國小教師以CREATER模式推動資訊素養創新課程之歷程

ߡଅᄞో˫ CREATER ᑁೣ࿴Ւ⫏⤻₪㇭

ԡᅘ⦩ỄʠᔕỄ

The Process of Elementary School Teachers

Implementing an Innovation Curriculum of

Information Literacy with CREATER Model

⨀̽ₕ

ߡἼ݄∑ञણᄞ⋀Ấ༬ᶇἄ໽ᷟं

Pei-Wen Hsieh

Master Student, Graduate Institute of Educational Technology

National Chiayi University, Chiayi Taiwan (R.O.C.)

E-mail: [email protected]

ኚⓀ

ߡἼ݄∑ञણᄞ⋀Ấ༬ᶇἄ໽ᄞ࿙

Lin Ching Chen

Professor, Graduate Institute of Educational Technology

National Chiayi University, Chiayi Taiwan (R.O.C.)

E-mail: [email protected]

〦⼫⥱ņKeywordsŇŘ⫏⤻₪㇭ņInformation LiteracyŇ

řԡᅘņInnovationŇ

řCREATER

ᑁೣņCREATER ModelŇřԡᅘ࿴Ւ≛ņChange AgentŇ

ȹၪ⣬Ⱥ

቏ᶇἄᅼ߱࿯ἄߡଅᄞో࿴Ւ⫏⤻₪㇭ԡ

ᅘ⦩Ễ᱿ᔕỄŊʏ˫ CREATER ㄊᅘᑁೣ᱿ɼ

ΤべᕀᣅከᐉŊᛖҘᵂ⤟ᄞో̳ᣅԡᅘ࿴Ւ≛

߱ᕓΤべᕀ᱿⃻ᔕד⃌ኞŊ˫ဏͧሷา࿴Ւ⫏

⤻₪㇭᫧൳໣Ң઩ԡᅘ᱿ᄞ⋀డ̳≛א≙ȯ቏

ᶇἄ࿮ΤጊᶇἄŊ˫֡ⵒɺ໽ߡଅᣅᶇἄΤ

ጊŊᶇἄᆹ⿵ᔕᆹɺ౺֚Ŋⲿ⳧⤐ૣȮ⥏⦹Ȯ

ᄽ˴ӠኔᾀᅞᘍⳖ⠗⫏ᅆ᱿╒ゝȯᶇἄ⃌ኞᱹ

᫠Ŋߡଅᄞో࿴Ւ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễ᱿ᔕỄञ⎐⎞

CREATER ᑁೣ᱿ɼΤべᕀ᳈ὪŊ̟ȵ〦ൔȶȮ

ȵⳐ⃌ȶ⎞ȵᒑ⣶ȶべᕀʏᤀᆙㆴᓝ಍Ŋᄞో

˫⃅ↈҙໞڂ᱿⤑⏨࿴ՒԡᅘŊ⋱ሷᄓ߸૽ԡ

ᅘ᫧൳ջᣅ⠗ՒŊ̟⠗Ւ⋱؋ྃ↲דᱹဧᄓ

ኞŊⴒሷ⫯ߨぶ⃅ໞ᱿રᄮඖȮᄞో᱿ྃ↲ሩ

ᅘԻד⃅ↈҙ࿜ဝ૪ᓏ≛᱿ᄄྃ⎞א⎞ȯ

μAbstractν

The purpose of this study was to explore

the change process of implementing an

information literacy curriculum by elementary

school teachers. Based on the CREATER

model, this study investigated the teachers’

experiences as change agents in each stage

of the process. The research results could

provide guidelines for educators who are

devoted to promote the information literacy or

other innovations. The method of case study

was used to design this study. The subjects

of this study were the teachers who

voluntarily implemented the information

literacy curriculum in an elementary school in

the southern part of Taiwan. The methods for

collecting research data were observations,

interviews, and document analyses. The

research results showed that the change

process of implementing the information

literacy curriculum corresponded to the

seven stages of the CREATER model.

However, the stages of “care,” “relate,” and

“examine,” did not obviously happen in

sequence. As members of the organization,

the teachers could transform effectively the

innovative concept into an action, but

whether the innovation could be persistent

depended on team relationships, teachers’

self-renewal capacity, and approvals and

participation of the leaders who really

managed the organization.

ℨ⧄

ᶇἄ⋍ᇓ

ДΚзख࢑ΚঐၦଊົၸޠਣхȂשউᜱݨޠฑ ᘉϛӕ࢑ၦଊޠϛ٘ȂՅ࢑ၦଊޠץഁᛗቩȄ೩Ӽ Ᏹ޲ឍ֚Ԅݏשউϛ૗௄ᛂᚖޠၦଊϜԥਞӵ׳я ಓӬܛሰޠၦଊȂ٦ቅႇӼޠၦଊѠ૗ཽԚ࣐Κᆎ ॓ᐋȂЇՅߣᛥשউ၍؛ୱᚡڸ୉я݃හ؛ۢޠਞ

૗ȞBruce, 2008; Riedling, 2004; Rockman, 2004ȟȄ ӱԫȂԄե஡ၦଊϲϾ࣐ޤᜌȂࣦՎ࢑හኌȂϑԚ ࣐שউ८ᄈ౫ϭҢࣁޠ२्፟ᚡȄٲᄃαȂ୾ϲѵ Ᏹ ޲ η Ӽ ڴ ᢲ ө ઼ Ᏹ ਯ ᔗ २ ຝ Ᏹ Ң ၦ ଊ ષ Ꮅ Ȟinformation literacyȟޠᎵԚȂ஡ၦଊષᎵᒋΤ፟ โϜȂᡲᏱҢӶٻңၦଊޠႇโϜȂڏറᒶᐆȃຠ զȃٻңІ഻ആӼϰၦଊޠ૗Ωڸᄙ࡚ȂпԚ࣐Κ ՞ڏԥୱᚡ၍؛૗ΩޠಥٙᏱಭ޲Ȟݔ๼Ȃ2001ȇ ݔ๼ȃࢺजឮȃ؄ٸ࣢ȃ֕߹عȂ2007ȇ֕जजȂ 2004ȇᒧु࣢Ȃ2000ȇAASL & AECT, 1998; Andretta, 2005; Avery, 2003; Breivik, 2005; Eisenberg, Lowe & Spitzer, 2004; Hancock, 1993; Jansen, 2007ȟȄ

ดՅȂ୾ϲၦଊષᎵᒋΤᏱਯ፟โӼ௵൑ϰܗл ᚡޠᄃࢋРԓȂၷુнΚ৉ԥقಜйඊזᅛໍޠ፟ โ೪ॏȞԄ஼ᅿధȂ2005ȇ෭ஏภȂ2002ȇ෇৘ֿȃ ងਵजȃചᝌ৏ȃ༂עᓹȂ2003ȇᚮܒ֘Ȃ2005 ๊ȟȄ կ೩ӼᏱ޲ःفϑึ౫ȂᏱҢޠၦଊષᎵ࢑ϛཽᓎ ຀ԒྒቩߞՅՍ୞ᎵԚȂѻᔗ௄୾ϊ໧ࢳ֊໡ۗԥ قಜӵᄃࢋȂഇႇӼϰޠᒋΤ፟โϘ૗ϛᘟޠೞᗩ ᗦᇅቩߞȞݔ๼Ȃ2004ȇᒧु࣢Ȃ2000ȇBreivik & Senn, 1998ȇEisenberg, Lowe & Spitzer, 2004ȇHarada & Yoshina, 2004ȟȇЏڐစҦႇโᏳӪԓޠၦଊષᎵዂ ԓԄ Big6 ؂࢑Ӽ՞୾ϲѵᏱ޲࡛ឋѠ௵ңޠᒋΤఁ ᏱዂԓϟΚȞݔ๼Ȃ2004ȇݔ๼ȃࢺजឮȃ؄ٸ࣢ȃ ֕߹عȂ2007ȇ֕जजȂ2004ȇCurzon & Lampert, 2007ȟ[1]ȄӱԫȂ೪ॏΚ৉୾ϊ໧ࢳΚՎϳԒ઼ޠ ၦଊષᎵ፟โȂࡹഌ൸ੳӵஊᎵᏱҢޠၦଊષᎵᔗ ԥڐ्҇ܓᇅࡩय़ܓȄ Κ৉഻ུޠ፟โस्ጃᄃйӓ८ӵဤᄃܼᏱਯಣ ᙒϲᄃߩܿٲȂ࿌Κ໷഻ུȞinnovationȟೞЖΤਯ ༫ਣȂཏک຀ᏱਯڸᏱਯϲޠӓᡞఁᙜসְ८ᖞΠ ׾ᡑޠ्ؒȄՅ׾ᡑᄈτഌϸ΢ٿᇴ࢑ΚᆎࡅૐȂ ӱ࣐уউ҇໹ӒܜᇰՍϐӒࠊޠ౪܉ȃ՘࣐ܗϏձ Рԓ࢑ϛӬਣхܛሰȂϟࡤуউᗚሰпᄃር՘୞ٿ ҉ખ౫ݸІܺతᙠԥޠಭᄜȞHavelock & Zlotolow, 1995; Kearney, 2000ȟȄӱԫȂ೩ӼᏱ޲஽።഻ུٯ ϛ࢑ΚӈৡܿޠٲȂѻሰ्ߞ෉ޠ೤დڸစᕋϘԥ ၷٺޠԚѓᐡཽȂй઎Ҕޠ׾ᡑ؂ϛѠ૗Κ᜛Ѡං Ȟ Fullan, 2001; Hall & Hord, 2005; Havelock & Zlotolow, 1995ȟȄ

EllsworthȞ2000ȟ࡛ឋᔗпقಜޠᢏᘉٿ౪၍׾ ᡑڸ९ུϜөࣻᜱϰષޠᜱ߾ڸၽձȂپԄ९ུ௱ ୞޲Ȟchange agentȟమ஡Κ໷഻ུ༉ሏ๞௵ң޲ ȞadopterȟਣȂࠊ޲໹ӶᚗРӔ೏ޠᕘძϜȂ࡛Ҵ Κঐྜྷ೾ޠᆔၿȂпഇႇΚঐ९ུᐤโȞchange processȟႁژഷࡤޠ׾ᡑȄดՅӶᐤโϜȂ௱୞޲ Ѡ૗ཽ᎐ႅ೩Ӽܱ׫ȞresistanceȟȂϔᘚΠഌӌޠ९ ུᐤโȄկѬ्စҦᚗӪ໡ܺޠྜྷ೾ȂᡲقಜϜө ϰષܗөԪقಜְ౱ҢًԂޠϤ୞ᇅᕤ၍Ȃ഻ུ൸ ཽၷৡܿೞᐍᡞᕘძܛ௦ڨȄ ٦ቅԄݏ୾ϊఁ৲དྷ्௄ίՅαٿ௱୞Κ৉ၦଊ ષᎵ഻ུ፟โȂуউᔗԄեϘ૗໸ւ৥໡ںȉ࢑֐ ԥٳ୥ՄޠРԓѠၦᒴඊȉٲᄃαљзखпٿȂᏱ ޲ ஠ ঢ় ෇ ණ я Π ೩ Ӽ ϛ Ӥ ޠ ९ ུ ዂ ԓ Ȟ change modelsȟȂڐϜၷޤӫޠԄ RogersȞ1995ȟޠ Diffusion of Innovation ዂԓ࢑௥ف഻ུҐٙޠ੬ܓІ೼ٳ੬

ܓᄈܼ௵ң޲ޠኈ៫ȇElyȞ1990ȟޠ Condition of Change ዂԓࡿяኈ៫഻ུޠΥτᕘძӱષȇHall ڸ HordȞ2005ȟޠ Concern-based Adoption ዂԓ࢑਴ ᐄ഻ུ௵ң޲ޠᜱݨโ࡚ڸٻң໧ቺٿঔҔ഻ུޠ ϲోȇZaltman ڸ DuncanȞ1977ȟޠ Strategies for Planned Change ዂԓࠍၑშึ౫഻ུྜྷ೾ႇโϜѠ ૗᎐ႅޠ׫ܣӱષȂпႲӒ७մ೼ٳሬᛥȇпІ Havelock ڸ HamiltonȞ2004ȟޠ CREATER ዂԓ࢑ ௄௱୞޲ޠِ࡚ٿ௥ଇᐍঐ഻ུޠႇโ๊Ȅ ᗷดαख़೼ٳ९ུዂԓөԥξऎȂณϸଗၺȂկ ڐϜޠ CREATER ዂԓ࢑஠഻ུ࣐௱୞޲Յ೪ॏȂ пᙐϾڸԪזܓޠ໧ࢳٿ֖౫ᐍঐ഻ུᐤโȂѠᡲ ഻ུ௱୞޲؂ђ౪၍഻ུᐤโޠஆҐ੬ኊȂٯၷܿ ජඬᐤโϜᐍঐፓᚖޠ૖୞ȞAECT Council on Systemic Change, 2000; Ellsworth, 2000ȟȄᙐ൑ޠ ᇴȂCREATER ዂԓєࢃпίΝঐ໧ࢳȈ

შ 1! CREATER ዂԓϟਰЗ྆܉˕˕Νϰષᕘ

ၦਠٿྜȈ௵Ս Havelock, R. G., & Hamilton, J. L. (2004). Guiding change in special education: How to help schools with new ideas and practices (p.xxlx). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

