏢғޑ໘ቫ่ᄬ კϩ݋Кၨ

Βǵࣴزࢬำ ҁࣴزϐࢬำϩࣁΟε໘ࢤǴಃ΋໘ࢤࣁ௖૸୯λ໘ࢤӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ ϩԃಒҞǴጓᇙӢኧᆶ७ኧޑཷۺϷځ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍǹಃΒ໘ࢤࣁႣ၂Ϸ অुᚒҞǹಃΟ໘ࢤࣁ҅ԄࡼෳϷၗ਑ϩ݋Ƕ၁ಒࣴزࢬำӵკ 3-1-2Ƕ ϩ݋Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢ௲׷ ୖԵӭϡीϩԛׇ౛ፕ࣬ᜢຑໆ ٩ᏵӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞ ጓᇙӢኧᆶ७ኧޑཷۺϷځ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍ ᆶኧᏢ௲ػ஑ৎϷ୯λ௲ৣ ૸ፕෳᡍϣ৒ޑ፾Ϫ܄ অुᚒҞϣ৒ ຾ՉႣ၂ অुᚒҞϣ৒ ҅Ԅࡼෳ ၗ਑ϩ݋ϷᆕӝКၨ ϩ݋୯λ໘ࢤᏢูӢኧᆶ७ኧޑΐԃ΋ೣ࣬ᜢ ૈΚࡰ኱ޑϩԃಒҞϐ໘ቫ܄کԛׇ܄ ගрࣴزൔ֋ ಃ΋໘ࢤ ಃΒ໘ࢤ ಃΟ໘ࢤ კ 3-1-2 ࣴزࢬำ

ಃΒ࿯ ࣴزჹຝ

ҁࣴزჹຝࣁ୯λΟǵϤԃભᏢูǴаᆵύѱǵᆵύᑜǵᄆϯѱӦ୔ ޑᏢғ຾ՉࡼෳǴځύᆵύѱΒ܌ǵᆵύᑜΒ܌ǵᄆϯѱΒ܌ǴΟԃભ 16 ঁ੤ભǵϤԃભ 16 ঁ੤ભǴᕴीӅϤ܌Ꮲਠǵ32 ঁ੤ભǶࡼෳჹຝΓኧ ϩձࣁΟԃભ 426 ΓǴتғ 224 ΓǴζғ 202 ΓǹϤԃભ 479 ΓǴتғ 247 ΓǴζғ 232 ΓǶԶ଺เᚒҞԖ܌લᅅ 3 ਱а΢ϐኬҁ(Οԃભ 27 ਱ǵϤ ԃભ 25 ਱ǴӚڗ 90%ࣁځ୷ҁֹԋ౗)ǴࣣຎࣁคਏኬҁǴΟԃભԖ 22 ΓǵϤԃભԖ 35 ΓǴࡺҁࣴزϐԖਏኬҁࣁΟԃભتғ 214 Γǵζғ 190 ΓǴӅी 404 ΓǵϤԃભتғ 223 Γǵζғ 221 ΓǴӅी 444 ΓǴ૟ஒࣴ زϐԖਏኬҁΓኧаΟǵϤԃભϩଛ᏾౛ӵ߄ 3-2-1 Ϸ߄ 3-2-2Ƕ ߄ 3-2-1 ΟԃભԖਏኬҁϩଛ߄ ᑜѱ Ꮲਠ ੤ભ Ԗਏኬҁ(Γ) Γኧλी ΋ 31 Β 24 Ο 25 Ѥ 25 ᄆϯѱ Ҙਠ ϖ 23 128 ΋ 22 Β 18 Ο 25 Ѥ 26 ϖ 23 ᆵύѱ Όਠ Ϥ 24 138 ΋ 27 Β 32 Ο 26 Ѥ 24 ᆵύᑜ Чਠ ϖ 29 138 ᕴी 404

߄ 3-2-2 ϤԃભԖਏኬҁϩଛ߄ ᑜѱ Ꮲਠ ੤ભ Ԗਏኬҁ(Γ) Γኧλी ΋ 21 Β 19 Ο 28 Ѥ 23 ᄆϯѱ ΍ਠ ϖ 25 116 ΋ 27 Β 31 Ο 28 Ѥ 29 ϖ 31 ᆵύѱ ѹਠ Ϥ 29 175 ΋ 35 Β 31 Ο 33 Ѥ 28 ᆵύᑜ ρਠ ϖ 26 153 ᕴी 444

