主動帶通濾波器及其應用於2.4/60 GHz雙模態雙降頻接收機

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Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځᔈҔܭ

2.4/60 GHz ᚈኳᄊ

ᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ

!

Active Bandpass Filter and Its Application to 2.4/60 GHz

Dual-Mode Dual-Conversion Receiver

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ᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ

Active Bandpass Filter and Its Application to 2.4/60 GHz

Dual-Mode Dual-Conversion Receiver

ࣴزғ;ᄃ଻ำ!!!!!!!!!!!!!Student: Wei-Cheng Liao!

ࡰᏤ௲௤;ۏቼے!റγ!!!!!!Advisor: Dr. Chinchun Meng!

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A Thesis

Submitted to Institute of Communication Engineering College of Electrical and Computer Engineering

National Chiao Tung University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Master of Science

in

Communication Engineering

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mitted to Institute of Communication Eng llege of Electrical and Computer Engi

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Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځᔈҔܭ 2.4/60 GHz ᚈኳᄊ

ᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ

ᏢғǺᄃ଻ำ ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻۏቼے! റγ ୯ҥҬ೯εᏢ ႝߞπำࣴز܌ᅺγ੤

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ҁጇፕЎ೛ी٠ჴ౜፾ҔܭคጕҁӦ୔ୱᆛၡᆶడԯݢଯೲቹႽ໺ᒡ ޑ৔ᓎᑈᡏႝၡǶЬाϩԋٿε೽ҽǺಃ΋೽ҽࣁЬ୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶ ϩ݋ǶಃΒ೽ҽ߾ࢂჴ౜2.4 /60 GHz ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒǶ ፕЎಃΒക२Ӄ཮ჹᘠݢᏔޑࢎᄬکځ Q ॶቚமמೌբࣴزǴ٠௖૸ ٬Ҕଏϯႝߔٰׯ๓ᘠݢᏔޑጕ܄ࡋǴаϷᇥܴॄႝߔޑёፓጄൎکҬᒱ ጠӝႝ඲ᡏޑᚇૻ੝܄Ƕ ! ! Ԗ߻കᘠݢᏔޑ೛ीБݤࡕǴӧಃΟകஒ཮Ӄ٬Ҕ TSMC CMOS 0.18-ȝm ک TSMC SiGe 0.18-ȝm ᇙำٰჴբ 2.4 GHz Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځ߻ ᆄեᚇૻܫεᏔǴځЬाҞޑࣁᓸ׭ᘠݢᏔޑᚇૻǶฅࡕ຾΋؁ۯ՜ډᔈ Ҕܭ೯ၰᒧ᏷ϐ 2.4 GHz ޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒǴ٠ஒԜႝၡ่ӝଽԛᒋݢషᓎ

ी٠ჴ౜፾ҔܭคጕҁӦ୔ୱᆛၡᆶ ၡǶЬ ࣁЬ୏ ҽ߾ࢂ ᓎௗԏ ക२Ӄ ቚமמ ׯ๓ᘠݢᏔޑጕ܄ࡋǴаϷᇥܴॄႝ ੝܄Ƕ ीБݤࡕǴӧಃΟക ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ Ꮤޑࢎᄬکځ फ़ फ़ ҁӦ୔ୱ ಃ΋೽ҽ ჴ౜፾ҔܭคጕҁӦ୔ୱᆛ Ь ࣁ ࢂ ᓎ Ӄ ቚ ๓ᘠݢᏔޑጕ܄ࡋǴаϷᇥܴॄޑጕ܄ࡋǴаϷᇥ ΋೽ Ϸ ಃ΋ Hz ᚈ ჹᘠݢᏔޑ ݢᏔޑ а ჴ౜ 2.4 /60 GHz ᘠݢᏔ ጕҁ ҽǺ ҁ ࡋ ܭคጕ ε೽ҽ ౜፾Ҕܭ ϩԋٿε Ꮤޑ ݢᏔ ๓

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Dual-Mode Dual-Conversion Receiver

StudentǺWei-Cheng Liao ! ! ! ! AdvisorǺChinchun Meng

Institute of Communication Engineering National Chiao Tung University

Abstract

In this thesis, the radio frequency circuits which are suitable for Wireless

Local Area Network (WLAN) and millimeter wave high speed transmission of images applications are designed and implemented. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part focuses on designing and analyzing the active bandpass filter. The second part implements the 2.4/60 GHz dual-mode dual-conversion receiver.

First, we study the architecture of filter and Q-enhancement techniques in the chapter 2. And then, we discuss to use the degeneration resistor which can improve the linearity of filter and illustrate the tuning range of negative resistance and the noise performance of cross couple pair.

With the results in the former chapter, we will implement the 2.4 GHz active bandpass filter with its front LNA in TSMC CMOS 0.18-ȝP and TSMC SiGe 0.18-ȝP technology that its purpose is to suppress the noise of filter. Afterwards we can use it to extend to the 2.4 GHz direct-conversion receiver for

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! ! ٿԃޑᅺγғࢲၸளКགྷႽύᗋזǴٰډ 918 ჴᡍ࠻ࡕளډ೚ӭΓޑ ᔅշǴךωૈ໩ճֹԋ೭ҁፕЎǴाགᖴޑΓ੿ޑࡐӭǶ२Ӄགᖴۏቼے ௲௤஥ሦך຾Ε৔ᓎᑈᡏႝၡ೭༧ሦୱǴᡣךᏢಞډࡐӭޑޕ᛽Ǵ٬ךӧ ᅺγғఱٿԃύᕇ੻ঘభǴԴৣჹܭᏢೌޑᝄᙣ׳ࢂךᏢಞޑڂጄǶӆٰ གᖴܜޜ߻ٰୖуᏢғα၂ޑ৪ᅺᗶ௲௤ᆶइٵᆗ௲௤Ǵ௲௤ॺӧα၂ύ ๏ϒΑࣔ຦ޑཀـǴ٬ךӧออޑਔ໔ϣᕇ੻ؼӭǶӆٰགᖴ୯ৎڼԯϡ ҹჴᡍ࠻ޑଯᓎמೌಔǴ੝ձࢂᄪࡏᆶݯ๮ǴӧߚதፄᚇޑΖय़ΠଞᕉნǴ җܭգॺޑ஑཰ᏹբǴᡣךૈ໩ճᕇளך܌ሡाޑໆෳ่݀Ƕ ! ! ӧ 918 ჴᡍ࠻ޑٿԃύǴ२Ӄߚதགᖴറγ੤ޑᇟ⯟ᏢߏǴόჇځྠ ޑࡰрךࣴزύޑલѨǴЪૈӧךၶډ౟ᓍਔࣁךှൽǶԜѦǴറγ੤ޑ ֻᏂᆶߎ၁ᏢߏǴךाགᖴдॺ๏ךࣴز΢ޑගҢᆶᔅշǶᗋԖགᖴࡏ᎔ ᆶླྀ႙Ꮲߏӧኳᔕ೬ᡏ΢ޑ௲ᏢǴ٬ךૈ׳זֹԋࣴزǶགᖴ࣬ೀനΦޑ ӕᏢڐঅǵ਱◖ᆶ҉ᇬǴ۶Ԝϕ࣬ᏢಞᆶႴᓰǴᡣךคፕӧፐ཰܈ࣴز΢ ೿ૈ໩ճֹԋǶᖴᖴᏢ׌γளǵϘണکᆢᡕޑഉՔǴҗܭգॺޑуΕǴ٬ ჴᡍ࠻кᅈࢲΚ٠஥ٰ׳ӭޑ៿ઢǶ ! ! നࡕǴךߚதགᖴךޑৎΓǴР҆ӧך࿶ᔮ΢ޑЍ࡭аϷਔਔڅڅޑ ᜢЈǴᡣךૈ໩ճֹԋᏢ཰Ǵᖴᖴᒃ௏ᆶܻ϶ॺޑႴᓰǴᡣךϣЈкᅈྕ ཪǶӧԜஒҁፕЎ᝘๏܌ԖᜢЈᆶЍ࡭ךޑΓǶ ੝ձࢂᄪࡏᆶݯ๮ Ǵᡣךૈ໩ճᕇளך܌ሡाޑ ࠻ޑٿԃύǴ२Ӄߚதགᖴറγ੤ޑ ύޑલѨǴЪૈӧךၶډ౟ᓍਔࣁךှൽ ߏǴךाགᖴдॺ๏ךࣴز΢ޑගҢᆶᔅ ኳᔕ೬ᡏ΢ޑ௲ᏢǴ٬ךૈ׳זֹԋࣴز ᆶ҉ᇬ ᡣך ᖴᏢ׌ ޑഉՔ ׳ӭޑ៿ઢǶ ࣴز΢ޑග ᏢǴ٬ךૈ׳ ග ග தགᖴ ౟ᓍਔࣁ ךૈ໩ճᕇளך܌ሡ ޑٿԃύǴ२Ӄߚதགᖴറγ લѨǴЪૈӧךၶډ౟ᓍਔࣁך ךाགᖴдॺ๏ךࣴز΢ޑගҢ ೬ᡏ΢ޑ௲ᏢǴ٬ךૈ׳זֹԋ ҉ᇬ Ǵᡣ ׌γள ᆢᡕޑ ઢ Ԝϕ࣬ᏢಞᆶႴᓰ ᓍਔ Ⴔ ౟ᓍ ๏ךࣴز ΢ޑ௲Ꮲ ۶Ԝ ᆶ ाགᖴдॺ๏ך ޑ௲Ꮲ ߚத ၶډ த Ꮲಞ Ꮲಞ २Ӄߚ ӧךၶ ԃύǴ२ Ъૈӧ ۶Ԝ Ǵ۶ ҉

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ύЎᄔा... i मЎᄔा...ii ᇞᖴ...iii Ҟᒵ...iv ߄Ҟᒵ...vi კҞᒵ...vii ಃ΋ക Ꮴፕ... 1 1.1! ࣴز୏ᐒ ... 2 1.2! ፕЎಔᙃࢎᄬ ... 3 ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋... 4 2.1 ໣ᕴԄ஥೯ᘠݢᏔচࠠϩ݋ ... 6 2.1.1 ໣ᕴԄ஥೯ᘠݢᏔϡҹᒧۓ... 6 2.1.2 ኳᔕКၨ ... 10 2.2 ೛ीԵໆ ... 13 2.2.1 ٬ҔҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏׯ๓ on chip ႝག Q ॶ... 13 2.2.2 Ҭᒱጠӝჹޑጕ܄ࡋКၨ... 14 2.2.3 ॄႝߔޑёፓጄൎ... 16 2.2.4 Ҭᒱጠӝჹޑᚇૻ੝܄Кၨ... 18 ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHz ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ ... 20 3.1 س಍ࢎᄬᒧ᏷ ... 22 3.2 ႝၡ೛ीԵໆ ... 29 3.2.1 ઞᓎ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ... 29 3.2.2 ΐΜࡋ࣬Տ౽Ꮤ... 33 3.2.3 ᠄ௗԄեᚇૻܫεᏔ... 35 3.2.4 ёϪඤԄЬ୏షᓎᏔ... 38 3.2.5 ٬ҔϸჹᆀΒཱུᡏϐଽԛᒋݢషᓎᏔ... 39 3.2.6 ቨᓎѳᑽ-όѳᑽϐեᚇૻܫεᏔ ... 47 ... ݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ ... ᘠݢᏔ ... ஥೯ ... Кၨ ... ... Ҭᒱ ॶ... ጠӝჹ ... ߔޑё ... ӝჹޑ ... ᚈኳᄊᚈ ... ... ... on chip Кၨ... .. གQ . ... ... ... ीᆶϩ݋ ... Ꮤচ .. ೯ᘠ .. ... ... ᒱጠ ॶ ჹ .. ёፓ ... ޑᚇ ... ᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ... ... ੝܄Кၨ . ... ... ׯ๓on ጕ܄ࡋКၨ ጄൎ ૻ .. ... ႝ඲ᡏׯ๓ ܄ࡋ ... ۓ.... ... . ݋... ҹᒧۓ ... ݢᏔϡҹ ... ૻ੝ ጄ ᚇૻ

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3.4 2.45 GHz Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځ߻ᆄեᚇૻܫεᏔ... 62 (SiGe 0.18-ȝP ... 62 3.4.1 ႝၡ೛ी ... 62 3.4.2 ኳᔕᆶໆෳ่݀... 64 3.4.3 ่݀ᆶ૸ፕ ... 71 3.5 2.4/60GHz ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ (SiGe 0.18-ȝP ... 73 3.5.1 ႝၡ೛ी ... 73 3.5.2 ኳᔕᆶໆෳ่݀... 76 3.5.3 ่݀ᆶ૸ፕ ... 90 ಃѤക ่ፕ... 93 ୖԵЎ᝘... 96 ߕᒵ΋ ᔈҔܭ೯ၰᒧ᏷ϐ2.4 GHz ޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ ... 99 A1.1! ႝၡ೛ी ... 100 A1.2! ኳᔕᆶໆෳ่݀ ... 104 Vita ... 114 GHz ޔௗफ़ ... ໆෳ่݀ ... ... .. ... ... ่݀ ... ...