1.ᜱЗ 2.ഀ๗ 3.ᔯຝ 4.ᕖڦ 5.ლၑ 6.۾ի _ᜱЗ 7.؂ུ ഀ๗ ᔯຝ ᕖڦ ლၑ ۾ի

1. ᜱЗ໧ࢳȞCareȟȈл्Ӷᕤ၍قಜϲөԚসᜱЗ ౫ᄃϜ঻ٳ౫ຬȂٯึ౫౫ޒϜሰ्׾๢ϟ೏Ȅ 2. ഀ๗໧ࢳȞRelateȟȈл्Ӷ࡛Ҵ഻ུ௱୞޲ᇅ ௵ң޲ޠϤ୞ᜱ߾ȂٯಣԚΚঐ഻ུ௱୞ყ ໦ȂഷԂ૗ᆪᛴقಜϲޠᜱᗥ΢ޑԄཏُስ ೠȃ՘࢈лᆔȃϵᜱ૗Ωٺ޲๊Ȅ 3. ᔯຝ໧ࢳȞExamineȟȈฑᘉӶຠզᐍঐقಜȂ ጃᇰقಜϲԚসᜱݨޠឋᚡ࢑Ѡ၍؛ޠୱᚡȂ ᕤ၍௵ң޲ڏറޠᓻ༗ᇅ዗૗Ȃٯᔤۢ૗஋၍ ؛ୱᚡޠҭዀȄ 4. ᕖڦ໧ࢳȞAcquireȟȈ஽።഻ུ௱୞޲ᔗᏒѠ ૗ԥਞӵڦூԥֆ഻ུܼ௱୞ޠөᆎၦྜԄ΢ ΩȃଓΩȃਣ໣ȃޫ໣ȃཏُ๊Ȅ 5. ლၑ໧ࢳȞTryȟȈл्Ӷᒶᐆ၍؛ୱᚡޠРݳ ٯლၑٻңȃຠզᇅঔҔȄ 6. ۾ի໧ࢳȞExtendȟȈл्஡഻ུР਱༉ሏՎق ಜϲȂٻقಜϲޠԚস௦ڨٯ௵ңȄ 7. ؂ུ໧ࢳȞRenewȟȈлӶጃߴ഻ུР਱ϑᒋΤ قಜޠၽձϜȂٯйᡲقಜ૗஋ࡼ៊ඊᕘ഻ུ ޠᐤโȂึ৥яԥਞޠՍש؂ུᐡښȄ ԫΝঐ໧ࢳ࢑пഀ៊ܓޠРԓೞ֖౫Ȃࡤ޲ޠึ ৥ཽڨژࠊ޲ޠኈ៫Ȃйؑঐ໧ࢳޠึ৥ࣲཽኈ៫ ഻ུޠ๗ݏȇّܿϟȂ೼ٳ໧ࢳ܅ԫ໣ԇӶ຀ࣻϤ ٸԇޠᜱ߾ȄѫѵȂHavelock ڸ HamiltonȞ2004ȟ ࡿя഻ུᐤโ࢑ঐϛᘟඊᕘޠႇโȂӶໍΤίΚඊ ᕘޠ഻ུࠊȂ्ӒຠզᇅЇࡧԫඊᕘϜؑঐ໧ࢳޠ ᐤโᇅ๗ݏȄ ӱԫȂसᏱਯڏԥ഻ུ౪܉ޠఁ৲ԥཏ᜺௱୞ၦ ଊ ષ Ꮅ ഻ ུ ፟ โ Ȃ ٦ ቅ ௄ ௱ ୞ ޲ ِ Ք я ึ ޠ CREATER ዂԓ࢑Ѡლၑ௵ңޠ࢝ᄻϟΚȂดՅڐϜ ࢑֐Ϭԥሰ्ঔҔϟ೏ࠍࡠໍΚؐःف௥ଇȄԫ ѵȂ೩ӼःفࡿяҦఁ৲ስᏳܗ୥ᇅޠ഻ུ௱୞࢑ Ᏹਯ഻ུޠԚѓ्ષϟΚȂӱ࣐уউϛ࢑п஠ঢ়ޠ ٙӌϮΤȂၷϛڏࡅૐܓȂЇՅ૗Ԛ࣐Ᏹਯ഻ུޠ ֆΩȞAinscow & Southworth, 1994; Frost & Durrant, 2003; Kalapothakos, 1996; Wynne, 2001ȟȄ୾ϲᏱ޲ ጿఽҥȞ2003ȟпऽ୾୾ۢ፟โ࣐ःفঐ਱Ȃึ౫ ҦϜѶ࢈ۻ௱՘ՎӵРᏱਯޠ፟โ഻ུѠ૗౱Ң ȶԥӫณᄃޠ׾९ȷȞॳ 208ȟȂཏ֊ఁ৲ґཽ҇ٸ ඊα઼ޠࡿцȂ஡഻ུР਱ဤᄃܼఁࡊϟϲȇȄՅ ԫҦαՅίȃҦϜѶՎᜟ໭ޠ഻ུ௱୞РԓȂѠ૗ ЇཽЖକᏱਯఁ৲ޠ׫ܣȂ༊ᒶᐆܓޠᄃࢋུ፟ โȂѷџΠ፟โ഻ུޠ঩ཏȄᅸᐏ៍Ȟ2004ȟη࡛ ឋԚѓޠ഻ུᔗ၏ΚЇҦαՅίޠᄃࢋРԓȂఁ৲ ϛӕ׹ᅌ੒྄௦ڨޠِՔȂՅᔗޣ௦୥ᇅ፟โᇅఁ Ᏹ഻ུޠ՘୞ȂࣦՎлᏳ፟โ഻ུޠРӪᇅ๋౲Ȃ Ԛ࣐ԥኈ៫Ωޠఁي഻ུᄃ፻޲ȄดՅȂ୾ϲпఁ ৲ձ഻ུ࣐௱୞޲ޠࣻᜱᄃᜍःفٯϛӼُȂЏڐ пၦଊષᎵ፟โ࣐лᚡϟఁ৲Սึܓ୥ᇅ഻ུᐤโ ޠःفȂӶ୾ϲѵޠࣻᜱНᝧϜ؂࢑࣐኶ϛӼȂՅ CREATER ዂԓ࢑֐࢑ঐᎍ࿌ޠᒶᐆںȉ೼ٳୱᚡ ְঅூᏱ޲஠ঢ়Κକٿ௥فȄ

ᶇἄۊ㆛

ᆤαܛख़ȂҐःفл्п Havelock ڸ Hamilton Ȟ2004ȟึ৥ϟ CREATER ዂԓ࣐ःف࢝ᄻȂ௄ఁ ৲ձ഻ུ࣐௱୞޲ޠِ࡚Ȃ௥ଇуউӶᏱਯ௱୞ၦ ଊષᎵ഻ུ፟โޠᐍঐᐤโᇅ๗ݏȂпණٽᄈԫл ᚡԥᑺ፹ޠӤԂΚঐ୥ՄޠጓپȄҐःفᔤۢϟः فୱᚡԄίȈ 1. ӶᜱЗ໧ࢳȂ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ୾ϊఁ৲Ԅ ե໡ۗᜱݨၦଊષᎵȉ 2. Ӷഀ๗໧ࢳȂ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ୾ϊఁ৲Ԅ եםԚ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ȉ 3. Ӷᔯຝ໧ࢳȂ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ୾ϊఁ৲Ԅ եຩᘟᏱਯ८ᖞޠୱᚡᇅڏറޠᓻ༗ȉ 4. Ӷᕖڦ໧ࢳȂ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ୾ϊఁ৲Ԅ եڦூ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠၦྜȉ 5. Ӷლၑ໧ࢳȂ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ୾ϊఁ৲Ԅե ೤დȃᄃࢋᇅঔҔΚ৉ԥقಜޠၦଊષᎵ፟โȉ 6. Ӷ۾ի໧ࢳȂ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ୾ϊఁ৲Ԅ եӪᏱਯఁ৲௱ኅၦଊષᎵ፟โȉ 7. Ӷ؂ུ໧ࢳȂ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ୾ϊఁ৲ᄈ ܼၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ௱୞ණя঻ٳґٿޠӉଡ଼п ٻ഻ུࡼ៊ȉ

ᶇἄᅞᘍ

ᶇἄ⥑⤺

Ґःف௵ঐ਱ःفȞݔڄⰩȂ2000ȇMerriam, 1998ȟȂпΚထӶᏱਯϲ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ഻ུ፟โޠ୾ ϊఁ৲࣐ःفᄈຬȂ௥ଇуউԄեӶਯ༫ϲ௱৥ԫ ഻ུ፟โȂٯ౐Τ౪၍ԫ׾ᡑᐤโϜ౱Ңޠ౫ຬȄ

ᶇἄ᫠ࢍ⎞ᶇἄଃ⩽

ҐःفпΚܛ՞ܼࠓഌӵୣޠϵҴϊᏱȞϾӫ࣐ԋ ԋ୾ϊȟ࣐ःف౫ൠȄଷΠ҃࿶༫ѵȂԋԋ୾ϊӓਯ ΚՎϳԒ઼Ӕԥ 30 ੳȂᏱҢङ 1000 ΢Ȃఁᙜসङ 70 ΢ȄՍ 1990 Ԓକԋԋ୾ϊޠშਫᓣ֊໡ۗٻңՍ ୞ϾقಜȂҭࠊ᐀ԥޠਫҭϑົႇѳ࿳์ȂٯԥΚ՞ ஠ᙜϏ᠟ҢІΚ՞Ҧఁ৲চӉޠშਫ೪റಣߞӔӤ ॓ೱშਫᓣޠཿଡ଼Ȅԋԋ୾ϊԥڎ໣ႬဟఁࡊȂಒΚ ໣ପဋႬဟङ 40 ѯȂٽၦଊ፟ٻңȇಒΡ໣Ⴌဟఁ ࡊࠍԥႬဟ 13 ѯȂձ࣐ϊಣлᚡ௥فٻңȄ ѫѵȂԋԋ୾ϊήՎϳԒ઼໋ؑ঩ԥΚ࿾ၦଊ፟ โȂՍ 93 ᏱԒ࡚໡ۗȂ໋ؑᗚԋ௷Κ࿾შਫᓣւң ఁي፟โȞւңᆤӬ፟โޠਣ໣ȟȂҦڏԥშਫ஠ཿ नෂޠఁ৲॓ೱ௳፟ϏձȂด௳፟ϲৡᗚӶϛᘟः ึϜȄᠧԫᏱਯޠݦ൝Ȃसϔ୥ᇅࣻᜱఁᏱϏձޠ ఁ৲ΞՍึܓޠ໡ۗःึᇅ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โȂٯ ᗝ፝ڐуՃ৲ђΤ௱୞ޠ՘ӗȂпםԚΚঐ഻ུ௱ ୞ყ໦ȇӕᙥҦᇅτᏱӬձޠȶΟԒΚೲ፟โᇅఁ Ᏹ౐ૈॏฬȷȂܼ 94 ᏱԒ࡚କӶԫ୾ϊ໡ۗᄃᡜܓ ӵᄃࢋၦଊષᎵ഻ུ፟โȄ Ґःفޠःفᄈຬ഻ུ࣐௱୞ყ໦ԚসȂпІस ϔґ୥ᇅყ໦ޠڐу΢সȈ

ņɺŇԡᅘ࿴Ւߨぶ

୥ᇅၦଊષᎵ፟โ௱୞ყ໦ޠԚসӔΫ՞Ȃу উђΤყ໦ޠਣ໣ٯϛࣻӤȄ࿌ःف޲ໍΤःف ౫ൠਣȂԫყ໦ϑԥή՞ஆҐԚসȂϸր࣐ A ৲ȃ B ৲ᇅ C ৲Ȅή՞ఁ৲л୞ࣻङଇ፤ၦଊષᎵ፟ โޠ೤დȃᄃࢋᇅ௱୞ϏձȂ࢑഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ޠ ਰЗ΢ޑȂҼ࢑Ґःفޠл्ःفᄈຬȇϟࡤڨ ᗝђΤޠӤᏕఁ৲ࠍԥΝ՞Ȃᐍঐყ໦Ԛসޠन ෂၦਠԄίȈ ߓ 1! ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ԚসஆҐၦਠߓ хဵ ఁᏱԒၦ ᙜᆏȞӉఁऌҭȟ ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ A ৲ 10 ϳԒ઼Ᏻ৲ 3 B ৲ 10 ऌӉఁ৲ȞήȃѳԒ઼ၦଊષᎵȟ 3 C ৲ 15 ऌӉఁ৲চშਫ೪റಣߞȞϥȃϳԒ઼ၦଊષᎵȟ 3 D ৲ 2 ऌӉఁ৲চःف೏ၦਠяޏಣಣߞȞަཽȟ E ৲ 13 ऌӉఁ৲চఁଡ଼೏ၦଊಣߞȞၦଊȟ F ৲ 5 ΚԒ઼Ᏻ৲ᄳၦଊષᎵఁ৲ G ৲ 19 ΡԒ઼Ᏻ৲ᄳၦଊષᎵఁ৲ H ৲ 3 ήԒ઼Ᏻ৲ I ৲ 2 ѳԒ઼Ᏻ৲ J ৲ 7 ϥԒ઼Ᏻ৲

ņʷŇቍא⎞ԡᅘ࿴Ւߨぶ᱿Ң˟ːڂ

ґ୥ᇅყ໦ޠڐу΢সєࢃᏱਯ՘࢈лᆔᇅఁ ৲ȂҼ֊ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ዗Ӷ௵ң޲ȄҐःفпҴ ཏܫኻРԓᒶᐆᇅᏱਯఁᏱཿଡ଼ࣻᜱϟ՘࢈лᆔڸ ఁ৲ձ࣐೥ፚᄈຬȂєࢃਯߞᇅఁଡ଼лӉȂІڏԥ ཏُስೠ੬፵ޠఁ৲Ȃϸր࣐մϜାԒ઼ޠ K ৲ȃ L ৲ᇅ M ৲ή՞Ᏻ৲Ȅ

⫏ᅆ╒ゝ

Ґःفၦਠᇕ໲ޠਣ໣ࡼ៊ΚԒљȞҖ୾ 94 Ԓ 3 Уʂ95 Ԓ 7 УȟȂл्ޠРݳ࢑୥ᇅᢏᄇȃ೥ፚᇅ НӈϸݚȈ ȞΚȟ୥ᇅᢏᄇȈःف޲л्୥ᇅᢏᄇޠൠӬ࣐ ፟โ௱୞ყ໦໋ؑڿۢΚԪޠᆺཽȂпІ

ԋԋ୾ϊؑУΚԪޠၦଊષᎵስ஀Ϗձ ֬ȄԫѵȂःف޲ҼᢏᄇၦଊષᎵ፟โ௱ ୞ޠࣻᜱٲӈȂԄ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲୥ᇅޠः ಭࣁ୞ȃᏱਯᖟᒳޠ፟โึߓ๊ཽȄᢏᄇ ϜȂःف޲஡ᢏᄇखᓄІЇࡧኦቹ࣐ࣹࡧ ғଅȄ ȞΡȟ೥ፚȈҐःفޠ೥ፚᄈຬєࢃΝ՞഻ུ௱ ୞ყ໦ԚসȂпІϥ՞ߩყ໦ԚসȄࠊ޲ ޠ೥ፚϲৡлӶᕤ၍഻ུ௱୞޲Ԅեၜម ᐍঐ௱୞ޠᐤโȂᕤ၍уউ୥ᇅ፟โ௱୞ ყ໦ޠঐ΢စᡜȂпІึ౫уউᄈܼၦଊ ષᎵ፟โޠࣽݳȇࡤ޲ޠ೥ፚ२ᘉࠍ࣐у উᄈܼၦଊષᎵ፟โޠࣽݳȄ ȞήȟНӈϸݚȈҐःفᇕ໲ޠНӈၦਠєࢃၦ ଊષᎵࣻᜱఁ؆ܗఁᏱၦྜȇၦଊષᎵ፟ โึ৥ႇโܛ׈Ԛޠ໧ࢳܓ፟โτᆫȃ፟ โໍ࡚ߓȃఁ਱ȇ௱ኅၦଊષᎵ፟โޠᙐ ൣᔭȃНതܗ੖ൣ๊ө᜹םԓНӈၦਠȇ ຠզᏱҢၦଊષᎵ૗ΩޠࣻᜱНӈၦਠԄ ᏱҢձࠣȃࣻᜱ።ࢦ๗ݏȃ෉Ғ፟โӲ㔴 ൑๊Ȅ

⫏ᅆ⚠᫧⎞Ӡኔ

ःف޲஡ؑԪᄃӵᢏᄇޠКғᐍ౪࣐НԆጉȂӕ ђαःف޲ᢏᄇࡤޠঐ΢ࣹࡧȂ׈ԚᢏᄇғଅȄ೥ ፚϲৡࠍӶؑԪ೥ፚࡤҴ֊ᙾណ࣐ഃԆጉȂпܼ߰ ၦਠޠϸݚᇅᘫાȄ࣐Р߰ၦਠޠखᓄᇅ၍᠟Ȃө ໷ၦਠְпхጇߓұȂпၦਠޠٿྜڸᇕ໲ޠС෉ ձ࣐ዀұޠл्РԓȄҐःف୥Մ Bogdan ᇅ Biklen Ȟ1998/2001ȟпІ BogdanȞЖՍ༂࿆ลȂ1994ȟޠ ࡛ឋȂ஡ၦਠϸݚޠؐ᡾ᙐϾȄӶϸݚၦਠࠊȂः ف޲сಡᎨ᠟঩ۗၦਠȂٯܼၦਠਡພଅഷߒޠ၍ មȃདྷݳȃ྆܉๊Ȃӕ௄ၦਠϜ׳яԥཏဏޠ᜹րȄ ःف޲ӗяኸਣܓޠདྷݳȂпٽࡤ៊ၦਠϸݚႇโ ϜϛᘟᔯຝᇅঔҔȄ௦຀Ȃп CREATER ዂԓޠΝ ঐ໧ࢳึ৥яϸ᜹࢝ᄻȂ௄Ϝ׳яΚӕя౫ޠ᜹ րȂٯ஡঩ۗၦਠ२ུಣᙒϸ᜹Ȅ௄ϸ᜹࢝ᄻڸө ᆎϛӤၦਠޠٲᜍϜȂ׳яഷτ໕ଊਁޠ᜹ҭȂп םԚлᚡ໷ҭȄ ߓ 2! ၦਠхጇߓ ၦਠ ໷ҭ ၦਠхጇ хߓཏဏ ୥ ᇅ ᢏᄇ ཽᢏ 20050304 ߓұःف޲ܼ՚ϰ 2005 Ԓ 3 У 4 С୥ᇅყ໦ఁ৲໋ཽؑឋޠᢏᄇғଅ ೥ఁ ABC20050503 ߓұःف޲ᇅ A ఁ৲ȃB ఁ৲ڸ C ఁ৲ܼ՚ϰ 2005 Ԓ 5 У 3 Сܛໍ՘ޠ ೥ፚϲৡ Ҕ ԓ ೥ፚ ೥ఁ A20060516 ߓұःف޲ᇅ A ఁ৲ܼ՚ϰ 2006 Ԓ 5 У 16 Сܛໍ՘ޠ೥ፚϲৡ ࣹ ࡧ ғଅ ࣹғ 20050304 ߓұःف޲ܼ՚ϰ 2005 Ԓ 3 У 4 Сܛଅᓄޠࣹࡧғଅ НȂٻңၦଊ።ࢦή ߓұ።ࢦήԒ઼ᏱҢٻңၦଊಭᄜޠ๗ݏ НȂఁڠዪൣ֚ ߓұఁᏱڠ຺ዪߒᒶቸࢦၦਠޠϲৡ НȂ941 ή፟Ӳ S01 ߓұ 94 ᏱԒ࡚ಒΚᏱ෉ήԒ઼ၦଊષᎵ፟โᄃᡜ൑ጢဵ 1 ဵᏱҢޠӲ㔴 ൑ϲৡ НȂ෉ё 200508 ߓұԋԋ୾ϊܼ՚ϰ 2005 Ԓ 8 Уяޏޠ෉ё Н ӈ ၦਠ НȂਯё 200601 ߓұԋԋ୾ϊܼ՚ϰ 2006 Ԓ 1 Уяޏޠਯё