ಃΟ࿯ ࣴزπڀ

ҁࣴزϐЬाπڀࣁԾጓޑȨ୯λ໘ࢤӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺϷځ߻࿼࿶ᡍ ෳᡍȩǴ௖૸ᏢғӧӢኧᆶ७ኧޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍᆶፐำ໘ࢤ္ޑΐԃ΋ೣϩԃ ಒҞϐ໘ቫԛׇ่ᄬϩ݋ǴځύȨӢኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍȩुࣁ A ڔǴ ځ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞаឦ܄жဦ AX ߄ҢǹȨӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺෳᡍȩुࣁ B ڔǴځ࣬ᜢϩԃಒҞаឦ܄жဦ BX ߄ҢǶ૟ஒࣴزၸำ܌х֖ϐෳᡍ೛ ीਥᏵǵෳᡍϣ৒ǵጓᇙၸำǵႣ၂่݀ǵ߻ࡕঅ҅೽ϩǵीϩ኱ྗϷߞ ਏࡋ฻ഋॊӵΠǺ ΋ǵӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺϷځ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍϐጓᇙ ୖԵΐԃ΋ೣፐำኧᏢፐำᆜा(௲ػ೽Ǵ2003)ϐϩԃಒҞϷӭϡी

ϩԛׇ౛ፕኳԄޑ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ǴᔕۓаΠຑໆϣ৒Ƕ (΋)Ӣኧᆶ७ኧޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍϩԃಒҞǴӵ߄ 3-3-1Ƕ ߄ 3-3-1 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ(ፐำᆜाಃ΋໘ࢤ) ԃભ ϩԃಒҞ ૈΚࡰ኱ ឦ܄жဦ ΋ԃભ 1-n-07 ૈ຾Չ 2 ঁ΋ኧǵ5 ঁ΋ኧǵ10 ঁ΋ኧ฻ࢲ୏Ƕ N-1-01 N-1-03 A1 2-n-07 ૈӧڀᡏ௃ნύǴ຾Չϩးᆶѳ ϩޑࢲ୏Ƕ N-1-04 N-1-06 A2 Βԃભ 2-n-08 ૈ౛ှΐΐ४ݤǶ N-1-06 A-1-03 A3 Οԃભ 3-n-04 ૈ౛ှନݤޑཀကǴၮҔ÷ǵɨ բᐉԄइᒵ(хࡴԖᎩኧޑ௃ ݩ)Ǵ٠ှ،ғࢲύޑୢᚒǶ N-1-04 A4 (Β)Ӣኧᆶ७ኧޑ࣬ᜢཷۺϩԃಒҞǴӵ߄ 3-3-2Ƕ ߄ 3-3-2 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧፐำ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞ(ፐำᆜाಃΒ໘ࢤϖԃભǵಃΟ ໘ࢤϤԃભ) ԃભ ϩԃಒҞ ૈΚࡰ኱ ឦ܄жဦ ϖԃભ 5-n-03 ૈ౛ှӢኧǵ७ኧǵϦӢኧᆶϦ ७ኧǶ N-2-04 B1 6-n-01 ૈᇡ᛽፦ኧǵӝኧǴ٠բ፦Ӣኧ ޑ ϩ ှ ( ፦ ኧ ɦ 20 Ǵ ፦ Ӣ ኧ ɦ 10Ǵ೏ϩှኧɦ100)Ƕ N-3-01 B2 Ϥԃભ 6-n-02 ૈᇡ᛽ٿኧޑനεϦӢኧǵനλ Ϧ७ኧᆶٿኧϕ፦ޑཀကǴ౛ှ നεϦӢኧǵനλϦ७ኧޑीᆉ БԄǴ٠ૈஒϩኧऊԋനᙁϩ ኧǶ N-3-02 B3 ୖԵӢኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢ௲׷೛ी಄ӝϩԃಒҞϐᚒҞǴጓᇙԋΒҽ၂ڔ Ǵځ΋ࣁΟԃભᏢғϐӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍ( A ڔ)Ǵќ΋ҽࣁ ϤԃભᏢғϐӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺෳᡍ( B ڔ)Ƕ٩Ԝϩձஒځ၂ڔϐϩԃಒҞ ឦ܄ંତ(attribute matrix)၁ӈӵΠǺ