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߄3.1ǵ2.4 GHz Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځ߻ᆄ LNA ኳᔕᆶໆෳКၨ߄Ƕ... 61

߄3.2ǵ2.45 GHz Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځ߻ᆄ LNA ኳᔕᆶໆෳКၨ߄Ƕ... 72

߄3.3ǵ2.4/60 GHz ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒኳᔕᆶໆෳКၨ߄Ƕ... 92 ߄A1.1ǵ2.4 GHz ޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒኳᔕᆶໆෳКၨ߄Ƕ ... 113

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კҞᒵ

! კ1.1ǵคጕ೯ૻ኱ྗว৖ቫԛҢཀკ[1]Ƕ ... 2 კ2.1ǵե೯চࠠᘠݢᏔ[2]Ƕ ... 6 კ2.2ǵਮКഓϻៜᔈচࠠᘠݢᏔჹ҅ೕϯᓎ౗ޑ૰෧ៜᔈ[2]Ƕ... 8 კ2.3ǵե೯ډ஥೯ៜᔈޑᙯඤ[2]Ƕ ... 8 კ2.4ǵႝ৒ጠӝ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ[2]Ƕ ... 8 კ2.5ǵύЈᓎ 2.4 GHz ޑ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǶ ... 10 კ2.6ǵ٬Ҕ౛གྷϡҹॶኳᔕ(a)ϸ৔ཞ઻Ϸ(b)෌Εཞ઻Ƕ ... 11 კ2.7ǵ٬Ҕ CMOS 0.18-ȝP ኳࠠኳᔕ(a)ϸ৔ཞ઻Ϸ(b)෌Εཞ઻Ƕ ... 11

კ2.8ǵon chip ႝགኳᔕ(a)ႝགॶϷ(b)Q ॶǶ... 12

კ2.9ǵ(a)ҬᒱጠӝჹϷ(b)٬ҔྍཱུଏϯޑҬᒱጠӝჹǶ ... 13 კ2.10ǵ(a)౛གྷҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏ(b)٬ҔଏϯႝߔޑҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏǶ ... 15 კ2.11ǵ(a)λૻဦኳࠠ(b)٬ҔଏϯႝߔޑλૻဦኳࠠǶ... 15 კ2.12ǵᙯᏤႝࢬჹᒡΕႝᓸኳᔕ่݀Ƕ... 16 კ2.13ǵҬᒱጠӝॄႝߔᆶᓎ౗ኳᔕ่݀Ƕ... 17 კ2.14ǵՍᖄᙯඤ٠ᖄޑ฻ਏႝၡǶ... 17 კ2.15ǵ೯஥Ѩ੿ޑᘠݢᏔᆶ౛གྷচࠠᘠݢᏔǶ... 18 კ2.16ǵλૻဦᚇૻኳࠠǶ... 18 კ3.1ǵ΋૓ຬѦৡௗԏᐒࢎᄬკǶ... 22 კ3.2ǵ΋૓եύᓎௗԏᐒࢎᄬǶ... 22 კ3.3ǵ΋૓ޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒǶ... 23 კ3.4ǵ࠶ᅽ᜔Ⴝ੃ନࢎᄬ[1]Ƕ ... 24 კ3.5ǵ᜔Ⴝ੃ନफ़ᓎᏔᓎ᛼ϩ݋კǶ... 24 კ3.6ǵLO ࢻᅅ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ҢཀკǶ ... 25 კ3.7ǵϸ৔ૻဦ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ҢཀკǶ... 26 კ3.8ǵமυᘋྍ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ҢཀკǶ... 26 კ3.9ǵߚѳᑽ LO ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ҢཀკǶ ... 26 b)٬ҔྍཱུଏϯޑҬ ጠӝႝ඲ᡏ Ҕଏϯႝߔ ኳࠠ(b ૻဦኳ ࢬჹᒡ .... ӝॄ ... ᙯඤ٠ ... Ѩ੿ޑ ... ဦᚇૻ ... Ѧৡௗ .... ύᓎௗԏ ... फ़ᓎௗԏ ... ନࢎᄬ[1] ... ᓎ᛼ϩ݋კǶ .... ... চࠠᘠݢᏔǶ ... Ƕ. ޑλ Ƕ... ݀Ƕ... ႝ඲ᡏ(b)٬Ҕଏϯ (b)٬Ҕଏϯႝߔޑλૻဦ ᒡΕ .. ॄႝ ... ٠ .. ޑ .. ૻ .. ௗ ... ௗԏ .. ௗԏᐒ ... 1]Ƕ ... ࢎᄬკǶ... ᄬǶ... ... གྷচࠠ ࠠ ... ᐒࢎᄬ ᐒࢎ ٠ᖄޑ฻ਏႝၡǶ.. ᘠݢᏔᆶ౛གྷচ .. ႝߔ ่݀ ᔕ่݀ ݀ ႝၡ ଏϯႝ ኳᔕ่ ౗ኳᔕ ႝၡ Εႝᓸኳ ߔᆶᓎ౗ ޑ฻ਏႝႝ ࢎᄬ ᐒ ᐒ ޑ฻

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კ3.20ǵΐΜࡋ࣬Տ౽ᏔǶ... 34 კ3.21ǵ᠄ௗԄեᚇૻܫεᏔǶ... 36 კ3.22ǵёϪඤԄЬ୏షᓎᏔǶ... 39 კ3.23ǵ٬ҔϸჹᆀΒཱུᡏϐଽԛᒋݢషᓎᏔǶ... 39 კ3.24ǵൂ΋Βཱུᡏޑ I-V ੝܄Ƕ... 40 კ3.25ǵϸჹᆀΒཱུᡏჹϐJ.W੝܄Ƕ... 41 კ3.26ǵϕံԄߎឦ஥ጠӝጕҢཀკǶ... 43 კ3.27ǵϸ৔ཞ઻ S ୖኧϐᓎ౗ៜᔈკǶ ... 44 კ3.28ǵऀ೸୵ǵጠӝ୵Ϸ႖ᚆ୵ϐᓎ౗ៜᔈკǶ... 44 კ3.29ǵ࣬ՏѳᑽኳᔕკǶ... 45 კ3.30ǵᚈଭۘᅟЃউᏔǶ... 45 კ3.31ǵᚈЃউᏔޑ S ୖኧኳᔕ่݀Ƕ ... 46 კ3.32ǵਁ൯ѳᑽኳᔕ่݀Ƕ... 46 კ3.33ǵ࣬Տѳᑽኳᔕ่݀კǶ... 47 კ3.34ǵᚇૻ੃ନϐ୷ҁ CGCS ႝၡკǶ ... 50 კ3.35ǵӅ႔ཱུ(CG)ϐλૻဦ฻ਏႝၡǶ ... 50 კ3.36ǵ2.4 GHz Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځ߻ᆄ LNA ႝၡკǶ... 51 კ3.37ǵൂᆄᒡΕᙯৡ୏ᒡрϐեᚇૻܫεᏔǶ... 51 კ3.38ǵৡ୏ᒡΕৡ୏ᒡрϐ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǶ... 52 კ3.39ǵϕံԄҬᒱጠӝჹǶ... 53 კ3.40ǵS ୖኧኳᔕᆶໆෳ่݀Ƕ ... 56 კ3.41ǵፓ᏾ Q ॶޑໆෳ่݀Ƕ... 57 კ3.42ǵፓ᏾ύЈᓎ౗ޑໆෳ่݀Ƕ... 58 კ3.43ǵᚇૻࡰኧǶ... 58 კ3.44ǵጕ܄ࡋ(a)IP1dBک(b)IIP3 ޑໆෳ่݀Ƕ ... 59 კ3.45ǵ඲Тკ (1.3551mmu0.9136mm)Ƕ ... 60 კ3.46ǵ2.45 GHz Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځ߻ᆄեᚇૻܫεᏔႝၡკǶ... 62 კ3.47ǵ٬Ҕ BJT ჴ౜ൂᆄᒡΕᙯৡ୏ᒡрϐեᚇૻܫεᏔǶ... 62 კ3.48ǵёᡂቚ੻ܫεᏔǶ... 63 კ3.49ǵৡ୏ᒡΕৡ୏ᒡрϐ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǶ... 64 კ3.50ǵS ୖኧኳᔕᆶໆෳ่݀Ƕ ... 67 ... ୖኧኳᔕ่݀Ƕ... ኳᔕ่݀ ... ᑽኳᔕ่ ... ନϐ୷ ... ཱུ(CG ... Hz Ь ႝၡკ ᒡΕᙯ ... ᒡΕৡ ... Ҭᒱጠ ... ኳᔕᆶໆ ... ޑໆෳ่ ... ޑໆෳ่݀Ƕ... ߻ᆄLNA ᚇૻܫε ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǶ A Ƕ A ... Ƕ... ... ᔕ่݀ ่݀Ƕ ... ᔕ่ .. ϐ୷ .. G) .. Ь ႝ ᙯ .. ৡ୏ ... ᒱጠ .. ᆶໆෳ ... ෳ่݀ .... ่݀ Ƕ... ݀ . ... .. Ϸځ߻ ϐեᚇ ᒡрϐ஥ ӝჹ )ϐλૻဦ฻ਏႝၡ ୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔϷځ ᒡрϐե рϐ ... ၡკ ႝၡ .. .. ฻ਏႝ ... ႝၡ ฻ਏႝ ่݀კ ҁCGCS λૻဦ฻฻ ෳ่݀ ӝჹ ໆෳ λૻ ᒱ

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კ3.56ǵ2.4/60 GHz ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒႝၡკǶ... 73 კ3.57ǵЬ୏ॄၩϐৡ୏ܫεᏔǶ... 74 კ3.58ǵ΋ભ᠄ௗԄܫεᏔǶ... 75 კ3.59ǵRF1 ޑᒡΕϸ৔ཞ઻Ƕ... 76 კ3.60ǵLO1 ޑᒡΕϸ৔ཞ઻Ƕ ... 76 კ3.61ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ LO1 ф౗բკǶ ... 77 კ3.62ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ RF1 ᓎ౗բკǶ... 77 კ3.63ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ IF ᓎ౗բკǶ ... 78 კ3.64ǵ႖ᚆࡋჹٿ७ LO1 ᓎ౗բკǶ ... 78 კ3.65ǵ႖ᚆࡋჹ LO1 ᓎ౗բკǶ ... 79 კ3.66ǵ႖ᚆࡋჹ RF1 ᓎ౗բკǶ... 79 კ3.67ǵ୷ᓎݢ׎კǶ... 80 კ3.68ǵRF2 ޑᒡΕϸ৔ཞ઻Ƕ... 80 კ3.69ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ LO2 ф౗բკ CH1Ƕ... 81 კ3.70ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ LO2 ф౗բკ CH2Ƕ... 81 კ3.71ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ RF2 ф౗բკ CH1Ƕ ... 82 კ3.72ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ RF2 ф౗բკ CH2Ƕ ... 82 კ3.73ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ RF2 ᓎ౗բკǶ... 83 კ3.74ǵIQ ቚ੻όϰଛჹ RF2 ᓎ౗բკǶ... 83 კ3.75ǵᙯඤቚ੻ᆶ NFdsbჹRF2 ᓎ౗բკǶ ... 84 კ3.76ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ IF ᓎ౗բკ CH1Ƕ... 84 კ3.77ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ IF ᓎ౗բკ CH2Ƕ... 85 კ3.78ǵ႖ᚆࡋჹ LO2 ᓎ౗բკǶ ... 85 კ3.79ǵ႖ᚆࡋჹ RF2 ᓎ౗բკǶ... 86 კ3.80ǵNFdsbჹIF ᓎ౗բკ CH1Ƕ ... 86 კ3.81ǵNFdsbჹIF ᓎ౗բკ CH2Ƕ ... 87 კ3.82ǵጕ܄ࡋ IIP3 ޑໆෳ่݀ CH1Ƕ ... 87 კ3.83ǵጕ܄ࡋ IIP3 ޑໆෳ่݀ CH2Ƕ ... 88 კ3.84ǵጕ܄ࡋ IP1dBᆶ IIP3 ჹቚ੻բკǶ ... 88 კ3.85ǵ୷ᓎᒡрݢ׎Ƕ... 89 ઻ ... O2 ф౗բკ CH1Ƕ ... ჹ LO2 ф ... ੻ჹRF ... ੻ჹ ... ቚ੻ჹ ... ੻ό .. ቚ੻ᆶ ... ቚ੻ჹ ... ੻ჹ ... ჹLO2 ... RF2 ᓎ౗ ... ౗բკCH1Ƕ ... CH2Ƕ კǶ... ᓎ౗բკ კCH1Ƕ .. . 1Ƕ .. Ƕ... ... ౗բკ CH 2 ф౗ ... RF2 .. ჹ R .. ჹ .. όϰ .. ᆶ .. ჹ ... ჹ I .. 2 ᓎ ... ᓎ౗բკ .... H1 բკCH2Ƕ... բკ . .. ... ౗բკ F2 ᓎ౗ ᓎ౗բკ ᓎ౗ ᓎ౗բკ ϰଛჹRF2 ᓎ౗բ ჹRF2 ౗բ CH1 CH2 Ƕ 1 22 բკ բკ բკ բკ ф౗բ 2 ф౗բ 2 ᓎ౗բ౗բ ౗բ ᓎ ᓎ౗ ჹ

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კA1.10ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ RF ф౗բკ CH1Ƕ ... 105 კA1.11ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ RF ф౗բკ CH2Ƕ ... 106 კA1.12ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ RF ᓎ౗բკǶ... 106 კA1.13ǵᙯඤቚ੻ᆶ NFdsb ჹ RF ᓎ౗բკǶ ... 107 კA1.14ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ IF ᓎ౗բკ CH1Ƕ... 107 კA1.15ǵᙯඤቚ੻ჹ IF ᓎ౗բკ CH2Ƕ... 108 კA1.16ǵ႖ᚆࡋჹ LO ᓎ౗բკǶ ... 108 კA1.17ǵ႖ᚆࡋჹ RF ᓎ౗բკǶ... 109 კA1.18ǵNFdsbჹIF ᓎ౗բკ CH1Ƕ ... 109 კA1.19ǵNFdsbჹIF ᓎ౗բკ CH2Ƕ ... 110 კA1.20ǵጕ܄ࡋ IIP3 ޑໆෳ่݀ CH1Ƕ ... 110 კA1.21ǵጕ܄ࡋ IIP3 ޑໆෳ่݀ CH2Ƕ ... 111 კA1.22ǵጕ܄ࡋ IP1dBᆶ IIP3 ჹቚ੻բკǶ ... 111 კA1.23ǵ୷ᓎᒡрݢ׎Ƕ... 112 კA1.24ǵ඲Тკ (2.4321mmu1.5507mm)Ƕ ... 112 ෳ่݀ CH1 ޑໆෳ่݀ CH2Ƕ ... 1dBᆶ I ... рݢ׎ ... კ (2 ... ... m)Ƕ ... ่݀ CH2 ᆶ IIP3 კǶ ݢ׎ .. 2.4 .. ... 07mm .. ... .550 21mmu1

(13)

ಃ

ಃ΋ക Ꮴፕ

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1.1! ࣴز୏ᐒ

! ! IEEE ႝᐒϷႝηπำৣڐ཮ᆕӝኧԭӜ཰ϣϐ஑ৎᏢޣཀـǴа఼ᇂ

ϐ୔ୱελࣁ୷ྗǴुрΑคጕ೯ૻ኱ྗว৖ቫԛҢཀკǴӵკ1.1 ܌ҢǶ

၀კхࡴΑவঁΓ୔ୱᆛPANȐPersonal Area Networkȑޑ IEEE 802.15 ኱

ྗډҁӦ୔ୱᆛLANȐLocal Area Networkȑޑ IEEE 802.11 ኱ྗǵ೿ѱ୔

ୱᆛMANȐMetropolitan Area Networkȑޑ IEEE 802.16 ኱ྗǴޔԿග᝼ύ ޑቶୱᆛWANȐWide Area Networkȑޑ IEEE 802.20 ኱ྗ[1]Ƕ