ᶇἄ⃌ኞ⎞⤽⧄

〦ൔべᕀ᱿ᔕỄ⎞⃌ኞ

਴ᐄ೥ፚᇅᢏᄇၦਠȂःف޲ึ౫ኈ៫ԋԋ୾ϊ ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲໡ۗᜱݨၦଊષᎵ፟ᚡޠӱષԄίȈ

ņɺŇߌΤː⊚Ֆ᱿㋤㊹⿭আ〦ൔણᮝ⳥ᮢ⫏

⤻᱿⋱Ի

ӶҐःفໍ՘ࠊ A ৲෇ᐋӉԋԋ୾ϊఁଡ଼лӉϏ ձႁήԒϟεȂ෉໣ԃ୥ᇅਯϲԥᜱఁᏱޠө໷ཿ ଡ଼ȂӱՅᕤ၍ఁ৲ఁᏱޠ౮ᓜȂІᏱҢᏱಭޠ֩ძȂ A ৲ߓұȈȶࡇφᇕ໲яٿޠၦਠഎ࢑ፓᇨຯαȄด ࡤՃ৲উηึ౫ԥ೼ኻφޠ௒ݸȂӶᏱҢൣ֚ޠਣ ঑Ȃഎ࢑ྲ຀୵ՅءԥᒳݳңՍϐޠၘᗀяٿȷȞ೥ ఁ A20060720ȟȄA ৲ึ౫ᏱҢુнಜᐍၦଊޠ૗ ΩȂఁ৲ηሰӶఁᏱРݳαԥܛऐખȂӱԫԃ໡ۗ ᜱݨஊᎵᏱҢၽңၦଊޠឋᚡȄ B ৲Ӷ 93 ᏱԒ࡚ᐋӉშਫᓣւңఁي፟โޠऌ Ӊఁ৲ਣȂึ౫ᏱҢւңშਫᓣڦூၦଊࡤȂࠔᜳ п௄ϜཋᐍяՍϐޠޤᜌȂB ৲ӶᆺཽϜᇴȈȶࡇ φউ઎Ҕഷ৶ޠ൸࢑೼ঐȄղᇕ໲ژޠၦଊȂࠔء ԥ ٵ ң ၦ ଊ ޠ ૗ Ω Ȃ ׻ ϛ ژ २ ᘉ ȷȞ ཽ ᢏ 20050304ȟȄѫΚР८ȂB ৲ึ౫ӶЖᏳᏱҢٻң შਫᓣၦྜਣȂཽਗ਼Іᆪၰስ஀ȂᇅᏱਯ౫ԥޠၦ ଊ፟โϲৡ२᠓ȂӱԫࡧՄڎߟ፟โࣻϤཧପܗᐍ ӬޠРݳȄ ѫΚ՞഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ C ৲ӶᐋӉშਫ೪റಣߞ ਣȂᢏᄇژᏱҢٻңშਫᓣޠ௒ݸȈȶԥਣ঑שউཽ ࣽژࡇφࡠӶშਫᓣഎѬ࢑џ׳ᅟฬਫȂуউԂ჌ હᆟ৐዆ܓޠᅗ٘ȷȞ೥ఁ C20060518ȟȄC ৲ᇰ࣐ Ꭸ᠟፟ᔗϛѬ࢑ழࡇφژშਫᓣࣽਫՅϑȂηᔗє ֥ԄեٻңშਫᓣޠၦྜȄ Ҧαख़ѠޤȂA ৲ȃB ৲ᇅ C ৲ή՞഻ུ௱୞ఁ ৲ӱᙜଡ଼ڸఁᏱޠᜱ߾Ȃԟϑ໡ۗᜱݨᏱҢၽңၦ ଊ ૗ Ω ϛ ٘ ޠ ឋ ᚡ Ȅ у উ ϛ ໹ Ԅ Havelock ڸ ZlotolowȞ1995ȟܛᒞٿՍਯѵޠ഻ུ௱୞޲Ȃᗚሰ ߇ຳ೩Ӽਣ໣ᇅᆡΩ೪ݳٿᕤ၍Ᏹਯ઎Ҕࡠ׾๢І ಣᙒϲԚসᜱݨޠୱᚡܛӶȄӱ࣐ή՞ఁ৲ְ࢑Ᏹ ਯϲޠԚসȂуউѬ्ഇႇᒒٙӶಣᙒϲޠᢏᄇᇅ ᡞᡜȂ֊૗݃ጃӵࡿяᏱਯሰ׾๢ޠୱᚡܛӶȂึ දҦίՅαޠஆᙄΩ໕Ȅ

ņʷŇߌዮक⫏⤻᱿ӿ᠚⿭আ〦ᘜ⫏⤻₪㇭᳈

〦⩀㆛

A ৲෇пఁଡ଼лӉޠٙϸᗝ፝ҐНಒΡ՞ःف޲ Վԋԋ୾ϊໍ՘ήൠᜱܼၦଊષᎵޠःಭࣁ୞Ȃ෉ గᏱਯఁ৲ᄈܼၦଊષᎵԥໍΚؐޠᕤ၍ȄҐНಒ Ρ՞ःف޲ӶःಭϜϮಞၦଊષᎵޠϲోᇅጓᛠȂ пІ Big6 лᚡ௥સዂԓȄഇႇःಭࣁ୞ȂᏱਯఁ৲ ᄈܼ೼ٳ౪܉ԥΠߒؐޠᕤ၍ȄC ৲Ӷ೥ፚϜᇴȈ ȶשউΚኻഎ࢑ӶݔՃ৲ޠᅌᗀϟࡤȂϘԥȞၦଊ ષᎵȟ٦ᆎ྆܉୩ȷȞ೥ఁ ABC20060503ȟȄB ৲ࠍ ӱԫ೪ॏΠȶ݁ᙬ݊Ѕȷлᚡ௥સӉଡ଼Ȃп Big6 ዂ ԓޠϳτؐ᡾ȂഃؐЖᏳᏱҢၽңၦଊٿ௥સՍϐ ൊནޠ݁ᙬȂٯ໡ۗᜱݨᏱҢᇕ໲ڸᎨ᠟ၦਠ૗Ω ϛ٘ޠ౫ຬȞ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȄB ৲؂ึ౫ᏱҢၽ ңၦଊޠ૗Ω࢑ሰ्ඊזᅛໍޠஊᎵȂ፟โϲৡޠ ԋ௷ηᔗ࢑ԥቺ઼ȃᅛໍԓȈȶ፟โΚί൸Ӷ࢛ঐԒ ઼ᄃࢋ࢑ᢎ֩ᜳޠȂཽញூᔗ၏࢑Κঐᖴఌԓޠ፟ โȂѻሰ्ࡹഌ൸ੳޠџዤோᐍঐၦଊ೏౪ޠႇโȷ Ȟ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȄԫདྷݳߵԚΠ A ৲ȃB ৲І C ৲ಣԚყ໦Ȃٯ්ԥقಜӵึ৥ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ౪ དྷࠊໍȞ೥ఁ ABC20060503ȟȄ ҦԫѠޤȂҐःفঐ਱ϜȂఁ৲ϛ࢑ೞ୞ӵ׹ᅌ ୥ᇅܗ׫ܣఁي഻ུޠِՔȂуউЇՅ࢑л୞௱୞ ഻ུޠ༌ϾᏙȂԄӤ Havelock ᇅ HamiltonȞ2004ȟ ᇰ഻ུ࣐௱୞޲ޠِՔϟΚ࢑૗஋ࡿяୱᚡܛӶІ ڐ२्ܓȂуউᗷϛΚۢԥ၍؛ୱᚡޠ๏਱Ȃկԥ ؛ۢ׾ᡑޠ՘୞я౫ϟѠ૗Ȅ

Ⳑ⃌べᕀ᱿ᔕỄ⎞⃌ኞ

ःف޲஡഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇅਯϲѵ΢স࡛Ҵჲգഀ ๗ᜱ߾ޠᐤโȂٸᐄԚসޠᡑϾϸ࣐пίڎঐ໧ࢳ ٿଇ፤Ȅ

ņɺŇߨぶ᱿ഐໞņὮɺべᕀŘᖁߡ 93 ౺ 11

ሶƜ94 ౺ 6 ሶŇ

A ৲ȃB ৲ᇅ C ৲Ӷ຃Ңึ৥Κ৉ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ དྷݳࡤȂ໡ۗ൷ؒڐу᜺ཏ୥ᇅޠჲգఁ৲ȄॷӒу উᗝ፝෇୥ᇅၦଊષᎵఁᏱःفȂйڏԥლၑུٲޑ

੬፵ޠ D ৲ȂІ॓ೱᆔ౪Ⴌဟఁࡊ೻฾ᡞ೪ࢋޠၦ ଊಣߞ E ৲Ȅή՞ਰЗ௱୞ఁ৲൷׳Ӭձჲգޠл् Մ໕ӱષ࢑໲ӬਯϲᇅၦଊષᎵϲోࣻᜱޠఁ৲Ȃп ٻ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦Ԛস؂ڏхߓܓȄԫѵȂःف޲ηӶ ყ໦Ϝ׹ᅌ஠ཿᒛၛޠِՔȂڟֆყ໦ᇕ໲ࣻᜱϜऽ ННᝧȂණя࡛ឋȂٯᐍ౪፟โึ৥ႇโϜޠਫ८ၦ ਠȂԄ፟โ࢝ᄻȃཽឋଅᓄȃఁ਱ȃఁᏱၦྜ๊Ȅ

ņʷŇߨぶ᱿იञņὮʷべᕀŘᖁߡ 94 ౺ 6

ሶƜ9 ሶŇ

ၦଊષᎵ፟โစႇࠊΚᏱ෉ޠߒؐ೤დࡤȂ഻ུ ௱୞ఁ৲ॏฬܼ 94 ᏱԒ࡚କӶөԒ઼ᒶᐆΚঐᄃ ᡜੳ઼ᄃࢋၦଊષᎵ፟โȂӱԫӶස୆෉໣֊໡ۗ ޑՔਯϲѠ૗୥ᇅყ໦ޠᏳ৲ȄуউᒶᐆӬձఁ৲ ޠՄ໕࢑п෇ԥҔ८Ϥ୞စᡜ޲ȂԄΚԒ઼ޠ F ৲ ᇅ B ৲෇ӶӤΚঐᏱԒᐋӉᏳ৲ȂӔӤ೤დ፟โᇅ ໍ՘ఁᏱ೪ॏȞ೥ఁ B20060719ȟȇήԒ઼ޠ H ৲ᇅ B ৲ϟ໣η෇ԥϤ୞һࢻޠᐡཽȂӱ࣐ B ৲௄Ᏻ৲ ᙾӉშਫᓣւңఁيऌӉఁ৲ਣȂ֊࢑Ҧ H ৲௦ί B ৲ழስޠੳ઼Ȃڎ΢෇ӱᏱҢՅԥܛ௦ដȞ೥ఁ B20060719ȟȇϥԒ઼ޠ J ৲η࢑Ҧ B ৲ᗝ፝ђΤყ ໦ȂB ৲ӶᐋӉऌӉఁ৲ਣȂ෇ᇅ J ৲ΚӤ೤დަ ཽᏱಭስ஀ޠ៞፤ཽࣁ୞ȂпණЁᏱҢޠၦଊષᎵ Ȟ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȄ ٲᄃαȂϥ՞ђΤ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ޠᏳ৲Ӷ೥ፚϜ ְߓұȂуউ୥ᇅޠлӱ࢑ᇰӤၦଊષᎵޠቌঅȂ ІᄈࣻᜱឋᚡȞԄ൭ᡞષᎵȟདژᑺ፹ȄѫѵȂஆ ܼӤᏕ௒ፘՅիяනКη࢑௦ڨᗝ፝ޠӱષϟΚ Ȟ ೥ ఁ G20060522 ȇ ೥ ఁ I20060523 ȇ ೥ ఁ J20060523ȟȄ ᆤαܛख़ȂҐःفঐ਱ܛ࡛Ҵޠ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ಓӬ Ӽ՞ఁي഻ུᏱ޲ϟ࡛ឋȂోᇑΠಣᙒϲѵޠ΢ςȂ ӱ࣐൑Ꭽঐ΢ޠ૗Ωᇅ੬፵܂܂ณݳᅗ٘௱୞഻ུ ႇโϜޠө໷ሰؒȞHall & Hord, 2005; Havelock & Hamilton, 2004; Havelock & Zlotolow, 1995; Kearney, 2000ȟȄดՅȂHavelock ᇅ ZlotolowȞ1995ȟη࡛ឋ ഻ུ௱୞޲Ӷᒶᐆყ໦ԚসਣȂᔗє֥ಣᙒϲԥኈ៫ ΩޠᜱᗥܓِՔԄཏُስೠȃ՘࢈лᆔ๊Ȅԫ౪དྷӶ Ґःفঐ਱ޠყ໦ԚসϜґ૗ႁԚȂณ፤࢑ਯߞܗఁ ଡ଼лӉഎӱཿଡ଼ᖆԕґ૗ҔԓђΤყ໦ȄѫѵȂҐঐ ਱ϜޠၦଊಣߞȞE ৲ȟҼґ୥ᇅၦଊષᎵყ໦ޠۢ ෉ᆺཽᇅ፟โ೪ॏȂ༊ೞ୞ӵණٽᇅႬဟᆪၰષᎵࣻ ᜱޠఁᏱཏُȄ೼ٳഀ๗໧ࢳޠુᏻኈ៫Π܂ࡤၦଊ ષᎵ഻ུ፟โ௱୞ޠԚਞȄ

ᒑ⣶べᕀ᱿ᔕỄ⎞⃌ኞ

഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ְᄈၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ౪܉ᇰӤࡤȂ уউ໡ۗᔯຝᏱਯ८ᖞޠࢆ᏾ȂٯϸݚᏱਯҭࠊܛ ᐀ԥޠ዗૗ᇅᓻ༗Ȉ

ņɺŇᒑ⣶ણዮㄇ⎈᱿ྏ໴

ӶۧґםԚყ໦ࠊȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲֊ϛᘟՍשຠ զᏱਯϜ८ᖞޠୱᚡȂٯഃᅛ஡ᜱݨޠឋᚡᆺฑܼ ၦଊષᎵαȇՎყ໦םԚߒ෉ȂуউϑႁԚึ৥Κ ৉ၦଊષᎵ፟โٿ၍؛ୱᚡޠӔᜌȂٯࡼ៊ᔯຝᏱ ਯޠ౫ݸᇅ८ᖞޠࢆ᏾Ȅ