аΠ߄ 3-3-3 ᇥܴࣁٯǴځύ 06 ၂ᚒǴᆶ၀ᚒ࣬ᜢޑϩԃಒҞϩձࣁ 1-n-07 (A1)ǵ2-n-08 (A3)Ǵ܌аӧ߄ 3-3-3 ύՉӈ࣬ჹޑӦБ኱Ңࣁ 1Ǵж ߄ 06 ၂ᚒࢂх֖ A1 ᆶ A3 Β໨ϩԃಒҞǴԶ኱Ңࣁ 0 ϐೀǴж߄၀ᚒ٠ ҂ෳᡍډԜ໨ϩԃಒҞǶ (Ο)Ӣኧᆶ७ኧޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍǴᚒҞӅी 28 ᚒǵѤঁϩԃಒҞǶځෳᡍ ϐϩԃಒҞંତǴ၁ӵ߄ 3-3-3Ƕ

߄ 3-3-3 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞંତ(চۈ၂ڔ) ϩԃಒҞжဦ A1 A2 A3 A4 ၂ᚒጓဦ 1-n-07 2-n-07 2-n-08 3-n-04 01 0 1 0 1 02 0 0 0 1 03 0 0 1 0 04 0 1 0 1 05 1 0 0 1 06 1 0 1 0 07 1 0 0 0 08 0 1 0 0 09 0 0 1 0 10 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 0 12 0 0 1 0 13 0 0 0 1 14 1 1 0 1 15 0 0 1 0 16 0 1 0 1 17 0 1 0 1 18 0 0 1 0 19 0 0 1 0 20 0 0 0 1 21 0 0 0 1 22 0 0 0 1 23 0 0 0 1 24 0 0 0 1 25 0 0 1 0 26 0 0 0 1 27 0 0 0 1 28 0 0 1 1 ᕴी 4 6 10 17

(Ѥ)Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺෳᡍǴᚒҞӅी 27 ᚒǵΟঁϩԃಒҞǶځෳᡍϐ ϩԃಒҞંତǴ၁ӵ߄ 3-3-4Ƕ ߄ 3-3-4 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞંତ(চۈ၂ڔ) ϩԃಒҞжဦ B1 B2 B3 ၂ᚒጓဦ 5-n-03 6-n-01 6-n-02 01 1 0 0 02 1 0 0 03 1 1 0 04 1 0 0 05 1 0 0 06 0 1 0 07 0 1 0 08 0 0 1 09 0 1 1 10 0 0 1 11 0 1 0 12 1 0 1 13 1 0 1 14 1 0 0 15 1 0 0 16 1 0 0 17 1 0 0 18 0 1 0 19 0 1 0 20 0 0 1 21 0 1 0 22 0 1 0 23 1 0 0 24 1 0 0 25 0 0 1 26 0 0 1 27 0 0 1 ᕴी 13 9 9

(ϖ)ෳᡍϐ߃؁ᔕۓ ஒӢኧᆶ७ኧϐࡼෳϩࣁ߻࿼࿶ᡍᆶჴሞፐำٿҽ၂ᚒǴٮόӕޑԃ ભ଺ࡼෳǶ٠ܭႣ၂ϐ߻ǴӚӼ௨ΟՏύ฻ำࡋޑѤǵϤԃભᏢғ຾Չբ เǴаຑ՗၂ᚒᚒҞϐᇟཀࢂց௶ॊమཱаϷᏢғࢂցૈ୼ඓඝᚒཀǴа ᗉխᚒཀόమቹៜբเǶԶԜԛෳᡍஒΟԃભ၂ڔӼ௨җѤԃભᏢғࡼෳ ǴӧӢΟԃભᏢғܭႣ၂ϐ߻Ǵ٠҂ӄ೽ಞள၀ҽ၂ڔϣ܌х֖ϐϩԃಒ ҞǶ (Ϥ)ᚒҞঅु ӧ΢ॊ܌Ӽ௨ϐᏢғܭ΋࿯ፐ(40 ϩដ)ᔈเ၀ҽ၂ڔࡕǴᆶᏢғంፋ ϐ่݀ࣁǺ1.ᚒҞౣӭǴჹܭਜቪၨᄌϐӕᏢёૈคݤܭਔ໔ϣֹԋǶ2. ᇟཀၸుǴᏢғόܰ౛ှǴҔຒᇾӷёӆᙁൂ΋ᗺǶ ӆӛ࣬ᜢԃࢤϐ௲ৣϷ஑ৎፎ੻Ǵ຾Չ၂ڔϣ৒ޑঅ҅ᆶᇟཀ΢ޑঅ ׯǴЪஒځϩԃಒҞંତϐࢎᄬҗচٰ؂΋ֹ᏾ϐᚒҞϩ݋Ǵׯࣁ؂΋λ ਱เਢࣣԖځ࣬ᜢޑϩԃಒҞǴගϲ᏾ᡏϩ݋ޑֹ᏾܄Ƕஒځঅ҅ࡕϐϩ ԃಒҞંତ၁ӈӵΠ߄ 3-3-5 Ϸ߄ 3-3-6Ǻ