WAN

IEEE802.20 GSMˣ3G MAN

IEEE802.16 Wireless MAN(WiMAX) LAN

IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN(WiFi) PAN IEEE802.15 Bluetooth კ1.1ǵคጕ೯ૻ኱ྗว৖ቫԛҢཀკ[1]Ƕ ! ! ӧ྽߻คጕ೯ૻᓎ᛼ၗྍຫٰຫᆙᕲکၗ਑໺ᒡೲ౗ຫٰຫזޑᖿ༈ ϐΠǴ60 GHz ᓎࢤޑคጕอຯᚆ೯ૻΨຫٰຫڙډݙཀǴԋࣁ҂ٰคጕ೯ ૻמೌύനԖወΚޑמೌϐ΋Ƕ60 GHz ឦܭడԯݢ೯ૻמೌǴჹܭ PCǵኧ Տৎႝ฻ᔈҔǴૈ୼ჴ౜൳Gbps ޑຬଯೲคጕ໺ᒡǶడԯݢᆶၨեᓎࢤޑ ༾ݢ࣬КϐΠǴځ੝Յࢂёа٬Ҕޑᓎ᛼ጄൎ׳ቨаϷၗૻ৒ໆεǴܰჴ ౜ܭઞݢ״کଯቚ੻ϺጕǴ܌аှ݋ࡋଯکלυᘋ܄ӳǶԜѦǴӧ60 GHz ᓎࢤߕ߈ޑԾҗޜ໔໺ᒡၡ৩ཞ઻ऊࣁ15 dB/kmǴ܌аځӧอຯᚆޑคጕ ೯ૻ΢ڀԖᓬ༈Ǵ྽ฅલᗺ൩ࢂό፾ӝߏຯᚆ೯ૻǶ EEE802.20 GS AN

IEEE802.16 Wireless MAN(WiMAX)

კ ཀკ[ ೯ૻᓎ᛼ၗྍຫٰຫᆙᕲکၗ਑໺ᒡ ࢤޑคጕอຯᚆ೯ૻΨຫٰຫڙډ מೌϐ΋Ƕ60 GHz ឦܭడԯ ޑຬ ኱ྗว৖ቫ Ң eless LA (WiFi) l L l L MAN

IEEE802.16 Wireless M(Wi

1 ཀ ૻᓎ᛼ၗྍຫٰຫᆙᕲکၗ਑໺ คጕอຯᚆ೯ૻΨຫٰຫڙ ΋Ƕ60 GHz ឦ ྍຫٰຫᆙᕲکၗ 5 oth ೯ૻ኱ྗ ᛼ၗྍ ᕲ Bluetoot ጕ೯ૻ LAN 1 Wir PAN E802. r ຫᆙ 802.1 IEE IEEE อຯ ᛼

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ಃ ಃ΋ക Ꮴፕ ೭ٿᅿמೌࣣ٬Ҕ2.4 GHz ޑ ISM ᓎ஥ǴӵՖ٬ WLAN ᆶᙔ޵ӅӸǴ٠৖ ౜ځന٫πբਏૈǴஒ཮ࢂ҂ٰ౲ӭႝηౢࠔय़ᖏډޑ೛ीࡷᏯǶ ! ! ϞВޑคጕמೌςว৖ԋዕǴӧWLAN Бय़ǴځёаᔈҔӧၨቨቶޑ ጄൎǴ໺ᒡຯᚆऊ100 ϦЁǴҗ WiFi ኱ྗಔᙃڋۓೕጄǹԶᙔ޵Бय़߾ࢂ ᔈҔӧคጕঁΓᆛၡ(WPAN)Ǵځ໺ᒡຯᚆऊ 10 ϦЁǴ၀኱ྗࢂҗᙔ޵ SIG ኱ྗಔᙃॄೢڋۓೕጄǶ ! ! ӧҁጇፕЎޑಃΟകǴஒۯុಃΒകޑ่݀ǴவЬ୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔۯ՜ ډ᏾ᡏௗԏᐒǴჴ౜рёаᒧ೯ၰޑ2.4 GHz ޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒǴځஒ஥೯ᘠ ݢᏔ᏾ӝӧௗԏᐒϣٰڗж΋૓ޑѦௗԄᘠݢᏔǴനࡕஒځᆶ60 GHz ႝၡ ᏾ӝӧ΋ଆǴֹԋ҂ٰёаᔈҔܭคጕᆛၡ೯ૻ໺ᒡаϷอຯᚆޑడԯݢ ଯೲቹႽ໺ᒡǶ

1.2! ፕЎಔᙃࢎᄬ

! ! ҁጇፕЎஒ௦ҔTSMC CMOS 0.18-ȝP ک TSMC SiGe 0.18-ȝP ᇙำמ ೌٰ೛ी඲ТǶҁፕЎϩࣁѤঁക࿯Ǵಃ΋കࣁᏤፕǴᇥܴࣴز୏ᐒᆶፕ ЎಔᙃǶಃΒകࣁЬ୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ǴϟಏᘠݢᏔޑڄኧៜᔈǴ аϷӵՖҗե೯চࠠᘠݢᏔᙯඤԋ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǴ٠௖૸ Q-ቚமמೌک٬Ҕ ଏϯႝߔٰׯ๓ᘠݢᏔޑጕ܄ࡋǴฅࡕᇥܴॄႝߔޑёፓጄൎکҬᒱጠӝ ႝ඲ᡏޑᚇૻ੝܄ǶಃΟകࣁ2.4/60 GHz ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒǴᙖҗӧಃ Βകޑ่݀ǴӃஒᘠݢᏔ߻ભу΢եᚇૻܫεᏔٰ׭ڋᘠݢᏔޑᚇૻǴ٠ ่ӝЬ୏షᓎᏔٰჴ౜ᔈҔܭ೯ၰᒧ᏷ޑ2.4 GHz ޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒǴനࡕ٬ ж΋૓ޑѦௗԄᘠ ҂ٰёаᔈҔܭคጕᆛၡ೯ૻ໺

ᙃࢎ

ஒ௦Ҕ MC S ҁፕЎϩࣁѤঁക࿯Ǵಃ΋കࣁᏤፕ ࣁЬ୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋Ǵϟಏ ᘠݢᏔᙯඤԋ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǴ٠ ጕ܄ࡋǴฅࡕᇥܴ 0.18-ȝP ঁക࿯ ಃ΋ TS ёаᔈҔܭคጕᆛၡ೯

ࢎ

Ҕ M ፕЎϩࣁѤঁക࿯Ǵಃ΋കࣁᏤ ୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋Ǵ Ꮤᙯඤԋ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ Ѥঁക࿯Ǵಃ΋ക ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ OS 0. ϩࣁѤঁ ೯

ࢎᄬ

MC CMOS ࣁ ೯ᘠ ஥೯

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ಃΒക

Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋

! !

஥

Ꮤ೛

೛ी

஥

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Ꮤ೛

Ꮤ

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஥೯ᘠݢ

೯ᘠ

೯ ᘠݢ

ᘠݢ

ᘠ

ݢ

(17)

ಃ ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ ! ! ӧ౜ж೯ૻس಍ޑ໺ᒡύǴځӧௗԏᆄ܌ሡाޑᓎ஥ύ཮ӕਔӸӧ೚ ӭߚ࣬ᜢޑૻဦǴࣁΑᗉխ਒஥ૻဦჹЬૻဦౢғόѸाޑυᘋǴԜਔሡ ा஥೯ᘠݢᏔٰᘠନ΢ॊޑυᘋ໨ǴӢԶ஥೯ᘠݢᏔคፕӧௗԏᐒ܈ว৔ ᐒࣣࢂ΋ঁᜢᗖ႟ಔҹǶ ! ! ೯தൂ΋ঁᘠݢᏔคݤ಄ӝ܌Ԗᏹբᓎ஥ޑሡ؃ǴԶӭঁᘠݢᏔࠅ཮ ՞Ᏽϼεޑय़ᑈǴӢԜ٬ҔёፓԄޑᘠݢᏔߡࢂှ،΢ॊୢᚒޑБݤǶฅ Զӧᑈᡏႝၡ΢೛ीᘠݢᏔਔǴத཮ၶډ΋ঁᝄख़ޑୢᚒǴ൩ࢂႝགޑ Q ॶ(quality factor)ϼৡǴ΋૓εऊ೿ 10 аΠǴᏤठᘠݢᏔ೯஥ޑཞ઻ϼεǴ ܌аѸ໪ճҔӚᅿЬ୏ႝၡٰගϲႝགޑQ ॶǴቚуႝགޑ Q ॶԖᅈӭБ ݤёаၲډǴԶҁകஒ๱ख़ӧҬᒱጠӝ(cross couple)ޑЬ୏ႝၡٰౢғॄߔ ל(negative resistance)٬ᘠݢᏔӧόਁᕏޑ௃׎ϐΠǴځ೯஥ޑཞ઻ᅰёૈ Ӧ෧ϿǶ ! ! ҁക࿯२Ӄ཮ϟಏᘠݢᏔڄኧޑᅿᜪǴௗΠٰᇥܴ೛ीᘠݢᏔޑࢬ ำǴЬाஒ཮ᇥܴႝགޑ Q ॶჹᘠݢᏔ੝܄ޑቹៜǴௗ๱૸ፕӵՖ٬ҔЬ ୏ϡҹٰׯ๓ Q ॶǴԜѦ٠ᇥܴ٬ҔҬᒱጠӝޑЬ୏ႝၡ஥๏ᘠݢᏔޑલ ᗺǴӵጕ܄ࡋаϷᚇૻࡰኧ(Noise Figure)ǴҁፕЎஒࡌҥЬ୏ᘠݢᏔޑ೛ी ᏤЇٰന٫ϯځЬ୏੝܄Ƕ ૓εऊ೿10 аΠ ୏ႝၡٰ Q ॶǴቚ ҁകஒ๱ uple)ޑ tanc ΠǴځ ཮ϟಏᘠݢᏔڄኧޑᅿᜪǴௗΠٰᇥ ႝགޑ ܄ޑቹៜ Ѧ٠ᇥܴ٬ҔҬᒱጠӝ cross ޑ௃׎ϐ ၡٰගϲႝགޑQ ஒ๱ oup ce ϐΠ ϟಏᘠݢᏔڄኧޑᅿᜪǴௗΠ ޑ Q ॶჹᘠݢᏔ੝܄ޑ ݢᏔڄኧޑᅿᜪǴ ௃ ᜪ ޑ௃ ᘠݢ ᅿ ጠӝ(c ਁᕏ (c ޑ ޑ ᒱጠ ӧόਁ ๱ख़ӧҬᒱ ᘠݢᏔӧ ݢᏔ ᘠ ϟ

(18)

2.1 ໣ᕴԄ஥೯ᘠݢᏔচࠠϩ݋

! ! தـޑ೏୏ϡҹёϩࣁਮКഓϻ(Chebyshev)ϷЃ੝ؔ૟(Butterworth) ៜᔈ[1]Ǵόӕޑᓎ౗ៜᔈஒჹᔈόӕޑౢࠔᔈҔሡ؃Ƕҁക࿯܌௦Ҕޑᘠ ݢᏔᓎ౗ៜᔈڄኧࣁਮКഓϻៜᔈǶ܌ჴ౜ޑ໣ᕴԄ஥೯ᘠݢᏔനख़ाޑ Եໆࣁ੃ନόѸाޑߞဦǴӵ݀೛ीޣёаௗڙ೯஥ύڀԖ΋٤฻ᅎݢ (ripple)Ǵ൩ёаளډКЃ੝ؔ૟ᘠݢᏔ׳٫ޑᄒЗ஥ߞဦ׭ڋǶӧᓎ౗ᇻ εܭᄒЗᓎ౗ਔǴਮМៜᔈޑ૰෧ໆ཮КЃ੝ؔ૟ៜᔈޑ૰෧ໆε_{(2 ) / 4}2N ७Ƕ ! ! ӧҁക࿯܌٬ҔޑᘠݢᏔࣁ໣ᕴԄ LC ϡҹ܌ჴ౜ޑޔௗጠӝӅਁᘠ ݢᏔ(Direct-Coupled-Resonator Filter)[2]Ǵځ೛ीࢬำӵΠǺ

2.1.1 ໣ᕴԄ஥೯ᘠݢᏔϡҹᒧۓ

! ! ӧҁക࿯܌٬Ҕޑ೛ीϦԄ೿ࢂ୷ܭե೯চࠠᘠݢᏔǴӵკ2.1 ܌ҢǴ 1 r =1 g2 g4 gn-1 g1 g3 gn gn-1 n odd n even gn r კ2.1ǵե೯চࠠᘠݢᏔ[2]Ƕ ! ! ӧკ2.1 ύǴਮКഓϻៜᔈ΋૓ޑ҅ೕϯࡕϐϡҹॶ೛ीϦԄ[3][4]ӵ Π܌ҢǴ 2 1 , tanh ( / 4) n even

r for n odd r E for (2.1)

ᘠݢᏔࣁ໣ᕴԄ LC ϡ -Reson ೛ीࢬ

஥೯ᘠ

܌٬Ҕޑ೛ीϦԄ೿ࢂ୷ܭե೯চࠠᘠݢ r =1 2 g n odd ܭե೯চࠠ gn-1 g g চࠠ চ ځ sonat ځ೛ी

ᘠ

Ҕޑ೛ीϦԄ೿ࢂ୷ܭե೯চࠠᘠ g3 g ೯ gn g ࢂ୷ܭե ޑ೛ीϦԄ೿ࢂ୷

ۓ

ҹᒧ

ݢᏔϡҹ

(19)

ಃ ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ 1 1 g 2 /a J (2.2) ! ! (2.2)Ԅύޑ g1ࣁკ2.1 ύಃ 1 ঁ҅ᘜϯࡕޑϡҹॶǴځύa1کJ ޑϦԄ ࣁǴ (2 1) sin[ ], 1,2,... 2 k k a k n n S _(2.3) sinh( ) 2n E J (2.4) 1 1 1 4 2,3,...., k k k k k a a g k n b g (2.5) ! ! (2.5)Ԅύޑ gkࣁკ2.1 ύಃ 2 ঁډಃ n ঁ҅ᘜϯࡕޑϡҹॶǴځύbޑ ϦԄࣁǴ 2 _{sin (}2 _{), 1,2,...} k k b k n n S J (2.6) ! ! നࡕ΢ॊޑԄηѸ໪ᔠࢗg =g r_n ₁ Ƕ /10 2 1

10log[1 (10Am 1)cos ( cos ')] , ' 1

A n Z dB Z d (2.7)

! ! (2.7)Ԅࣁ҅ೕϯࡕޑᓎ౗λܭᄒЗᓎ౗ޑ૰෧ໆϦԄǶ

/10 2 1

10log[1 (10Am 1)cosh ( cos ')] , ' 1

A n Z dB Z t (2.8) kࣁკ ҅ᘜϯ ), k ), n S_), ԄηѸ 2

cos ( cos2 _cos_cos ')] , '_')]_')]_{')] ,}_{')] ,}_')]_{)] ,}

ಃ n ঁ კ ҅ᘜ Ѹ໪ 11 _')] 1 ࢗg =g r_n ₁ Ƕ ᔠࢗ ..n ... ঁډಃಃ 2 ঁ 2.1 ύಃ ᔠࢗ ໪ᔠ η

(20)