1. ⲿ⳧׺Ѡଃ⥾͗ᒑ⣶ోᮝᄞ⎞ણ໽ㄇ⎈

᱿ྏ໴

഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲Ӷ໋ؑᆺཽϜϸٵ܅ԫӶఁᏱ౫ൠ ޠᢏᄇᇅདڨȂԄᏱҢၽңၦଊޠ׭૗ϛ٘ȃᏱಭ ޠл୞ܓϛାȃႅژᏱಭୱᚡѬ๊ཽࡠఁ৲๞ϡР Ӫڸ๏਱ȃુнՍϐ௥સၦଊޠᑗ྄ᄙ࡚ȃુнཏ ᜺ڸटЗᎨ᠟׳ژޠၦਠ๊ୱᚡȞཽᢏ 20050304ȟȄ B ৲֊ᇴȈȶղཽึ౫ࡇφ࢑ᛆܼࡧՄޠȂȌȌȂу ൸ᘜ຀ᖜ๞ղࣽȂղ൸֚ຨשղ्שᇴϨቅȂуՍ ϐᛆூџདྷȂуޣ௦๊຀ೞ֚ޤȷȞཽᢏ 20050323ȟȄ Ӷఁ৲ఁᏱР८Ȃ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲Ӷᇕ໲ၦଊષᎵ ࣻᜱၦଊࡤึ౫Ȃҭࠊ୾ϲۧณΚ৉ԥقಜޠ୾ϊ ၦଊષᎵ፟โᇅఁ؆ȂѠӤਣోᇑშਫᓣષᎵȃ൭ ᡞષᎵȃშ჌ષᎵȃႬဟᆪၰષᎵ๊ၦଊષᎵࣻᜱ ឋᚡȞཽᢏ 20050323ȟȄԫѵȂή՞഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ ηᔯຝՍٙၦଊષᎵР८ޠ஠ཿޤ૗Ȃึ౫൭ᡞષ Ꮅᇅშ჌ષᎵ࢑уউၷϛዤோޠስ஀ȂሰໍΚؐщ ᄃ ೼ ڎ Р ८ ޠ ஠ ཿ ޤ ૗ Ȟ ཽ ᢏ 20050304 ȇ ࣹ ғ 20050311ȟȄ

2. ⲿ⳧ۊֱ⦲ውᵂ⤟ણᮝ͐ᮢ⫏⤻᱿∳๩

ԋԋ୾ϊӶᄃࢋၦଊષᎵ፟โࡤȂA ৲ȃB ৲ȃC ৲ȃD ৲ᇅ E ৲೪ॏΠΚӌᏱҢٻңၦଊಭᄜޠ።ࢦ ୱڣȂଭᄈήՎϳԒ઼ᏱҢໍ՘඾ࢦȂϸր௄Ⴌဟȃ

Ⴌຝȃਫᝳ๊ϛӤޠၦଊٿྜȂٿᕤ၍ᏱҢ௦ԞІٻ ңၦଊޠ௒םȄ።ࢦ๗ݏึ౫Ȃङ 80%ޠᏱҢߓұؑ Љࣲཽ௦ដႬဟȂ҂ְؑЉٻңႬဟົႇ 2 ϊਣޠᏱ Ңխ 12%ȂژΠ໋Ғܗ൲ස୆ȂࠍቩՎ 25%ȇٻңႬ ဟޠл्঩ӱٸז࣐ޗႬ୞ȃ୉ձཿȃ᠚ॲ዆Ȅົႇ 90%ޠᏱҢؑЉࣽႬຝȂߗ 20%ޠᏱҢ҂ְؑЉᢏࣽ Ⴌຝ 2 ϊਣпαȂژΠ໋Ғܗ൲ස୆ȂࠍቩђՎ 38%ȇᢏࣽޠႬຝ࿾ҭ᜹࠯ٸז࣐ћ೾ȃᔜቒȃᆤ᛻ ࿾ҭȄ҂СؑЉᎨ᠟ົႇ 2 ϊਣޠᏱҢङ࣐ 7%Ȃ໋ Ғܗ൲ස୆҂ְΚЉᎨ᠟ਣ໣ႁ 2 ϊਣпα޲խӓ ഌᏱҢޠ 18%ȞНȂٻңၦଊ።ࢦήȇНȂٻңၦଊ ።ࢦѳȇНȂٻңၦଊ።ࢦϥȇНȂٻңၦଊ።ࢦϳȟȄ ҦԫѠޤȂԋԋ୾ϊޠᏱҢ௦ដႬຝڸႬဟᆪၰޠ௒ ם඾ႈȂ໋Ғܗ൲ස୆ޠЩپାܼ҂СȂՅй߇ຳӶ ႬຝᇅႬဟᆪၰޠਣ໣ӼܼᎨ᠟፟ѵਫᝳȄ

ņʷŇણዮᱹଭ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễ໽ңЈ᱿៌⋱⎞

ѭ՛

௄೥ፚϜூޤȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇰ࣐уউӶᆺཽϜ ᗷณԥقಜޠଇ፤ԋԋ୾ϊӶึ৥ၦଊષᎵ፟โܛ ڏറޠᓻ༗ȂկӶ௱୞ႇโϜϬཽՄ໕ᏱਯѠңޠ ၦྜȄA ৲ߓұȈȶשউٯϛ࢑઎ޠױᏱਯ၈८ޠ௒ ݸฬяٿџձଇ፤ၮϸݚȂѠ࢑ٲᄃαȂӶ୉؛ۢ ޠਣ঑Ȃשউᗚ࢑ཽՄኍȷȞ೥ఁ A20060516ȟȄ഻ ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇰ࣐Ᏹਯܛ᐀ԥޠᓻ༗ԄίȈ

1. ߧሬヅ〉ᾀᶶ㋤⥑Ј҂⭁

഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇰ࣐ԋԋ୾ϊޠშਫၦଊ೪റᓻܼ τӼ኶୾ϊȂϛ༊შਫՍ୞Ͼޠਣ໣ԟȂშਫᓣޠ ᙡਫ໕η࡟ᙵ൳Ȃйԥ஠ᙜ΢সᆔ౪შਫᓣȂؑԒ ؂ԥΚۢޠႲᆘңܼᘘщᓣᙡȞ೥ఁ B20060517ȇ ೥ఁ C20060518ȟȄԫѵȂԋԋ୾ϊޠႬဟ೪റη٘ пМනၦଊષᎵ፟โޠᄃࢋȞ೥ఁ B20060517ȇ೥ ఁ C20060518ȟȄٲᄃαȂԋԋ୾ϊ᐀ԥڎ໣Ⴌဟఁ ࡊȂؑ໣ੳ઼ఁࡊηପԥႬဟȃ൑ᅂȃҁᄎ๊೪റȂ ණٽఁ৲߰ւޠఁᏱᕘძȄ

2. ˫᫠ሷ᳈〦⦩Ễ̳ᣅ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễᱹଭ

᱿ࡣḞ

ӶΟԒΚೲ፟โҔԓᄃࢋࠊȂԋԋ୾ϊήՎϳԒ ઼໋ؑ൸ԥΚ࿾ၦଊ፟โȇՍ 93 ᏱԒ࡚କȂήՎϳ Ԓ઼໋ؑᗚԥΚ࿾׾ՍᆤӬ፟ޠშਫᓣւңఁي፟ โȄӱԫȂᏱҢϑᅛᅛڏറஆҐޠႬဟᆪၰᇅშਫ ᓣޠஆᙄޤᜌᇅ׭૗ȂѠձ࣐ၦଊષᎵ፟โึ৥ޠ ஆҰȞ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȄ Ҧαख़ϲৡѠޤȂҐःفঐ਱ޠ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᗷ ᘁЎсಡଇ፤ᏱਯҐٙޠ఩ӈȂկᄈᏱਯѠၽңޠ ၦྜᇅਯ༫НϾࠔԥΚۢโ࡚ޠᕤ၍ȄҦܼуউְ ࣐ಣᙒϲޠԚসȂ௄ᜱЗ໧ࢳ໡ۗ֊ϛᘟӵՍשᔯ ຝڸࣹࡧᏱਯܛ८ᖞޠୱᚡȄӱԫȂҐःفঐ਱Ϝ ޠȶᜱЗȷȃȶഀ๗ȷᇅȶᔯຝȷ໧ࢳٯณ݃ᡘޠԪ זȂՅ࢑ӤਣึҢȂᜳпୣႥӒࡤ໸זȄԫःف๗ ݏϛӤܼ CREATER ዂԓܛख़ȞHavelock & Zlotolow, 1995ȟȂᡘұ഻ུᐤโޠΝঐ໧ࢳٯߩΚۢ࢑пԪז ܓޠРԓึҢȂѻཽӱ഻ུ௱୞޲࢑֐࣐ಣᙒϲޠ ԚসՅԥৰ౵Ȅ

᪀חべᕀ᱿ᔕỄ⎞⃌ኞ

Ҧܼ୾ϲٯณ౫ԚޠၦଊષᎵఁ؆Ȃӱԫ഻ུ௱ ୞ఁ৲пՍ՘ःึΚ৉ԥقಜޠ୾ϊၦଊષᎵ፟โ ࣐ҭዀȄӶՍשᔯຝࡤȂуউՍញණЁၦଊષᎵ஠ ཿޤ૗ޠ्҇ܓȂΞւңӼϰޠ๋౲ڦூԥֆܼึ ৥ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠၦྜȄуউڦூၦྜޠРԓѠᘫ ાԄίȈ

ņɺŇⲿ⳧ञ᳷ЗႩ਄㋤⎞ːもЗႩחവ⫏᜺

഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲׺ΤၦଊષᎵ፟โึ৥ࡤȂӶСள ҢࣁϜȂуউཽл୞ᇕ໲Ѡңܼԫ፟โޠၦྜȂу উޠᆔၿєࢃൣિȃ෉ёȃᆪၰȃਫᝳ๊༉ክ൭ᡞ Ȟ೥ఁ A20060516ȇ೥ఁ C20060518ȟȄӕ޲Ȃ഻ ུ௱୞ఁ৲ηཽഇႇөՍѠដІޠᆔၿᇕ໲ࣻᜱ ၦྜȂԄ C ৲ӱচӉშਫ೪റಣߞȂѠ௦ដөᆎ஛ ՎᏱਯޠНࡈࠣȂєࢃ൭ᡞᜌ᠟ஆߝཽޠ TV ዆༫ ၾᔜӏᆆȃ൭ᡞᜌ᠟УёȃႬຝീ៕ᓣᙐϮ๊Ȟ೥ ఁ C20060518ȟȄѫѵȂA ৲ࠍഇႇ΢ር༉ክڦூ ၦྜȈȶשԥΚঐᒒ௞Ȃу࢑๽ຝޠлክȂ٦࡟Ў ၮуُ८ȂѠ࢑Ԅݏשউԥᐡཽ࿧८ޠਣ঑ཽፚژ Ȟ ԥ ᜱ ܼ ൭ ᡞ ષ Ꮅ ޠ ޠ ឋ ᚡ ȟȷȞ ೥ ఁ A20060516ȟȄᐍᡞՅّȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇕ໲ޠၦྜ ୒२ܼ൭ᡞષᎵስ஀ȂၷЎដІშਫᓣᇅႬဟᆪၰ ષᎵР८ȇആԚԫ౫ຬޠлӱ࢑ყ໦ܛԥԚসְϛ ዤோ൭ᡞષᎵޠϲోȂՅᄈܼࡤΡ޲ޠષᎵȂყ໦ ϜՎЎԥΚ՞Ճ৲ڏറԫ஠ߞȂѠձ࣐ᒛၛ፝ઊޠ

ᄈຬȞԄ B ৲෇ᐋӉႇϵӔშਫᓣᓣসȂE ৲ڏԥ Ⴌဟ஠ߞȟȄ

ņʷŇ⎞ⶑⲖ᱿ञણ೘Ἴ׶̳〦͸

Ҧܼःف޲෇Վԋԋ୾ϊໍ՘შਫᓣւңఁيڸ ၦଊષᎵࣻᜱःفȂйӉఁޠτᏱ᎒ߗԋԋ୾ϊȇ ӱԫȂःف޲Ԛ഻ུ࣐௱୞ყ໦ӶၦଊષᎵР८ޠ ᒛၛᄈຬȂC ৲Ӷ೥ፚϜᇴژȈȶשԥਣ঑ញூשউ ᜱӶ೼၈ᓟȂԥਣ঑ࣽϛя࢛ٳᘉȂดࡤఁ௳уޠ ፤Н౪፤ஆᙄ൸ЩၷӼȂҦуޠِ࡚ٿϹΤٿ๞ש উ୉ຠ፤ȃ୉ࡿᏳȂשউ઎ޠؑԪഎԞᛧ࡟ӼȷȞ೥ ఁ C20060518ȟȄԫѵȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇅःف޲ޠӬ ձРԓᗚєࢃःفॏฬޠӬձҨ፝Ȃпڦூၦߝޠ ၅ֆڸӓਯ௱୞഻ུޠֆΩȂԄ A ৲ᇴȈȶשញூ ѻࣦՎ࢑ښ࡚८ޠၦྜȄӱ࣐Ԅݏءԥఁيഌޠ౐ ૈॏฬȂѻȞၦଊષᎵ፟โȟϛ࢑ߩ୉ϛѠȂܗ೩ ϛΚཽۢ୉ژ౫ӶȷȞ೥ఁ A20060720ȟȄ

ņɿŇא⎞਄㋤₪㇭ᶇ∳҂૪⎊ໟ

Ҧܼ A ৲ȃB ৲ᇅ C ৲Սញϐٙޠ൭ᡞષᎵ஠ཿ ޤ૗ϛ٘Ȃӱԫл୞୥ᇅަୣτᏱ໡೪ޠ൭ᡞષᎵ ፟โȞ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȂٯւң୆෉ࠊ܂ѯі୥ђ ȶ൭ᡞષᎵᆎφఁ৲ஊଌ፟โȷȞཽᢏ 20050629ȟȄ уউഇႇःಭࣁ୞ڦூ൭ᡞષᎵఁ؆ȃᏱ೛ܓН തȃःಭᗀဏȂпІࣻᜱޠఁᏱӏᆆ๊ၦଊȂٯй ࣻϤϸٵၦଊᇅЗூȞࣹғ 20050915ȟȄᆤӬαख़Ȃ ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᙥҦ୥ђࣻᜱःಭ፟โȂϛկѠ஽Ͼ Սٙޠ஠ཿޤ૗ȂӤਣηᙥԫᇕ໲ԥᜱၦଊષᎵޠ ఁᏱၦྜȄ

ņ߈Ňא⥏᳈〦ᶇἄ܈̤⎞ણዮ˫ؚח˟ː᱿

⃻㊹

ᙥҦ୥೥ၦଊષᎵࣻᜱޠःف൑՞ᇅᏱਯȂ഻ུ ௱୞ఁ৲ᇰ࣐Ѡڦூᄃ፵ޠၦਠѵȂᗚѠᘞڦу΢ ޠစᡜȂп೤დ឵ܼԋԋ୾ϊޠၦଊષᎵ፟โȄӱ ԫȂуউл୞ܼස୆෉໣ԋ௷୥೥࢈τ൭ᡞષᎵः فࡊІѯіЉҕ୾ϊȞཽᢏ 20050304ȟȄܼࡷ೥ࠊ ޲ޠ՘โϜȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇅή՞౫ᙜ୾ϊఁ৲ᄈ ၘȂϸٵуউ୥ᇅ൭ᡞષᎵᒋΤఁᏱޠစᡜᇅЗ ூ Ȃ ٯ ڦ ூ ൭ ᡞ ષ Ꮅ ఁ Ᏹ ޠ ࣣ ີ ၦ ਠ Ȟ ࣹ ғ 20050707ȟȄӶࡷ೥Љҕ୾ϊޠ՘โϜȂуউࠍᕤ၍ Πуਯ஡შਫᓣւңఁيᒋΤၦଊ፟โޠᄃࢋ௒ݸ ᇅґٿ೤დȞࣹғ 20050707ȟȄᖃϟȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ ৲ഇႇ୥೥ࣁ୞Ȃഃᅛತᑗ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠఁ ᏱၦྜȂٯᘘ৥ΠՍϐޠຝഐȄ

