教室目標結構與成就目標取向對國小學童自我阻礙行為及考試焦慮之預測作用

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(3) 519. Journal ofEducation & Psychology September, 2006, Vol. 29 No.3, pp. 517-546. Classroom Goal Structures and Achievement. Goal Orientations as Predictors of Children's. Self-Handicapping and Test Anxiety. Shu-Shen Shih·. Abstract. This study investigated how Taiwanese children's perceptions of classroom goal structure and personal goal orientations were related to each other and to their use of self-handicapping strategies and test anxiety. Three hundred and twenty-six sixth-grade students completed a self-report survey assessing their achievement goal orientations, perceptions of the classroom goal structure, use of self-handicapping strategies, and test anxiety. Results suggested that both the mastery and performance goal structures positively predicted children's mastery goal orientations. The performance goal structure emerged as a positive predictor of both performance-approach and performance avoidance goal orientations. The significant interaction between mastery and performance goal structures on the personal performance-avoidance goal orientation indicated that the negative association between the mastery structure and performance avoidance orientation was stronger among students who scored higher on the performance structure scale. With regard to predictors of self-handicapping and test anxiety, mastery goal orientation negatively predicted self-handicapping, whereas • Shu-Shen Shih: Associate Professor of Institute of Teacher Education, National Chengchi University E-mail: [email protected] Manuscript received: 2005.08.03; Revised: 2006.01.19; Accepted: 2006.03.09.

(4) 520. performance-avoidance goal orientation was a positive predictor. Performance-approach and performance-avoidance goal orientations, as well as self-handicapping positively predicted test anxiety. Implications for education and future research are discussed.. Keywords: achievement goals; classroom goal structure; self-handicapping; test anxiety.

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(10) 526. ~~iimffiBltt~.:J,{*~§~11f{[i[. (Maehr & Kaplan, 2000) , Ef):5j' 1¥J13Z:J!I.. (**~Ifi$. ~~~. ,. ,. ~ijtr ,. (Midgley & Urdan, 1995,2001) , /fi@Urdan ( 1998) t}Pi11~lJ!=~. *l ' 1974 ; Sarason, 1978; Spielberger & Vagg, 1995). §~~ffJlW§. ~.~~~Jf!~~l±llJ!~$@JI~~i@1¥J. 0. ~~iimi'J~ra~IUl{*,ill*-f~J! g,Wf:re1JD~.:J,. ( Urdan & Midgley, 2001 ). r*J~'fiN' ~~lJ!~¥ti~.. 0. fJf~\jlgl¥JfEN. m:~ § ~t~ §fx~iimffi ra~IUl{*,;L~lJ!. '. f'SJ~~:9}~4. :@~JfA±t&t&151:/\fJ~~• •I¥JWf:re. (Dusek, 1980). , II g,~11fJ~'rll!lAm: §~rmmi'J~ra~1Ul1*,1¥J~. , 2001 ; ~*;lIm. (. A<=.J""'-'. R~J!I.'~lIt:i&!:t:It+1f-*'. '~r*J:tE~1J. §. '. '. (.=..). ' 2002 ; fE. 0. ~~~.tI.~11§1.A..131Ml1";uE:TfEn z:.M~. j;pgt,f , 2003) , Mz*Jtt~¥ § ~*j§t¥ifJ. *-f. §~rnmffiBlttI¥J~m;L~.~rr~mo. 8"JWf~. , ~j[;:tEftJ'ftll¥J~ § ~~iimi'J~lIt ~ 7f1g]J!*fEk1&tJg ~JrW:tl~1fU~§~~iimra~;LIUlf*' ' :;$:. ~?J~DW~~*~1~1fH-~ra~1¥J1Ul1*,. ,- ~?J ~D :r tI t~:r:t: J (cognitive interfer ence model) ~{i;~ ( , 1993 ;. Wf~?::Hm1J~~fffU{±J~AmJtt § ~11XrPJ;L. :tE~~1~tc~I¥J~*j;J&tf!1H,\ §. , ~~~!±.RFf~DI:¥UI¥J~¥ § i@~t;~~~1=t § ~~iimij~l¥Jm~U1'1=m. Jls:I¥JA ' ?Jj\NP. o. jijY!i ' 1992). fr!r8Jf~~~.tI.. §. 1_. (tlD~{,\~/f~f.Yi1IDT). '. , lit. ~E8~r'±~1J"~~fJ. ?. Lffjj~$~7'±tfHJ!I.~. ~iim1'J~' ~NI¥J~~. • • ~.m&-OOAI¥J~~~m(m. , 1987 ; Elliot &'. McGregor, 1999; Hembree, 1988). "",u,,,,,,.,,...,,. & ~j;J § fX~.~~ (self-focus). ,pxfii.A§~W~~~.. (-). 0. '. m:@JfHE.~WI1'F:;$:~~IUlI¥JJ3Z:Jf!. 0. A. , lli~~JI'*f'iJ:i'ft. 0. RFf~~. 1m:tE [fJ ~wHt'lw~. , .... /> .......A.J!Jv. lJ! (Sarason, 1984; Schwarzer Jerusalem, 1992). &. ~OO1m~~~m1lJf1gm*8"J/ffU~.. '. ~. 0. mgtj}]~~Ji~*§m~Hiff~~r#J ~a~:rem:gt.

