醫療民事訴訟之舉證責任—試以醫療糾紛之類型化建構當事人舉證責任之分配體系 - 政大學術集成
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(2) ҳ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. ii. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(3) ҳ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(4) ҳ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. iv. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(5) ठᖴ ࡹܭε൩᠐ࣴ܌زය໔ǴႸॴ೯ၸࡓৣϷљ۔ݤԵ၂ǴԾԇϞࡕᙴࣚӕᏆӢ ᙴᕍޟੋԶ࣬ፋޣǴᔈВቚӭǴΏԖ൩ԜሦୱుΕࣴزϐѸाǴаঈ ВࡕளаᔈҔ܌ᏢǶ ᢀჸך୯ೀᙴᕍޟϐນރǴᗨฅ٣ΓӭаගଆӉ٣ນࣁЬǴோ ϞВᏢࣚԵໆᙴᕍՉࣁϐҁ፦ǴࢣӭޭᇡᙴᕍນᔈӣᘜԿа҇٣ำࣁׇύЈǴ ך୯ݤଣჹܭᙴৣჴሞаӉೢ࣬ᛣޣǴҭჳჳёኧǶԶ҇٣ჴᡏݤǴ൳ԃᏢ ࣚᗨ൩ᙴᕍՉࣁࢂցᔈҔߥݤॏғݾǴฅܭᙴᕍݤಃ 82 చঅ҅ࡕǴനଯ ݤଣௗೱ൳ঁղ،ࣣցᇡߥݤϐҔǶёаႣޑـǴӧ҂ٰᙴᕍນύǴᙴੰ. ࢇ ݽσ. ᚈБޑЬᏯǴஒҗॊݾ౽ᙯԿ҇٣ำݤׇϐᖐೢҺǶޣӢԜΏࡘుΕ. ҳ. ԜࣴزЬᚒǴฅԶ҇٣ນޑᖐೢҺǴࠅΨࢂݤᏢᏢಞޣၨࣁᓐภޑሦ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ୱǶ. ߚத۩ၮӦǴޣளаΕ୯ϣᏵݤѮᔑ²ࠬШܴ௲ϐߐΠǴόᒃݼ. Ȇ. εৣᖱፐǴВதғࢲҭڙԴৣᜢᚶྣ៝ࣗӭǶࠬ௲ݯᏢᝄᙣǴЪൻൻ๓ᇨǵவ όᙒدǴவፕЎޑБӛǵεᆜډፕЎޑኗቪǴ֡๏࣬ޣ၁ჴࡰޑᏤǶோࠬ௲. ź. ŏŢŵ. ŴŪŵ. ᏢᇥറεᆒుǴᏢғᗨాৱৣϐᏢᇥԃᎩǴࠅಞளҜЛǴࣁ৮Ԗଋৱৣܭ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. Ꮲೌࣚϐ៉ڑǴѝӳฯᓐҜǴख़ࡵςቲΜԃޑቺЎǴ໒ۈ᎙᠐ Laufs ᙴᕍݤ. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ௲ࣽਜ࣬ޑᜢകǴ٠ᏢಞӵՖճҔቺЎၗ၌ቺ୯ղ،Ǵځ໔ᗨฅٌधǴ ٣ࡕӣགྷࠅΨԏᛘሥᙦǶ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. ளаճֹԋፕЎǴЀགᖴླྀలЎ௲ǵ؇߷զ௲ٿՏα၂ہࡰޑ ᏤǶླྀ௲Ꮲೣ҇٣ჴᡏݤᆶ҇٣ำݤׇǴჹܭፕЎϣύǴቺ୯ݤᡏسᆶך୯ ݤᡏسϐวે๎Ǵ֡ගрᆒ៘ـޑှǴޣు௴ڙวǶ؇௲ܭᙴᕍ҇٣ນ ำݤׇሦୱϐࣴزςᗰ៉ܭᏢࣚǴޣ᎙᠐ЎਔǴதགܭٵ؇௲Ꮲᇥϐޕ ـ؟Ǵα၂ਔૈޔௗډڙ؇௲ࡰᗺǴ׳ᕇঘభǶ ځԛǴᗋགᖴࡹεݤᏢଣǵᆵεݤᏢଣӭԴৣࡰޑᏤǶቅےቺ௲ఈϐ ៳ฅǴջϐΨྕǴԴৣӧݤᏢВЎࡰޑᏤаϷВҁນჴ୍ޑϟಏǴᡣךளа׳ ᆒዴӦ᎙᠐ВЎၗаϷݤଣղ،Ƕဠߥࠤ௲όӧᏦݤᆶՉࡹݤ๏ࡐךӭࡰ ᏤǴჹךܭВதғࢲᆶғఱೕჄǴΨᜢЈഢԿǴԖӵՏᒃϪޑԴੜǶഋඁធ௲ ޑፕЎቪբፐำǴᡣךளа߃ݤᏢزࣴޑБݤᆶፕЎኗቪБԄǴഋ௲ፌፌ v.