ņʽŇ׺Ѡᄞో᱿ᄄိ

ӶҔԓᄃࢋၦଊષᎵ፟โࠊȂ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦Ϝޠ ఁ৲ӶᆺཽϜл୞ϸٵՍϐࣽژȃ᠚ژȃ᠟ژԥᜱ ၦଊષᎵޠࣻᜱၦଊȂᙥҦၦଊޠһඳȂყ໦ఁ৲ ܅ԫ֝ڦ؂ӼޠޤᜌȞཽᢏ 20050311ȟȄՎၦଊષ Ꮅ፟โҔԓᄃࢋࡤȂఁ৲ηཽӶ໋ؑޠყ໦ཽឋϜ ණяఁᏱ᎐ႅޠ֩ᜳȂτঢ়ഇႇᄈၘӕӔӤࡧՄ၍ ؛ୱᚡޠРݳȞ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȄ൸࢑೼ᆎӤᏕᆡ ઢቺ८ޠМࡼȂࣻϤԋኒჃᇇȂԚ࣐ყ໦Ԛসࡼ៊ ܂ࠊٗޠ୞ΩȂԄ C ৲൸ߓұȈȶש࢑ញூᇴȂ჌ש উؑঐᙅࡷѳޠଇ፤ȂؑԪଇ፤׈എԥΚᆎೞМࡼ ޠ ད ញ Ȃ Щ ၷ ޤ ၿ ௦ ί ٿ ् ࡪ ቅ ୉ ȷȞ ཽ ᢏ 20051117ȟȄ ᆤӬ፤ϟȂҐःفঐ਱ޠ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ၽңڻᜟ ѠដІޠ΢ٲޑȂ௄ӼϰޠᆔၿڦூᇅၦଊષᎵࣻ ᜱޠၦྜȂҔԄ Havelock ᇅ ZlotolowȞ1995ȟ஽። ᕖڦ໧ࢳޠᜱᗥ्ષϟΚ࢑഻ུ௱୞޲ȶញޤȷၦ ྜޠԇӶȄҐःفޠ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ҦܼԥЗ௱୞ၦ ଊષᎵ፟โȂࢉӶСளҢࣁϜཽл୞ึញԥֆܼԫ ፟โึ৥ޠөᆎၦྜȂณ፤࢑ଓΩȃ΢ΩܗޑΩȂ ࣦՎ࢑ᆡઢቺ८ޠМࡼȂࣲ࢑অூڦூޠၦྜȂ೼ Ҕ࢑഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᄈܼၦྜȶញޤȷ૗Ωޠ৥౫Ȅ ดՅȂःف޲ηึ౫уউၷ୒२൭ᡞષᎵስ஀ၦྜ ޠᕖڦȂၷЎᜱݨႬဟᆪၰષᎵޠၦྜȇᗷดყ໦ Ԛস E ৲ڏറԫ஠ߞȂկуӼґ୥ᇅყ໦ޠۢ෉ᆺ ཽᇅ፟โ೪ॏȄԫᕖڦ໧ࢳޠુѷኈ៫Π܂ࡤၦଊ ષᎵ፟โःึᇅᄃࢋޠ׈ᐍܓȄ

ݏ⥶べᕀ᱿ᔕỄ⎞⃌ኞ

ःف޲஡ၦଊષᎵ഻ུ፟โӶლၑ໧ࢳޠᐤโᇅ ๗ݏȂп೤დȃᄃࢋᇅঔҔήঐࢻโϸրଇ፤ϟȄ

ņɺŇ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễ᱿⣳Ԭ

Ӷ፟โ೤დߒ෉Ȃ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲௄ᕤ၍ၦଊષᎵ ޠϲో໡ۗȂഇႇНᝧޠᎨ᠟ȂпІᇅӤᏕȃ஠ঢ় ᄈၘȂᄈၦଊષᎵޠϲోᇅጓ൝ႁԚӔᜌȂ஡፟โ

ޠᖃҭዀॐ࣐ȶஊᎵᏱҢ૗஋ٸᐄՍϐޠሰؒڸᑺ ፹Ȃԥਞޠᇕ໲ȃຠզڸٻңၦଊޠ૗ΩȂഷಥ෉ గ૗ᎵԚᏱҢՍлᏱಭޠಭᄜȷȞНȂఁڠዪൣ֚ȟȄ Վܼ፟โޠϲోࠍᘫા࣐შਫᓣષᎵȃშ჌൭ᡞષ ᎵІႬဟᆪၰષᎵήτጓᛠȞНȂఁڠዪൣ֚ȟȞშ 2ȟȂٯᐄԫ೤დၦଊષᎵ፟โޠߒؐ࢝ᄻ[2]Ȅ შ 2! ୾ϊၦଊષᎵ፟โϲో შ 2 лӶߓኊၦଊޠٿྜԥშਫᓣȃშ჌൭ᡞȃ Ⴌဟᆪၰ๊ή᜹Ȃկѻউ܅ԫέӼԥ२᠓ϟ೏ȂԄ შਫᓣޠߩਫၦਠ൸࢑൭ᡞϜޠൣિᚖᇭȂႬφ୥ ՄϏڏਫέၯ٘ႬဟᆪၰзࣩϜȂՅᄈܼၦଊޠࡧ ᒲ૗Ωࠍ࢑ϛϸၦଊٿྜȂࣲཽٻңޠޤ૗ȄᠧԫȂ ःف޲ᇅ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ְп࣐ၦଊષᎵ࢑αख़ήᆎ ષᎵޠᖓ໲ȂѠпᙥҦ Big6 ዂԓޠлᚡ௥فᐤโȂ ೪ॏ๗ӬөԒ઼ስ஀፟โޠᏱಭӉଡ଼ȂᡲᏱҢӶԥ ཏဏޠᏱಭᕘძϜಭூၦଊષᎵȇկᠧܼմԒ઼Ᏹ ҢۧӶᏱಭშਫᓣᇅშ჌൭ᡞޠஆҐષᎵȂࢉᏱಭ Ӊ ଡ଼ Ѡ Ս ή Ԓ ઼ ໡ ۗ Ȟ ཽ ᢏ 20050311 ȇ ཽ ᢏ 20050330ȇཽᢏ 20050427ȇཽᢏ 20050525ȇཽᢏ 20050729 ๊ȟȄ ՎܼӶ፟โਣ໣ޠ೤დαȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᐋЗस ҦᏳ৲ӶΚૢᏱऌϲఁᏳၦଊષᎵȂѠ૗ཽӱఁ৲ ޠঐրৰ౵Յᜳпӓ८ᄃࢋȂӱԫ೤დҦ஠ཿޠၦ ଊષᎵఁ৲ӶڿۢޠᏱಭਣ໣ϜڟֆᏱҢᏱಭၦଊ ષᎵȞཽᢏ 20050311ȇཽᢏ 20050330ȟȄуউΚय ӤཏմԒ઼ޠ௳፟࿾኶໋࣐ؑΚ࿾Ȃւң঩ԥޠᎨ ᠟፟ਣ໣ໍ՘ఁᏱȇϜାԒ઼ޠ௳፟࿾኶ࠍᐍӬ঩ ԥޠშਫᓣւңఁي፟ᇅၦଊ፟Ȃ໋ؑڎ࿾፟Ȅѫ ѵȂӶᄃࢋРԓαࠍ୥ଫݔ๼Ȟ2004ȟȃEisenberg

ڸ BerkowitzȞ1999ȟȃEisenberg ڸ Lowe І Spitzer Ȟ2004ȟޠ౪፤Ȃп Big6 ዂԓձ࣐ЖᏳᏱҢ׈ԚᏱ ಭӉଡ଼ޠ࢝ᄻȂ௄ήԒ઼ίᏱ෉໡ۗȂҦၦଊષᎵ ఁ৲ᇅᏳ৲ӬձȂؑᏱ෉ᒶᐆᎍ࿌ޠᏱऌ൑ϰձ࣐ ᏱಭӉଡ଼ޠ௥સлᚡȞԄᐚ݊Ѕȃᙬᙬӡᐡȃ៞፤ ๊ཽȟȂпႁژၦଊષᎵᒋΤ፟โޠ౪܉Ȅ፟โޠഷ ಥҭዀ࢑ᙥҦήՎϳԒ઼ӼԪᏱಭӉଡ଼ޠᄃርጜ ಭȂ૗ഃᅛᎵԚᏱҢୱᚡ၍؛ޠಭᄜᇅᄙ࡚Ȅ

ņʷŇ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễ᱿૪ᅡ

ӱᔗၦଊષᎵ፟โޠᄃࢋȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲຀Кԋ ௷өԒ઼Κঐᄃᡜੳ઼ޠఁᏱಡഌϲৡȄ॓ೱΚȃ ΡԒ઼ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ F ৲ᇅ G ৲ٸᐄၦଊષᎵ፟ โ࢝ᄻጢቹఁᏱໍ࡚Ȃл्пშਫᓣٻңڸ൭ᡞஆ ҐષᎵ࣐२ᘉȇήՎϳԒ઼ੳ઼ࠍҦၦଊષᎵఁ৲ ᇅᏳ৲ӬձȂໍ՘п Big6 ዂԓ࣐࢝ᄻޠᏱಭӉଡ଼Ȅ ፟โܼ 93 ᏱԒ࡚໡ۗᄃࢋਣȂშਫᓣષᎵఁᏱτᆫ ᇅఁᏱᙐ਱ϑ਴ᐄݔ๼Ȟ2001ȟτयጢቹ׈ԚȂ൭ ᡞષᎵηϑӗяఁᏱ२ᘉȂկႬဟᆪၰષᎵఁᏱτ ᆫࠍۧґ໡ۗጢቹȄٲᄃαȂ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ϜଷΠ E ৲ѵȂڐуఁ৲ְߩႬဟ஠ߞȂࢉ໹ӊᒧ E ৲ޠ ڟֆϘ૗೤დԫР८ޠఁᏱϲৡȄᄈᐋӉϜାԒ઼ ၦଊષᎵఁ৲ޠ B ৲ᇅ C ৲ՅّȂҦܼϛࣦዤோႬ ဟᇅᆪၰޠఁᏱϲৡȂуউΞӶఁᏱࠊӒՎ E ৲Ӊ ఁޠੳ઼ਡ᠚ȂӕᙾϾఁᏱϲৡܼᄃᡜੳ઼ޠᏱಭ Ӊଡ଼ϜȞࣹғ 20050908ȟȄ ௄ήՎϳԒ઼ᄃᡜੳᏱҢ༳ቹޠ෉Ғ፟โӲ㔴൑ ѠޤȂ80%пαޠᏱҢ᜺ཏ᝸៊ᏱಭၦଊષᎵޠޤ ᜌᇅ׭૗Ȃуউߓႁޠ঩ӱԄίȈȶαႇၦଊષᎵ፟ ࡤȂٻשࢦၦਠ؂Р߰Ȃᆔၿ؂ӼȂࠣ፵η؂ԂȊȷ ȞНȂ942 ϳ፟Ӳ S13ȟȃȶӒฬԂ྆܉შϟࡤȂ൸Щ ၷ૗஋୉лᚡᏪൣȄȷȞНȂ942 ϳ፟Ӳ S18ȟȃȶп ࠊഎϛཽདྷژ्ቹၦਠٿྜȂ౫Ӷཽདྷژ्ቹȊȷ ȞНȂ942 ϳ፟Ӳ S23ȟȄҦԫѠޤȂᏱҢᄈܼၦଊ ષᎵ፟โޠᄃࢋӼࡼҔ८ޠᄙ࡚Ȃٯᇰ࣐፟โԥֆ ܼஊᎵᇕ໲ȃຠզȃಜᐍၦଊϟ૗ΩȄ

ņɿŇ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễ᱿Δᔌ

ӶၦଊષᎵ፟โᄃࢋ෉໣Ȃ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦Ϭᆱࡼ ໋ؑΚԪޠᆺཽȂпࡼ៊ึ৥ȃᄃࢋڸঔҔၦଊષ Ꮅ፟โȄуউӶᆺཽϜණя፟โᄃࢋ᎐ႅޠୱᚡȂ შਫᓣષᎵ შ჌൭ᡞષᎵ! ႬဟᆪၰષᎵ лᚡ௥فᐤโɯBig6 ዂԓ

ᙥҦӤᏕᄈၘᇅଇ፤ȂᐮᕞяѠ૗ޠ၍؛РݳȂᎍਣ ঔҔఁᏱРݳІఁᏱϲৡȂٯखᓄঔҔࡤޠདྷݳпԚ ࣐ఁᏱᙐ਱ȄԫѵȂҦܼԋԋ୾ϊਯߞוగ഻ུყ໦ ૗хߓᏱਯ୥ђఁيഌᖟᒳޠఁᏱڠ຺ዪᝰᗊȂӱ ԫȂуউ߇ຳΠߗΚঐУޠਣ໣ྦറᝰᗊਫ८ൣ֚Ȃ ःف޲ηණٽ೩Ӽࣻᜱၦਠп؂౐ΤࡧՄ፟โ࢝ ᄻȄഷࡤȂ഻ུყ໦ঔҔΠშਫᓣષᎵᇅ൭ᡞષᎵఁ ᏱτᆫȂη׈ԚΠႬဟᆪၰષᎵఁᏱτᆫȂٯп Big6 ఁᏱዂԓ࣐лໆ஡೼ٳӼϰષᎵᐍӬ࣐Κ৉׈ᐍޠ ၦଊષᎵ፟โ࢝ᄻІᆫ्ȞُߤᓄΚȟȄ ᆤӬ፤ϟȂҦܼ୾ϲۧณΚ৉׈ᐍޠ୾ϊၦଊષ Ꮅ፟โѠٽٻңȂӱԫȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲Ξၽңᕖڦ ޠၦྜٯՄ໕Ᏹਯޠ౫ݸȂՍ՘ःึΚ৉ΚՎϳԒ ઼ޠၦଊષᎵ഻ུ፟โȄկҦܼӶȶᕖڦȷ໧ࢳȂ уউґ஡ᆡΩ߇ຳӶႬဟᆪၰષᎵၦྜޠᕖڦȂՅ ڏԥၦଊ஠ߞޠ E ৲୥ᇅყ໦ϟཏ᜺έԥ४ȂΞኈ ៫ Π Ⴌ ဟ ᆪ ၰ ષ Ꮅ Р ८ ፟ โ ޠ ᄃ ࢋ Ȅ ࣻ ၷ ܼ CREATER ዂԓ஽።ᔗറ׃Ѡ՘ޠ഻ུР਱ϟࡤӕ ໍΤȶლၑȷ໧ࢳȞHavelock & Hamilton, 2004ȟȂ Ґःفঐ਱࢑Ӷึ৥፟โ࢝ᄻІഌӌఁᏱτᆫࡤ֊ ໡ۗᄃࢋȄܛ۸ᏱҢᄈܼၦଊષᎵ፟โޠᐍᡞຠቌ Ӽ࣐Ҕ८Ȃկ࢑֐ኈ៫Πഌӌ፟โޠԚਞࠍϬᜳຠ զȄ෉ࡠӶ܂ࡤӼԪޠᄃࢋᇅঔҔࡤȂၦଊષᎵ഻ ུ፟โ૗؂ԥਞӵ၍؛ᏱҢၦଊષᎵޠୱᚡȄ