(11) :ft:t El ~$t.~~;M, El ~~~tt~+*:i ~. a~!t4itfTlbll~ti\:.;tt4~Jj{iftHl:Jfl. §~W~~~~~Z~~°ft=~~~ §~IfxlnJJ:f:l. Q. ft~m. § ,t§..,:::A<tS:. §~83. 11 ' 831i~jfct~tb~8kJ*6*ttttm*1'Ft%. •• ,~.m~~. •• ~~~'.±.~IItOO~j]~m.w. '. ~&~~~~~~~. ~. 527. , ··~aB"Jg. fD~~~~rI'l9Jjj[rRJlliE:f§~ (Elliot &. ~~:'ffll8~. McGregor, 1999, 2001; Middleton &. liiM~~pJT~mtb*~tfgj]*~ffij5E. '. m~§. '~~,ra;;DI: , ~±'~~~~Er':J*6*t%&. ~J[UfD~±'illqs1t5'f'ffjjtJ:f:lpJT~~¥U~~. , fuhtttb~"ilJtfg I/; i¥P 1t5'f'ff jjt 8~ ~ ¥n 1.t 1ID ' §f~U6~B"J~~f!E '. Midgley, 1997; Skaalvik, 1997) ;. ~~~1l~~~:f§~ (Elliot & McGregor,. 1999;. Middleton. Midgley,. &. 1997;. Wolters, Yu, & Pintrich, 1996) ; JflInJB"J >=1 f\ll1 ill. .~ ~ 1E t j 1m .......... ~ o.J..\.t,\\,> ~~1*~~8)j. , WF~~J~IIt-~§~IfxlnJi~~~~mt tfg fj ft iE :f§ ~ (Middleton & Midgley, 1997), :f§ ~ (Skaalvik, 1997) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ :f§ ~ (Elliot & McGregor, 1999; Wolters et al., 1996). UN.. r. tfgj] J. (Anderman, 1999; Kaplan & Maehr, 1999; Roeser & Eccles, 1998; Roeser et al., 1996) ~ffij~&~WF9i:~ift.±.pJT 0. §~*,6~W~Jtf!!MA~m. 0. § ~W@I. , 1.f\~Pft!!fl~~ff,qX;~ § , ~i!ffr~t%pJT~Ojt¥n~~~ § ~*,6 ~~~ , ffij~~¥n~~f~ll. , li. "ilJ J;Jm~fruJ;JJf~~WF~ft=~~1*z~ 0. , ~~~~~~tJE$~8kJ1tJtInJ~ fttlfii 1ID ~ ~ IDt ~ ~ ~. ~§~~InJW~~~mtOO~~z~fr'i~. f~. ~'['ff~~~~rI'l9~1*zm~tlJ~fr'i~~. ~J:fjft~-¥!x:B"J*,6*. ~,~1j£~~tJE~II~8kJ.~m!bJ;J~iE~. tb. Linnenbrink W Pintrich (2002) r ,[~J.jU J. ~g~1I1il1B"Jm~m~. f~~ftt!1r~8kJ9t. , *WF~ftf~,~m~ § t~~~IDt1.tmt. ? ~IXJ~~~ttJ~~1.t~pJT1'F8kJWF~ ,1985 ; ~~~ ,1984 ; *~. (. Er'J=m~tl1'Fm~ ,~Jr~J.jUN.~~m~~~. !iII ' 1982 : iftrfl !..U ' 1978 ;. ~~tJOJ;J~ftn1±. 1982 :. '. J;J1I14}~m:f!!M~~m. §~IfxInJW~~~mtFa~~1*Z~tflatJf. Wmm ' ~frJfrI ' 1987). 1.f\:f§~~zlDl1i~~~~jjt~~~5C,1i~. g~1.tmtf~1l8kJ~.~1J1IDB"J~~. 8)jli~fIl*o. (.=..). '. , *WF. ~~~~~~%EI.m~6"1A'a"l. ~*~GMm~WF9i:z~D'.83~~. z.Jm~. ~~§~*6~W~1i@lA,qX;~§. ~T@lA~~J}'. ~ft~. ~1.t~~IDmJ:?JJ\mM~~il!'~~fEl. , ft~~~'f'~jjtf '. i} f~1.tmt~~~. W~~~mtz~~UN.~li1'Fm~~,. f!f;!t~trrJj1r~ft*~~~'¥:*,,~J:zm~J'i. ID1. '. J;Jf!~~1i8kJ{j\l!l[~m. 0.

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(16) (M. <. = 3.60 vs. M = 2.87; t(325) = 13.38, p. .001). ::f1'O]~ Elliot~A. 0. (2001) f¥J. ti1fj"G~7T,~ltt~ffr±~f¥JfiX~1tJHfi]nNB! f~~92.f¥J~fJ! § ~. , {E*ti1fJ'ecp , ~£::f11i{Enl"~ § f~lf:Z rtD l:S!91~7:HI~ tfur%n~~92.f¥J~fJ!§ (M = 3.60 vs. M =2.53; t(325) =16.98, p < .001 ) , ~. , rm~~3tt~~~ s"Jill!m~iJffl!m"~§1~",1:::l1f'l' (r = -.25, p < .01) § ~lf:zrtD (r = .27, P < .01) .¥n~:iftJt~ JJI~iJ7tlJiJ:fDlElrtD (r = .27, p < .01) tr1! ~ 92. f¥J ~ fJ! § If:Z [oj (r = .55, p < .01). p <. .01). 0. £{EjflrtDl¥J~m§. r%~~92.I¥J~:fJ!§. 2.53;. t(325). (M. " ~JI1H!§sftBt~JTrfi~JtIJ@A ;LPX8JL § ~EN [i5]. = 2.87 vs. M =. =6.27, p < .001). 0. § f~lf:zrtD , ifj"G~M~m ~"'t=.~t:1~. §~lf:zrtD. §f~1fXrtDW. 7tlJUf'F~~~Milm~ifi7ttfTL~J~~J][1JDj;). ~1. 1*~. 0. flHJ~~lpJT7f;. ,. jfI rtD B"J ~:fJ! § ~ If:Z [0:1. =.51,p < .01) ;. ~. LKr=+R§~W~. 92.B"J~:fJ! §. <. .01) .lltYi- ' 0. (r. (r. = ,40, p. § "'*ffiiDff£t"N:~xJ-7l', §. ~*,a.rs~~lEtfjiijJ (r. = ,46, p < .01) ,. 1'i7f;• •~£-a:rHg~D1f¥a~~fIl'OJffiff¥. <. .01). (-)~J.t § ~lf~. {Em. cp , J;)t!:lJiJE<.. _~cP;2:""~4iS;.err*,ilt,J~ ~~J-V<..rr:§l~J~l~~3i!· .... ,. •. :1trh_~cP;i""~. .,.., 'I"~~,I-V<..!f~;I::J. ~£Lm~§~lf:zrtD~~~Lm~Jltl~*. ( /3 = .30, p. <. .001) m-P'&MI¥J5J\.ffT. (r 4 =.7,p. 1& ' J:tJ1J0729% -a:rm~L~~~ , F(4, 321) = 49,42, P < .001 ; {E~ffiUf±'I:.tlJrJR ~~,r£*1f1& ' ( /3 = .25, p < .001 ) ( /3 = ,41, p < .001) i'=jfiglErtDm~Wlm"~ § ~lf:Z rtD 1£~1& MP'& MI¥J7tffTfI ' § f~~~. .01) :fD lEI rt'i] 8'9 If:Z rtD (r = .29, p < .01) ; .¥~~:fJ! § ~*,a.~iJW~jfMALnl~ (r =.54, p < .01) ,lEI S"J (r = .65, p < .01) :fD ~ 92. S"J § If:Z rbJ (r = .32, p < .01). = .33, p. 0. Mm~w~m§~~.~AilmM.~. <. :fD~MA. ~21'i7f;.llt~~7t L7t:ffT*,a*. §~~. {E~nl~w~m§ a~D~~-~~ 1f'l'!j' ;x.ilJ..l,,,,,,,£Il'!!. 7ttfT '. 0. L3(R1'Fm~.g.'l*1JoAilmMf~~cp 01£. af'X~J3.1ii1T~. *ifj"Gcp,. §. rtD(r. M:&m15lIJ~Jj["1tJ~~~7t~1&. = .37,. 1~1Ellltrs~f¥J*{l (Aiken & West,. "...',,"1);",. (r. .~I¥JIDfiX~~~. '. fl}* 1991;.