(6) ᇢךፕЎȨۓȩǴ׳ᡣךޔᚶᏯᏯჂჂޑЈֹԋҁፕЎǶ၏හ ݅௲ӧѠεᏢϩݤ҇ޑፐำǴёᇥࢂޣჹܭ҇٣ࡓݤᇡϐ௴ᆾǶֆ வڬ௲҇ޑ٣ນݤϷமڋՉݤፐำǴࣁ׳ޣϐ҇٣ำݤׇѺΠ୷ޑۓ ᘵǶԜѦǴҭाགᖴҥ௲ǵ݅Ꮜว௲ǵቅֻৱԴৣǵЦ᐀ϏԴৣǵԢҏ݅ Դৣǵӹ௲ǵ؇ےউԴৣǵݯӼԴৣǵֆܴذ௲ǵपғ௲ǵЦࣤ ҏ௲ǵؼࡌ௲ǵ؋ߞ։ԴৣǵԙቺޱԴৣޑፐǴᡣךளаᘉݤᏢޑຎ ഁǶ གᖴЈᓬࠧޑذᏢࣁҁፕЎֹԋ߃ਠǴ٠ගځٮᆒ៘ـࡓݤޑှǶΨ ाགᖴӧᙍځޑдӕᏢǴՔᒿךଆᏢಞǵଆԋߏǶ གᖴᆵεᙴଣЦܴ႐ୋଣߏǵШണୋଣߏǵЦԿѶԴৣᆶയ୲ԴৣǴᡣ. ࢇ ݽσ ޔௗᢀჸᙴᕍޟޑวғᆶᙴੰϐ໔ޑϕǴჹܭҁፕЎϐኗቪࣗԖ௴วǶΨा ҳ གᖴӧᙴᏢϐၡǴ܌Ԗම๏ϒࡰךᏤߏৣޑǴᡣךளаҗՏᖏᙴৣفޑ ךளаୖᆶᙴଣᜢᚶλಔޑၮբǴ٠ԖᐒԿፁғֽᢀነᙴᕍޟޑፓೀǴૈ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ࡋǴᢀჸᙴᕍޟ࣬ᜢࡓݤޑୢᚒǶ. നࡕǴགᖴངׂ܃ۀவךᏢಞࡓݤޔаٰ࣬ޑՔǴόፕࢂྗഢ୯ৎԵ၂܈. Ȇ. ኗቪፕЎޑၸำǴ֡๏ϒཱུךεޑЍǶགᖴྣ៝ךനΦǴ҉ᇻӧङࡕЍޑך. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Рᒃǵ҆ᒃǵৎۊаϷްۂǶգॺࢂךϪᏟରޑচΚǶ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. vi. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(7) ᕭቪ߄. a. a. O.. am angegebenen Ort. ADR. alternative dispute resolution. AHRS. Arzthaftpflichtrechtsprechung. Anh.. Anhang. Anm.. Anmerkung. Aufl.. Auflage. BGB. Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch. BGH. Bundesgerichtshof. BGHZ. Entscheidungen des Bundesgerichtshofes in Zivilsachen. ࢇ ݽσ. ҳ Bundesverfassungsgericht. BVerfG. JZ. Juristische Rundschau. ź. ŴŪŵ. im engeren Sinne. ŢJuristische Ūŷ ŭ ġ ń Schulung ů Juristenzeitung ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ů. JuS. ŪŰ. JR. Gedächtnisschrift. ŏŢŵ. i. e. S.. fortfolgende. Ŧų. GS. folgende. Ȇ. ff.. Ȇ . f.. evidence-based medicine. Ᏸ. EBM. MDR. Monatsschrift für Deutsches Recht. MedR. Medizinrecht. NJW. Neue Juristische Wochenschrift. NJW-RR. NJW -Rechtsprechungs-Report. OLG. Oberlandesgericht. p.. page. p.p.. pages. pVV. positive Vertragsverletzung. Rdnr.. Randnummer. RG. Reichsgericht vii.
(8) RGZ. Entscheidungen des Reichsgerichts in Zivilsachen. S.. Seite. u. a.. und andere. VersR. Versicherungsrecht. vgl.. vergleiche. ZPO. Zivilprozeßordnung. ҳ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. viii. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(9) ቺЎ/ύЎჹྣ߄ Abstufung des Beweismaßes. ܴࡋϐϩቫ. Anfängeroperation. ཥЋᙴৣЋೌ. Anscheinsbeweis. ߄ـܴ. Arzthaftungsrecht. ᙴৣೢҺݤ. ärztliche Eigenmacht. ᙴᕍᘐ. Arztvertrag. ᙴᕍࠨऊ. Auffangtatbestand. ံк܄ᄬԋाҹ. Aufklärungspflicht Auftrag. ҳ. äußere Sorgfalt. ٣ਢှܴက୍ ݽ ࢇ ہҺࠨऊ σ Ѧӧݙཀ. Befunderhebungspflicht. ᔠက୍. Befundsicherungspflicht. ᔠ่݀ዴߥက୍. Behandlungsfehler. ᙴᕍྵ౪. Beweislastumkehr Beweismaß. ŴŪŵ. ᏵගрೢҺ. Ţŭ. ů. Beweislast. ܴ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. Beweisführungslast. ź. ŏŢŵ. Beweis. Ȇ. Ȇ . Ѧࣚ٣ჴ. Ᏸ. äußere Tatsachen. ġń. Ūŷ ů ũ Ŧ ů Ũ Ť ũᖐೢҺᙯඤ ŪġŖ ᖐೢҺ. ܴࡋ. Beweisschwierigkeit. ܴ֚ᜤ. Beweisvereitelung. ܴ֫ᛖ. Defensivmedizin. ٛᑇ܄ᙴᕍՉࣁ. Denkgesetz. ፕ߾ݤ. Diagnosefehler. ບᘐྵ౪. Dienstvertrag. മ୍ࠨऊ. Dokumentationspflicht. Ўҹက୍. Dokumentationspflichtverletzungen. Ўҹက୍ϐၴϸ. Dringlichkeit. ࡚ॐ܄ ix.