ೖ̖べᕀ᱿ᔕỄ⎞⃌ኞ

ःف޲਴ᐄө໷ःفၦਠȂϸݚٯಜᐍ഻ུ௱୞ ఁ৲஡ၦଊષᎵ፟โࣻᜱၦଊ༉ሏ๞ਯϲఁᙜসޠ ๋౲ᇅ๗ݏȄ

ņɺŇ࿴ೊ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễ᱿ᾋᯆ

1. ӴᮢҚዮඖሳ⩀ُᙙՒ˛₺⦩Ễ

࣐ᡲӓਯఁ৲ᕤ၍ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ२्ܓȂ഻ུ ௱୞ఁ৲ӼԪл୞ލڦᐡཽȂւңӓਯܓཽឋӪఁ ᙜসҢܗঢ়ߞϮಞၦଊષᎵ፟โȞཽᢏ 20050511ȟȄ ಒΚԪึߓ࢑Ӷ፟โᄃࢋࠊȂA ৲ȃB ৲ᇅ C ৲ւ ңስ஀Ϗձ֬ԚݏึߓޠᐡཽȂӪӓਯఁ৲ᇴ݃ஊ ᎵᏱҢၦଊષᎵޠ२्ܓȂٯ၍មःึၦଊષᎵ፟ โޠདྷݳȄಒΡԪ௱ኅޠᐡཽࠍ࢑Ӷස୆ޠఁ৲ः ಭࣁ୞ϜȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ϸٵՎѯі୥ђःಭᇅ୥ ೥Љҕ୾ϊڸ࢈τ൭ᡞષᎵःفࡊޠЗூȂٯᇴ݃ ၦଊષᎵᄃᡜ፟โޠϲోᇅᖃҭዀȂйࡈҁ፟โޠ ःึϏձӱᇅःف޲ӬձȂϑᕖூఁيഌ౐ૈॏฬ ޠ၅ֆȞࣹғ 20050727ȟȄ௦຀Ȃ഻ུყ໦ܼ፟โ ᄃࢋࠊσл୞ލڦܼ፟โึߓཽϮಞၦଊષᎵ፟โ ޠ२्ܓȃ౪܉ȃϲৡᇅᄃࢋРԓȂᇴ݃፟โ೪ॏ ࢑п Big6 ၦଊષᎵఁᏱዂԓໍ՘лᚡ௥સᏱಭӉ ଡ଼Ȃ௥સлᚡޠᒶᐆࠍପӬڐуᏱऌϲৡȞཽᢏ 20050809ȟȄӶಒΡᏱ෉ޠ፟โึߓཽαȂყ໦ఁ৲ ޠൣ֚२ᘉӶϮಞөԒ઼Ᏻ৲஡ၦଊષᎵ྆܉ᒋΤ ڐуᏱऌޠРݳȂٯჃᓿڐуՃ৲Ѡ஡ᏱҢӶၦଊ ષᎵ፟โܛᏱޠ૗ΩᔗңՎڐуᏱऌϜȂпණٽጜ ಭޠᐡཽȞཽᢏ 20060206ȟȄ ดՅȂःف޲೥ፚߩ഻ུყ໦ޠή՞ఁ৲ࠔึ౫ αख़ϟӼԪ௱ኅԚਞঅூ୧ᄽȄڨ೥ఁ৲ᄈܼ೼ٳ ൣ֚ޠϲৡӼณݳఽྀӵᄣ्ܗ२ख़ȂԄήԒ઼ L ৲ᇴȈȶשᗀϛяٿढȊȞ઱ȟȷȞ೥ఁ L20060601ȟȄ ԫѵȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲Ҽւңਯኋࣁ୞Ȃ஡ၦଊષ Ꮅ፟โޠఁᏱԚݏпᓘᄙ੖ൣޠםԓ֖౫ȂԫԪԚ ݏ৥ޠл्ᄈຬ࢑ঢ়ߞȄ੖ൣ৥яࡤȂყ໦ఁ৲ߓ ұԥঢ়ߞ๞ϡуউҔ८ޠӲ㔴ȂC ৲ᇴȈȶኅክቒޠ ֖౫Ȃ࡟Ӽঢ়ߞӠຬ࡟౐Ȃึ౫שউഥดԥ೼ኻޠ ፟ȂՅйࡇφᗚ୉ூϛᓀȷȞ೥ఁ C20060517ȟȄ

2. ⳥ᮢણዮ᱿Ӥ᧎ᱹ⠧ᄽὁ

Ս 94 ᏱԒ࡚໡ۗȂၦଊષᎵყ໦Ϝޠ D ৲௄Ᏻ ৲ᙾӉःف೏яޏಣಣߞȂу஡ၦଊષᎵ፟โᙐ Ϯȃᄃࢋޠ௒ݸпІ௳፟ఁ৲ޠЗூְёีܼᏱਯ ёޑϜȞНȂ෉ё 200508ȇНȂਯё 200601ȇНȂ ਯё 200606ȟȄดՅȂःف޲೥ፚή՞ߩყ໦ఁ৲ ޠ๗ݏึ౫ȂуউءԥᎨ᠟೼ٳНതȂڐϜڎ՞ఁ ৲ᇰ࣐ਯёл्࢑๞ঢ়ߞڸᏱҢᎨ᠟Ȃఁ৲Ԟژё ޑٯϛΚཽۢсಡᘳ៕ϲৡȂ೾ளѬᜱݨՍϐᏱҢ ޠձࠣ࢑֐ёีӶёޑα(೥ఁ L20060601ȟȄԥԫѠ ޤȂёีНതܼᏱਯёޑܛ༉ႁޠਞݏϬԥ४Ȅ

3. ⲿ⳧ߨぶໞڂΤӲЗ⳴⤻෉

ଷΠпყ໦ӫဏഇႇҔԓйϵ໡ޠᆔၿࡈ༉ၦଊ ષᎵ፟โѵȂ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ఁ৲ηლၑഇႇঐ΢ޠ Ω໕ӪਯϲޠఁᙜসȃᏱҢܗঢ়ߞᇴ݃ၦଊષᎵ፟ โޠ౪܉ᇅᄃࢋРԓȄӼ՞ఁ৲ւңᏱԒཽឋȂᇴ ݃ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠα፟ϲৡȃໍ࡚Ȃܗሰ्Ᏻ৲উ

ڟֆޠӵРȞ೥ఁ A20060516ȇ೥ఁ G20060522ȇ ࣹғ 20051020ȟȄѫѵȂB ৲ւңᏱ෉ߒޠᒒ৲৵ፚ ཽȂӪঢ়ߞᇴ݃ၦଊષᎵᄃᡜ፟โޠᄃࢋ౪܉ᇅϲ ోȞ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȂпІᇅѳԒ઼ᄃᡜੳᏳ৲ᖟ ᒳᏱҢձࠣ৥Ȃ஡ᏱҢձࠣ৥ұܼᏱਯޠ໡ܺޫ ໣Ȃ෉గӓᡞ৲ҢԥᐡཽࣽژၦଊષᎵ፟โᄃࢋޠ ԚݏȞࣹғ 20051229ȟȄ

ņʷŇ࿴ೊ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễ᱿⃌ኞ

഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ߓұуউ௄ӤᏕூژ೩Ӽԥᜱၦଊ ષ Ꮅ ፟ โ ޠ Ҕ ८ Ӳ 㔴 Ȟ ೥ ఁ A20060720 ȇ ೥ ఁ B20060517ȇཽᢏ 20060406ȟȄดՅȂःف޲೥ፚή ՞ߩყ໦ޠఁ৲ࠔึ౫ȂуউᄈܼၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ ᕤ၍Ϭԥ४ȂณݳఽྀᇴяၦଊષᎵޠ౪܉ȂM ৲ Ӷ೥ፚϜණژՍϐܛᕤ၍ޠၦଊષᎵȈȶᔗ၏ᇴ࢑឵ ܼኈຝαޠᕖூၦଊ֒Ȋڐуൌȉ൸ЩၷዂጚȊȷ Ȟ೥ఁ M20060601ȟȄK ৲ࠍߓұȈȶڐᄃᄈᐍঐ࢝ ᄻשউη׈ӓءԥ྆܉Ȃשϛޤၿ࢑೼ٳݎ՚ȷȞ೥ ఁ K20060530ȟȄٲᄃαȂ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦Ӷ፟โᄃࢋ ࠊᄈܼၦଊષᎵᗷϑԥ݃ጃޠ྆܉Ȃկ೤დޠ፟โ ϲৡۧґ׈ᐍȞЏڐુЎႬဟᆪၰષᎵୣ༶ȟȂՅ࢑ Ӷ፟โᄃࢋޠႇโϜഃ࡛ؐᄻя׈ᐍޠ፟โ࢝ᄻᇅ ϲৡȄӱԫȂӶ፟โ௱୞ࠊ෉Ȃ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ளґ ૗֊ਣණٽӓਯఁ৲ၷ݃ጃޠ፟โᐍᡞᎉᄑȄ Ҧαख़ޠଇ፤ѠޤȂҐःفঐ਱ޠ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲Ӷ ௱ኅ፟โޠᆔၿαȂӼ࣐൑Ӫޠଊਁ༉ሏȂڐܛႁژ ޠࡈ༉ਞݏᗚሰ्ໍ՘ӓ८ܓޠ።ࢦȂпᕤ၍Ᏹਯఁ ৲ᄈၦଊષᎵ፟โޠࣽݳȄӕ޲Ȃ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲Ӷ፟ โۧґ࡛ဋ׈ᐍޠ௒ݸίȂ֊໡ۗໍΤლၑ໧ࢳȂґ ૗֊ਣණٽᏱਯఁ৲׈ᐍޠၦଊષᎵ፟โၦଊȂԫ౫ ຬѠ૗ཽኈ៫௵ң޲ᄈ፟โޠᇰӤᇅМࡼȄ

ሩᅘべᕀ᱿ᔕỄ⎞⃌ኞ

Ӷ௱୞ၦଊષᎵ፟โߗΚԒޠ௒ݸࡤȂ഻ུ௱୞ ఁ ৲ ᄈ ܼ ґ ٿ ޠ ึ ৥ ණ я Π ө ᆎ Ї ࣹ Ȅ स п CREATER ዂԓٿᔯຝȂ೼ٳЇࡧѠᘫા࣐пίϥঐ РӪȈ

ņɺŇⳐ࿲べᕀŘ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễో⫏᱿ࡢ⥂

ၦଊષᎵ፟โᄃࢋࡤȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ึ౫Սϐޠ ஠ཿޤ૗ڸఁᏱРݳࣲሰ्ӕђ஽ڸঔҔȂԄႬဟ ᆪၰР८ޠޤᜌᇅ׭૗ȂІЖึᏱҢл୞୥ᇅଇ፤ ڸࡧՄޠ๋౲Ȟ೥ఁ G20060522ȇ೥ఁ C20060518ȟȄ ӕ޲Ȃ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ηึ౫ґٿևΩޠРӪϛѬ࢑ ђ஽ϑђΤყ໦ఁ৲ޠ૗ΩȂᗚሰ्ஊଌ؂Ӽ᜺ཏ ୥ᇅޠఁ৲Ȟ೥ఁ A20060516ȟȂԄ B ৲Ӷ೥ፚਣ ᇴȈȶשཽЩၷוగᄛᄛޠ୥ᇅ፟โޠՃ৲བٿབ ӼȂ೼ኻφ࢑ጃߴ೼ঐ፟โ૗஋۾៊ίџȃ༉ܜ࢑ ࡟२्ޠȷȞ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȄӶ፟โᄃࢋΚԒࡤȂ ঩ԥყ໦ԚসϜޠή՞Ᏻ৲ߓұ᜺ཏܼίΚᏱԒ࡚ ђΤၦଊષᎵఁ৲ޠ՘ӗȂ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ηॏฬᒳ ౪ ϵ ໡ ޠ ఁ Ᏹ ᢏ ኟ ȃ ः ಭ ๊ ࣁ ୞ Ȟ ೥ ఁ A20060516ȟȄ

ņʷŇᒑ⣶べᕀŘଁᖣ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễ᱿⥫⿀ᅞᘍ

഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇰ࣐ၦଊષᎵ፟โޠຠ໕Ѡ௵Ӽϰ ຠ໕ޠРԓȂଷΠᢏᄇᏱҢӶ፟இαޠߓ౫Ȃఁ৲ ηѠᇕ໲ᏱҢӶᏱಭᐤโϜ౱яޠө᜹Ᏹಭखᓄ ȞԄᏱҢޠ፟இ์ଅȟȂпձ࣐ຠ໕ᏱҢߓ౫ޠٸᐄ Ȟཽᢏ 20050914ȟȄӕ޲ȂήՎϳԒ઼ᏱҢޠ२् ຠ໕ٸᐄ࢑ᏱಭӉଡ଼ޠ໧ࢳܓԚݏᇅഷࡤԚࠣȞཽ ᢏ 20050330ȟȄԫѵȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲η೪ॏձཿܗ િ์ขᡜȂขၑᏱҢ׳൷Нത२ᘉڸ׾ቹޠ૗ΩȂ Ԅ A ৲፝ᏱҢᎨ᠟Нതࡤ஡२ᘉп྆܉შޠРԓᛳ ᇨӶᖓ๝ᛪαȞ೥ఁ A20060516ȟȄดՅȂყ໦ఁ৲ Ϭᇰ࣐ሰ्Κ৉ԥਞޠࡋᢏРݳٿຠզᏱҢޠᏱಭ ԚਞȂԄ״ցࡧՄΩȃၦଊಜᐍΩȃୱᚡ၍؛Ω๊ Ȟ೥ఁ B20060517ȟȄΡԒ઼ޠ G ৲Ӷ೥ፚϜ൸ߓ ұȂၦଊષᎵ຀२ၽңၦଊٿ၍؛ୱᚡޠᐤโȂկ ӶᏱಭᐤโϜޠໍؐᇅᏱಭԚਞᜳп֖౫яٿȞ೥ ఁ G20060522ȟȄӱԫȂ൸࡛ҴΚ৉ࡋᢏȃڏᇴ݉Ω ޠຠ໕РԓȂB ৲࡛ឋܼස୆෉໣ᗝ፝ਯѵޠᏱ޲ ஠ঢ়ᄈԫၦଊષᎵ഻ུ፟โ୉፟โຠᠧȂ૗пࡋᢏ ஠ ཿ ޠ ِ ࡚ ණ ٽ ፟ โ ׾ ๢ ޠ ࡛ ឋ Ȟ ೥ ఁ B20060517ȟȄ

ņɿŇ᪀חべᕀŘ⫏⤻₪㇭⦩Ễᄞણ⫏ᅆಝ᱿

೘Ἴ

G ৲࡛ឋ஡፟โޠఁ਱ȃఁ؆ᇅఁᏱ୥Մၦਠ๊ ၦྜಜΚᐍ౪ᘫાȂ࡛ҴΚঐ፟โၦਠ৳ȂпР߰ ௳፟ఁ৲ٻңȂηᡲུђΤყ໦ޠఁ৲ԥѠٸඊޠ ఁ؆Ȟ೥ఁ G20060522ȟȄყ໦Ϝޠ B ৲ηᇰ࣐ԥ҇

्ཋᐍΚ৉׈ᐍޠఁ؆ȂණٽਯϲѵᄈၦଊષᎵ፟ โԥᑺ፹ޠՃ৲୥ՄᇅٻңȂ೼࢑ყ໦ґٿևΩޠ РӪϟΚȈȶȌȌȂᡲ᠚ژ೼ঐ፟โԥᑺ፹ԥᒳݳܗ ࢑ԥདྷ्௱୞೼ঐ፟โޠ΢Ȃ૗஋ሇᚭԥਞޠڦң ೼ ঐ ఁ Ᏹ ၦ ྜ ࢑ ௦ ί ٿ ् ୉ ޠ ٲ ௒ ȷȞ ೥ ఁ B20060517ȟȄӱԫȂःف޲஡ϟࠊϑ೪Ҵϟȶၦଊ ષᎵఁࡊȷᆪၰ҂ѯȞhttp://ilc.etech.ncyu.edu.twȟ ණٽ๞഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ȂᡲуউѠՍҦӵ஡ఁ਱ȃᏱ ಭ൑ȃఁᏱၦྜȃఁᏱԚݏ๊ၦਠဋܼڐϜȂпР ߰ਯϲѵԥᑺ፹ޠఁ৲ᘳ៕ٯίၸٻңȄ