(17) ,*i:£. § {~Ut;j:.~J&~,t § {~J1ifoJ1\'t ~. +"':t (::J .a~il~1t J.\l;a~~~;tut..z.ffUMfFfij. 533. ~P.!iH®~7HfTfJt~JlIJ@lA;ZJJX~i EI f~ml[i5] (N,: 326 ). ~ 2. 8fi'ila~~IjiEH~~fi'ilb. *~1.~EH~~fi'ila t:UIJ~J~. B. SEB. /3. .29 -.01. .05 .10. .30*** -.01. .15 -.08 .24 .40. .05 .09 .05 .05. .14 -.08 .24 .42 -.05. .05 .08 .05 .05 .04. lll!M~~!Uji§~~fi'ilc. SEB. /3. .17 -.01. .05 .11. .17** -.01. -.22 -.06. .05 .10. -.22*** -.03. .15** -.04 .25*** .41***. .06 -.08 -.02 .65. .04 .08 .05 .05. .06 -.04 -.02 .65***. -.23 -.11 -.23 .46. .05 .09 .05 .05. -.23*** -.06 -.23* ** .46***. .14** -.05 .24*** .42*** -.06. .06 -.09 -.02 .66 -.04. .04 .08 .05 .05 .04. .06 -.05 -.02 .67*** -.05. -.24 -.12 -.25 .49 -.10. .05 .05 .09 .06 .04. -.24*** -.06 -.25*** .50*** -.12*. B. SEB. B. /3. f~ru!-. ~~PX*l 11~1J f~ru!= ~~px*~ 11~1J. *~1.~ § ~~*E~~ ~Iji§~*E~~. mru!= ~~PX~ 11~1J *~1.~§~*E~~ ~Iji§~*E~~. *~1.~§~*E~~X ~Iji§~*E~~. tt: .t!.Jl'J.Ul,.liif, : 0 = *.i. ' 1 = ~.i. 'R 2 =.09,p<.001 (tlt1:l-) ;R2<t~i: =.29,p<.001 (f~1:l.::..) bR2 = .03, p =.01 (tlt 1:l- ) ; R2<t ~ i: = 040, p < .001 (f~ 1:l.::..) 'R 2 =.05,p<.001 (tlt1:l-) ;R2<t~i: =.17,p<.OOl (f~1:l.::..) ;R2<t~i: =.02,p<.001 (f~1:l.=..) 0. • p < .05. •• p < .01. ••• p < .001. Jaccard, Turrisi, & Wan, 1990) ~:B-ffJl1~. (median splits). 0. WtJ tp. :B-fJT"3(li 1'1=. , lIt1~§~~!Hln~~Jf (robust). mf§t~. Z ffJE at :B- fJT *'6 *. (Aiken & West,. 1991) , i&~Wfj'C:%pfT1*m. 0. 1J[IAlIt. "3(li1'Fm~J~Y&z~iw:B-fJT*6*~iG. :. 1JOT 40% "6Jm$Z~~£ '. =. 61.42, P < .001 ; 1lt~{1Q~J~ttj*~*U tt~'~~M~.~z~~§~*6m~ ~t]lE~J:W1~U~{~IAz.~ Sf.]~f], § f~!f:Z ~ ( j3. = .65, p. < .001) , lItB~~*m*l. ~1J~¥}§~~~ffl~Ullt-5&~~JJ[. m-. 0. lit. ~fgM7tfJTtppfT1J[lASf.]fN'~W~. m~W~~§~*6m~Zxli1'Fm'~. )7} ,. ~KOOAzM~§~~~~~~~~Z. f]'§f~*,M~zxli1'Fm. ffl1~U5&*. f], § ~?Jj\~~~~ffl~U5&*. 0. F(4, 321). '. f1D~.~~~ 0. (:=...)jEi.Jcl8~~:EJt § ~!f~. ('=:')~:k..8~~:EJt § 1~!f~. 1±~J t153U W~ * m*l1'F~ ffl1~U ~. m-~fgMsf.]~iw7tfJT~iG. :. ~*. ~~m-~Mz~M:B-~tp'~Kz~. m.~~~~~~§~~~~:f-f~~~. *m.~~OOAz.~~~~§~~~. ~~ffl1~U1'Fm. ~:f-f ~ ~. *m*l~~f.l),~:%. sf.] ffl1~U 5fj( *. ( j3 = .17, P < .01) 1JOAfN'~W~f], § ~*,M~~IJ:tt1 0. ( j3 = -.22, P < .001) ; '. ~. lIt-§~!f:Z~~. ~om=~M~:B-~B~:~Am~W.

(18) ~1Ji! § f~*Mf1JIiJ:Etlf11017% IiJm~z~~ , F(4, 321). =22.46, p < .001. JI1:JjUW~~fflaI1&. 0. :tE:j:~$U1.t. EH~Ua~§g%J. '. rtJ J1U~li I¥J § ~ 1fx rtJ ' /3 =.46,p < .001 : §~*a~~UIiJ~ rtJ ' /3 = -.23, P rtJ m ffiU lit < .001 1"r:~9!i!-'lX··.7L § ~*,M¥lJzx1L ~U:Etlf11072% IiJm 0. =~~. , F(5, 320) = 19.31,p < .001 ' §~. , /3= -.12,. = .02. P. .l§'5tt § ~ ~lliHfi~8"J~m ffilj%z* : E3 ~~lllil1jm ' /3 = .14, P < .01 ; fffi ~jt 1¥J~~m*I~IJIiJ~rtJtiBmffilJ ~S"J§!!m. ' /3 = -.27, P. <. ~~lllilm. .001 m-W'& 0. }ifl¥J:5ti'ff~IJ11UAM"tW~~ § f~~~t) &=~z-st.1LfFm. = 9.83, P < .001 *tf§g~1y~~tfum~U. ~~lllil1jmj},. )j(~~R. ~. 1'fi i p, l=I. I:=:i. ' /3 =-.15, P < .05 110 A M~ , !II 8"J ~ 1Ji! § f~l&rtJ1J~m-W'& }is''JiM&tifJA r:p IiJ:Etlf 11010% IiJ ~~ , F(s. 317) = 12.67, P < .001 ~*7'I1:JjUfD~~m*1 ~~lllilmffi&8"J§!!m. 0. m. fF m S"J,[,~ I~''''-V'/u§. ~~~I¥J~~(. )~~~~O. ~mPW*Jl (Aiken & West,. 1991) , ~HEl.. ~UM~§. '~~I¥J. ~1Ji! §. JjrJ~~~,fiX:*11&. , :tEt1ftli{.t'I1: *a*. '. 0. I..l-?--V-/U§. 9:oI:JrJM"t 8'9 § -.19, P = .01. ~'M~§~l&rtJ~%J~rtJ~m~§~ ~lllil1jm. ' /3 = -.15, P < .05 ; ¥1J~~~. 1¥J~1Ji!§~1fxrta~fJIiJlErtJtfum~U§~m liIm~l¥J§!!ffl. ' JtMAz !fi5E /f ~~ r.U ' /3 =. f&-{I~W~JiflE. § ~*a~{.f&. 0. 0. lfI.)®vj\. ,. § ~*af'5tt~~. 0. ' /3 =.32, p '. f~1fxrtJ. < .001. '. 0. :tE1i. Jt:X~fJ. ~~t¥: § ~*a~W1~A § ~1fxrta Zrs~8'9 7\1il~1L fFm~Jj , iMmti:5ttFf~*mlif. 1m " ~Jlf!§mffHt~,Fr:rW;JlU 13 ~ ~.§ W1t!1Il! B{j i! m ~ 3mlif-t) W'~ }iiM&ti:5ti'ffmffiU E3 ~ 15]Jii1jm8'9:5ti'ff*'i!H~:. 0. m-~}iI¥J~i'ff ;'I;lJl'.:<;l'-'1=l. '. =~. Lillt~1L{'Fm. m/f~ml~e"Jm~%z*. E. ". §~~lllil1j 0. ~~Jlf!§m~?t~ffrW)JlIJ=*5~. ~..