(10) Erfahrungssatz. ᡍ߾ݤ. erfolgsbezogen. ่݀ᜢᖄ. erhebliche Wahrscheinlichkeit. ᡉᇂฅ܄. Feststellungslast. ዴᇡೢҺ. formelle Beweislast. ԄᖐೢҺ. Geeignetheit. ܄. Gefahrenbereichstheorie. Ӓᓀሦୱፕ. Gefahrerhöhungstheorie. Ӓᓀගܹᇥ. Geschäftsführung ohne Auftrag. คӢᆅ. grober Behandlungsfehler. ख़εᙴᕍྵ౪. Gegenbeweis Glaubhaftmachung. ҳ. ᠘ۓᐒᄬ. Ᏸ. Ȇ . Gutachterstelle. ࢇ ݽϸσ ញܴ ೢҺጄൎӢ݀ᜢ߯. Haftungsbegründende Kausalität. ೢҺԋҥӢ݀ᜢ߯. Haftungsgrund. ೢҺচӢ. ŴŪŵ. Ь๏бက୍. Hauptleistungspflichten. ů. Ţŭ. hypothetische Einwilligung Individualanscheinsbeweis. Нѳϩπ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. horizontale Arbeitsteilung. ź. ҁ. ŏŢŵ. Hauptbeweis. Ȇ. Haftungsausfüllende Kausalität. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ଷੰޑ܄Γӕཀ. ũ Ŧ ů Ũ Ť ũঁձ߄ـܴ Ūġ. Indiz. ቻᏧ. innere Sorgfalt. ϣӧݙཀ. innere Tatsachen. ϣࣚ٣ჴ. materielle Beweislast. ჴ፦ᖐೢҺ. Mitwirkungspflichten. ڐΚက୍. modifizierte Normentheorie. অ҅ೕጄፕ. mutmaßliche Einwilligung. ෳӕཀ. Nebenleistungspflichten. வ๏бက୍. Nebenpflichten. ߕᒿက୍ x.
(11) Negativentheorie. ཱུ٣ჴᇥ. Normentheorie. ೕጄፕ. non liquet. ଵόܴ. objective Beweislast. ࠼ᢀᖐೢҺ. objektive Pflichtverletzung. ࠼ᢀက୍ၴϸ. Operationsregel. ᏹբೕ߾. Persönlichkeitsrechtsverletzung. Γߟ্. Pflichtverletzung. က୍ၴϸ. Pflichtwidrigkeit. က୍ၴϸ. Primärschaden. ޔௗཞ্. positive Vertragsverletzung rechtsbegründende Norm rechtshemmende Norm. ҳ. ࢇ ݽᑈཱུߟ্ σ ճวғೕጄ ճ௨ନ()ڋೕጄ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. rechtsvernichtende Norm. ճྐೕጄ. Schlichtungsstelle. ፓှᐒᄬ. Schmerzensgeld. ኃኟߎ. ŪŰ. ࡕុ่݀ཞ্. Ծך،ۓϐᇥܴ. ů. Ţŭ. situationsbezogene Sorgfalt. ġń. Ŧų. Selbstbestimmungsaufklärung Sicherungsaufklärung. ź. ŴŪŵ. Sekundärschaden. Ȇ. ճ্֫(ምᛖ)ೕጄ. ŏŢŵ. rechtshindernde Norm. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. Ӽӄϐᇥܴ. ũ Ŧ ů Ũ Ť ũރᜢᖄϐݙཀ Ūġ. Sorgfalt. ݙཀ. Sorgfalt im höchstmaß. നଯำࡋϐݙཀ. subjective Beweislast. ЬᢀᖐೢҺ. Substantiierungspflicht. ڀᡏϯက୍. Symptomtheorie. ቻރፕ. Tatbestandsverteilungstheorie. ࡓݤाҹϩᜪᇥ. teleologische Reduktion. Ҟ܄ޑज़ᕭ. Themenverteilungstheorie. ࡑ٣ჴϩᜪᇥ. therapeutische Aufklärung. ݯᕍϐᇥܴ xi.