Am A dB ȷ ȷȽľġĲ ı კ2.2ǵਮКഓϻៜᔈচࠠᘠݢᏔჹ҅ೕϯᓎ౗ޑ૰෧ៜᔈ[2]Ƕ ! ! კ 2.1 ёаᡍ᛾ځ୷ҁޑե೯ኳࠠǴஒե೯ኳࠠ࿶җᓎ౗ᙯඤёளډ ܌ሡޑ஥೯ኳࠠǴځᓎ౗ޑჹᔈᜢ߯ࣁǴ஥೯ᘠݢᏔޑ f0ჹᔈډե೯ᘠݢ Ꮤޑf '=0ǴаϷ஥೯ᘠݢᏔޑٿঁᜐጔᓎ౗ f1کf2ჹᔈډե೯ᘠݢᏔޑᜐ ጔᓎ౗f1'Ǵӵკ 2.3 ܌ҢǴ A dB f'1=ȷ'1/2͘ ı ե೯চࠠៜᔈ ஥೯ៜᔈ f1 fO f2 კ2.3ǵե೯ډ஥೯ៜᔈޑᙯඤ[2]Ƕ ࿶җե೯চࠠᘠݢᏔᙯඤԋ஥೯ᘠݢᏔࡕޑႝၡკӵკ2.4 ܌ҢǴ R1 C01 Lr1 C12 C23 Cn-1,n Cn,n+1 Lr2 Cr2-C12-C23 Lrn _R_n ᘠݢᏔޑٿঁᜐጔᓎ౗ff ک1 3 ܌Ң /2͘ চࠠ ஥ ډ஥೯ ޑٿঁᜐጔᓎ౗ ܌Ң ࠠៜៜᔈ

(21)

ಃ ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ 2 1 rk rk O L C Z (2.9) ! ! (2.9)ԄύZ_Oࣁ஥೯ᘠݢᏔޑύЈᓎ౗ǴL_rkکC_rkࣁკ2.4 ύ࣬ჹᔈޑ ϡҹॶǶ 1 1 1 01 1 1 1 1 ' / 1 ' / r O r C R g C C R g Z Z Z § · ¨ ¸ © ¹ (2.10) ! ! (2.10)ԄύऩচࠠᘠݢᏔޑZ_O҅ೕϯࣁ΋Ǵ߾Z'ࣁ஥೯ᘠݢᏔޑ-3 dB ᓎቨǴR1ࣁ50 ȍ ੝ቻߔלǴg1ࣁკ2.1 ύޑ҅ೕϯϡҹॶǶ , 1 1 ' / 1 ' / rn n n n n O rn n n C R g C C R g Z Z Z § · ¨ ¸ © ¹ (2.11) ! ! (2.11)Ԅύ Rnࣁ50 ȍ ੝ቻߔלǴgnࣁკ2.1 ύޑ҅ೕϯϡҹॶǶ 12 1, ' rj rk jk n n j k C C C for C to C g g Z §_¨_¨ ·_¸_¸ © ¹ (2.12) ! ! (2.12)Ԅύ gjک gkࣁკ 2.1 ύޑ҅ೕϯϡҹॶǴCrjک Crk߾ࢂ(2.9)Ԅύ ޑ࣬ჹᔈϡҹॶǶ 01 01 2 2 2 ' 1 R C C C Z (2.13) ߔלǴg ࣁკ 2 1 ύޑ҅ೕ ' rn C_rn 'C Z' Rnࣁ ޑ҅ for ··· ࣁკ 2.1 ύޑ҅ೕϯϡҹ gn g g ࣁკ 1 ύ g1ࣁკ2.1 ύ // n n r C_r ࣁ ύޑ or C C _{1 n}₁ ߔלǴ ȍ ੝ቻߔל · g ¸ / n / n g ¹ n g // ¸¸ / C C₁₂₁₂

(22)

1 2 1 ' ' O O O f f f f f f Z §_¨ ·§_¸¨ ·_¸ © ¹© ¹ (2.15) ! ! (2.15)Ԅࣁጠӝႝל(C01,C12...Cn,n+1)ᒿᓎ౗ᡂϯቹៜϐ߈՟ॶǶ 2 1 1 2 1 , ' ' O f f f f f f Z | # (2.16) ! ! (2.16)Ԅࣁ f2/f1<0.05 Ъଷ೛ጠӝႝל(C01,C12...Cn,n+1)όᒿᓎ౗ᡂϯϐ߈ ՟ॶǶ

2.1.2 ኳᔕКၨ

! ! ҁക࿯ޑ஥೯ᘠݢᏔႣۓޑೕ਱ࢂ೛ीрύЈᓎӧ2.4 GHz Ъ-3 dB ᓎ ቨऊࣁ100 MHzǴ໘ኧᒧҔ N=2Ǵ܌а࿶җ౛ፕᆉрޑϡҹॶ஥Ε౛གྷϡ ҹॶࡕ຾Չኳᔕޑ่݀კаϷႝၡკӵΠ܌ҢǴ 50ȍ 0.166226 pF 4.39762 nH 50ȍ 0.166226 pF 4.39762 nH 24.775 fF 0.81157 pF 0.81157 pF კ2.5ǵύЈᓎ 2.4 GHz ޑ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǶ ᘠݢᏔႣۓޑೕ਱ࢂ೛ीрύЈᓎ Ǵ໘ ᆉрޑ ᔕޑ่ 16622 0.16 4.39762 nH Π܌ҢǴ 24.775 fF ೛ी ࿶җ౛ፕ ݢᏔႣۓޑೕ਱ࢂ೛ीрύ ໘ኧ ፕᆉ ่ 26 Ң җ౛ კӵΠ܌ 2 ݀კаϷႝၡკӵ ਱ࢂ೛ ܌а ޑೕ਱ 2Ǵ܌ ᒧҔN=

(23)

ಃ ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 Frequency (GHz) S11 & S 22 (d B ) 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 Frequency (GHz) S 21 & S 12 (d B ) (a) (b) კ 2.6ǵ٬Ҕ౛གྷϡҹॶኳᔕ(a)ϸ৔ཞ઻Ϸ(b)෌Εཞ઻Ƕ ! ! ႝགکႝ৒ऩඤԋTSMC CMOS 0.18-ȝP ޑኳࠠࡕǴ཮ว౜ᘠݢᏔޑ ෌Εཞ઻(insertion loss)ቚεǴջځ Q ॶΠफ़ǴԶኳᔕ่݀ӵΠკ܌ҢǴ 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 S11 & S22 ideal S11 & S22 TSMC model Frequency (GHz) S 11 & S 22 (d B ) 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 S21 & S12 ideal S₂₁& S₁₂TSMC model Frequency (GHz) S21 & S 12 (d B ) (a) (b) კ2.7ǵ٬Ҕ CMOS 0.18-ȝP ኳࠠኳᔕ(a)ϸ৔ཞ઻Ϸ(b)෌Εཞ઻Ƕ ! ! ᘠݢᏔQ ॶৡޑЬा߯Ӣ CMOS ᇙำᏱԖၨեޑߎឦᏤႝ౗ǴԜѦޖ ୷݈ܰᅅႝࢬ຾Զ٬ள on-chip ႝགคݤև౜ၨ٫ޑ Q ॶǶҁക࿯ᒧҔ TSMC CMOS 0.18-ȝP oss)ቚε ǴԶኳ 2.6 GHz) 2.2 -30 2 -10 & S12 (d B ) 2 Πफ़ 0 ቚε फ़Ǵ 2 S S11 2.0 del 40 S2 40 ideal SMMC mo S22 S22 T

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0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 Frequency (GHz) Induc ta nc e ( nH ) 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 -15.0 -12.5 -10.0 -7.5 -5.0 -2.5 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 Frequency (GHz) Q ua lity F ac to r (a) (b) კ2.8ǵon chip ႝགኳᔕ(a)ႝགॶϷ(b)Q ॶǶ

! ! җܭඤԋCMOS 0.18-ȝP ޑኳࠠࡕǴᘠݢᏔޑ෌Εཞ઻ཱུৡǴவკ 2.8 ޑኳᔕ่݀ёᢀჸǴεऊӧ2.5 GHz ਔႝག Q ॶёၲ 8 ѰѓǴՠࠅόૈᅈ ىᘠݢᏔޑ೛ीा؃Ǵ܌аѸ໪ቚமQ ॶٰၲډ׳٫ޑᓎ౗ៜᔈǶׯ๓ႝ གQ ॶޑБݤԖ೚ӭᅿǴ໺಍Ь୏ᘠݢᏔ೛ीа٬ҔЬ୏ႝགࣁЬࢬǴΏ ӢࣁᏱԖࡐቨޑёፓጄൎ[5][6]ǶՠЬ୏ႝགޑલᗺӧܭጕ܄ࡋϼৡϷᚇૻ ࡰኧϼৡǴҁፕЎගрΑќ΋БԄӵҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏٰගϲ೏୏ႝགޑ Q ॶǴ࿶җҬᒱጠӝЬ୏ϡҹ܌ౢғޑॄႝߔٰஒ೏୏ႝགբံᓭǴ຾Զၲ ډ׳ӳޑᓎ౗ៜᔈǶӧΠ΋λ࿯ஒ཮ᇥܴӵՖ٬ҔҬᒱጠӝЬ୏ϡҹჹႝ ག Q ॶගϲکϩ݋ҬᒱጠӝЬ୏ϡҹჹᘠݢᏔႝၡ܌೷ԋޑቹៜǴӵጕ܄ ࡋǵ೯஥Ѩ੿౜ຝϷᚇૻࡰኧǶ 8-ȝP ޑኳࠠࡕǴᘠݢ Ǵεऊӧ Q ॶё ा؃ ׳٫ Ԗ೚ӭᅿǴ໺಍Ь୏ᘠݢᏔ೛ीа٬ҔЬ ޑёፓ ӧܭ ፕЎගрΑќ΋БԄӵҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏٰ ӝЬ୏ϡҹ܌ౢғޑॄႝߔٰஒ೏୏ ӧΠ΋λ࿯ஒ཮ᇥܴӵՖ٬Ҕ ӝЬ୏ϡҹჹᘠݢ ೛ीа٬ Ь୏ႝག БԄӵҬᒱጠ લ ႝག ॶٰၲ ೛ीа ऊӧ ག Q ؃Ǵ ډ׳ ӭᅿǴ໺಍Ь୏ᘠݢᏔ೛ीа٬ ፓ ᗺӧ ගрΑќ΋БԄӵҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ ୏ϡҹ܌ౢғޑॄႝߔٰஒ ΋λ࿯ஒ཮ᇥܴӵՖ ೛ी ΋БԄӵҬᒱጠӝ ܌ౢғޑॄႝߔٰ ݢᏔ೛ ՠЬ୏ Αќ΋Б ҹ ӭᅿǴ໺಍Ь୏ᘠݢ ൎ[5][6]Ƕՠ ќ΋ மQ ᘠݢ Ь୏ᘠ ቚம Ь୏ᘠ ܌аѸ໪ Ǵ໺಍Ь಍Ь ҹ܌ ϡҹ Ǵ

(25)

ಃ ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋

2.2 ೛ीԵໆ

2.2.1 ٬ҔҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏׯ๓ on chip ႝག Q ॶ

! ! კ 2.9 ࣁҬᒱԄጠӝႝ඲ᡏҢཀკǴ܌ᒏҬᒱԄጠӝႝ඲ᡏࢂ٬Ҕٿ ঁ NMOS ႝ඲ᡏஒځ႔ཱུکཱུؕ࣬ௗǴӵკ 2.9(a)܌ҢǶҁፕЎࣁΑቚу ځ୏ᄊጄൎ(dynamic range)ԶуΕΑྍཱུଏϯႝߔ(R)Ǵӵკ 2.9(b)܌ҢǶԶ Ҭᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏޑॄႝߔё࿶җკ2.9(a)ک(2.17)Ԅډ(2.20)Ԅᙁൂ௢ளǴ

V

M

1

M

2

I

Z

in

V

M

1

M

2

I

Z'

in

R

(a) (b) კ 2.9ǵ(a)ҬᒱጠӝჹϷ(b)٬ҔྍཱུଏϯޑҬᒱጠӝჹǶ 1 2 gs gs V V V (2.17) 1 2 m m I I V g g (2.18)

Z

in

Z

(a) (b) Ҭᒱጠӝჹ ྍཱུଏϯ

R

M

1 (a) ጠӝჹϷ( )٬Ҕྍཱུ 1

M

2

M

a)

(26)

җ(2.20)Ԅёޕၰ၀ࢎᄬёౢғॄႝߔ-2/gmٰගଯon chip ႝག Q ॶǶ ! ! ऩӧҬᒱጠӝჹޑྍཱུԖуଏϯႝߔਔǴ฻ਏޑॄႝߔӵΠԄ܌ҢǴ ' 2 / 1 m in m g Z g R § · ¨ ¸ © ¹ (2.21) வ΢Ԅёаޕၰ྽٬Ҕ׳εޑଏϯႝߔ R ٰቚуጕ܄ࡋਔǴॄႝߔॶ཮ᡂ εǴځ฻ਏޑॄႝᏤॶ཮ᡂλǴஒ཮೷ԋᘠݢᏔ෌Εཞ઻ၸεǴѸ໪࿶җ ׳εޑ០୏ႝࢬ٬ॄႝᏤ׳εٰံᓭᘠݢᏔޑ෌Εཞ઻Ƕ

2.2.2 Ҭᒱጠӝჹޑጕ܄ࡋКၨ

! ! ਥᏵ[7]ёаளޕǴऩा٬ҬᒱጠӝჹޑᒡΕႝᓸጄൎᆢ࡭ጕ܄ᙯᏤǴ ջதኧॄႝߔǴ߾ाၲډ಄ӝΠӈ൳໨ӢનǴ२ӃࢂҬᒱጠӝჹޑٿᗭᙯ Ꮴႝ඲ᡏѸ໪ᆢ࡭ӧႫӝ୔ǴջV_GD_1,2 < V ǶಃΒӢનा٬Ҕႝࢬྍٰ០୏_T ҬᒱጠӝᙯᏤႝ඲ᡏޑጕ܄ᒡΕႝᓸጄൎǴҗკ2.10 ёаޕၰǴჹܭؒԖ ଏϯႝߔޑҬᒱጠӝჹёளډǴ < BIAS IN LIN MAX I v K (2.22) Զ֖ԖଏϯႝߔޑҬᒱጠӝჹёளډǴ < BIAS

IN LIN MAX BIAS eq

I v I R K ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! (2.23) IN LIN MAX v ࣁനεޑጕ܄ᒡΕႝᓸጄൎǴIBIAS ࣁҬᒱጠӝჹޑୃᓸႝࢬǴ 2 OX W K mC LǴаϷ Req ࣁ฻ਏޑଏϯႝߔǶவ(2.20)Ԅǵ(2.22)Ԅک(2.23) ԄύёаளޕǴ྽෧Ͽ I ޑਔংǴ཮ቚуॄႝߔک෧Ͽጕ܄ᒡΕႝᓸޑ ऩा٬Ҭᒱጠӝჹޑᒡ ाၲډ಄ӝΠӈ൳໨ӢનǴ२Ӄ ࡭ӧႫ Ӣન ႝ඲ᡏ 10 ё ᒱጠӝ IAS ᒱጠӝჹёளډǴ ൎǴҗკკკ2 Ӣન T V_TǶಃ ډ಄ӝΠӈ൳໨ӢનǴ ӧႫ ΒӢ ᡏ .1 ӝ ჹёளډǴ җ ᓸጄൎ ޑጕ܄ᒡΕႝᓸጄ ளډǴ ,,22 << GD1 V_GD1 ӝ୔Ǵջ