߄ 3-3-5 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞંତ(Ⴃ၂၂ڔ) ϩԃಒҞжဦ A1 A2 A3 A4 ၂ᚒጓဦ 1-n-07 2-n-07 2-n-08 3-n-04 01 0 1 0 1 02 1 0 1 0 03_1 1 0 0 0 03_2 1 0 0 0 03_3 1 0 0 0 04 0 1 0 0 05_1 0 0 1 0 05_2 0 0 1 0 06 0 0 1 0 07_1 0 0 0 1 07_2 0 0 0 1 07_3 0 0 0 1 08 0 0 1 0 09 1 1 0 1 10 0 0 1 0 11 0 1 0 1 12 0 1 0 1 13 0 0 1 0 14 0 0 1 0 15_1 0 0 0 1 15_2 0 0 0 1 16 0 0 0 1 17 0 0 0 1 18 0 0 0 1 19_1 0 0 0 1 19_2 0 0 0 1 20 0 0 1 1 ᕴी 5 5 9 15

߄ 3-3-6 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤϩԃಒҞંତ(Ⴃ၂၂ڔ) ϩԃಒҞжဦ B1 B2 B3 ၂ᚒጓဦ 5-n-03 6-n-01 6-n-02 01 1 0 0 02 1 0 0 03 1 0 0 04 0 1 0 05 0 1 0 06 0 0 1 07 0 1 1 08_1 0 1 0 08_2 0 1 0 09 1 0 1 10 1 0 1 11_1 1 0 0 11_2 1 0 0 12_1 1 0 0 12_2 1 0 0 13 1 0 0 14 1 0 0 15_1 0 1 0 15_2 0 1 0 15_3 0 1 0 16 0 1 0 17 0 1 0 18 1 0 0 19 0 0 1 20 0 0 1 ᕴी 12 10 6

Βǵ຾ՉႣ၂ (΋)ჴࡼ௃׎ Ⴃ၂ਔࣁ؃ෳᡍϐࠔ፦ǴϩձаᄆϯѱϷᆵύѱӚ΋܌୯λޑΟǵѤ ǵϤԃભᏢғϩձ຾Չ೭Βҽ၂ڔޑႣ၂ǶႣ၂ࡼෳԖਏኬҁϩѲӵ߄ 3-3-7Ƕ ߄ 3-3-7 Ⴃ၂ࡼෳԖਏኬҁϩѲ߄ ၂ڔ ᑜѱ ԃભ ੤ભኧ Ԗਏኬҁኧ ӝी ᆵύѱ Ѥԃભ 7 176 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺޑ ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍ(A) _{ᄆϯѱ Οԃભ 2 61} 237 ᆵύѱ Ϥԃભ 7 190 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺෳᡍ(B) ᄆϯѱ Ϥԃભ 1 33 223 (Β)Ⴃ၂่݀ 1. ߞࡋ ӧႣ၂ߞࡋБय़Ǵҁෳᡍа Cronbach’s  ߯ኧٰϩ݋ڙ၂ޣჹ؂΋ᚒ ϸᔈޑ΋ठ܄௃׎Ƕ࿶ SPSS 11.0 मЎހϩ݋ǴӧႣ၂ߞࡋБय़ǴӢኧᆶ ७ኧཷۺޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍளډ  ߯ኧࣁ.8390ǴӢኧᆶ७ኧཷۺෳᡍளډ  ߯ኧࣁ.8623ǶᡉҢԜΒҽ၂ڔࣣڀԖ࣬྽ؼӳޑϣ೽΋ठߞࡋǶ 2. Ⴃ၂ѳ֡ኧϷ᠘ձࡋ аӚ၂ᚒޑѳ֡ኧٰ྽բ၂ᚒޑᜤܰำࡋǴ٠а Pearson ࣬ᜢ߯ኧٰ ϩ݋၂ᚒϐ᠘ձࡋǴӚஒΒҽ၂ڔ᏾౛ӵΠ߄ 3-3-8Ƕҗ߄ύёޕᜤܰࡋӧ .40 ~ .99ϐ໔ǴЪ࣬ᜢ߯ኧࣣૈၲډᡉ๱࣬ᜢǴᡉҢҁ၂ڔ᏾ᡏԶقԖ፾ ྽ޑᜤܰࡋϷؼӳޑ᠘ձࡋ