(19) ~ ± § 1~Mi:t4~J£;y,t § 1~JfJt{.;J1t ~. ~ 3. +". 't E ~~iir.l;tff ~a,Jf~~,1t::::"'ffl)JtH'F ffl. 535. ~~~&m5H1ffli5JlIJ~~B.ElQfm~a9~m (N = 326). *~fiX*.. .10. .27. 1'UU. .14**. fi~= m"M~~H~*i!jf~ ~llEl~*af~ m~ EI f~*afMX. B -.21 .28. SEB .05 .10. /3 __ B -.22*** -.11 .14** .29. .09. -.14 -.07 -.04. .06 .06 .04. -.15* -.07 -.04. -.08 -.02 -.12. .05 .06 .07. -.08 -.02 -.10. -.14 -.08 .32. .06 .06 .06. -.15* -.09 .32***. .15**. ~llElf~*a. fi~= m~EI~ij2iPJ ~ iPJ fj{]~ll EI ~ij2 iPJ. jlt,efj{] ~ll EI ~ij2 iPJ. *. ,t±)jlj,t'"~ : 0 = 1. ,1 ~ 1. ' R2 = .10, p < .001 (tilt ~ - ) ; * p < .05 ** p < .01 ... p < .001. tt :. ~ 4. =.03,p<.001. (tiIt~..::..);. .10,p<.001. (tiIt~E.). ~~~&mf}-:f1ffli5j{U~~~Ji: (N = 326) ,~~=. fftjJlIj~~. (3. ~~ ~~fiXfj 1'1~IJ. -.24 .05 -.19 .10. -.25*** -.09. ~~= m"~EI~~t~ ~llEl~*am wn~EI~*amX ~llElf~*a. f~~= m"~ EI ~ij2 iPJ. SEB. f~~[g. ~~= (3. B. SEB. (3. B. SEB. -.25 .05 -.22 .10. -.25*** -.11. -.14 -.14. .05 .09. -.14** -.07. -.12 -.21. .05 .09. -.12* -.10. -.12 .06 .21 .06 -.07 .04. -.12 .22**' -.08. .01 -.15 -.01. .06 .07 .04. .01 -.10 -.02. .02 -.11 -.01. .05 .07 .04. .02 -.11 -.02. -.03 .22. .06 .06. -.03 .22***. -.08 .22. .06 .06. -.01 .22** *. .48. .05. .48* **. .41. .05. .41***. .22. .05. .21 ***. B. ~iPJB~~ll EI. (3. ~ij2iPJ. jlt,eB~~ll EI. ~ij2iPJ t~~[g. gj ~~.E1.iifT~. ,j: :. ,t±M~~. : 0 = *1. ' 1. 'l.1.. 0. R2 =.07,p<.001 (tiIt~ ) ; R2~t 'l:l: = .03,p < .001 U~~..::..) ; R 2 "t 'l:l: :I: = .03,p < .001 (tilt1!! l!!J) • P < .05. .*. p < .01. JAAJJfI¥J:5t;tITma* t- R J>t t,~ 3<:. ~, f~e~~-m. .*. 0. .2S,p < .001 U~ 1!.=..). ; RZ"t 'l. p< .001. 1:fJ;):r1!ljU:fD~*~*~ mDZ~~~A~ JE!i!'W.JJ 1) I. PEl 1l"'1. .-h , 'I'. m.:s-~m:":&; d';~""'~'@ 6j:1h~,I8II~S::I'. ~~>'l:.J::r:7f"':IJX,ffYL§b~,IJ:lJ ·t.::',J>tm~-"':JilJ..\;. JAAJJf ' }~lf'~~. it~=::.l'1E: ~6l-r. , /-... --T:j-JjJ:\t~.}\'\}Jr!}"w:;.