(27)

ಃ ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ բӧႫӝ୔Ǵ܌аႝ඲ᡏྍཱུႝᓸஒᆢ࡭ӧV_DD V_thǶ྽٬Ҕ΋ঁ NMOS ႝ඲ᡏբࣁႝࢬྍਔǴځѸ໪πբӧႫӝ୔Ǵ܌аऩଏϯႝߔ R ຫεਔǴ ஒ೷ԋ NMOS ႝ඲ᡏޑཱུؕႝᓸΠफ़Ǵ٬ள NMOS ᏹբӧጕ܄୔ǶԶӧ W/L ޑᒧڗ΢Ǵ୷ҁ΢ࣁλЁκ(W=4 um, nr=8, L=0.18 um)Ƕ M1 M2 IBIAS R_neg M1 I_BIAS Rneg R _R M2 (a) (b) კ2.10ǵ(a)౛གྷҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏ(b)٬ҔଏϯႝߔޑҬᒱጠӝႝ඲ᡏǶ

v

_IN

i

IN

g

v

g2

v

g1

v

IN

i

IN

g

m1

v

gs1

g

v

_g2

v

g1 eg I_BIA I R (a) (b) ᒱጠӝႝ Ҕଏϯႝ M1 M R (a) (b ӝႝ඲ᡏ(b)٬Ҕଏ a) IBIAS II 2 MM M (a)

(28)

வλૻဦޑᏹբᗺٰ࣮Ǵጕ܄ᒡΕႝᓸޑ߈՟ԄӵΠǴ

IN LIN MAX BIAS neg

v I R ! (2.24) ځύ Rnegࣁλૻဦޑ฻ਏॄႝߔǶ ! ! ࿶җኳᔕǴҬᒱጠӝჹޑጕ܄ࡋׯ๓੝܄ёҗკ2.12 ࣮рٰǴځύৡ ୏ᒡΕႝᓸࢂࡰႝ඲ᡏ M1ک M2ޑཱུؕᆄǴᙯᏤႝࢬ߾ࢂࢬၸ M1ک M2ޑ ཱུؕႝࢬǴԶଏϯႝߔ R=210 ȍǶ -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Without R With R Input Voltage (V) T ra ns conuc to r C ur re nt (m A ) კ2.12ǵᙯᏤႝࢬჹᒡΕႝᓸኳᔕ่݀Ƕ

2.2.3 ॄႝߔޑёፓጄൎ

! ! җܭ໣ጥਏᔈ(skin effect)ǵᎃ߈ਏᔈ(proximity effect)ک୷݈ཞ઻ (substrate loss)Ǵᑈᡏϯႝགޑཞ઻཮ᒿᓎ౗ቚуԶቚуǶჹܭႝགཞ઻ޑ ံᓭǴځ܌ሡाޑ฻ਏ٠ᖄॄႝߔ཮ᒿᓎ౗ቚуԶ෧ϿǶ٬ҔTSMC CMOS -0.8 5 4 0.6 Wi Wi (V) ႝࢬჹᒡ -0 0.4 tage (V) 4 0 2 0 0 0 2 -0 0 6

(29)

ಃ ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50 -193.0 -192.5 -192.0 -191.5 -191.0 Frequency (GHz) R ne g (O hm ) კ 2.13ǵҬᒱጠӝॄႝߔᆶᓎ౗ኳᔕ่݀Ƕ ! ! வკ2.14 ёаޕၰႝߔՍᖄޑႝགࠠԄᙯඤԋ٠ᖄࠠԄޑႝߔᙯඤԄ ӵΠ܌ҢǴ 2 2 2 ( 1) s p s s L R R Q R Z # (2.25)

C

S

R

S

L

S

C

P

L

P

R

P Frequency (GH 2.13ǵҬᒱጠӝॄႝߔᆶᓎ౗ኳᔕ ёаޕၰႝߔՍᖄޑႝགࠠԄᙯඤԋ٠ᖄ s R Z #

C

S ߔᆶᓎ ࠠԄᙯඤ ǵҬᒱጠӝॄႝߔᆶᓎ౗ ޕၰႝߔՍᖄޑႝགࠠԄᙯඤԋ 2 s L R Z2 Ԅᙯ ॄႝߔ ႝག ߔ ӝॄ ᖄޑႝ ႝߔՍᖄ

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0dB ideal distortion Gain კ2.15ǵ೯஥Ѩ੿ޑᘠݢᏔᆶ౛གྷচࠠᘠݢᏔǶ

2.2.4 Ҭᒱጠӝჹޑᚇૻ੝܄Кၨ

! ! ਥᏵЎ᝘[7]Ǵऩ΋ঁॄၩߔל ZLೱௗډҬᒱጠӝჹޑཱུؕᆄǴ߾ᒡр ᚇૻႝᓸ཮җᙯᏤႝ඲ᡏޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬǵ૰෧ႝߔޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬаϷႝࢬ ྍޑᚇૻ܌ଅ᝘ǶࣁΑᙁϯϩ݋Ǵଷ೛ႝࢬྍࣁ౛གྷႝࢬྍǴவᚇૻϩ݋ ёаޕၰǴᙯᏤႝ඲ᡏޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬ཮ޔௗଅ᝘ډᒡрᚇૻႝᓸǴӵკ2.16 ܌ҢǴ ZL _ 1 1 gs m g v _ 2 2 gs m g v 2 g v Req 1 g v 1 s v vs2 1 D i 1 D L i i vL ZL _ 1 1 gs m g v _ 2 2 gs m g v 2 g v Req 1 g v 1 s v vs2 Re L q i vL Re q v კ2.16ǵλૻဦᚇૻኳࠠǶ 2 2 2 2 1,2 1,2 1,2 1 2 L M D _L m L neg v i Z f f g Z R § · § · ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ' ' _© _{¹ ©} _¹ (2.26) ΋ঁॄၩߔל Z ೱௗډҬᒱ ႝ඲ᡏޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬǵ૰෧ႝߔޑ ǶࣁΑᙁϯϩ݋Ǵଷ೛ႝࢬྍࣁ౛གྷႝ ႝ඲ᡏޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬ཮ޔௗଅ᝘ډᒡрᚇ Z 2 gs m g_m₂v 1 D Z _ g_m 2 g L v ޔௗଅ᝘ډ᝘ډډ ǵ૰ ႝࢬྍࣁ ၩߔל ZZ ೱௗL ඲ᡏޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬǵ૰෧ႝ ࣁΑᙁϯϩ݋Ǵଷ೛ႝࢬྍࣁ౛ ඲ᡏޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬ཮ޔௗଅ᝘ډᒡ ZL Z 2 gs v 2 g v ଅ᝘ R i ࢬྍ L i ཮ޔௗ ᡏޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬ཮ޔ ႝࢬ ଷ೛ႝ ࢬ ᚇૻႝ ݋Ǵଷ ᙁϯϩ݋

(31)

ಃ ಃΒക Ь୏஥೯ᘠݢᏔ೛ीᆶϩ݋ ځύ 2 1,2 L M v f ' ࣁႝ඲ᡏ M1ک M2ޑ዗ᚇૻჹᒡрᚇૻႝᓸޑଅ᝘Ǵ 2 1,2 D i f ' ࣁႝ ඲ᡏ M1ک M2ޑ዗ᚇૻႝࢬǴRnegࣁவႝ඲ᡏ M1ک M2ޑཱུؕᆄ࣮Εޑॄ ႝߔǴk ࣁݢ૟ୗதኧǴT ࣁഩԄྕࡋǴJ ࣁ2 3Ƕ

! !

ऩҬᒱጠӝჹԖ٬ҔྍཱུଏϯႝߔǴٗሶ฻ਏޑྍཱུଏϯႝߔଅ᝘ډ ӄ೽ޑᒡрᚇૻႝᓸࣁǴ 2 2 1,2 4 L M _L eq L neg v Z kTR f Z R § · ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ ' _© _¹ (2.28) ځύR_negࣁவႝ඲ᡏ M1ک M2ޑཱུؕᆄ࣮Εޑ฻ਏॄႝߔǴReqࣁ฻ਏޑྍ ཱུଏϯႝߔǶ ! ! ႝࢬྍଅ᝘ډҬᒱጠӝჹޑᚇૻǴᆶႝࢬྍکҬᒱጠӝჹޑೱௗБԄ ԖᜢǴऩځೱௗБԄӵკ 2.10(b)Ǵջൂ΋ঁୃᓸႝࢬྍೱௗӧଏϯႝߔޑ ύ໔܈ޣࢂؒԖ٬ҔଏϯႝߔǴЪ٬ҔჹᆀޑҬᒱጠӝჹǴٗሶ౛གྷ΢ႝ ࢬྍ٠ό཮ଅ᝘ᚇૻډৡ୏ॄၩǶӧΠ΋ക࿯ޑ߻ٿঁჴբႝၡஒ཮ӧᘠ ݢᏔޑ߻΋ભу΢եᚇૻܫεᏔǴځҞޑࢂҔٰ׭ڋᘠݢᏔޑ܌ౢғޑᚇ ૻǶ M1ک M ޑཱུؕᆄ࣮Εޑ฻ ᝘ډҬᒱጠӝჹޑᚇૻǴᆶႝࢬྍکҬᒱ ௗБԄ ႝࢬྍ Ԗ٬ҔଏϯႝߔǴЪ٬ҔჹᆀޑҬᒱጠӝ ᚇૻډৡ୏ॄၩǶӧΠ΋ക࿯ޑ߻ٿ եᚇૻܫεᏔǴځҞޑࢂҔٰ׭ ൂ΋ঁୃᓸ ǴЪ٬Ҕჹᆀ ᓸ ᓸ ᆶႝࢬྍ M2 M M ޑཱུؕᆄ࣮Ε ҬᒱጠӝჹޑᚇૻǴᆶႝࢬྍک Ԅ ႝ ҔଏϯႝߔǴЪ٬ҔჹᆀޑҬᒱ ૻډৡ୏ॄၩǶӧΠ΋ക࿯ޑ߻ ૻܫεᏔǴځҞޑࢂҔ ॄၩǶӧΠ΋ക࿯ ႝࢬ ക ᆶႝ ջൂ ϯႝߔǴЪ ৡ୏ॄ ΋ ӵკ 2.10(b)Ǵջ ႝߔ ૻǴ ӧΠ ӧΠ ޑᚇૻ ጠӝჹޑ ୏ॄ ৡ୏ ૻ

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ಃΟക

2.4/60 GHz

ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎ

ௗԏᐒ

(33)

ಃ ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHzᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ ! ! ߈ԃٰคጕ೯ૻጲࠁว৖Ǵଯ᏾ӝ܄ޑӭኳᄊௗԏᐒΨ೴ᅌว৖໒ ٰǴӭኳᄊௗԏᐒࣁ߈ԃٰࣴزว৖Ьືϐ΋ǶԜѦǴӚ୯໒ۈ໒ܫ60 GHz ߕ߈ᓎ஥ࣁխ୺ྣᓎ஥ǴӢԜడԯݢଯೲ໺ᒡႝၡԋࣁ߈ԃٰ࣬྽዗ߐޑ ࣴزЬᚒǶҁക࿯ஒ٬ҔཥԄޑௗԏᐒࢎᄬٰჴ౜ᓎࢤৡຯࣗᇻϐ2.4 GHz Ϸ60 GHz ᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒǴԜᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒᓎࢤ࣬ৡࣗᇻόܰ ܭ߻ᆄႝၡϐ᏾ӝǴӢԜҁക࿯ஒ᏾ӝځफ़ᓎࡕޑեᓎႝၡǴҗܭեᓎႝ ၡς೏᏾ӝܭӕ΋୔༧Ǵ܌аIF ᒡрคݤ٬Ҕ໺಍ޑ IF ᘠݢᏔբᒧᓎǴԶ ҁക࿯ගрΑཥޑᄬགྷǴஒ٬ҔКٯᓎቨ(fractional bandwidth)ཱུλޑЬ୏ ᘠݢᏔܭ߻ᆄٰբIF ᒡрᒧᓎǴ࿶җԜଯࡋ᏾ӝǴҁക࿯܌ගрϐௗԏᐒ ҂ٰஒёᔈҔܭడԯݢଯೲቹႽ໺ᒡϷคጕᆛၡ೯ૻ໺ᒡǶ ! ! ҁക࿯܌ගрཥԄ৔ᓎԏวᐒמೌᙖа᏾ӝ༾ݢϷడԯݢٿᓎ஥ϐᔈ ҔǴԶځ੝Յගрёϩࣁٿε੝ᗺǶ२ӃǴගрബཥޑࢎᄬஒ᏾ӝЬ୏Ԅ ஥೯ᘠݢᏔܭ৔ᓎௗԏᐒϐύǴЬ୏Ԅ஥೯ᘠݢᏔᏱԖᓎቨઞϷ෌Εཞ઻ եϐ੝ᗺǴԶёᔈҔܭӭኳᄊௗԏᐒᒧᓎϐᜢᗖ႟ಔҹǴ໺಍ӭኳᄊௗԏ ᐒࢂаᒧᒡΕ RF ᓎࢤࣁ೛ीԵໆԶҁക࿯܌ගϐࢎᄬ߾аᒧᒡр IF ᓎ ࢤǴᙖҗԜᘠݢᏔϐ೛ीǴځႝၡёᄒڗрӚঁኳᄊ܌ჹᔈޑIF ᓎ஥ǴЪ ӧ୷ᓎႝၡ΢߾ёԖਏ᏾ӝǶќ΋Бय़Ǵ60 GHz फ़ᓎᏔޑಃ΋ભ೏୏షᓎ Ꮤ٬ҔཥԄޑ༾ݢጠӝጕϷѳᑽ-όѳᑽᙯௗᏔ٠่ӝΠ΋ભޑЬ୏షᓎᏔ ٰჴ౜ᏱԖ҅Ҭૻဦᒡрϐफ़ᓎᏔǶ ᒧᓎǴ࿶җԜଯࡋ ݢଯೲቹႽ໺ᒡϷคጕᆛၡ೯ ගрཥԄ৔ᓎԏวᐒמೌᙖа᏾ӝ༾ݢϷ ගрёϩࣁٿε੝ᗺǶ२ӃǴගрബཥޑ ৔ᓎௗԏᐒϐύǴЬ୏Ԅ஥೯ᘠݢᏔᏱԖ ᔈҔܭӭኳᄊௗԏᐒᒧᓎϐᜢᗖ႟ಔ ᓎࢤࣁ೛ीԵໆԶҁക࿯܌ගϐ ीǴځႝၡёᄒڗрӚ २ӃǴගр ǴЬ୏Ԅ஥೯ р р ᙖа᏾ӝ ೲቹႽ໺ᒡϷคጕᆛ ཥԄ৔ᓎԏวᐒמೌᙖа᏾ӝ༾ ёϩࣁٿε੝ᗺǶ२ӃǴගрബ ௗԏᐒϐύǴЬ୏Ԅ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ Ҕܭӭኳᄊௗԏᐒᒧᓎϐᜢᗖ႟ ࣁ೛ीԵໆԶҁക࿯܌ ᄊௗԏᐒᒧᓎϐᜢ а᏾ ϐ ᙖа ᗺǶ२Ӄ ᐒϐύǴЬ ӭኳᄊ ᓎ ϩࣁٿε੝ᗺǶ ϐύ מೌ ᒧ ᐒᒧ วᐒמ ৔ᓎԏว ኳᄊ ӭኳ Ҕ