߄ 3-3-8 Ⴃ၂ෳᡍޑᜤࡋϷ᠘ձࡋ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍ(A) Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺෳᡍ(B) ၂ᚒጓဦ ѳ֡ኧ (ᜤࡋ) Pearson࣬ᜢ (᠘ձࡋ) ၂ᚒጓဦ ѳ֡ኧ (ᜤࡋ) Pearson࣬ᜢ (᠘ձࡋ) A 01 .97 .47** B 01 .86 .53** A 02 .95 .37** B 02 .70 .33** A 03_1 .97 .43** B 03 .95 .41** A 03_2 .96 .44** B 04 .73 .49** A 03_3 .99 .32** B 05 .63 .36** A 04 .82 .41** B 06 .84 .52** A 05_1 .99 .57** B 07 .81 .44** A 05_2 .99 .47** B 08_1 .55 .65** A 06 .93 .52** B 08_2 .42 .66** A 07_1 .84 .43** B 09 .78 .14** A 07_2 .98 .36** B 10 .84 .44** A 07_3 .97 .54** B 11_1 .75 .47** A 08 .87 .38** B 11_2 .72 .55** A 09 .95 .49** B 12_1 .88 .46** A 10 .92 .52** B 12_2 .91 .46** A 11 .92 .54** B 13 .73 .57** A 12 .94 .61** B 14 .83 .47** A 13 .96 .57** B 15_1 .55 .62** A 14 .95 .59** B 15_2 .70 .68** A 15_1 .97 .30** B 15_3 .85 .58** A 15_2 .97 .29** B 16 .56 .40** A 16 .40 .43** B 17 .50 .48** A 17 .84 .53** B 18 .92 .47** A 18 .76 .50** B 19 .87 .50** A 19_1 .90 .51** B 20 .81 .49** A 19_2 .91 .54** A 20 .84 .57** *p<.05 ! **p<.01

ΟǵঅׯႣ၂ᚒҞ চҁ၂ᚒӧ࿶ၸႣ၂ࡕǴᗨฅ᏾ᡏԶقڀԖ፾ύޑᜤܰࡋϷؼӳޑ᠘ ձࡋǴՠځύ၂ᚒᚒဦ A16ǵB8_2Ǵٿᚒޑѳ֡ॶեܭ.50ǴᜤࡋୃᜤǴӆ ᆶ஑ৎᏢޣǵ୯λ௲ৣ૸ፕࡕǴஒ A16 ᚒҞմନǴӢځᚒཀၨࣁుᇧόܰ ౛ှǴЪځჹᔈϐϩԃಒҞҭԖдᚒ(A17ǵA18 ฻฻)࣬ӕǶќ΋ᚒҞ B8_2 ࣁȨፎӧΠӈኧӷύǴᒧрӝኧک፦ኧȩϐಃΒ਱Ǵᙌ᎙Ꮲғϐբเ၂ڔ ёว౜๊ε೽ϩϐᒱᇤࣁᅅ༤ 2 ܈ӭ༤ 1ǴԜ਱ϐෳᡍϩԃಒҞࣁȨ6-n-01 Ǻૈᇡ᛽፦ኧǵӝኧǴ٠բ፦Ӣኧޑϩှ(፦ኧɦ20Ǵ፦Ӣኧɦ10Ǵ೏ϩှ ኧɦ100)ǶȩǴԜෳᡍࣁԜཷۺϐനচۈᚒࠠǴᚒҞޑෳᡍҞޑ҅ࢂӧԜǴ όەᡂ୏ǶA ڔஒځ A16 ᚒҞմନǴϩԃಒҞંତҭԖ܌ᡂ୏ǹB ڔคᡂ ׳Ǵ࣬ჹᔈޑϩԃಒҞόᡂǶஒ A ڔঅ҅ࡕϐ҅ԄࡼෳϷ B ڔ҅Ԅࡼෳϩ ԃಒҞંତ၁ӈӵΠ߄ 3-3-9 Ϸ 3-3-10Ƕ