ņ߈Ňݏ⥶べᕀŘણ∳˶Ֆ⎞ણẤ᱿⃌׶ト⣬

ሩℤ૓

፟โᄃࢋࡤȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ึ౫ᏱಭӉଡ଼ᇅᏱऌ ໣ޠ๗ӬϬϛ஋ᆨஞȂၦଊષᎵఁ৲ᇅᏳ৲໣ޠӬ ձηϛԄႲ෉ȄӬձޠᏳ৲Ӽᇰ࣐ՍϐѬ࢑ڟֆၦ ଊષᎵఁ৲ޠِՔȂԄ༌ԞᏱҢձཿȃᔔԕ༌ߵᏱ ಭӉଡ଼ޠໍ࡚ȂܗڟֆᏱҢ၍؛Ⴌဟᐈձޠୱᚡ๊ Ȟ೥ఁ I20060523ȇ೥ఁ J20060523ȟȄҦԫѠޤȂ ᗷดၦଊષᎵఁ৲ԥᇅᏳ৲ӬձޠདྷݳȂוగႁژ ȶၦଊષᎵ፟โ࢑݉ଡ଼ڐуᏱऌȷޠ౪དྷȂկ܅ԫ ໣ۧґ࡛ҴΚ৉ӬձޠዂԓȂΞםԚၦଊષᎵఁ৲ ࣐лȂᏳ৲࣐ህޠޒݸȄस्׾๢ᏱಭӉଡ଼ᒋΤᏱ ऌޠୱᚡȂყ໦ఁ৲ණяΠसϔ๋౲ȂԄᡲၦଊષ Ꮅఁ৲ӤਣচӉ၏Ᏹಭስ஀ޠऌӉఁ৲Ȃп෶Ўу উఁᏳޠੳ઼኶ȂέѠቩђ၏ੳᏱҢڸၦଊષᎵఁ ৲௦ដޠᐡཽȂٯᡲᏱಭӉଡ଼ᇅᏱऌѠ؂ᆨஞ๗Ӭ ๊Ȟཽᢏ 20060511ȟȄดՅȂԫ๋౲ޠԚਞᗚࡠໍ ΚؐޠᄃርःفӕٿຠզȄ

ņʽŇೖ̖べᕀŘԽ೼⎞ણዮᄞ⊚ڂ᱿ᝄⳇ⎞

ʻՒ

࣐ٻ፟โ૗ࡼ៊௱୞Ȃ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦୧ଇ֝Ж؂ Ӽఁ৲ᇰӤԫ፟โޠРݳȄуউᇰ࣐ණٽਯϲఁ৲ ᄃርᡞᡜၦଊષᎵ፟โޠఁᏱȂܗ೩૗ᡲڐདڨၦ ଊષᎵޠቌঅȞ೥ఁ C20060518ȇ೥ఁ I20060523ȟȄ ԫѵȂڦூᏱਯ՘࢈൑՞ޠМࡼ؂࢑२्ޠϏձȂJ ৲ᇴȈȶӕٿשཽញூᇴȂԥѠ૗࢑೼ঐ፟โޠ२् ܓȂ൸࢑्ᡲτঢ়઎ޠԥ೼ኻޠ྆܉Ȅ൸࢑Ᏹਯ՘ ࢈٦ᜟȂѠ૗уউη्໡ۗ୉ܛᒞޠࡈᏳΠ୩Ȋȷ Ȟ೥ఁ J20060523ȟȄٲᄃαȂःف޲ηึ౫ᗷดӶ ೥ፚϜȂਯߞᇅлӉࣲߓұߩளМࡼԫ፟โȞ೥ਯ 20060524Ȃ೥Ӊ 20060523ȟȂկ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦ᄈܼ Ᏹਯ՘࢈лᆔܳࡼޠᄙ࡚ϬདϛԋȄःف޲ޠࣹࡧ ғଅϜ֊ቹၿȈȶՃ৲উηޤၿᔗ၏ᏒԟᇅਯߞлӉ ྜྷ೾ڟ።ȂϛႇȂӶྜྷ೾αΚޣϛ࢑࡟໸ւȂծо ءԥᐡཽ࢑Ѡпᡲܛԥ΢ӔӤֳίٿȂױٲ௒ᇴఽ ྀٯ୉я؛ۢȷȞཽᢏ 20060511ȟȄӱԫȂпҐःف ঐ਱ՅّȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ᇅ՘࢈лᆔ໣ԥਞޠྜྷ೾ ࢑ґٿሰ्ӕևΩޠРӪȂყ໦Ԛসηᇰ࣐ᙥҦ՘ ࢈൑՞ՍαՅίޠМࡼȂࣦՎ஡ԫ഻ུឋᚡાΤᏱ ਯҐ՞፟โϜȂϘ૗ٻၦଊષᎵ፟โ؂ᛨۢޠࡼ៊ ௱୞Ȟࣹғ 20060223ȇཽᢏ 20060511ȟȄ ᆤӬ፤ϟȂ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦Ԛস૗஋ᔯຝႇџޠᐤ โᇅ๗ݏȂᄈґٿ፟โ௱୞РӪණяڏᡞޠࣽݳᇅ ࡛ឋȂٯᇰ࣐Ᏹਯఁ৲ཽഃؐ௦ڨԫ഻ུȂԄ C ৲ ᇴȈȶשউԋԋ୾ϊޠՃ৲൸࢑ԥ೼ᆎ੬፵ȂԄݏᇴ уউញூ೼ঐ፟โ࡟ϛᓀޠၘȂу्ᗝעӤၿӬޠ ΢ᔗ၏ϛᜳȂѬ࢑ሰ्ԥΚঐழᓟџ໡ۗ՘୞ޠΚ ঐΩ໕ȷȞ೥ఁ C20060518ȟȄҦԫѠޤȂԋԋ୾ϊ ఁ৲ܛڏറޠ഻ུ૗ΩȂᄈܼ፟โ഻ུ௱୞Ӊଡ଼࢑ ԥֆઊޠȂуউस૗ࡼ៊ӵ።ᐍ഻ུޠРӪᇅР ݳȂ؂ུ໧ࢳܛ஽።ޠඊᕘᐤโ൸૗஋ᄃ፻׈ԚΠȄ

⃌⧄⎞೘⩀

⃌⧄

Ґःفп CREATER ዂԓϟᜱЗȃഀ๗ȃᔯຝȃ ᕖڦȃლၑȃ۾իІ؂๊ུΝঐ໧ࢳ࣐࢝ᄻȂ௥ف ୾ϊఁ৲௱୞ၦଊષᎵ഻ུ፟โޠᐤโᇅ๗ݏȄः ف๗ݏึ౫ȂӶᜱЗȃഀ๗ᇅᔯຝ໧ࢳȂҦܼਯϲ ޠఁ৲൸࢑഻ུޠ௱୞޲ȂϛկѠ࿾ࣹᕤ၍Ᏹਯ८ ᖞޠᜳᚡڸϸݚڐᓻ༗ᇅ዗૗ܛሰ߇ຳޠᆡΩȇη ӱуউ᐀ԥᒒٙޠདڨȂԥֆܼםԚΚ޷ҦίՅα ௱୞഻ུޠ୞ΩȂл୞൷׳עӤၿӬޠਯϲѵჲգ ಣԚყ໦ΚӤ՘୞ȄดՅȂҦܼ᐀ԥᄃ፵᠍Ωڸኈ ៫ΩޠᏱਯ՘࢈лᆔґ૗઎Ҕ୥ᇅၦଊષᎵ፟โޠ ௱୞Ȃ໸༗ึදҦαՅίޠΩ໕Ȃኈ៫Πԫ഻ུ፟ โഌӌޠ๗ݏȂԄӤᏕఁ৲ᄈၦଊષᎵ፟โޠϲో Ϭϛ׈ӓᕤ၍ᇅᇰӤ๊ȄѫΚР८Ȃᗷด഻ུ௱୞ ყ໦ԚসनෂϑӼϰȂѠ׈ᐍ֥ࢃၦଊષᎵޠήτ

ጓ൝ȂկଷΠ E ৲ѵȂτഌӌԚসᄈܼႬဟᆪၰષ Ꮅְၷϛዤ࿸ȂആԚၦଊષᎵ፟โСࡤӶლၑ໧ࢳ ᎐ႅΠ೩Ӽ֩ᜳȄӱԫȂ൸Ԅܛ Havelock ڸ Hamilton Ȟ2004ȟܛ஽።Ȃ഻ུ௱୞ყ໦Ԛসᔗోᇑө᜹ԥ ֆ഻ུܼဤᄃޠ΢ΩၦྜȂйөԚসޠ୥ᇅ໹ࡼ៊ ϛᘟȂϘၷ૗ᡲ഻ུ໸ւ৥໡Ȅ ԫѵȂ഻ུ௱୞ఁ৲ഇႇڻ᎐Ѡ௦ដޠ΢ȃٲȃ ޑȂл୞ึញԥֆܼ፟โึ৥ᇅ௱୞ޠၦྜȂᡘұ яڐᄈၦྜޠȶញޤȷ૗ΩȂՅԫ૗ΩҔ࢑ȶᕖڦȷ ၦྜޠᜱᗥӱષȞHavelock & Hamilton, 2004ȟȄկ Ґःفၷц΢௎௕ޠ࢑ȂҦ഻ུܼ௱୞ఁ৲Ӷۧґ ׈ԚᐍᡞఁᏱၦྜᇕ໲ᇅఁᏱ೪ॏޠ௒ݸί֊໡ۗ ᄃࢋ፟โȂആԚᄃርၽձα౲ᡘམ༅Ȅуউस૗Ӷ ፟โᄃࢋࠊ׈Ԛ؂ၐᅿޠ፟โϲৡ೤დІఁᏱၦྜ ᇕ໲ȂᄃࢋޠԚਞѠ૗ཽ؂ڠ຀Ȅϛႇࣻ߭ԫ഻ུ ፟โӶໍΤίΚඊᕘႇโࡤȂԫ࿄౹ᔗѠഃؐᕖூ ׾๢Ȅ Ӷ۾ի໧ࢳȂᗷด௱୞ఁ৲л୞Ӫਯϲఁ৲௱ኅ ၦଊષᎵ፟โȂկ௵ңޠ௱ኅ๋౲Ӽ࣐൑Ӫޠଊਁ ༉ሏȂᕖூӲ㔴ޠᐡཽԥ४Ȅӕ޲ȂҦܼ೼ٳ௱୞ ఁ৲Κޣ೏ܼ፟โึ৥ᇅ፟โࡈᏳڎᓟྭዥޠ௒ ݸȂᜳռ៬ԫѷ܅ȂณݳҴ֊ණٽӤᏕఁ৲׈ᐍޠ ፟โၦଊȄܛ۸Ȃуউ૗л୞ЇࡧၦଊષᎵ፟โ௱ ୞ႇโϜۧࡠ׾๢ϟ೏Ȃණяґٿڏᡞ׾๢РӪȂ ᡲԫ፟โڏറΠࡼ៊؂ུޠ዗ΩȄ

೘⩀

ٸᐄҐःفޠึ౫Ȃःف޲ණяϳᘉ࡛ឋձ࣐ґ ٿԥᜱԫስ஀ఁᏱᇅःفޠ୥ՄȈ 1. ఁ৲ᐋӉ഻ུ௱୞޲ԥֆ഻ུܼ௱୞ޠ໡ۗȂ ӱ࣐ఁ৲ᄈܼᏱਯНϾᇅਯ༫ϲ΢ٲޑޠᕤ ၍Ȃϛկ૗ԥਞ౦ӵᔯຝᏱਯޠ౫ݸȃ݃ጃӵ ࡿяୱᚡܛӶȂй૗ഇႇᒒٙޠᡞᡜᇅདڨȂ םԚΚ޷഻ུޠକۗ୞ΩȂԥֆ഻ུܼ౪܉ޠ ຃߄ٯ஡ڐϾ࣐՘୞ȄӱԫȂԥཏ௱୞ၦଊષ Ꮅ፟โޠఁيϏձ޲ѠॷӒ۾ᡨԥᑺ፹ޠᏱਯ ఁ৲ٿᐋӉ഻ུޠ௱୞޲Ȅ 2. Ҧஆቺఁ৲ึକޠఁي഻ུϬ໹αቺлᆔޠᇰ ӤᇅМࡼȂϘ૗ٻ഻ུР਱؂໸ւޠဤᄃܼਯ ༫ϲȄӱԫȂ౫ϭ஽።ఁ৲п՘୞ःفޠРݳ ٿໍ՘፟โܗఁᏱ׾९ȂԫҴཏᗷٺȂկसณ ՘࢈൑՞ޠМࡼȂҼ࢑ณޠܺүȄҦԫѠޤȂ ׾९ޠ௱୞໹Ҧα܂ίڸҦί܂αϟࣻϤڴ ᔗȂӉեαίϛഀ๗ޠఁي഻ུࣁ୞Ӽณݳ׈ Ԛ઎Ҕޠ׾९Ȅ 3. Ҧܼ୾ϲөᏱऌ፟โࣲԥໍ࡚ޠᔇΩȂӕ஡ၦ ଊષᎵޤ૗ᒋΤ፟โᄃ឵ϛܿȄӱԫᏱਯѠւ ңؑ࢒෉ΚՎΡ࿾ኇܓਣ໣ఁ௳ၦଊષᎵȂӕ ପӬᏱऌϲৡȂ೪ॏ Big6 ዂԓϟђ౐ђኅޠᏱ ಭӉଡ଼ȂԄԫᏱҢϛկ૗ಭூ؂ᙵ൳ޠᏱऌϲ ৡȂέԥጜಭၦଊષᎵޠᐡཽȄ 4. Κ৉ඊזᅛໍޠၦଊષᎵ፟โ࢑໹Ҧ᐀ԥၦଊ ષᎵ஠ཿޤ૗ڸఁᏱዦၗՃ৲ٿ॓ೱఁᏳȄӱ ԫȂӶᄃࢋԫ፟โࠊȂԥᑺ፹׺ΤఁᏱޠՃ৲Ѡ စҦःಭȃᢏኟȃӤᏕଇ፤ܗᇅ᎒ߗτᏱӬձ๊ РԓȂණЁՍשޠၦଊષᎵڸୱᚡ၍؛૗ΩȄ 5. ഻ུ௱୞޲Ѡ௵ң CREATER ዂԓձ഻ུ࣐፟ โ௱୞ޠ୥ՄዂԓȄԫዂԓпഀ៊ܓޠΝঐ໧ ࢳ֖౫഻ུ௱୞ޠᐤโȂᙐϾఁي഻ུޠፓᚖ ܓȂٯණٽؐ᡾ܓޠโזᇅ࡛ឋ๋౲Ȃԥւܼ ഻ུР਱ޠဤᄃȄ഻ུ௱୞޲ҼѠՄ໕ᕘძᇅ ౫ݸȂ஡Νঐ໧ࢳձᎍ࡚ޠঔҔᇅ።ᐍȂпւ ९ུР਱ޠဤᄃȄ 6. ԄեԥਞӵຠզᏱҢାቺԪޠᏱಭԚਞȂԄୱ ᚡ၍؛ڸၦଊಜᐍ૗Ω๊ȂпІԄե࡛Ҵၦଊ ષᎵఁ৲ᇅڐѻఁ৲ӬձޠዂԓȂпւᏱಭӉ ଡ଼ᇅᏱऌᆨஞ๗Ӭ๊ឋᚡȂϬঅூᏱ޲஠ঢ়Κ କٿࡧՄ၍؛ϟ๋Ȅ

え⥘

[1] Ҧܼ጖ൾޠ४ښȂϛӶԫᙶّ Big6 ޠၐಡ౪ ፤Ȃڐಡഌ঩౪ᇅؐ᡾Ѡ୥Մ Eisenberg & Berkowitz Ȟ1999ȟІݔ๼Ȟ2004ȟȄ

[2] ४ܼ጖ൾȂґ஡፟โߒؐ࢝ᄻߤܼԫȂѠၐُ ᗃڄવȞ2007ȟȄ୾ϊఁ৲௱୞ၦଊષᎵ഻ུ፟โϟ ᐤโșп CREATER ዂԓ࣐پȞ180~186ȟȄґяޏ ϟᆉς፤НȂ୾ҴპဏτᏱఁيऌ׭ःفܛȂპဏȄ