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3.1 س಍ࢎᄬᒧ᏷

! ! ΋ ૓ த ـ ޑ ௗ ԏ ᐒ ࢎ ᄬ х ֖ Ǻ ຬ Ѧ ৡ ௗ ԏ ᐒ(super-heterodyne receiver)ǵޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ(direct-conversion receiver)аϷեύᓎௗԏᐒ (low-IF receiver)Ǵӵკ 3.1 ډკ 3.3 ܌ҢǶಃ΋ભ٬Ҕ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ܈ࢂեᚇ ૻܫεᏔ߾ӚԖځᓬલᗺǴऩಃ΋ભࢂ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǴ߾ௗԏᐒ཮Ԗၨӳޑ υᘋ׭ڋǴՠҗܭᘠݢᏔ෌Εཞ઻ޑᜢ߯Ǵ܌а᏾ᡏᚇૻࡰኧ཮ၨଯᗺǹ ฅԶऩಃ΋ભ٬ҔեᚇૻܫεᏔਔǴ߾ௗԏᐒ཮ԖၨӳޑᚇૻࡰኧǴՠჹ ܭυᘋޑ׭ڋ཮ၨৡᗺǶҗܭᚇૻࡰኧЬाࢂҗಃ΋ભ،ۓǴ܌а೯தځ ߻य़ޑ೯஥ᒧ᏷ᘠݢᏔࢂѦௗԄޑᘠݢᏔǶ DSP ADC ADC LPF LPF 90° shifter channel select filter LO1 IR filter LNA Preselection filter LO2 Discrete component კ3.1ǵ΋૓ຬѦৡௗԏᐒࢎᄬკǶ! კ 3.2ǵ΋૓եύᓎௗԏᐒࢎᄬǶ ࢂѦௗԄޑᘠݢᏔǶ 0° fter LNA compon კ3. ࢎᄬკ el r 9 hi one 3 1 ᐒࢎ 1 LO chann elect f s ter ΋

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ಃ ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHzᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ ADC ADC LPF LPF 90° shifter LNA Preselection filter LO DSP Discrete component ! კ3.3ǵ΋૓ޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒǶ ! ! ຬѦৡௗԏᐒޑᓬᗺԖၨӳޑᡫ௵ࡋǵ୏ᄊጄൎکᓎ౗ᒧ᏷܄ǴԶځ લᗺࣁϡҹኧໆၨӭЪ᜔Ⴝૻဦୢᚒᝄख़Ǵ܌аሡाၨܳ຦ޑ඲ТѦ (off-chip)ଯࠔ፦Ӣન߄य़ᖂݢ(SAW)ᘠݢᏔǴӢԶӧ᏾ӝ΢ၨ֚ᜤԶόܰၲ ډଯࡋᑈᡏϯǶ ! ! ࣁΑाှ،᜔ႽૻဦୢᚒǴՠΞ׆ఈس಍ёа᏾ӝӧӕ΋ঁ඲Т΢Ǵ ߾ёа٬Ҕࠖ੝ճ(Hartley)᜔Ⴝ੃ନࢎᄬǵ࠶ᅽ(Weaver)᜔Ⴝ੃ନࢎᄬǴӵ კ 3.4 ܌ҢǴ܈ޣࢂޔௗफ़ᓎࢎᄬǶځύࠖ੝ճࣁեύᓎ(low-IF)ࢎᄬǴ࠶ ᅽࣁեύᓎکᚈफ़ᓎ(dual-conversion)ࢎᄬǴԶޔௗफ़ᓎࣁ႟ύᓎ(zero-IF) ࢎᄬǶӧ࠶ᅽޑࢎᄬύǴҗܭࢂᚈफ़ᓎࢎᄬǴ܌а཮ԖಃΒ᜔ႽޑୢᚒǴ ԶЪᗋाӭ΋ભफ़ᓎᏔǴځф౗੃઻୷ҁ΢཮Кࠖ੝ճᆶޔௗफ़ᓎଯ΋ ٤ǶԜѦǴךॺёаவᓎ᛼კٰϩ݋᜔Ⴝ੃ନޑচ౛[1]Ǵӧ۹ౣॄᓎ౗ϐ ΠǴӵკ 3.5 ܌ҢǴ(a)຾Εफ़ᓎᏔ߻ሡाૻဦک᜔Ⴝૻဦ(b)࿶ၸಃ΋ԛफ़ ᓎ(c)࿶ၸಃΒԛޔௗफ़ᓎǶவᓎ᛼კךॺёа࣮рಃ΋᜔Ⴝᓎ౗࿶ၸٿԛ फ़ᓎࡕёа೏ե೯ᘠݢᏔᘠନ܈ࢂ࿶җಃ΋ભፄኧషᓎᏔٰ׭ڋǴԶҗܭ य़ᖂݢ(SAW)ᘠݢᏔǴӢ ᜔ႽૻဦୢᚒǴՠΞ׆ఈس಍ёа᏾ ੝ճ( eave ܈ޣࢂޔௗफ़ᓎࢎᄬǶځύࠖ੝ճࣁեύ ᚈफ़ᓎ ௗफ़ ࢎᄬύǴҗܭࢂᚈफ़ᓎࢎᄬǴ܌а཮ ᓎᏔǴځф౗੃઻୷ҁ΢཮К ᛼კٰϩ݋᜔Ⴝ੃ ࠶ᅽ(W Ƕځύࠖ i )ࢎᄬ ճࣁ ׆ఈس಍ ࠶ᅽ ) ႽૻဦୢᚒǴՠΞ׆ఈس಍ёа (H We ࢂޔௗफ़ᓎࢎᄬǶځύࠖ੝ճࣁե ᓎ ޔௗ ύǴҗܭࢂᚈफ़ᓎࢎᄬǴ܌ ځф౗੃઻୷ҁ΢ ࠶ᅽ nversion)ࢎᄬǴԶ ܭࢂᚈफ़ᓎࢎᄬ ual ᄬǵ ᄬǶځ -conv җ Hartley)᜔Ⴝ੃ନࢎᄬ ௗफ़ᓎࢎᄬ Ξ׆ ନࢎᄬ ੃ନ ՠΞ ੃ନ ဦୢᚒǴ ey)᜔ႽႽ җܭ Ǵҗ ey

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׭ڋǶӧ੿҅ޑᔈҔ΢ǴҗܭI ک Q ၡ৩ޑόϰଛ(ӵǺI ک Q ޑషᓎᏔό ϰଛ܈ࢂ LO ᆄޑਁ൯ελаϷ࣬Տ΢ޑόϰଛ)Ǵ཮٬ჴሞޑ᜔Ⴝ׭ڋڙ ज़ډѝഭऊ25~30 dB ѰѓǶ კ3.4ǵ࠶ᅽ᜔Ⴝ੃ନࢎᄬ[1]Ƕ კ ੃ନࢎᄬ[1] კ3 ᅽ᜔᜔Ⴝ੃੃ ࢎᄬ

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ಃ ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHzᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ ! ! ޔௗफ़ᓎௗԏᐒࢂޔௗᙯඤRF ૻဦډ୷ᓎૻဦǴ܌аᆀځࣁ႟ύᓎǶ ჹܭᓎ౗ک࣬ՏፓᡂૻဦǴफ़ᓎᏔѸ໪ගٮ҅Ҭᒡрٰᗉխၗ਑ޑཞѨǶ ޔௗफ़ᓎޑᓬᗺԖ1.ၨϿޑฯᡏ 2.ؒԖ᜔ႽୢᚒǴ܌аόሡा᜔Ⴝ׭ڋᘠ ݢᏔ 3.Ӣࣁ୷ᓎૻဦᓎ౗ࡐեǴѝሡ٬Ҕե೯ᘠݢᏔٰᒧ᏷ᓎၰǴ܌аڀ Ԗଯࡋ᏾ӝ܄ǶલᗺБय़߾ࢂԖ1.ҁӦૻဦࢻᅅ(LO leakage) 2.ޔࢬྗՏୃ

౽(DC offset) 3.ଢᛉᚇૻ(flicker noise) 4.҅Ҭૻဦόϰଛ(I/Q mismatch) 5.Β ໘ߚጕ܄Ѩ੿(Second order distortion)Ƕ

! ! җܭ஌ғႝ৒ᆶ୷݈ޑጠӝǴ཮೷ԋफ़ᓎᏔޑ LO ᆄک LNA ޑ RF ᒡ ΕᆄԖόֹऍޑ႖๊Ǵ܌аLO ૻဦஒ཮㎸Εډफ़ᓎᏔᆶ LNA ޑᒡΕᆄǶ ୷ܭ΢ॊޑচӢǴԜࢻᅅޑLO ૻဦ཮ᆶচҁޑ LO ૻဦషᓎǴջᆀࣁԾך షᓎ(self-mixing)Ǵӵკ 3.6 ܌ҢǴ೭ஒӧషᓎᏔޑᒡр೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽Ǵ നࡕ཮٬Π΋ભ(ADC)ႫکǶޔࢬྗՏୃ౽җܭόӕޑٰྍǴځॶёаεډ ऊ 10mVǹฅԶךॺ܌གྷाޑૻဦࠅߚதλǴٯӵऊ 0.5mVǴԜѦ IF ܫε Ꮤ Ѹ ໪ ග ٮ ى ୼ ଯ ޑ ቚ ੻ ٬ ADC ૈ ୼ှ ݋ך ॺ܌ा ޑૻ ဦ(ٯӵ ऊ 500mV)Ǵऩቚ੻Ԗ 1000ǴٗሶޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ஒ཮٬ ADC ႫکǶԜѦǴLO ૻဦΨ཮ࢻᅅډϺጕԶᒟ৔ډޜ਻ύǴฅࡕ࿶җڬൎϸ৔Զډၲफ़ᓎᏔޑ RF ᆄǴӵკ 3.7 ܌ҢǴऩ LNA ޑϸӛ႖ᚆӳǴ߾ёаᗉխԜቹៜǶ LNA LPF DCoffset+0.5ALOARFcos{ȴ(t)} IF Amp ADC LO ૻဦஒ཮㎸ ࢻᅅޑL চҁޑ Ǵӵკ ޑᒡр (AD ӕޑ Զךॺ܌གྷाޑૻဦࠅߚதλǴٯӵऊ 0 ୼ ଯ ॺ ܌ Ԗ10 ཮٬ A ጕԶᒟ৔ډޜ਻ύǴฅࡕ࿶җڬ ऩLNA ޑϸӛ႖ᚆӳ ߚதλǴٯӵ ADC ૈ ୼ှ ٯӵ ٯӵ ӧషᓎ ౽җܭό ޑLO ૻဦ཮ᆶচҁ კ Ꮤޑ DC όӕ ॺ܌གྷाޑૻဦࠅߚதλǴٯӵऊ ଯ ޑ ך ॺ 00 ஒ཮ ᒟ৔ډޜ਻ύǴฅࡕ࿶ ٗሶޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ஒ җ ୃ౽ ౽җ ࠅߚத ቚ ੻ ٬ A Ǵٗ Տୃ ܌གྷाޑૻဦࠅߚ ੻ ٬ ஒӧ Տୃ ӧ ྗՏ ྗՏ Ǵ೭ ࢬྗ .6 ܌Ң ႫکǶޔࢬ ٗሶ Ǵ

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LNA LPF ALOcos(ȷLOt) DCoffset+0.5ALOARFcos{ȴ(t)} ȷLO კ3.7ǵϸ৔ૻဦ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ҢཀკǶ ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ޑচӢନΑLO ૻဦࢻᅅϐѦᗋԖځдচӢǴ 1.! மυᘋྍ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽Ǵ΋ঁமυᘋྍёа࿶җ RF ᆄࢻᅅډ LO ᆄԶ೷ԋԾךషᓎǴӵკ3.8 ܌ҢǶ LNA LPF ALOcos(ȷLOt) DCoffset+0.5ALOARFcos{ȴ(t)} IF Amp ȷLO ADC Interferer Self-mixing კ3.8ǵமυᘋྍ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ҢཀკǶ! 2.! ߚ 50%ޑ LO πբຼය(duty cycle) ೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽Ǵऩ LO ޑ π բ ຼය٠ߚࣁ50%Ǵٗሶफ़ᓎᏔޑᒡрஒ཮ԖޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ޑୢᚒǴӵკ 3.9 ܌ҢǶ LNA LPF ALOcos(ȷLOt) DCoffset+0.5ALOARFcos{ȴ(t)} ȷLO Unbalanced LO კ3.8 ܌ҢǶ cos{ȴ კ3.8 ౽Ңཀ πբຼ ࢬྗՏ ሶफ़ᓎᏔޑᒡрஒ཮Ԗޔࢬྗ ྍ೷೷ԋޔࢬྗ O +0.5ALO LP RFFFc 8 ౽Ң բຼ ޔࢬྗ ᓎᏔޑᒡрஒ཮Ԗޔ ᘋྍ೷೷ԋޔࢬྗՏ uty cycle) ೷ԋޔ மυᘋྍ ය( ALOcos(ȷLOt) υᘋ ffset++ DCof D (du ຼය