߄ 3-3-9 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ߻࿼࿶ᡍ໘ࢤ҅Ԅࡼෳ၂ڔϩԃಒҞંତ ϩԃಒҞжဦ A1 A2 A3 A4 ၂ᚒጓဦ 1-n-07 2-n-07 2-n-08 3-n-04 01 0 1 0 1 02 1 0 1 0 03_1 1 0 0 0 03_2 1 0 0 0 03_3 1 0 0 0 04 0 1 0 0 05_1 0 0 1 0 05_2 0 0 1 0 06 0 0 1 0 07_1 0 0 0 1 07_2 0 0 0 1 07_3 0 0 0 1 08 0 0 1 0 09 1 1 0 1 10 0 0 1 0 11 0 1 0 1 12 0 1 0 1 13 0 0 1 0 14 0 0 1 0 15_1 0 0 0 1 15_2 0 0 0 1 16 0 0 0 1 17 0 0 0 1 18_1 0 0 0 1 18_2 0 0 0 1 19 0 0 1 1 ᕴी 5 5 9 14

߄ 3-3-10 Ӣኧᆶ७ኧ࣬ᜢཷۺ໘ࢤ҅Ԅࡼෳ၂ڔϩԃಒҞંତ ϩԃಒҞжဦ B1 B2 B3 ၂ᚒጓဦ 5-n-03 6-n-01 6-n-02 01 1 0 0 02 1 0 0 03 1 0 0 04 0 1 0 05 0 1 0 06 0 0 1 07 0 1 1 08_1 0 1 0 08_2 0 1 0 09 1 0 1 10 1 0 1 11_1 1 0 0 11_2 1 0 0 12_1 1 0 0 12_2 1 0 0 13 1 0 0 14 1 0 0 15_1 0 1 0 15_2 0 1 0 15_3 0 1 0 16 0 1 0 17 0 1 0 18 1 0 0 19 0 0 1 20 0 0 1 ᕴी 12 10 6