(12) typischen Geschehensablauf. ࠠڂ٣ຝၸ. überwiegende Wahrscheinlichkeit. ᓬຫᇂฅ܄. Unberechenbarkeit. όёႣी܄. Unmöglichhkeit. ๏бόૈ. verhaltensbezogen. Չࣁᜢᖄ. Verschulden. Ьᢀᘜೢ. Verteilung nach einer Vielzahl von Prinzipien. ӭኬচ߾ᇥ. vertikale Arbeitsteilung. ࠟޔϩπ. Verzug. ๏бᒨۯ. Voll beherrschbare Risiken. ёֹӄڋϐӒᓀ. Vollbeweis Vollständigkeitstheorie. ҳ. ݓᏔѳ. Ᏸ. Ȇ . Waffengleichheit. ࢇ ֹݽӄܴ σ ӄഢፕ ᇂฅ܄. Wahrscheinlichkeitstheorie. ᇂฅ܄ፕ. Werkvertrag. ܍ᡙࠨऊ. Ȇ. Wahrscheinlichkeit. ᔮϐᇥܴ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Wirtschaftliche Aufklärung. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. xii. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(13) मЎ/ύЎჹྣ߄ abstract causation. ܜຝӢ݀ᜢ߯. adverse medical outcome. ॄय़ᙴᕍ่݀. alternative dispute resolution. ນѦݾೀᐒڋ. arbitration. Ҹຊ. avoidabilty. ёᗉխ܄. battery. ࡺཀߟ্Չࣁ. beneficial medical outcome. ҅य़ᙴᕍ่݀. burden of persuasion burden of producing evidence clinical practice guideline. ᖏࡰЇ. Ȇ . ԋфൔၿ. Ᏸ. contingency fee. ҳ. ᇥܺೢҺ ݽ ࢇ ᏵගрೢҺ σ. ੱג. controversary procedures. ჹ܄לำׇ. current best evidence. Ҟന٫Ᏽ. ŏŢŵ. ź. Ȇ. contraindication. early neutral evaluation. Ԑයύҥຑ. evidence-based medicine iatrogenic injury. Ŧų. Ţŭ. ů. epidemiology. ŴŪŵ. ٛᑇ܄ᙴᕍՉࣁ. ŪŰ. defensive medicine. ġń. Ū ů ũ Ŧ ů Ũ Ť ũჴᙴᏢ ŪġŖ ࢬՉੰᏢ. ŷ. ᙴྍ্. incidence. วғ. indication. ᔈੱ. informed consent. ޕӕཀ߾ݤ. Learned Hand formula. ᅇቺϦԄ. locality rule. Ӧ܄চ߾. loss of chance theory. ᐒ഼Ѩፕ. mediation. ፓှ. medical error. ᙴᕍᒱᇤ. medical injury. ᙴᕍ্ xiii.
(14) medical mishap. ᙴᕍό۩. medical malpractice crisis. ᙴᕍޟӒᐒ. mini-trial. գቩ. national standard of care. ୯ৎ܄চ߾. negligence. ၸѨ/ၸѨߟ্Չࣁ. no-fault compensation. คၸѨံᓭࡋڋ. non-controversary procedures. ߚჹ܄לำׇ. paternalism. РЬက. permissible inference. Ϣޑፕᇥ. personal causation. ঁਢӢ݀ᜢ߯. preponderance of evidence prevalence. ҳ. proportional causation. ࢇ ݽᓬ༈Ᏽচ߾ σ Չ КٯӢ݀ᜢ߯. Ȇ . Ᏸ. પᆐᙴᕍཀѦ. randomized clinical trial. ᒿᐒᖏ၂ᡍ. reasonable patient standard. ੰ܄Γྗ. reasonable person. ܄Γ. ŴŪŵ. ŏŢŵ. ܄ᙴৣྗ. reasonable physician standard. res ipsa loquitur. Ţŭ. ů. rent-a-judge. ёᙌޑۓᇥ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. rebuttable presumption. ź. Ȇ. pure medical accident. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ચҔ۔ݤ. ŷ. ũ Ŧ ů Ũ Ť ũ٣ჴᇥܴԾρচ߾ Ūġ. rule of evidence. ܴ߾ݤ. standard of care. ݯᕍྗ. settlement. کှ. system reform. سׯॠ. tort reform. ߟՉࣁׯݤॠ. xiv.