(20) fjL~~JM[m. '. (3 = -.25, P < .001. 1'-E.~!l;t-/f[OJm-~:1Jffi±~ZfRm~. 0. W&Ji110Am~fD~f~ § ~*GfjYj&W1~Fa~ ~5<:1LfFm1rt. '. 0. j;)~RPJf~~1iff~~:=t~~fJH'F~-~'s"J. iW1103%pJm~~~~. = 7.21, P < .001 ftFt#5U1:t Jt{tlJ;yjI\m~J~1rt ' ~f~§~*Gmfm~~iE rPJ:f;lliHHQU~~~JJI ' (3 = .22, P < .001 ft~=p~Ji1l ' =w1ilA§~J&rPJ*110 , F(5.323). 0. , f5r~ § *~*Etf4.oo @AZ JJX~JL § *~tr)l raJ. -. 0. A~Mm~~,~~~~%mm.~~. :WI ' F(8.317) = 21.13,p < .001 ; MFt#5U {:tJt1it!.ffimU~J~B~ , IIIrPJ ( (3 = .22, p < .001) fD.ilN:sE i¥J ~ fJ! § *~nf2 rPJ ( (3. § ~*at~g,~J~f~ § ~*atjYj~Fs~ffftiE~§ r;m : Jlt9} , ~1iff7'C~~f~~li~1m-m~ §~*ams"J~[lJE ' WJt1ilA~mrPJS"J~ m§~J&rPJOOffftiEffir;m'M&.mJ. = .48, p < .001) 5}55U~fg~iErPJtlliffi¥jjU~. ~*~JtZ (2001) r;m1i~;~.!%~±J5JT~OJE. H~~JJI. ~~'¥~fi~i¥Jrm~~.JWJtrm. 0. ~u]p~JtiJtIj110Af3~mlii1T~. Jlt ~ ffi 7J!U ~ J~ 1i~ ~ ~i'lHl ~ ~ , iW110 J. rPJ~fJ!. 3% pJm~~~:W;i: , F(9. 317) = 21.74, P < .001 ; -tmffi:WJ:f;lli ' f3~~fl lii~~i¥J3im~fgiErPJffimUJt~~~JJI '. ~7f;.~~±1ii.1~m~fg~oJEl?U~5('¥~. fl.iJJmrs'li!.iE~§~~~f~'. [OJ~fffti§:W1fi§~~MjYj. 0. tt~¥.fJ!i¥J. , &~jC¥§~*afjYj. , ftM~tE55IjW~*.fVG~l11oj;)Ft#5UZi ' § ~*,am~~f1~liOOAZ m~ § ~J&rPJ~ffiErPJs"JfflmU5&5f!. W1ilA§~J&rPJOO~5<:1L~m'~®~. ~S"J1iff~H-M~m~±J5JT~oftl?U~~. ~{=f-Y:1L {'F ffl ~J~f1~~t~JJI~~~. 'l~m~S"J§~*am. Zffimil51'5z5f!. §. (3 = .21, p < .001. 0. ft1i--1ilIP'~JiJtIj110A. §~!fxrfiJFa'. 0. 0. t~. *G. ' ~g~iErPJffl~jlUW~ ~§ 1\f Z 1il A § ~!fX rPJ. (Anderman & Midgley, 1997; Kaplan & Maehr, 1999; Midgley & Urdan, 1995, ~1iff 7'C~!iI f*g-;J' fta ~~ WfRm ~. , ~/J\t\1f~~liJ5JT~D~l?U~~'¥ §. ~ *am. wJt1il A .fVGJJit § t~!fX (oj Fa'. r;m. {* ' .L-:l-&l:~~Jft1iff7'C~J~f11i~~±S"J. f3 ~~flliifJ~fD~~~JJli¥JffimU~5(5f!& ffi~J!U:1JrfiJ ' 1iffJi:*G5f!ffWJm-~A~mJtZ JJit§~3][§oo~~§I;lL::t~ , ~~[OJtf~ffl. 2001; Wolters, 2004) , ~®~*ff~D~. § ~*MjYjw\fjfgiErPJffl~U~ li~m~§~J&rPJ~~fJ\! ' !l;t-'?F~~ 1iff~*G*m~fgg,1J.~~±J5JT¥.fffa"Jx it ~~ffr;m : ~Df1fJJ5JT~ , .~~±~~ r 1iffJ'C~. jJ. ,. ~mH±.5tH~*JtZJf~a"Jm~j£:~,. rzglrtM{it!.1r~ffift¥fj~,¥~Y€R~~D r!l:Ii~.

(21) tt1: E1 #UHt4~~;?t E1 ~~fu1tt~. ,. +* i. a arll.~4t ~aitta:1!,":t..~iJlH1 Jfl. 537. ~~~llJtJ. , [p]a~~DJE¥Um'~§~~ .tmffir! [OJmmt!t~A;;:C.~I¥J~fJ! § ~ Jf~[OJ , ~?!,;:;fiffg:tE~~m§!JJ~ , ~5$. Jm~Wffr±.tc~l¥J~fJ? § ~~.W5$. -g j] s"JfJl{liIltJ& f~A ij~j] I¥J~Jm;;:cm~ §*"~.1JDtJ:ZP:~i ' JJ!~WJ~~{~~~. m~F.l. , :Mz~.L-:J,. tJw£~§!JJ~*r~1tTF.l~;;:CW:~ (Martin. ~{tF.l. +F.;[~~ , IIfm~W:~~9. 5JUAtJ~!fB)j F.l. J. l¥J~fJ!§~~. , ~EI3~1~~ if;f*Hl"Jm'~*:fI:7T F.l BI¥J~fJ?. ~~§. 0. EI3~:tE. '~~~m~~. .m~~~.~.tt~I¥J~~mnool¥J ~ll. El ,. p) ~ J l.:!.,i' . ~~:lIfJ!1~1 I" At;:!..7tf::Hl ~. J. -g j] ? ~':'41-r'1. et al., 2001; Turner et al., 2002). =". ( ~Jn;'li JJjG ,. ~5C~ § f~*atl "-fi.A.;L PX~t § f~If)lrt:iJW § ~BH. 2004) ?. § ~mzrtiJnOO '. tJ[¥,~. !~""'-. : Jittlfl [OJ s"J. ~fJ? §. , :tEEtltU{=t~~tqjG*i §*,,*s.ijg~~tt£. W'I15JUift '. ffl~~§~mz[OJ;w.~I¥J~m§~~ 7IlJtJ*~fJ?§~~;ffJJ1E[OJfflmUJ}. llJ*m~§. ,~. o~i3;;:c'. ~~mm~.g.m~§~'~~I¥J~ .§!JJ~Jitt.{~. 0. :~ , JII[OJ. -f~~iOOl¥Jm;f~H~:. m§~*a.:tE~1itfJ¥:~. , ~1m~. :>f:L. ~fJ A;;i). fi~~1\l5:tfff5:t5Jljfflm~lfIrtiJtJ&~~I¥J~ ~ § ~Jf~ [OJ. 0. m. § ~~. '. 1~A;;:C. ~Jitt§.mz[OJ~&F.l~rn.*~I¥J~m 11£lf:tFs';;:cmJJ{*~~mfii;;:cllfm. '. ~1itfJ¥:. , ~5JU~t15JUW ~*~*l~*P3AnmiffH!tit~ , ~fJ?~1!f -IC!bl:::;.i'ffi~'i:i5"§rr~=ru~~:lIfJ!1~'lI:-'I'1l1~m-1l. nh'';. "-::JFlt:.~~ JJ7< t,~'-=Fm.;j;'J AE.~JZQ;l!!tyt~y'tfP'J~. ffl. 0. nmM:5t1'ff~~:tEEtltUf:tOOA§~mz. [OJ;;:c~'mJE~~~~~:tEm~§.~ ti!1i(Kl~1ifillti/J}'.LjJ.t§. F.l :f:l(;~R.{fm ' If:t. 1¥J~~W~~I¥J~~=~§~mz[OJ~~. ~fJ?WMidgleyWUrdan. (1995, 2001). .g;;:C1E[OJffl~~~'. ?fT1~¥un"JutFJ'G*a~-3&. : &~~g?2,~~. §~~. .:tEID fl!1!Jf: ~ I J\~li~Jitt § *"Jfx[OJ I¥J ~f~ ~ , +ll~gt.>h~. F.l:f:l(;ijgj]~?JT. , 1M:~.~1i~:tE~5JU , f*mz F.l ~~§..*~. ttf ~S"Jm'~ El. **I¥J1itf~~,Q\~~~m § *,,*s.fPJtJ .~DIIt §r 00 [OJ tt£~• • •~~;;:C,qjG8t1'El ~~~. ,. 0. ~1itfJ¥::7). (Covington, 1992). 0. ~~. ,. ~~1itfJ'G. fth~J:8 §~*s.W§:f:l(;~R. ~.;;:C~liffm~.~I¥J~~§~mz[OJ. • ff m Fs'. ;;:cM~fflmUn:~. 1995, 2001; Urdan, 2004; Urdan et al.,. §t~~.rI'U:5t. Il9W1M:.~{~. ~~~~;;:c1itf~~~mm~w~m§~. :. fEl. (Midgley & Urdan,.