ಃѤ࿯ ၗ਑ᇆ໣ᆶೀ౛

ҁ࿯хࡴ҅Ԅࡼෳၸำǵीϩ኱ྗǵ၂ᚒࠔ፦ϩ݋Ƕ ΋ǵ҅Ԅࡼෳၸำ Ԝԛ҅Ԅෳᡍܭ҇୯ 96 ԃ 6 Д຾ՉǴҁԛෳᡍӅϩΒҽ၂ڔǴϩձ ࣁΟǵϤԃભᏢғϐෳᡍǴԜԛෳᡍߚԋ൩ຑໆࡺаᏢғࣣૈֹԋ၂ڔࣁ ЬाԵໆǴ၂ڔᚒҞኧໆόӭǴЪᜤࡋ፾ύǴคᖑుᚒҞǶࡼෳਔፎ௲ৣ Ӄஒࡼෳሡݙཀ٣໨֋ນᏢғӆՉࡼෳǴࡼෳਔ໔ुࣁ΋࿯ፐ 40 ϩដǶ Βǵीϩ኱ྗ ࡼෳ຾Չֹ౥ࡕǴࣴزޣஒচۈբเϸᔈၗ਑ࡌᔞǴմନคਏኬҁǴ คਏኬҁхࡴ༤เό಄ӝբเБԄǴӵೕࡓբเǵӣเόֹ᏾Ǵځύჹ༤ เόֹ᏾ޑೀ౛চ߾ࣁǴ଺เᚒҞԖ܌લᅅ 3 ਱а΢ϐኬҁ(Οԃભ 26 ਱ ǵϤԃભ 25 ਱ǴӚڗ 90%ࣁځ୷ҁֹԋ౗)ǶԖਏኬҁύǴङඳᡂ໨хࡴ ǺᏢਠжဦǵ੤ભжဦǵ০ဦǵ܄ձаϷӚ၂ᚒբเเਢǶीϩБԄа၂ ᚒ਱ηࣁीϩϐ୷ҁൂՏǴ၀਱เਢ҅ዴǴջள 1 ϩǴᒱᇤ߾ள 0 ϩǶ Οǵ၂ᚒࠔ፦ϩ݋ ஒࡼෳޑ่݀຾Չ၂ᚒϩ݋Ǵև౜၂ᚒϐᜤܰࡋǵ᠘ձࡋǵߞࡋϷਏ ࡋǶ (΋)ᜤܰࡋ ᜤܰࡋϩ݋ԑӧीᆉ؂ঁ၂ᚒޑᜤܰำࡋǴҁԛෳᡍӅԖΒҽ၂ڔǴ ࣣа၂ᚒ਱ηࣁ୷ҁीϩൂՏǴаԜीᆉӚ၂ᚒ਱ηளϩϐѳ֡ኧǴٰΑ ှ၂ᚒޑᜤܰำࡋǶځ᏾౛ӵ߄ 3-4-1Ǵёว౜߄ύΒҽ၂ڔӚᚒϐᜤܰࡋ ϩթӧ.50ɴ.99ǶӢԜǴҁෳᡍϐᜤܰࡋᔈࣁ፾྽Ƕ (Β)᠘ձࡋ ᠘ձࡋϩ݋ޑЬाҞޑӧܭΑှ၀၂ᚒࢂցڀԖ୔ձᏢғૈΚଯե ޑфૈǶҁࣴزа Pearson ࣬ᜢ߯ኧٰϩ݋၂ᚒϐ᠘ձࡋǴځीᆉБݤࢂ

аڙ၂ޣӧࢌᚒҞޑளϩᆶځෳᡍᕴϩޑ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǴаԜ߯ኧ߄Ң၀ᚒϐ ᠘ձࡋǶҗ߄ 3-4-1 ёޕǴ܌Ԗ၂ᚒځ࣬ᜢ߯ኧ֡ၲᡉ๱࣬ᜢǴЪၲᡉ๱ Нྗ(p<.01)ǶӢԜǴᡉҢԜҽ၂ڔᏱԖ࣬྽ؼӳޑ᠘ձࡋǶ ߄ 3-4-1 ҅ԄෳᡍޑᜤࡋϷ᠘ձࡋ Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺޑ߻࿼࿶ᡍෳᡍ(A) Ӣኧᆶ७ኧཷۺෳᡍ(B) ၂ᚒጓဦ ѳ֡ኧ (ᜤࡋ) Pearson ࣬ᜢ (᠘ձࡋ) ၂ᚒጓဦ ѳ֡ኧ (ᜤࡋ) Pearson ࣬ᜢ (᠘ձࡋ) A 01 .96 .57** B 01 .82 .40** A 02 .91 .55** B 02 .75 .54** A 03_1 .97 .35** B 03 .96 .38** A 03_2 .97 .25** B 04 .81 .51** A 03_3 .98 .37** B 05 .70 .44** A 04 .70 .40** B 06 .85 .57** A 05_1 .99 .19** B 07 .82 .52** A 05_2 .99 .20** B 08_1 .62 .57** A 06 .90 .54** B 08_2 .50 .56** A 07_1 .81 .14** B 09 .82 .48** A 07_2 .97 .31** B 10 .84 .43** A 07_3 .99 .23** B 11_1 .87 .57** A 08 .81 .45** B 11_2 .83 .59** A 09 .98 .58** B 12_1 .79 .56** A 10 .79 .49** B 12_2 .88 .53** A 11 .80 .50** B 13 .75 .57** A 12 .88 .65** B 14 .85 .51** A 13 .94 .44** B 15_1 .66 .61** A 14 .93 .44** B 15_2 .75 .70** A 15_1 .97 .33** B 15_3 .89 .53** A 15_2 .97 .37** B 16 .55 .43** A 16 .81 .49** B 17 .67 .53** A 17 .75 .42** B 18 .91 .51** A 18_1 .95 .37** B 19 .80 .40** A 18_2 .96 .42** B 20 .82 .53** A 19 .76 .51** *p<.05 ! **p<.01