(15) ύЎᄔा ᒿޗᡂᎂǴ߈ΒΜԃٰǴך୯ᙴᕍޟԖε൯ቚуϐຝǴԶҗ൞ ᡏޑൔᏤǴᙴᕍޟӧך୯ҭதԋࣁ܌ᢋҞǵഢݾڙޗޑขᗺǶҗܭᙴ ᕍՉࣁ܌Ꮴठޑཞ্Ǵޔௗߟ্ੰΓϐيᡏǵ଼நǵࣗԿғڮǴჹੰܭΓ Ϸځৎឦғࢲ܌ԋϐቹៜǴᜤᒏߚࣁ႐εǴࡺᙴᕍޟϐִ๓ೀǴჴ߯րΓ வ٣ᙴᕍࡓݤϐࣴޣزǴᔈϒ҅ຎ٠ుΕϐᚒǶ ך୯ᙴᕍޟϐೀǴӛаӉ٣ນࣁЬाϐ௱ᔮ৩Ǵோఁ߈ᙴࣚǵࣚݤ ֡ςၲԋӅǴᇡࣁᙴᕍޟᔈӣᘜԿа҇٣ำࣁׇЬϐೀኳԄǶோրΓऩట ᙖҗ҇٣ࡓݤᜢִ߯๓ೀᙴᕍޟǴ߾ݙཀᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄ǴҭջǴ. ࢇ ݽσ. ӢᙴੰᚈБޕϐပৡǴᏤठᚈБӧ҇٣ำׇೀݓܭᏔόѳϐӦՏǶ. ҳ. ࣁᑽѳԜݓᏔόѳǴך୯ჴ୍ϩ۔ݤӧቩᙴᕍ҇٣ນਔǴමѺઇ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ҇٣ၸѨᘜೢচ߾ǴஒߥޣៈݤคၸѨೢҺᆶ҇ݤಃ 191 చϐ 3 Ӓᓀ ೢҺϐೕۓҔܭᙴᕍՉࣁǴோԾ҇୯ 93 ԃᙴᕍݤಃ 82 చಃ 2 অ҅ϐࡕǴ၀. Ȇ. ࡽݤೕۓȨᙴᕍᐒᄬϷځᙴ٣ΓӢՉ୍ठғཞ্ੰܭΓǴаࡺཀ܈ၸѨࣁ ज़Ǵॄཞ্፝ᓭೢҺǶȩᙱ߈ϐჴ୍ղ،ၱӭ௦ᙴᕍՉࣁၸѨೢҺϐـှǴΨӭ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ŴŪŵ. ௨ନ҇ݤಃ 191 చϐ 3 ϐҔǶך୯ᙴᕍນᙴੰݾϐख़ᗺǴΏ߈ܭԃҗჴᡏ. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ݤϐคၸѨೢҺϐ௦ᆶցǴᙯඤԿำݤׇϐᖐೢҺϩଛǶ. ů. Ūŷ ů ሼϯޑۓڰᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾Ǵ߾όխԖѨϦѳ҅ကǶӢԜǴᖐೢҺϩଛܭᙴ ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ܭᙴᕍນжࠠນ٣ҹύǴ্Γਔதวғᖐϐ֚ᜤǴঃऩ٩ྣ. ġń. ᕍນᔈӵՖᏹբБឦǴჴࣁᙴᕍ҇٣ນύॶளᢀჸޑख़ᗺ܌ӧǶ୷ܭ ॊϐୢᚒཀǴҁፕЎࢎزࣴޑᄬӅϩࣁΎകǴځϣᆜाӵΠǺ ಃക ᆣፕǺឍញᇥܴࣴزᐒǴ٠ࡰܴҞ҇٣ᙴᕍޟ٣ҹϐୢᚒख़ ЈӧܭȨำݤׇȩǴձ߯ӧȨᖐೢҺϐϩଛȩǶԶᇥܴҁፕЎϐࣴزᐒǵ ࣴزҞޑǵࣴزጄൎᆶࣴزБݤǶ ಃΒക ᙴᕍޟϐวғϷځೀǺҁകҗᙴᕍޟϐวғፋଆǴԶᇥܴ ᙴᕍޟϐࡓݤᜢ߯ǴόӕݤሦୱΠᙴᕍගޣٮၴϸက୍ਔϐࡓݤೢҺǴх ࡴ҇٣ೢҺǵӉ٣ೢҺϷՉࡹೢҺǴ٠ፕᙴᕍޟჴᔈӣᘜԿа҇٣ำࣁׇ ЬϐೀኳԄǶനࡕǴϟಏᙴᕍޟวғࡕǴ୯ϣѦϞڋݤϐᙴᕍޟೀ ᐒڋǴ٠ϩځᓬલᗺǶ xv.
(16) ಃΟക ᙴᕍޟϐ҇٣ࡓݤᜢ߯ᆶᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄Ǻҁകᆫขܭᙴ ᕍޟϐ҇٣ࡓݤᜢ߯ǴᙴᕍගޣٮϐࠨऊೢҺǵᙴᕍคӢᆅᆶᙴᕍගٮ ޣϐߟೢҺǶӕਔǴፕᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄Ǵϩᙴᕍ҇٣ນ্Γ ᖐ֚ᜤϐচӢǴ٠ϩуख़ᙴᕍග҇ޣٮ٣ೢҺϐݤ୷ᘵǵаϷၸࡋуख़ᙴ ᕍග҇ޣٮ٣ೢҺ܌ёૈᏤठϐϸਏ݀Ƕ ಃѤക ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐᏢᇥǺࡪך୯ᜢ҇ܭ٣ᖐೢҺϐҥܴݤ ЎǴ߯ೕ҇ܭۓ٣ນݤಃ 277 చǺȨ٣ΓЬԖճܭρϐ٣ჴޣǴ൩ځ٣ჴ ԖᖐϐೢҺǶՠࡓݤձԖೕۓǴ܈٩ځᡉѨϦѳޣǴόӧԜज़ǶȩᏢޣΏ ᇡࣁǴӧך୯ڋݤΠǴ܌ᒏᖐೢҺϩଛ߯߾ݤᕴᡏཷۺǴԶёϩࣁȨᖐ ೢҺϩଛচ߾ȩᆶȨᖐೢҺϩଛ෧ᇸȩΒޣǴԶаࣁޣচ߾Ǵࡕٯࣁޣ. ࢇ ݽσ ೢҺϩଛϐচ߾ȩᆶȨᖐೢҺϩଛϐ෧ᇸȩཷۺǶ ҳ ಃϖക ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾ϐڀᡏҔǺҁകύፕᙴᕍ҇. ѦǶҁകջҗᖐೢҺϐ୷ᘵᢀۺрวǴᙖҗϟಏ୯ϣѦϐᏢᇥǴԶϩձೀȨᖐ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ٣ນϐᖐೢҺǶҁകъࢤϟಏᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐೕ߾ǵа ϷКၨݤ(хࡴቺ୯ǵऍ୯ᆶВҁ)ᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐڀᡏೕ߾Ǵࡕъࢤ. Ȇ. ߾ϩך୯ჴ୍ᏹբᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺϩଛϐୢᚒǶҁЎӅᘜયрჴ୍ղ،ܭ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ҔᖐೢҺϩଛਔӅϤঁୢᚒǴ٠ϩձפрղ،уаឍញǶܭҁക҃Ǵ߾ගр ஒᙴᕍޟᜪࠠϯǴᔈԖշܭှ،ך୯ჴ୍ϐୢᚒǶ. ŪŰ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ಃϤക ᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠϯᆶᖐೢҺϩଛᡏسϐࡌᄬǺҁകӃ၂வȨݤᏢ. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ࡘᆢȩǵȨᙴᏢࡘᆢȩǵаϷȨᆕӝᙴᏢࡘᆢᆶݤᏢࡘᆢȩрวǴϩձࡌҥΟᏹ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. բኳಔǴаஒᙴᕍޟᜪࠠϯǴ٠ࡌᄬځӚձϐᖐೢҺϩଛᡏسǶᜢܭપᆐҗ ȨݤᏢࡘᆢȩ܈ȨᙴᏢࡘᆢȩࡌ܌ҥϐᏹբኳಔǴҁЎஒϩځᏹբϐ߳ज़Ǵ ԶଞჹҁЎࡌ܌ȨᆕӝᙴᏢࡘᆢᆶݤᏢࡘᆢȩϐᏹբኳಔǴҭஒܭӚᙴᕍޟ ϩᜪǴᖐჴ୍ਢٯፏٯჴሞᏹբϐǴаᡍҁЎࡌ܌ᏹբࢬำϐёՉ܄Ƕക҃ ߾ќගрݤଣܭҔᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾ਔǴځдᆶ࠼ᢀᖐೢҺϩଛคޔௗ࣬ ᜢǴՠᔈϒԵໆϐ٣Ǵаշ҅׳ܭዴӦҔᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾Ƕ ಃΎക ่ፕǵࡌᆶఈǺᆕӝ໒കፕǴଞჹᙴᕍ҇٣ݾำׇύ ϐᖐೢҺϩᜪᡏسᆶᏹբኳԄǴрᕴ่Ƕ٠ගрځд࣬ᜢࡌǴаಖཱུပჴ ᙴᕍሡޣᏦݤ୷ҁϐߥምǶ. xvi.