(22) tiP * ¥} m= 1'±/.$: liffJi:; EP : ~D ~ fU ¥x:¥: r:p 5fg~J.JmlfJ& /qj ~ .P)JIIfx ~lIJEfJ~JJ! § ~ , ~1:ld~llFgti!tf:~U~a.M E3 i\:~JifM*IIl&EfJJI1F1fj m~wraJ~§~/.$:WfJi:;PfT~JJ!k:.~JJ! § § ~ I[X rPJ Fs~ 1998) ,. - ' ~t~ § ~*i!Hilj , @A;L J5XiJL §. 0. (shared variance) , t.a;m7fflWjr:p~JJ!. § ~~~J!!~~fF m:tE E3 ~J!! ' Jl;t-m)1laill1~**J'i--[j)B";WfJi:;. ~1N1i=iJ. iHT~W=*5~~.. /.$: Wf Ji:; ~ JJ!:tE~ \fiU 1:1: JI~ 5Jrj *0 ~ ~ J~*IH& ' ~l!pfT9nJlfUEfJ~JJ!§~*Ef{~ ~§lErPJffl?~rr~6itmfJI ' rmm~~ § §lr~IJ~~~·~E-~~,r~t_~m& -",~!f' 'J n~/\\')~'J\\'\~~TI=II!mJ .LJ..1J'f=1~ ........... - ¥':1 ~6 M ~li!ffl?t;fff :tEIm A 1~ A. §. ~ f.£~'§'. '. (Anderman,. 1999; Kaplan & Maehr, 1999; Roeser &. rPJfF~fflt~U~Jj1&. ' ~:¥: A § {~I[X rPJ:tEfflJU E3 i\:~JifM1T~J:k:.;ftl. Eccles, 1998; Roeser et al., 1996). ftfflJUjJ11!-.~~. E3 ~B";:X1tW'~~DfrlJ ' ~$ij!r:p~t~fJ! § ~EfJli~h±~wrij I~ffl! 1r~llilft5~1i5JI1F!~~S";mfii 1&rm ' . §. f~I[X ~1&. 0. ' mjllA §. ;Im1_~;!:1:i'lFkn. E3 i\:~JiliM*IIl&EfJ~m Fs~ k:. ;ftlruJSJl~iiEl~ 1~ , I[Xrm1~k:.EfJ~m~~*Dm1%EfJ~JJ!§ {~I[X E3 i\:PllTM1T~ ; 3t\NP1'±/.$:WfJi:;r:p , §~*6~1i1}'[~@]A§. 0. k:. '. Q. ~@]Ak:.~&t§~I[XrPJ~A~li!ffl~~. i& '. ~JJ! § {"*Eft.~¥}~§i1~t1BfflYJ!IJ~. ~m,fj;. , /.$:wfJi:;~JJ!tE~\fiU1::t¥X:¥: §. *6~1&. '. mrPJ*Dm1%EfJ~JJ!§~I&rPJ~. ft~~mJJlJ'li1~EfJfflmlJ1'F m. 0. .1&m. W PllfM1T~Fs~fftE~~;ftl 1fj , Jl;t-liffJi:;~5f!:&B!k:te1'~Ak:. rPJft1i'S'@] as"; ~&t;ftl ruJJfn~k:. ;ftl ft:i[~. ~/.$:WfJi:;~~~~*n~'~$~WfJi:;. '1'1. :¥:tp9nJlfU~JJ!§. (Pintrich,. Wolters, 2004). 1999; Q. Urdan,. 1997;. rmtEmrPJS";~JJ!. lfxrPJ *0 E3 :tk;~JiliM*IIl&EfJ~m Fs~ ruJ 1~i§: *~?t ' /.$:WfJi:;k:.~fJ!*DMidgleyWUrdan (2001 ). , fu&t~llt~ §. E3 i\:~1l1iM1T~~J'l~~EfJffl~~IJ~5f!: ' ~$+Fl § ~EfJmfllfx rPJ r:p ,. ~5f!:mi{J~:¥: § ~*Ef~W{I!IDA § f~lfxrPJ. ~k:.~*ruJ~'Wf~~~~~.~tE~ ft~JJ!§~l¥Jill.*. l¥J*Ef* '. . wrij 1~ffl!1M .. m~:tEj!iF±wrtt~. ~rm~~fti¥f1i5JI1Fij!~¥rJm. fiio**EfJWfJi:;m~m • •WfJi:;$'~ ]t~~~:¥:§~*M.EfJirA~D1OJ~~@]. APfTill.*k:.fJx&t §. , .P)J~U~j-j1ft®~. k:.~*~~H* (Wolters, 2004). 0.