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ಃ ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHzᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ ΋ۓໆޑޔௗ㎸ΕǴ܌аৡᓎૻဦஒ཮ӧफ़ᓎᏔޑᒡрჹךॺ܌གྷाޑૻ ဦ೷ԋυᘋǴӵკ 3.10 ܌ҢǶ٬Ҕৡ୏ႝၡёа෧ϿΒ໘ߚጕ܄Ѩ੿ޑቹ ៜǶ LNA LPF ALOcos(ȷLOt) Low-Freq-Interferer+0.5ALOARFcos{ȴ(t)} ȷLO ȷLO ȷLO კ3.10ǵΒ໘ߚጕ܄Ѩ੿೷ԋޔࢬྗՏୃ౽ҢཀკǶ! ! ! ҁക܌٬Ҕޑس಍ࢎᄬӵკ3.11 ܌ҢǴځᓎ᛼Ңཀკӵკ 3.12 ܌ҢǴ Ԝࢎᄬஒ෌ΕЬ୏ᘠݢᏔ຾Զ᏾ӝ༾ݢǵడԯݢᓎࢤǶа໺಍ӭኳᄊௗԏ ᐒԶقǴҗܭᓎࢤௗ߈ǴեᚇૻܫεᏔ฻߻ᆄЬ୏ϡҹё᏾ӝܭӕ΋୔༧Ǵ ӢԜЬ୏ԄᘠݢᏔத೏Ҕٰ଺ᒡΕRF ૻဦᒧᓎǴԶҁക࿯ޑࢎᄬගрќ΋ ᅿཥޑس಍ࢎᄬᄬགྷǴҗܭ60 GHz Ϸ 2.4 GHz ࣬ຯࣗᇻǴҞ߻ค࣬ᜢЎ᝘ ࣴزஒځ᏾ӝǴԜٿᓎࢤόܰ᏾ӝޑচӢࣁ߻ᆄϡҹᓎ౗࣬ຯࣗᇻǴӢԜ ҁക࿯ගрќ΋ᅿࡘᆢஒࡕᆄեᓎႝၡ଺᏾ӝǴԶࡕᆄեᓎႝၡ᏾ӝࡕ൩ όࢂҗᒡрIF ᘠݢᏔٰᒧڗ࣬ჹᔈϐ IF ᓎቨǴ෌ΕЬ୏ᘠݢᏔޑҞޑ߾ׯ ᡂࣁᒧ᏷IF(ύᓎ)ૻဦǶ LOcos(ȷLOt) ǵΒ໘ ྗՏୃ ޑس ᛼Ңཀ Ь୏ᘠݢᏔ຾Զ᏾ӝ༾ݢǵడԯݢᓎࢤ ᓎࢤௗ߈ǴեᚇૻܫεᏔ฻߻ᆄЬ୏ϡҹё Ꮤத Զҁ གྷǴҗ ࣬ຯ ᓎࢤόܰ᏾ӝޑচӢࣁ߻ᆄ ᓎႝ ǵడԯݢᓎ ܫεᏔ฻߻ ݢ Ь୏ ݢ ԋޔࢬ ҢǴځᓎ ໘ߚ ࢬྗ س಍ ᓎ᛼ ᘠݢᏔ຾Զ᏾ӝ༾ݢǵడԯݢᓎ ௗ߈ǴեᚇૻܫεᏔ฻߻ᆄЬ୏ϡ த೏ ǴԶ җܭ Hz ܰ᏾ӝޑচӢ డԯ ଺ᒡΕ RF ૻဦᒧ ༾ݢǵ ૻܫε Ҕٰ଺ ૻဦ ᘠݢᏔ຾Զ᏾ӝ༾ݢ ᚇૻܫ ੿೷೷ԋ 1 ܌ ԋ F Ѩ੿ 3.1 ࢎᄬӵკ ܭ6 Ҕ

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ፓԄǴځҞޑࢂࣁΑёаҔٰᒧ᏷೯ၰǴջёᔈҔܭIEEE 802.11n ޑคጕ ҁӦ୔ୱᆛၡ(WLAN)Ǵځ 40 MHz ޑ೯ၰᓎቨࣁচҁ IEEE 802.11b/g ޑٿ

७Ǵջ໺ᒡਏ౗ޔௗϲԋٿ७а΢ǶԶӧኳᄊࣁ60 GHz ਔޑႝၡࢎᄬࣁ࠶

ᅽ ᚈ फ़ ᓎ Ꮤ ޑ ࢎ ᄬ Ǵ ௦ Ҕ Α ൂ ҅ Ҭ ᚈ फ़ ᓎ Ꮤ(Single Quadrature Dual Down-Converter)ޑࢎᄬǴಃ΋ԛफ़ᓎډύᓎ(IF1)ࣁ 2.4 GHz ԶಃΒԛफ़ᓎ ࣁޔௗफ़ᓎǴځҞޑࢂ׆ఈૈჴ౜IF ᓎቨऊࣁ 1 GHz ٠ӧ҂ٰёаᔈҔܭ డԯݢଯೲቹႽ໺ᒡǶ RF1 (57~64 GHz) LO1 (28.8 GHz) RF2 (2.4~2.48 GHz) LNA Active balun Differential Low Noise Buffer

LO2 (2.4 GHz) VGA Quadrature generator Amplifier I-Baseband Q-Baseband Amp. IF freq. 1 GHz Amp. 20 MHz IF freq. Channel Select

Active BPF System Block Diagram

Buffer I Q LNA IF1 (2.4 GHz) კ3.11ǵس಍ࢎᄬკǶ 0 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Frequency (GHz) WiHD (57 GHz~64 GHz) LO1(28.8 GHz) LO2 (2.4 GHz) IF (BW 1 GHz~2 GHz) 0 1 2 3 4 5 Frequency (GHz) IF (BW ~40 MHz) WiFi (2.4~2.48 GHz) LO1 8.8 G A

Low Noise Buffer

VG fier A Cha Activ k Diagra ffer Q კ3 11 س಍ࢎᄬ ature enerator B Am GH GA plifi ann ive Block uf Q I (2 t uadratu gen Selec z) Qua 2 Hz) LO (2.4 G 1 GHz) ect PF l S BP

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ಃ ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHzᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ

3.2 ႝၡ೛ीԵໆ

3.2.1 ઞᓎ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ

! ! ҁകޑ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ׆ఈ೛ीрύЈᓎӧ 2.4 GHz Ъځ-3 dB ᓎቨࣁ 40 MHzǴҗܭԜೕ਱ޑКٯᓎቨ(fractional bandwidth)ߚதλǴ܌а٬Ҕ΋໘ ޑᘠݢᏔٰჴ౜Ǵӵკ 3.13 ܌ҢǶᘠݢᏔޑᓎ౗ៜᔈڄኧࣁനѳڶៜᔈ

[2](Maximally flat response)ǴځΞᆀЃ੝ؔ૟(Butterworth)ៜᔈǴځૈ୼ന εϯᘠݢᏔޑ೯஥ѳڶࡋǴЪៜᔈߚதѳڶǴฅࡕᄌᄌ૰෧ԿᄒЗᓎ౗ᗺ ࣁ-3dBǴനࡕа-20NdB/decade ޑ૰෧౗૰෧Ǵځύ N ࣁᘠݢᏔޑ໘ኧǶЃ ੝ؔ૟ᘠݢᏔ੝ձ፾ҔܭեᓎᔈҔǴځჹܭᆢៈቚ੻ޑѳڶ܄ٰᇥߚதख़ ाǶ ! ! ӧკ2.1 ύǴനѳڶៜᔈ΋૓ޑϡҹॶ೛ीϦԄ[4][5]ӵΠ܌ҢǴ 1 for all n r (3.1) k (2 1) g 2sin[ ], 1,2,..., 2 k k n S S ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ(3.2) ! ! (3.2)Ԅύޑ gkࣁკ2.1 ύಃ k ঁ҅ೕϯޑϡҹॶǶ 2 10log(1 ' )n A Z dBġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ(3.3) ! ! (3.3)Ԅࣁ҅ೕϯࡕޑᓎ౗εܭᄒЗᓎ౗ޑ૰෧ໆϦԄǶ ҔܭեᓎᔈҔǴځჹܭᆢៈ Ǵനѳڶៜᔈ΋૓ޑϡҹॶ೛ीϦԄ[4 1) ] 1)S ġ ġ ġ gkࣁ ҹॶ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ᓎ౗εܭᄒЗᓎ౗ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ҹॶ೛ी ᓎᔈҔǴځჹ നѳڶៜᔈ΋૓ޑϡҹॶ೛ीϦԄ ], ġ ࣁკ ϡҹ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ύಃ k ঁ҅ೕϯޑ ೛ ϯޑ ,...,nġ .1 ύ ೕ ... n ..., ޑϡҹ ҅ ҅ ૓ޑ ڶៜᔈ΋ ύ 2. ࣁ

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3dB A dB ȷ ȷȽľġĲ ı ġ კ3.13ǵനѳڶៜᔈচࠠᘠݢᏔჹ҅ೕϯᓎ౗ޑ૰෧ៜᔈ[2]Ƕ ! ! வե೯চࠠᘠݢᏔᙯඤԋ஥೯ᘠݢᏔޑচ౛ς࿶ӧಃΒകᇥܴၸǴკ 3.14 ΢ޑӚঁϡҹॶϦԄҗ[6]ளډޑ߈՟ॶӵΠ܌ҢǴ 2 1 '_r O C L Z (3.4) ! ! (3.4)ԄύZ_Oࣁ஥೯ᘠݢᏔޑύЈᓎ౗ǴL ࣁკ 3.14 ύ࣬ჹᔈޑϡҹॶǶ 01 12 ' 2 r O l SO C C C Q R Z | (3.5) ! ! (3.5)ԄύZ_Oࣁ஥೯ᘠݢᏔޑύЈᓎ౗Ǵ 2 1 O l Q Z Z Z ǴRSOࣁ 50 ȍ ੝ቻ ߔלǶ 01 ' 2 r r C C C (3.6) (3.6)Ԅύ Crࣁკ3.14 ύ࣬ჹᔈޑϡҹॶǶ ϦԄҗ[6]ளډޑ߈՟ॶӵΠ Oࣁ .14 '_r l SO C Q R_ll ೯ᘠݢᏔޑύЈᓎ౗ǴQ_l ᓎ౗ǴL ࣁკკკ [6]ளډޑ߈՟ ࣁ஥ 3 SO ݢᏔޑύЈᓎ౗Ǵ Јᓎ౗ ஥೯ᘠݢᏔޑύЈᓎ R

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ಃ ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHzᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ RSO C01 L C12 Cr RSO კ 3.14ǵ΋໘ႝ৒ጠӝ஥೯ᘠݢᏔ[6]Ƕ ࿶җ౛ፕᆉрޑϡҹॶ஥Ε౛གྷϡҹॶࡕ຾Չኳᔕޑ่݀კᆶႝၡკӵΠ ܌ҢǴ 50ȍ 0.10513pF 0.10513pF 50ȍ 0.78974pF 4.39762nH კ3.15ǵύЈᓎ 2.4 GHz ޑઞᓎ஥೯ᘠݢᏔǶ 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 S 11 & S 22 (d B ) 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 S21 & S 12 (d B ) 50ȍ00 0.10513pF 0.10513 3.15 ೯ᘠݢ -5 .78974pF78974 ȍ F 5 ஥೯ 0 897 ᓎ2.4 GHz ޑઞᓎ 0.7 ύЈᓎ ޑ 4.39762nH Hz H ύ

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ᗺࣁय़ᑈၨλǴՠҗܭᗋࢂ௦Ҕଯ೯ޑࢎᄬǴ܌аӧଯᓎޑ׭ڋၨեᓎౣ ৡǶ ኳᔕ΋໘஥೯ᘠݢᏔύЈᓎ౗೛ीࣁ2.4 GHz Ъᓎቨڰۓࣁ 40 MHz ϐ ΠǴځ٬ҔޑଏϯႝߔॶᆶᘠݢᏔጕ܄ࡋޑᜢ߯Ǵӵკ3.17 ܌ҢǶ 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -40 -38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28 -26 -24 -22 R (Ohm) IP 1dB (d B m ) Fix fo=2.4 GHz, -3dB BW=40 MHz, W/L=32/0.18 კ3.17ǵଏϯႝߔॶᆶᘠݢᏔጕ܄ࡋϐᜢ߯კǶ ӧҬᒱጠӝჹޑ W/L ᒧڗ΢Ǵ୷ҁ΢ࣁλЁκ(W=4 um, nr=8, L=0.18 um)Ǵऩϼλ߾ॄႝߔॶᡂεǴځ฻ਏޑॄႝᏤॶᡂλǴஒ཮೷ԋᘠݢᏔޑ ෌Εཞ઻ၸεǹऩЁκϼεਔǴ߾཮٬ᘠݢᏔϐጕ܄ࡋᡂৡǴӵკ 3.18 ܌ ҢǶ 0 400 3 W/L= 3.17 ϐᜢ ჹޑ W Ёκ(W ߔॶᡂεǴځ฻ਏޑॄႝᏤॶ εਔǴ߾཮٬ᘠݢ 200 250 R (Ohm) ॶᆶᘠݢᏔጕ 0 BW=40 M 0 Hz, W 7 ࡋϐ W/L λЁκ ᡂεǴځ฻ਏޑॄႝ 0 ߔॶᆶᘠݢᏔጕ ڗ΢Ǵ୷ҁ΢ࣁλ =4 20 R ଏϯႝߔ ᒧ 50 100 150 ႝ -3dB 1 GHz, Fix fo=2.4 00 ᒧڗ L ᒧ

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ಃ ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHzᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ 0 50 100 150 200 250 -38 -36 -34 -32 -30 -28 -26 W (um) IP1dB (d B m )

Fix fo=2.4 GHz, 3dB BW=40 MHz, R=200 Ohm

კ3.18ǵႝ඲ᡏЁκᆶᘠݢᏔጕ܄ࡋϐᜢ߯კǶ

3.2.2 ΐΜࡋ࣬Տ౽Ꮤ

! ! ਥᏵЎ᝘[7]ǴΐΜࡋ࣬Տ౽Ꮤ٬Ҕӵკ 3.19 ޑ RLC ႝၡǴځᒡΕᆶᒡ рޑᜢ߯ёа࿶җ௢ᏤࡕளډΠӈϦԄǴ 2 1 1 1 exp( ) (1 ) ( ) C Q I I R L C I I Z j C RF RF RF Z Z Z _R _{j L} j C RF RF K j LC j RC Z Z Z T Z Z < < (3.7) 2 2 2 1 ( -1) ( ) K LC RC Z Z (3.8) W (um) ǵႝ඲ᡏЁκᆶᘠݢᏔጕ܄ࡋϐ

Տ౽

7]Ǵΐ RL ࿶җ௢ C Z j C j C ӵკ3.19 ޑ ӈϦԄǴ 99 Ꮤ ႝ඲ᡏЁκᆶᘠݢᏔጕ܄

౽

ΐ ޑ ௢ 1 R R j Lj L 3 1 j C ٬Ҕӵ ΠӈϦ Μࡋ࣬Տ౽Ꮤ٬Ҕ ளډΠӈ 11 F

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౛གྷ΢Ǵ҅ҬૻဦёҗᅈىΠԄٰౢғǴ! 1 1 = , LC L L R R C C Z Z Z (3.10) Ӣࣁߔל ZLک ZC཮ᒿ๱ᓎ౗ᡂϯǴ܌аሡा٬Ҕёᡂႝ৒ӧόӕᓎ౗ਔፓ ᏾рΐΜࡋ࣬ՏৡǶёᡂႝ৒ёаံᓭႝགӧόӕᓎ౗ਔߔלޑᡂϯǶӧ კ3.20 ϐύǴM1ک M2ࢂҔٰ႖๊ॄၩਏᔈǴځૈᗉխ߻ભૻဦޑ૰෧Ƕ