(17) ABSTRACT The number of malpractice claims filed in Taiwan against physicians has increased significantly in the recent decades. Medical malpractice litigations are characterized by a huge gap in medical knowledge between physicians and patients, leading to an unequal status between both parties in the trials. To ensure that the principle of equality of arms is upheld in civil procedures, the courts applied the strict liability embodied in Article 7 of the Consumer Protection Law and Article 191-3 of the Civil Code to malpractice cases. However, since the amendment and promulgation of Article 82 of the Medical Care Act, there has been a consensus that strict liability is. ࢇ ݽσ element for establishing the liability of medical practitioners. ҳ In addition to modifying liability rules, an alternative for achieving equality of. no longer applicable in medical litigations, and negligence becomes an essential. Ȇ . Ᏸ. arms is to relieve the plaintiffs from the burden of proof. However, the burden of proof should be adjusted with precaution, because an excessive shift might contribute. Ȇ. to defensive medicine. Accordingly, this study aims to standardize the algorithm for. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. allocating the burden of proof by classifying medical malpractice disputes. The thesis is composed of the following seven chapters:. ŪŰ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. Chapter 1 Introduction: This chapter outlines the background of the present study,. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. with a special emphasis on the pivotal role of the burden of proof in medical. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. litigations. Also delineated in this chapter are the objectives and methodology of the present study. Chapter 2 The occurrence and resolution of medical malpractice disputes: In this chapter, the incidence of medical injury and medical malpractice is discussed first, followed by an analysis of the civil, criminal, and administrative liabilities of medical professionals. The plethora of resolutions for settling medical malpractice disputes are summarized at the end of the chapter. Chapter 3 Civil liabilities of medical malpractice and characteristics of medical litigations: This chapter focuses on the civil liabilities of medical malpractice, which arise from failure to undertake contractual duties or tort liabilities. The characteristics of medical litigations, such as the unequal status in arms between plaintiffs and xvii.
(18) defendants and the difficulties in concluding negligence or deciphering causation, are discussed in the second half of the chapter. Chapter 4 Theories and rules in allocating the burden of proof: The allocation of the burden of proof is determined according to Article 277 of the Taiwan Code of Civil Procedure: A party bears the burden of proof with regard to the facts which he/she alleges in his/her favor, except either where the law provides otherwise or where the circumstances render it manifestly unfair. Consequently, in principle, the burden of proof is allocated according to the ³Normentheorie,´ with specific rules applied to ease the plaintiff¶s burden of proof under exceptional and unfair circumstances.. ࢇ ݽσ American, and Japanese rules for allocating or relieving plaintiffs from the burden of ҳ proof in medical litigations are introduced. The current problems in applying these. Chapter 5 Rules for allocating the burden of proof in medical litigations: German,. Ȇ . Ᏸ. rules to medical litigations in Taiwan are inspected. The solution to these problems relies on a precise classification of medical malpractice disputes.. Ȇ. Chapter 6 Establishing the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof by. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. classifying medical malpractice disputes: Three models for allocating the burden of proof are created on the basis of three classification systems: classification from a. ŪŰ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. legal perspective, classification from a medical perspective, and classification from a. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. combined medical-and-legal perspective. A comparison of these three models reveals. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. that the last might be the best algorithm. Specific tips for an accurate application of this algorithm are also provided. Chapter 7 Conclusions: This chapter highlights the importance of an appropriate allocation of the burden of proof in medical litigations, as well as the algorithm for allocating the burden of proof established in the present study. Also included are suggestions on how to ameliorate 7DLZDQ¶V medical litigation system in the future.. xviii.