(23) :$t:i: El ~~,ij;t4$! ~;r.tEl:i-*Jf:t faJ 1t ~. I. ~tn~*f&B";?~d'l J 7JJI!:~~J.t~,Ullft. ~ Z:. * (Covington, 1985;. ~ {,\. Hagtvet, 1983; Schwarzer, van der Ploeg, & Spielberger, 1982) , E8n~~~f¥J~:fJ! EH~~1£P:~~~~ml~ ITllB"; UAi!Ha*. ' fB2t'¥~~ § ~Ifl rtrJ B"; f~R~ -aJfjg rsJ 1l1im r'±*~j(:B";-aJfjg'[:i (Elliot & McGregor, 1999) , jfD8'91iitE7-fs:1iJf~t:p , ~~f¥J~ ~ § ~IfxrtrJfjglE[Plffi1~U~ltpJT ~~¥Jjf¥J If:t5} , , IfI o. +". i" ~. a F1t~1t ~ a:t~,,",lt.:;t. ffi iJlH'F Jfl. 539. # 1iJf Yi: Mz * ~:fJ! fX ¥: § ~ *afflJ W f~ Anxgt § ~Ifx rtrJ ra~ ;LY:lifiF m fJ~~J.t ~JJlB";fflmU~* ' fIHJ~Lt~lBffifH ' tE~ *U{'±~lif~AB,,;nxgt § f~IfxrtrJ1& ' § ~*atlNP~,,~f-t~~~~~~itffl~U fFm 1iJf~~mmUrlrpJfjg~:fJ! § ~*s;ff4 ~1.!~~~tlra~JJR)'GfftE8!1~itt§1im ' ± IW,!'i:!-l!Eiiti'!:t § f~*s;ff4WMA8!1~m § ~ 0. I&rtrJ~;L~Iim~*'mRJI!:~m§~*S. ;ff4!f~~~JJI'Mz*~~~:lrm~W~. rtrJS";~:fJ!§~I&rtrJl)'j\~t~~~~~lErbJ. m§~I&rtrJ~Iim%;L*8!1m~~*,~. 8!1fflmU~*. ~~ § ~*s;ff4~-arfjg[~rnMA;L~:fJ! §. '. ~®*a*~7GaLR~JI!:ifi. *MS~~~~8!1§~'~~~~~I& rtrJJI!:~§~~.' A§Nt:p~*~fjg. satE~. , m-aJfj~5 [~f~RtEITll. ~~~J.t'I'~~~8!1~~~~. 1m '. 0. e~.~.B{jpxfiiJt§~£rn. raJ. 0. ilil~51ifJTm~:fJ!~m. s. ~~lliE*. ~!fm~~~JjiJ~~~it8!1mmUfF m. '. I)'j\NPf*m~~B,,;~~*~*rzgJ!!s~1Ji 1'OO:~¥Jj~~8!1'[1f~;Lf~R. ~llXrtrJw~~~JJlra~;Llimf*. '. fl;IrtumtE~. ~n.:l;.~g~rl#; B;;;:"?li$'@r:I'Ti'I~~ PJ..\tl-'\T Ie:., 3Z-:t::'J Jrr\)J~,AEi~.;.oo . . . l£ii F3 11''8. 0. 110. ~~. j&!. B"; 1iJf~ (Elliot et al., 2001;. Heine & Lehman, 1999; Markus & Kitayama,1991; Markus, Kitayama, & Heiman, 1996) ~:f5!E8n~~R:=t~)(ft t~~WJ:Bf~~*f&~~8'9~~llXrtrJ ' ttl !fn~f~A±~ffd:~:'flEB";nx~ , ~mtE~. FolkmanWLazarus (1988) pJTt§l:±18!1 ' MRpJTf*m ;LrzgJ!!~*UJI!:~ ~~J!!'I:i '. R±~ffd:~t:ps";AjII3tfl;1i[Q1n~:f§t,¥~~f¥J. ~~~rzgJ!!*~;L~tE.tt~~o~~. §~llXrtrJ°~~B~.~~2~~*;L. , 7-fs:1iJf~pJTf*m;L1iJf~1J$~ y:t:~~fr~@;:lr s tJt~lliE1'J~W~~~JJI i)DiWpJT~. ,. .mElliot~A. (2001). pJTW~;L. ~;Lrzg*Iim%'m~JI!:~JJI~~7rzgJ!!. , 7-fs:1iJfYi:BP~:fJ!IHt~ii tE*w~wmrtrJ s,,;~m § ~If;ZrtrJ L8!11~51. ~*Jj. t§'rsJm~~I¥'.l~:fJ!§~. , ~~~m s. ~~lliE*~~,M~Mrzg. ~~pJT~*;L~tI~. s. , ~~~tI~-arfj~. ~~lliE1'J~~~rzgJ!!~*U8!1iW~rzg. T~;jF*S*. (Pekrun, 1992). 0. ~R:=t~ffd:~. 0. {~~J1&I¥'.lnxR. § f~:flli~!fl! ff~ m~ WmrtrJ B"; ~:fJ! § r ~ rtrJ J (approach-oriented) , ~ ~ B"; :fJ! § ~ WJ ~ r ~ [PJ J.

(24) (avoidance-oriented) (Elliot, 1999; Elliot & Harackiewicz, 1996), Et]Jttfi~ , ;f§~~1ffl3Z1t{iffJi:;5cJil( ( Elliot et al., 2001) cppfrflf&~*2~%f§lli~ ,. Covington, 1992). ~~pfrffi*~p.xgt§t~~~lfJ!ftjrtumrtu. .rtu'~-mm.~BaJ!~m~~~. § t~tfj!~i\¥rtE*±~xW~mT~~fF#t i5G • -~IiffJi:;.-tB'9pN*rJffi:fiflf E31i;f§~. 1ffl3Z1t{iffJi:;:JJDj;J~Jt. IiffJi:;:JJDj;J~liEZ. 0. ff~5C~jf~~I1'F;z2I~fi. *{iffJi:;. 7. m~~ § m1:E~f~@]. m~~lfiWJ~.-tlifggID~~~jE113. , 11!bJg~t±:l~~~ffmj;J. f*~~ g. Patrick,. (Turner, Meyer, Midgley,. &. 2003) , 1Z§1lt~gffifr~1§ £\~~~t. ;f§~*~. 0. '§j)t; , /.$:IiffJi:;fflj;J~rr.. illt*oo:mrtu fD~ge.llfH~ rtu IltJDj;J 1iI7t ' UrdanWMidg1ey (2003) t~t±:lmrtufOIf ge.8~ ~:EJl § mff,5tJiIifggtrt~ ~ ~.~~~iWJ~·Ma&.Jt~p.x~~. '. ~~~~IJ~¥:cpJifT8~miWJlifg~~~~li ~g. ~ ~ /.$: Iiff Ji:;:fi Ii)] 1i~ 1% A ~ m r&: gt. ~jtpfrmi:~U ~~:EJl § f;lJUFBf~~~L.~. fli~mllJ!.. - ,. 0. , *t~,.!!~¥:cp~ffd:~tt~~. :EJl · §m*8ff1iff~m¥-B~fJi ~ , lifg~trfrU~§7I1t-§t~*Et.fDp.xgt ffi~~~~H~~~IloBa~{iffJi:;::E. gg:!*ffl j;J. I. ~ge.B~~:EJl § t~*Eff1i J m~~U. ~b,~~~~~~~~m~~~~·. , ~~~¥:'I1fmW~~* ~~li1?:fflra'~~f*, ' ;f§{§~gg1i3&J!m Ui ~ Iiff (Turner et al., 2002; Urdan & Midgley, 2001) ** ~IiffJi:;1§£\~mWID~~x¥: § t~*8t.~ ::f~*~ , {9tl~D~m~~pfr:lTM'if~pg~ ~ b;@ ~ (implicit theories of intelli gence) , ~1:1Pfm'fr~~1i~ I ggb J pfr'I~HBJ8~f§~ , ~DfOJ~.~f-ftn~¥:$ iWJ 8~ m (Dweck, 1999; Wolters,. *Wfl?d8~1!llH~:~~mH~B~-fi[Ht. WM);~M~~J!E.~~~MfE~. ;~,f-f~~~~~iWJ~pfrlifgg1ff¥*~ffiIt~ ~~. 0. *{iffJi:;pfr~:EJl~mw'~ §. ~J3.iEfTmra'~ffiItf§~. (Turner et al.,. , lEW~:t8~{iffJi:;. 2002). ~tn~gffi::Egg1:E. ~~~~~m{;ttm~llXrtu~5tt'if. '. 1§~~~~~¥:cp~lfffmt±:l~~~$ ~~:EJl;f§IJlf~. 0. ~. mffiJ §. , ~§ffiijJ. j;Jm. ~@]~ff,~~~Ji?V8~~Jt~,*~fEftg'rr~8~. 0. ~D. *~gffigg1:E~~&,r:p~tJ]tlli~;@~~!1 1i~ggb~~D]jUAB'9~~. , J{!J~~j;J~~. fimfFmt!f.r¥r s }xfl{@8~~~~'I1f~~ ~ *- m r~ ~ (Billings & Moos, 1982;. .m~~I~. 0. ~~~A~~¥:$iWJ~:tf~F I. ,. {iiJj;JJ j;J. &. : ~Q{i:iJ J trill~~5;DI:~tlMfE~~B'9 ~¥:§m*8t. ' m@m~M~lifmf;tt~1i~ ;gJ§~~'rj:~~~m~m~~m.