RF

I

RF

Q

R

L

C

კ3.19ǵRLC ࣬Տ౽ᏔǶ VDD VB2 M5 M1 M2 VB1 RF RF M4 M3 VB3 Q RF RFQ RFI I RF LPS LPS RPS R_PS CPS CPS VC Phase Shifter B1 RFFI R R RPS VDD VB2 V V ࣬Տ౽ᏔǶ F M ౽ V LC ࣬ ǵRL კ3.19

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3.2.3 ᠄ௗԄեᚇૻܫεᏔ

! ! ਥᏵЎ᝘[8][9]Ǵ२Ӄեф౗ёаҗեႝࢬᏹբٰၲډǴځёаஒႝၡ ୃᓸӧԛᖏࣚ(sub-threshold)Ꮴ೯୔ୱٰၲԋǶᆶ΋૓ୃᓸӧமϸᙯ୔ޑႝ ඲ᡏ࣬КၨࡕǴୃᓸӧԛᖏࣚᏤ೯୔ޑЬाᓬᗺࣁځёаε൯ቚуᙯᏤჹ ୃᓸႝࢬКǶᏹբӧ১ϸᙯ୔(weak inversion region)NMOS ႝ඲ᡏޑཱུؕႝ ࢬI_Dऊࣁ

1 exp DS exp GS t off

D SO t t V V V v I I V nV ª § ·º § · « ¨ ¸» ¨ ¸ © ¹ © ¹ ¬ ¼< (3.11) ځύV_off ࣁୃ౽ႝᓸǴI_SO҅КܭW/LǶ ! ! ऩόԵቾV_DSޑቹៜǴႝ඲ᡏޑᙯᏤӵΠԄ܌ҢǴ D m I g nkT q § · ¨ ¸ © ¹ (3.12) ځύk ࢂݢ૟ୗதኧǴT ࢂ๊ჹྕࡋ(K)Ǵq ࣁႝηޑႝ಻ໆǶவ(3.12)Ԅё аޕၰǴg_mӧڰۓI_Dޑ௃ݩΠǴځคݤᙖҗቚу W/L ԶቚуǶՠࢂऩႝࢬ ஏࡋJ_D(ȝ$ȝP)ߥ࡭ڰۓǴg_m཮ᒿ๱ W/L Զጕ܄ቚуǶ܌а࿶җ٬Ҕ׳ε Ёκޑႝ඲ᡏϡҹǴஒځᏹբӧԛᖏࣚᏤ೯ǴёаӧեႝࢬޑރݩϐΠٰ ၲډၨεޑᙯᏤǴаԿܭեᚇૻܫεᏔԖၨեޑф౗੃઻Ƕ SO I ҅Кܭ ޑቹៜǴႝ඲ᡏޑᙯᏤӵΠԄ܌Ң தኧ ηޑႝ ޑ௃ݩΠǴځคݤᙖҗቚу W ཮ᒿ๱ W/ ᏤӵΠԄ КܭW/LǶ ቹៜǴႝ඲ᡏޑᙯᏤӵΠԄ܌ ኧǴ ႝη ௃ݩΠǴځคݤᙖҗቚ ๊ჹྕࡋ(K)Ǵq ࣁq ࢂ๊ ᙯᏤᏤ (K ᡏޑ Ǵႝ඲ᡏ ๊ ࢂ ኧ

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RFin VDD M1 M2 Lg LS Cex RFout+ RF out-Zin Z'in კ3.21ǵ᠄ௗԄեᚇૻܫεᏔǶ வ[8]ёаޕၰᚇૻୖኧӵΠ܌ҢǴ 0 n n m R R g J D (3.13) 0 _Re 0 1

opt opt s opt s

gs Z Z sL Z m sL sC ª º _¬ _¼ (3.14)

2

0 ₁ 2 ₁ 5 min min T F F Z JG c Z (3.15)

2 0 2 2 2 1 5 5 1 5 5 t gs opt t gs gs C c j c C Z C C c c C G G D D J J D G G Z D J J § · _¨_¨ _¸_¸ © ¹ _§ _· ½ ° ° ¨ ¸ ® _¨ _¸ ¾ ° © ¹ ° ¯ ¿ (3.16) LS კ εᏔǶ ᚇૻୖ e Re ª Re ¬ªªZZZop

եᚇૻܫ კ ܫε ୖ 00 ¼ opt opt opt Z0 Z 11 sL Ԅեե ᠄ௗԄ ҢǴ 3.21ǵ᠄ ӵΠ܌Ң m m º

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2 2 2 2 1 5 5 1 5 5 t gs opt s t gs gs C c j c C Z sL C C c c C G G D D J J D G G Z D J J § · _¨_¨ _¸_¸ © ¹ _§ _· ½ ° ° ¨ ¸ ® _¨ _¸ ¾ ° © ¹ ° ¯ ¿ (3.17) ځύR_n0ࣁᚇૻႝಔǴJ ჹܭ೯ၰ዗ᚇૻႝࢬࣁதኧǴG ჹܭ႔ཱུགᔈᚇૻ ႝ ࢬ ࣁ த ኧ Ǵ ᄒ З ᓎ ౗Z_T g / C_m _gs Ǵ D {g_m /g_do Ǵ C_t C_ex C_gs Ǵ * 2 2 ng nd ng nd i i c i i { < < ࣁ႔ཱུགᔈᚇૻႝࢬک೯ၰᚇૻႝࢬޑ࣬ᜢ߯ኧǶR_nǵF_minࣣ ࢂࡰ᠄ௗܫεᏔӧؒԖଏϯႝགL_SՍௗΠޑޑᚇૻࡰኧǴ܌аவ΢य़ޑԄ ηёаޕၰႝၡу΢ଏϯႝགL_SࡕǴό཮ቹៜR_nکF_minޑॶǴЪёаעന ٫ᚇૻࡰኧϰଛᗺZ_opt۳Z_inޑॄ຀೽܎߈Ƕ ! ! у ΢ ଏ ϯ ႝ ག L_S ک C_ex ࡕ Ǵ ܫ ε Ꮤ ฻ ਏ ޑ ᒡ Ε ߔ ל ࣁ 1 ' ( ) in T S S ex gs Z L sL s C C Z (3.18) җ΢Ԅёаޕၰу΢L_SࡕǴёа٬ᒡΕߔלౢғჴ೽ZTLSǴځ཮ஒZoptޑჴ ೽܎۳Z_inޑჴ೽Ƕ ! ! ࣬ᜢ೏୏ϡҹᒧڗၸำӵΠ܌ॊǴಃ΋؁Ӄ଺ᚇૻϰଛǴ

2

G D S Ԗଏϯႝག ௗΠޑޑᚇ у΢ଏ R ک ଛᗺ Z ϯ ႝ ฻ ਏ 1 x g L ࡕǴёа٬ᒡΕߔלౢғჴ ߈Ƕ ex ࡕ Ǵ ܫ Ꮤ ό཮ቹៜ ϯႝགL ՍௗΠޑ ΢ଏϯ ៜR_n Z ႝ Ꮤ ฻ 1 ) s ёа٬ᒡΕߔל ܎߈Ƕ ک C pt۳Zinޑॄ຀೽܎߈ ک Ǵό ೽܎߈ ό ॄ຀೽ Sࡕ ॄ຀೽ ϯႝགL Z ॄॄ ) Z

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2 2 2 5 Im[ ] 1 5 5 Im[ ] t gs opt s t gs gs s C j c C Z sL C C c c C Z G D J D G G Z D J J § · ¨ ¸ ¨ ¸ © ¹ _§ _· ½ ° ° ¨ ¸ ® _¨ _¸ ¾ ° © ¹ ° ¯ ¿ (3.20) ྽ᏹբᓎ౗ዴۓਔǴҗ(3.19)Ԅёа؃ளC_gsǴаTSMC SiGe 0.18-ȝm ᇙำ ܌ගٮϐႝ඲ᡏޑЁκጄൎϣёаၲډࣁԵໆǴӧ೭؁ᡯёаዴۓႝ඲ᡏ ЁκǶϐࡕעᒡΕϰଛԵቾ຾ٰǴ

1

Im[ _in]= _s Im[ ]_s _g gs ex Z ' sL Z sL s C C (3.21)

Re[ ]= m s Re[ ]=50 in s gs ex g L Z ' Z C C : (3.22) ऩӆԵቾ(3.19)Ԅ߾ёаளډΠԄǴ

2

1 5 s T t c L C G D J ZZ | (3.23) ځॶεठ཮җZ_TǵC_t܌،ۓǴC_exΨόૈϼεǴऩC_exޑॶၸε߾཮෧Ͽ฻ ਏޑZ_TǴ཮٬ளቚ੻Πफ़کF_minϲଯǴ೭Бय़ሡाԖ܌ڗ௭Ƕ

3.2.4 ёϪඤԄЬ୏షᓎᏔ

! ! ҁፕЎ܌٬ҔϐௗԏᐒࢎᄬኳᄊϪඤᜢᗖηႝၡࣁёϪඤԄషᓎᏔ [10]Ǵа໺಍ӭኳᄊௗԏᐒԶقǴϪඤᐒڋӭа෌Ε໒ᜢႝၡࣁЬǴՠӢҁ

Im[ ]] sLg

Im[ ]

Ԅ߾ ܌،ۓǴC_ex_e ΨόૈϼεǴ [ ]_s

R ߾ё C Ψόૈ аளډΠԄǴ : [ ] 50_s [ ]=50

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ಃ ಃΟക 2.4/60 GHzᚈኳᄊᚈफ़ᓎௗԏᐒ VB60 VB2.4 RF1+ RF1-LO2+ LO2+ LO2- LO2-LO2- LO2-RF2+ RF2-VCC კ3.22ǵёϪඤԄЬ୏షᓎᏔǶ!

3.2.5 ٬ҔϸჹᆀΒཱུᡏϐଽԛᒋݢషᓎᏔ

RF1 port 50 Ohm Terminal 0o 90o LO1 port IF_I IF_Q

dual Marchand balun

0o

0o 180o

180o

Complementary Conducting Strip

Coupled Line კ3.23ǵ٬ҔϸჹᆀΒཱུᡏϐଽԛᒋݢషᓎᏔǶ ! ! ҁፕЎ٬ҔٿಔൂѳᑽԄΒཱུᡏషᓎᏔٰ೛ीࢀႽ஥੃ନଽԛᒋݢష ᓎᏔǴӵკ 3.23 ܌ҢǶᑵ୷੝Βཱུᡏ(Schottky diode)٬Ҕჴᡍ࠻܌ᇙբޑ

ϐଽԛᒋݢష

RF 50 Ter LO un u 180o 0 0o F1 p 0 O rm

dual Marchand balun

IF Q 1 90o ing Strip e p p plementary Condu Coup IF_I 0 0o Comp

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೽ϩࢂᒡΕᄌݢጠӝጕǴಃѤ೽ϩࢂᚈЃউᏔǶ 1.! ᑵ੝୷Βཱུᡏᆶ΋૓ PN ௗय़Βཱུᡏޑৡ౦

ਥᏵЎ᝘[11]ǴӢࣁᑵ੝୷ΒཱུᡏࢂߎឦᆶъᏤᡏౢғϐௗय़Ǵ܌аځ ᏤႝࢂҗъᏤᡏύϐӭኧၩη(majority carrier)ЬᏤǴԶ PN ௗय़Βཱུᡏࢂҗ ᎞Ͽኧၩη(minority carrier)࿶җᘉණ(diffusion)ऀၸޜЮ୔(depletion region)

ٰᏤႝǶҗԜёаޕၰ྽PN ௗय़Βཱུᡏҗ໩ୃᙯ଍ୃਔǴӧޜЮ୔ύ཮ᓯ ӸεໆϿኧၩηǴѸ໪Ӄ౽ନ೭٤Ͽኧၩηࡕႝࢬω཮ᄒᘐǴӢԶᏤठ᏾ ࢬޑೲࡋڙज़Ǵ྽ᓎ౗ၨଯਔΒཱུᡏஒѨѐ᏾ࢬޑфҔǶ ! ! ฅԶᑵ੝୷ΒཱུᡏࢂҗӭኧၩηᏤႝǴࡺځҗ໩ୃᙯ଍ୃਔؒԖϿኧ ၩηᓯӸӧޜЮ୔ޑୢᚒǴ܌аځᄒᘐႝࢬޑೲࡋߚதזǴӢԜځ᏾ࢬ੝ ܄ёаܗ৖ډཱུଯޑᓎ౗Ƕඤѡ၉ᇥǴᑵ੝୷Βཱུᡏёаຎࣁ΋ঁೲࡋࡐ זǴёаπ଺ډడԯݢᓎ౗а΢ޑ᏾ࢬΒཱུᡏǴӧ໩ୃਔځ୏ᄊႝߔ (dynamic resistance)ࡐեǴԶ଍ୃਔځ୏ᄊႝߔཱུଯёа࣮଺ࢂࣁ໒ၡǴ೭ ٿޣϐ໔ޑᡂϯೲࡋߚதזǴࢂѦௗૻဦೲࡋԶۓǶ 2.! ϸჹᆀΒཱུᡏჹ ! ! ྽ѝԖ΋ঁΒཱུᡏషᓎᏔਔǴᒿ๱ᒡΕႝᓸޑᡂϯǴӧ΋ঁຼයϣ཮ ѝԖ΋ࢤਔ໔ႝᏤεܭ႟ǴԜࣁനᙁൂޑషᓎ׎ԄǴӵკ3.24 ܌ҢǶ i V i V T g t T җӭኧၩηᏤႝǴ ޑୢᚒǴ܌аځᄒᘐႝࢬޑೲࡋ ଯޑᓎ౗Ƕඤѡ၉ᇥǴᑵ੝୷Βཱུᡏ ډడԯݢᓎ౗а΢ޑ᏾ࢬΒཱུᡏǴӧ nce ଯёа ϯೲࡋߚதזǴࢂѦௗૻဦೲࡋԶۓǶ ᡏ ᡏჹ ཱུᡏషᓎᏔਔǴᒿ๱ᒡΕႝᓸޑ ႟ǴԜࣁനᙁൂޑషᓎ ୏ᄊႝߔཱུ ࢂѦௗૻဦೲ ཱུ ཱུ ᑵ੝୷ ࢬΒཱུᡏ ᚒǴ܌аځᄒᘐႝࢬޑ ᓎ౗Ƕඤѡ၉ᇥǴᑵ੝୷Β డԯݢᓎ౗а΢ޑ᏾ࢬΒཱུᡏ )ࡐեǴԶ଍ୃਔځ୏ᄊႝߔཱུଯ ࡋߚதזǴࢂѦௗૻဦೲࡋԶۓ షᓎᏔਔǴᒿ๱ᒡΕႝ Β ࢬΒ ਔځ୏ தזǴࢂѦ եǴԶ଍ୃਔځ זǴࢂ ᇥǴ ޑ᏾ ѡ၉ᇥ а΢ޑ ౗Ƕඤѡ ݢᓎ౗а ჹ