(19) ፕЎᙁҞ. ಃക ᆣፕ ಃ ࣴزᐒ. 1 4. ಃΒ ࣴزҞޑ ಃΟ ࣴزጄൎ ಃѤ ࣴزБݤ. 6 8. ಃΒക ᙴᕍޟϐวғϷځೀ ಃ ಃΒ ಃΟ ಃѤ ಃϖ. ق ᙴᕍޟϐวғ ᙴᕍޟϐࡓݤᜢ߯ ೀᙴᕍޟϐࡓݤ৩ λ่. 9 10 26 42. ࢇ ݽσ. ҳ ᙴᕍޟϐ҇٣ࡓݤᜢ߯ᆶᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ಃΟക ಃ ق ಃΒ ᙴᕍޟϐ҇٣ࡓݤᜢ߯. Ȇ. ಃΟ ᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄ ಃѤ λ่. ů. ġń. ಃѤ ᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐݤ୷ᘵᆶࡓݤ٩Ᏽ ಃϖ ᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐڀᡏϣ ಃϤ ᖐೢҺϩଛ߾ݤϐᡏسᆶᏹբϐࡌ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ŴŪŵ Ŧų. ŪŰ. Ţŭ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ಃѤക ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐᏢᇥ ಃ ق ಃΒ ᖐೢҺϐ୷ᘵፕ ಃΟ ᖐೢҺϩଛϐೕ߾. ŷ ůŪ. ಃΎ λ่ ಃϖക ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾ϐڀᡏҔ ಃ ಃΒ ಃΟ ಃѤ ಃϖ. ق ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐೕ߾ ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐ෧ᇸ ך୯ჴ୍ᏹբᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺϩଛϐୢᚒϷځှ،ϐၰ λ่. ಃϤക ᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠϯᆶᖐೢҺϩଛᡏسϐࡌᄬ ಃ ق ಃΒ ȠᏹբኳಔȡҗݤᏢࡘᆢϩᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠᆶࡌᄬᖐ ೢҺϐϩଛᡏس xix. 58 61 62 95 101 103 104 109 118 122 153 155 157 158 174 219 238 239 241.
(20) ಃΟ ȠᏹբኳಔΒȡҗᙴᏢࡘᆢϩᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠᆶࡌᄬᖐ ೢҺϐϩଛᡏس. 248. ಃѤ ȠᏹբኳಔΟȡᆕӝᙴᏢࡘᆢᆶݤᏢࡘᆢаࡌᄬᖐೢҺϐ ϩଛᡏس ಃϖ ځдᔈԵໆ٣ ಃϤ λ่. 267. ಃΎക ่ፕǵࡌᆶఈ ಃ ่ፕ ಃΒ ࡌᆶఈ. 318 333 337 343. ୖԵЎ ύЎୖԵЎ ѦЎୖԵЎ ᆛၡၗྍ. 355. ҳ. 364 370. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. xx. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(21) ፕЎ၁Ҟ. ಃക ᆣፕ ಃ ࣴزᐒ. 1 4. ಃΒ ࣴزҞޑ ಃΟ ࣴزጄൎ ಃѤ ࣴزБݤ. 6 8. ಃΒക ᙴᕍޟϐวғϷځೀ ಃ ق ಃΒ ᙴᕍޟϐวғ ൘ǵཷᇥ ມǵᙴᕍՉࣁ ǵᙴᕍՉࣁϐۓက. ҳ ΒǵᙴᕍՉࣁϐ܄. 9 10 10 10. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. 㡋ǵᙴᕍ্٣ࡺ ǵᙴᕍ্٣ࡺϐۓက. 10 12. Ȇ. Βǵᙴᕍ্٣ࡺϐϩᜪ Οǵᙴᕍ্٣ࡺϐวғ. ů. ġń. ŴŪŵ Ŧų. ŪŰ. Ţŭ. ź. ŏŢŵ. စǵᙴᕍޟ ǵᙴᕍޟϐۓက Βǵᙴᕍޟϐϩᜪ ΟǵᙴᕍޟϐीኧᏵ ಃΟ ᙴᕍޟϐࡓݤᜢ߯ ൘ǵཷᇥ ມǵᙴᕍගޣٮϐۓݤက୍. ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ǵᒃԾບᕍက୍ Βǵޕᇥܴက୍. ŷ ůŪ. 13 13 14 15 16 16 18 18 26 26 26 26 27 29 30 31. ΟǵᇙբϷߥӸੰᐕက୍ Ѥǵᆙ࡚௱ݯက୍ ϖǵᙯບက୍ Ϥǵݙཀက୍ 㡋ǵᙴᕍ҇٣ೢҺ. 31 32 32. ǵᙴৣϐ҇٣ೢҺ Βǵᙴᕍᐒᄬϐ҇٣ೢҺ. 33. စǵᙴᕍӉ٣ೢҺ. 34. ǵᙴৣϐӉ٣ೢҺ. 34 xxi.