א≙ᄽ᪇

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Zaltman, G., & Duncan, R. (1977). Strategies for planned change. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. ݔڄⰩȞ2000ȟȄঐ਱ःفІڐӶఁيःفαޠᔗ ңȄ፵ޠःفРݳȞॳ 239ʂ264ȟȄା໱ȈᝌН НϾȄ ݔ๼Ȟ2001ȟȄშਫၦଊւңఁيȈ୾ϊ໧ࢳϟ፟โ ೪ॏᇅఁᏱᄃଡ଼ȄѯіȈϥࠓȄ ݔ๼Ȟ2004ȟȄၦଊષᎵᒋΤ୾ϊަཽᏱಭስ஀Ȉп Big6 ౪܉࢝ᄻ࣐پȄຝ᠚ఁيᚗУёȂ45(5)Ȃ 2-16Ȅ ݔ๼ȃࢺजឮȃ؄ٸ࣢ȃ֕߹عȞ2007ȟȄ኶՞ڑᙡ ᒋΤτᏱ೾ᜌఁي˕˕пυܓ΢ޑ௥ف࣐پȄఁ Ᏹऌ׭ᇅ൭ᡞȂ82Ȃ21-39Ȅ ֕जजȞ2004ȟȄၦଊષᎵᇅ൭ᡞષᎵȈ኶՞ਣхޠ ષᎵᇅષᎵఁيȄѯᢋఁيȂ629Ȃ9-14Ȅ ஼ᅿధȞ2005ȟȄၦଊષᎵᒋΤ୾ϊՍดᇅҢࣁऌ׭ ስ஀௥فȶЬԵ࢘ȷлᚡ˕˕п Big6 ዂԓ࣐پȄ ґяޏϟᆉς፤НȂ୾ҴპဏτᏱఁيऌ׭ःف ܛȂპဏȄ ෇৘ֿȃងਵजȃചᝌ৏ȃ༂עᓹȞ2004ȟȄၦଊષ ᎵᒋΤ୾ϊϥԒ઼ՍดऌఁᏱϟःفȄშਫᓣᏱ ᇅၦଊऌᏱȂ30(1)Ȃ41-54Ȅ ෭ஏภȞ2002ȟȄၦଊષᎵఁᏱϟःف-п Big6 ᒋΤ ୾ϊϥԒ઼୾ᇮऌ࣐پȄґяޏϟᆉς፤НȂ୾ ҴϜᑺτᏱშਫၦଊᏱःفܛȂѯϜҀȄ ༂࿆ลȞ1994ȟȄ፵ޠఁيःفРݳȄѯіȈЗ౪Ȅ ᅸᐏ៍Ȟ2004ȟȄϜϊᏱ፟โ׾९ᇅఁᏱ഻ུȄѯіȈ ା๊ఁيȄ ጿఽҥȞ2003ȟȄ፟โ࢈๋؛ۢȈп୾ঢ়ఁي׾९ݳ ਱࣐ٸᐄޠ፟โ؛๋ȄѯіȈϥࠓȄ ፵ܓఁيःفȈ౪፤ᇅРݳȞ؄ۉᏑȃାుఽȃ᎓ ࿆໫ȃݔᝌງȃ֕߁቉ȃࢺՎԚȃጿఽҥណȟ(2001)Ȅ პဏȈᕀҰȄȞ঩຀яޏԒȈ1998ȟȄ ᒧु࣢Ȟ2000ȟȄпၦଊષᎵ࣐ஆᙄϟ୾ϊშਫᓣւ ңఁيϟ௥ଇȄఁᏱऌ׭ᇅ൭ᡞȂ52ȃ53ȃ54Ȃ 19-29Ȅ ᚮܒ֘Ȟ2005ȟȄп Big6 ၦଊષᎵఁᏱᒋΤ୾ϊަ ཽስ஀ϟঐ਱ःفȄґяޏϟᆉς፤НȂህϧτ ᏱშਫၦଊᏱःفܛȂѯіᑫȄ

え⻞ɺ ⫏⤻₪㇭ԡᅘ⦩Ễከᐉדℏ⣬

ΚԒ઼ ΡԒ઼ ήԒ઼ ѳԒ઼ ϥԒ઼ ϳԒ઼ Ᏹಭ Ӊଡ଼ лᚡᏪൣ ϵઊኅ֚ ஠ᚡ୙ᒯ лᚡਫ ུᆹϊଅ޲ ៞፤ཽ ౴ཿӏᆆ Big6 ዂԓ Š ᕤ၍ୱᚡ၍؛ ޠ२्ܓ Š ᇰᜌ Big6 ޠ ϳঐؐ᡾ Š ӶՃ৲ޠЖᏳ ί Ȃ ૗ ٸ ྲ Big6 ޠ ϳ ঐ ؐ᡾׈Ԛᙐ൑ ޠᏱಭӉଡ଼ Š ӶՃ৲ޠЖᏳ ί Ȃ ૗ ٸ ྲ Big6 ޠ ϳ ঐ ؐ᡾׈Ԛፓᚖ ޠᏱಭӉଡ଼ Š ૗ ٸ ྲ Big6 ޠϳঐؐ᡾ᑀ Ҵ׈Ԛፓᚖޠ ᏱಭӉଡ଼ Κȃ ୱᚡ ۢဏ Š ٸᐄՃ৲ණٽ ޠлᚡτᆫȂ ฬяᏱಭӉଡ଼ ޠ྆܉შ Š ӶՃ৲ޠЖᏳ ίȂւң྆܉ შึ৥ᏱಭӉ ଡ଼ޠጓ൝ڸ࢝ ᄻ Š ւң྆܉შึ ৥ᏱಭӉଡ଼ޠ ጓ൝ڸ࢝ᄻ Š ᔗң྆܉შึ ৥ᏱಭӉଡ଼ޠ ጓ൝ڸ࢝ᄻ Ρȃ ൷׳ ๋౲ Š ᕤ၍൷׳ၦଊ ޠ ө ᆎ ᆔ ၿ Ȟє֥ΡКၦ ਠȃ೥ፚȃᢏ ᄇ๊ȟ Š ӶՃ৲ޠЖᏳ ίȂӗя൷׳ ၦଊޠөᆎ๋ ౲ Š ഇ ႇ ყ ᡞ ଇ ፤Ȃӗя൷׳ ၦଊޠөᆎ๋ ౲ Š ޤၿᒶᐆၦଊ ٿྜޠ঩ࠍ Š ૗ᑀҴӗяڦ ூၦଊޠөᆎ ๋౲ Š ٸྲᏱಭӉଡ଼ ᒶᐆᎍ࿌ޠၦ ଊ൷׳๋౲ Š ૗ᑀҴӗяڦ ூၦଊޠөᆎ ๋౲ Š ٸྲᏱಭӉଡ଼ ᒶᐆᎍ࿌ޠၦ ଊ൷׳๋౲ Š ૗Ս՘ϸପ൷ ׳ၦଊޠϏձ ȪშਫᓣષᎵȫ Š ᇰᜌშਫᓣ Š ޤၿًԂޠᎨ ᠟ڸᎨ៕ಭᄜ Š ནៗਫᝳ Š ޤၿშਫᓣϲ ԥߩਫၦਠ Š ནៗө᜹ߩਫ ၦਠ Š ޤၿშਫᓣϲ ԥ୥ՄϏڏਫ Š ᇰᜌშਫᓣޠ өୣ೪ࢋ Š ᎵԚًԂٻң შਫᓣޠಭᄜ Š ᇰᜌਫᝳ Š ᇰᜌ෉ёڸൣ િ Š ޤၿϜ୾შਫ ϸ᜹ݳޠΫτ ᜹Ȟπ೧ȟ Š ᇰᜌԆ᜞ڑȃ Լऌӓਫ Š Π၍ၦਠ୙ᒯ ޠϸ᜹Рݳ Š ᇰᜌშਫᓣՍ ୞Ͼقಜ Š ᇰᜌਫޠ๗ᄻ ڸϲৡ Š ᇰᜌຝ᠚Ꮳ؆ Š ᇰᜌϜ୾შਫ ϸ᜹ݳޠ२् ಡҭ Š ᇰᜌ୥ՄϏڏ ਫ Š ᇰᜌਣٲ୙ᒯ Š ᇰᜌᇅւңϛ Ӥᆎ᜹ޠშਫ ᓣ Š ᏱಭᐋӉშਫ ᓣϊעϏޠᙜ ଡ଼ Š ᇰᜌႬφၦਠ ৳ Š ཽٻңਫጇ Š ٻң୥ՄϏڏ ਫ Š ᇰᜌԂਫ Š ᇰᜌႬφਫ Š ᔗң୥ՄϏڏ ਫ Š ཽࣁңშਫᓣ ޠࣻᜱၦྜ Ȫშ჌൭ᡞષᎵȫ Š ᎵԚًԂޠԞ ຝಭᄜ Š ᇰᜌ࿾ҭ᜹࠯ Š ᇰᜌϵӔႬຝ Š ޤၿ୞ฬޠٿ ྜᇅᇨձ঩౪ Š ᐓ၍ኅ֚ޠҭ ޠ Š ᇰᜌႬຝ࿾ҭ ᇨձ Š ᇰᜌུᆹٿྜ ᇅᆎ᜹ Š ᇰᜌኅ֚ޠܰ ឹКݳ Š ᇰᜌຝ᠚Ꮳ؆ Š ٻң኶՞ྲࣻ ᐡ Š ᕤ၍ϵӔႬຝ ԇӶޠቌঅ Š ڦூᎍ࿌ޠშ ჌൭ᡞၦྜ ȪႬဟᆪၰષᎵȫ ήȃ ڦூ ၦଊ Š ᎵԚًԂޠႬ ဟٻңಭᄜ Š ޤၿႬဟӶҢ Š ᇰᜌႬဟޠԋ ӓٻң Š ᆔ౪Ⴌဟᔭ਱ Š ᇰᜌᆪၰၦྜ ӶҢࣁαޠᔗ ң Š ཽࣁңᆪၰၦ ྜ Š ᇰᜌᆪၰᗵؾ

ΚԒ઼ ΡԒ઼ ήԒ઼ ѳԒ઼ ϥԒ઼ ϳԒ઼ ࣁαޠᔗң Š ᇰᜌႬဟఁࡊ Š ᇰᜌႬဟІڐ ໋ᜟ೪റ Š ཽᐈձႬဟຝ ๆᕘძ Š ᇰᜌϜऽНᒰ Τݳ Š ᇰᜌႬဟᔭ਱ ޠ࡛Ҵڸᓾԇ Š ᇰᜌᆪርᆪၰ Š ᇰᜌᆪၰԋӓ Š ٻң௮ඣᏣ Š ཽٻңཫ൷Ж ᔞ Š ᇰᜌႬφၦਠ ৳ Š ᇰᜌᆪၰᙅ቉ ڸঘ౪ Š ᔗңᆪၰၦྜ ᠍ ȪშਫᓣષᎵȫ Š ᇴяਫޠϲৡ Š ฬяਫޠτཏ Š ᇰᜌٺѰ Š ׳яᜱᗥԆ Š ᇰᜌᎨ᠟ޠР ݳ Š ቹяНതޠᄣ ् Š ቹяၦਠя೏ Š ᄣ्׾ቹНത Š ᄣ्׾ቹਫᝳ Š ᄣ्׾ቹਫᝳ ܗНതٯණя ຠ፤ Ȫშ჌൭ᡞષᎵȫ Š ᔯຝћ೾ᄈՍ ϐޠኈ៫ Š ᔯຝኅ֚ᄈՍ ϐޠኈ៫ Š ញޤћ೾Ϝޠ ኹΩНҐ Š ᔯຝࢻ՘ॲ዆ ᄈՍϐޠኈ៫ Š ᕤ၍ུᆹ֖౫ ઎ᄃ Š ញޤᔜቒ࿾ҭ Ϝޠعυڔݗ Ӡຬ Š ᕤ၍Ⴌຝ࿾ҭ ࢑စႇ೪ॏᇨ ձȂϛ࢑઎ᄃ ޠ Š ញޤ୧΢ၽң ဋΤܓ՘᎜ޠ Кݳ Š ᇰᜌ࿾ҭԞຝ ౦ Š ᕤ၍ୌ჌ቒޠ ᇨձ Š ᕤ၍ୌ჌݃࢒ ࢑ِՔє၇ࡤ ޠ๗ݏ Š ᔗңშ჌൭ᡞ ၦྜٯණяຠ ፤ ȪႬဟᆪၰષᎵȫ ѳȃ ٻң ၦଊ Š ᇰᜌᆪၰහኌ ଓ౱᠍ Š ᄇញᆪၰၾᔜ ᄈՍϐޠኈ៫ Š ᇰᜌᆪၰؗଝ Š ᄇញᆪၰһЅ ᄈՍϐޠኈ៫ Š ૗ٸྲՃ৲ණ ٽ ޠ л ᚡ τ ᆫȂಜᐍၦଊ Š ཽЩၷϛӤٿ ྜޠၦଊ Š ӶՃ৲ޠЖᏳ ίȂ૗ࡹྲ྆ ܉შಜᐍၦଊ Š ૗ ң Ս ϐ ޠ ၘȂᐍ౪я௥ સлᚡޠ२् ึ౫ Š ഇ ႇ Ӥ Ꮥ Ӭ ձȂࡹྲ྆܉ შಜᐍө᜹ၦ ଊ Š ૗ᑀҴࡹྲ྆ ܉შಜᐍၦଊ ȪშਫᓣષᎵȫ ϥȃ ಜᐍ ၦଊ Š ኦቹ൑጖лᚡ Нത Š ᇨձਫᝳ Š ቹяᎨ᠚ൣ֚ Š ᇨձ஠ᚡ୙ᒯ ᛪ Š ኦቹлᚡਫ Š ኦቹ׈ᐍޠ៞ ፤፤ᘉٯึߓ

ΚԒ઼ ΡԒ઼ ήԒ઼ ѳԒ઼ ϥԒ઼ ϳԒ઼ Ȫშ჌൭ᡞષᎵȫ Š ᇨձлᚡᏪൣ Š ᇨձϵઊኅ֚ ٯึߓ Š ᇨձኅክቒ Š ᏱಭᐋӉϊଅ ޲ Š ᇰᜌ൭ᡞϵҖ ᠍ Š ᇰᜌل჌᠍ᇅ ᗵؾ᠍ ȪႬဟᆪၰષᎵȫ Š ᔗңНਫ೏౪ ೻ᡞஆҐѓ૗ Š ᔗңᛳშ೻ᡞ Š ᔗңНਫ೏౪ Ϝ໧ѓ૗೻ᡞ ᇨձ஠ᚡ୙ᒯ ᛪ Š ᔗңኈ჌೏౪ ೻ᡞߒ໧ѓ૗ ᇨձ҂८ϵઊ ኅ֚ Š ᔗңᙐൣ೻ᡞ ᇨձлᚡਫ Š ᔗңၑᆘ೻ᡞ ᛳᇨಜॏშߓ Š ᔗңᖑॲ೏౪ ೻ᡞᇨձኅክ ቒ Š ᔗңኈ჌೏౪ ೻ᡞϜ໧ѓ૗ ঔ׾ኈ჌ Š ᔗңᆪॳᇨձ ೻ᡞᇨձུᆹ Š ᔗңНਫ೏౪ ೻ᡞା໧ѓ૗ ಣᙒ៞፤ሰ् ޠၦଊ Š ᔗңӼ൭ᡞ೻ ᡞᇨձ౴ཿӏ ᆆ ϳȃ ຠզ Š ӗяՍϐڸӤ Ꮥߓ౫ޠᓻુ ᘉ Š ٸᐄՃ৲๞ϡ ޠ೤ྦຠզՍ ϐޠߓ౫ Š ٸᐄՃ৲๞ϡ ޠ೤ྦຠզу ΢ޠߓ౫ Š ٸᐄ Big6 ϳ ঐؐ᡾ຠզՍ ϐ ޠ Ᏹ ಭ ႇ โȂٯණя׾ ໍޠРݳ Š ٸᐄՃ৲๞ϡ ޠ೤ྦຠզу ΢ޠߓ౫ Š ຠզՍϐޠᏱ ಭႇโȂٯණ я׾ໍޠРݳ Š ຠզу΢ߓ౫ ޠᓻુᘉٯණ я࡛ឋ