(25) ;ft:f. § ~,#;~~~;y,t. El ~~~1t f!'l,) +~i". (H~FJi~ff 4a~~~,J.lc:!':..'ffi))'IH1'. ~?6~O~~rs5~~1*. 0. '. ~H):\1~Ult)':&. (]:!465-518) ~J;j~ (1982). ~~m!IW8'9~fr &\. ~~. , B1&B'9~~fflJ~t1tfl?!l.~~~ff,J ,. (2001). iiJf. 0. 190 I*ml 1JA.. ~. §. Q. (2002). 9 ' 1-24. (2001b). mlllS-Z1iff. c. I. ,. ~fi¥¥~. §. f.i.u.t§~!lIl~a~. 15]:;t:~ff~oo!l ~ ~VltJiiJf~tff. 'I'i]jU~~. :f.Jl,l'V',rc. 13 ' 211. ~CP~:Wlcp~llit~xtfJi!.~. 0. 0. ~~/l)!lIl¥flJ. ' 22 '. 2371. 1ti~¥flj. 0. ~~lEtJBk]'I'~~W~J!!~!'?'. 1 ' 57-65. I. 0. ~ ~ 1l)!1Il. 0. 0. 0. 0. ~*mUJ (1978). c. mgt,JJ~. , 1~tl~~tti%'~. wm~m.·~llit~.~U~ffi~1iff ~:rz:gifiiB*. fi. 1l)!1Il¥~'. c. ~~;fm • ~fifrj • ~1'f*iE (1974) 0. Z •• l¥i. ~~Ui#~ttt.ZtiJl )J!Ij~W'iIl?!. . ~JVg1Q,. ' 116 ' 2369. 0. ~tri\ttri\t. '. ( 1987 ). ~~T~~lM. flj , 29 • 83-92 c. [9. 0. 0. 5lii:~~. ~ ;m:/l)!1Il¥. 0. §.~~~:r:tZ1iff. Ji: sm*fJfi : filflt ' 48 ' 15-40 0. 0. ( 1992) ~llit~.Elk]:E!E~W1iffJi: .iIl?!.!=] flj , 28 ' 29-30 Abe, J., & Zane, N. (1990). Psychological maladjustment among Asian and White 0. 0. *m!RI (1982) 1itl~IHl~HHtft&:sti~: ~ m]~;f )J!IJ ~ ~ hi S{j "HI E2'<1-LL-lle. i~ ~~'LLd@[1iffytp,~E]i±~3t '. 11 ' 37-48. .. ~.ti. 0. 0. ~1fi~* (2003). c. j;O:ttu~:r",~ ~ It Elk] 1L 1'$ ~ {~. cp. fT~m!ftiUml ~. rtJo. ~H. (1981). '. 24 ' 167. ~mJjF*. 0. ~*Jffi~ (1993) ~/J\~l:£f~ffl. 0. 0. ~1iffJi:. **~.. mgt § ••. ~*gm (2004, 12fJ). fi fiUff ~ li.. 0. 0. 0. gittRJi'iI (1985). o. 0. 0. :JXlJ!EtJEmIllS-Elk]f@[§l1U~. ~ Elk]. ~ 1Z. ~t rtJ. fi ~ W1l)!1Il ~ff ~ ,. a~ [§lDW MIlfI-*~~~3t 1tUJf ~ a~. (2001a). 131-140. cp~g:.Zmgt§. c. ~iIm. 250. 0. 25 ' 629-656. ~~:>tJlx. I. c. W~~fJ~1Jj;[I.1M~cp. 1i'itI-re.:;t:~m~::7. ~ft. :. ~ • • • ~.w~~n~m~zg~. mtB'91wJfnDWJ~1*#J!~~UBj?Ii1l~W¥. ~7CFtf. .~t$. 0. R*~m. ~ 1;% (Linnenbrink & Pintrich,. t£ '. 0. ~~¥~~~~hltITIJa. 1L• • *~,L':E!E1iffJi:p,~E]i±~3t ' t±:i~& ' .~t$. it "-'JJ 4:0 ~:fI=l I' r -p. ffi-hfi{¥ 'frl ,[S:!;.::a. rr; Itt{ F! El--"7 ;;-.">; /"" ijJt:.'.l\ J1£ 13:::.Y.AJX!wJ'l75J(;IJ~J.- ~ i~)..x.!ll!i\1 Sj t<- X. 2002) , £§:15Iffi8'9~J'Gfjgf~~1f~!iM1j'Lt. 0. !1Il ' ~~Ofi.~~)*${J'I'l~Hff~. ~.W~~~*~'~~~*~~$' f1it)'!IW~W,[t~~~1'Fm-=t: ~Bj~gJ1E. 541. ~W.(~.)'~~~~fi.S{ja~. ~ -111 11~ 1~ ~ gJ 8'915 rnJ jf:: MffT J'% J?J;§~ , E1~~133ii1Tm. Jfl. ~~1i~~~~~. 0. .. American college students: Controlling for confounds. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 437-444. Aiken, L., & West, S. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Ames, C. (1992). Classrooms: Goals, structures, and student motivation. Journal of.

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