(22) ΒǵᙴᕍၸѨѐӉϯϐ ҴǵᙴᕍՉࡹೢҺ. 35 38 38. ǵᙴৣϐՉࡹೢҺ ΒǵᙴᕍᐒᄬϐՉࡹೢҺ ഌǵ҇٣ೢҺǵӉ٣ೢҺᆶՉࡹೢҺϐᝡӝ ಃѤ ೀᙴᕍޟϐࡓݤ৩. 40 41 42 42. ൘ǵນᙴᕍޟೀኳԄ ǵӉ٣ນำׇ Βǵ҇٣ນำׇ. 42 43. ມǵນѦᙴᕍޟೀኳԄ ǵཷᇥ Βǵکှ Οǵፓှ ѤǵҸຊ ϖǵፓೀ. 44 44 46 47 50. ࢇ ݽσ. ǵаນኳԄှ،ᙴᕍޟϐᓬલᗺ ΒǵаນѦኳԄှ،ᙴᕍޟϐᓬલᗺ. 51 53. Ȇ . 51 51. Ᏸ. ҳ 㡋ǵນᆶນѦᙴᕍޟೀኳԄϐКၨ. Ȇ. စǵך୯ჴ୍ೀᙴᕍޟϐࢬำ ǵນѦ܈ນᙴᕍޟೀኳԄϐᒧ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ΒǵӉ٣ນ҇܈٣ນϐᒧ ಃϖ λ่ ಃΟക ᙴᕍޟϐ҇٣ࡓݤᜢ߯ᆶᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄ ಃ ق. ġń. ಃΒ ᙴᕍޟϐ҇٣ࡓݤᜢ߯ ൘ǵᙴᕍගޣٮϐࠨऊೢҺ ǵᙴᕍࠨऊϐ܄ۓ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. Βǵᙴᕍࠨऊϐԋҥ Οǵᙴᕍගޣٮϐࠨऊက୍. ŷ ůŪ. 54 54 55 58 61 62 62 62 68. Ѥǵᙴᕍගޣٮၴϸࠨऊက୍ϐೢҺ ມǵᙴᕍคӢᆅ ǵคӢᆅϐᡏس ΒǵᙴᕍคӢᆅᆶᙴᕍޟ 㡋ǵᙴᕍගޣٮϐߟೢҺ ǵᙴᕍߟՉࣁཷᇥ ΒǵᙴᕍߟՉࣁߟܭՉࣁݤᡏسϐۓՏ. 69 75 78 78 80 80 80 81. ΟǵᙴᕍߟՉࣁϐፎ୷ᘵ. 83. ѤǵᙴᕍߟՉࣁϐᄬԋाҹ. 84 xxii.
(23) စǵፎᝡӝ ǵݤచᝡӝᇥ. 92 92 92. Βǵፎᝡӝᇥ Οǵፎೕጄᝡӝᇥ ಃΟ ᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄ ൘ǵᙴᕍ҇٣ນ্Γϐᖐ֚ᜤ. 93 95 95 97. ມǵуख़ᙴᕍග҇ޣٮ٣ೢҺϐԵໆ ǵуख़ᙴᕍග҇ޣٮ٣ೢҺϐݤ୷ᘵ Βǵуख़ᙴᕍග҇ޣٮ٣ೢҺёૈᏤठϐϸਏ݀. 97 99. ಃѤ λ่. 101. ಃѤക ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐᏢᇥ ಃ ق ಃΒ ᖐೢҺϐ୷ᘵፕ ൘ǵᖐೢҺϐ୷ҁۓက ǵЬᢀᖐೢҺ. ҳ Βǵ࠼ᢀᖐೢҺ. 103 104 104. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ມǵᖐೢҺϐᐕўᄽ ǵᛥଭݤਔж. 104 104. ů. ġń. ǵ୷ҁۓက ΒǵᖐೢҺᙯඤᆶᖐѸाϐ౽ᙯ ҴǵᖐೢҺᆶᏵຑሽ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ǵᏵຑሽϐཀက ΒǵᖐೢҺᆶᏵຑሽϐᜢᖄ ಃΟ ᖐೢҺϩଛϐೕ߾ ൘ǵཷᇥ ມǵࡑ٣ჴϩᜪᇥ ǵཱུ٣ჴᇥ ΒǵѦࣚ٣ჴᇥ. ŴŪŵ. ŪŰ. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŏŢŵ. 㡋ǵᖐೢҺϐࡓݤཀက ǵᖐೢҺϩଛ߾ݤᆶᏦݤϐᜢᖄ܄ ΒǵᖐೢҺϩଛ߾ݤᆶჴᡏݤϐᜢᖄ܄ စǵҁᆶϸ. ź. Ȇ. Βǵ࠼ᢀᖐೢҺཷۺϐౢғ ΟǵжӚ୯ҥٯݤ. ŷ ůŪ. 105 105 105 105 106 106 106 106 106 107 107 107 108 109 109 109 109 110 110. ΟǵٯѦೕۓ٣ჴᇥ Ѥǵᡂᄊ٣ჴᇥ. 111. 㡋ǵࡓݤाҹϩᜪᇥ. 111. ǵೕጄፕ. 112 xxiii.
(24) Βǵӄഢፕ စǵᖐೢҺϩଛচ߾ϐཥᏢᇥ. 113 113 114. ǵঅ҅ೕጄፕ Βǵᇂฅ܄ፕ ΟǵӒᓀሦୱፕ Ѥǵӭኬচ߾ᇥ. 114 115 115 116. ϖǵӒᓀගܹᇥ ϤǵВҁᏢᇥว ಃѤ ᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐݤ୷ᘵᆶࡓݤ٩Ᏽ. 116 118. ൘ǵᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐݤ୷ᘵ ǵᖐೢҺϩଛচ߾ϐόֹى ΒǵӒᓀሦୱፕǵݓᏔѳচ߾Ϸ၈ߞচ߾Ᏽݤፕϐ ࣪ࡘ ມǵ҇٣ນݤಃ277చՠਜϐϣ఼ ǵҥݤҞޑ. ҳ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. Βǵाҹှញ ಃϖ ᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐڀᡏϣ ൘ǵᖐೢҺᙯඤ. ů. ġń. ǵܴ֫ᛖϐཀကϷݤ୷ᘵ Βǵܴ֫ᛖϐᄬԋाҹ Οǵܴ֫ᛖϐࡓݤਏ݀. ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. စǵЎਜගрက୍ ǵЎਜගрက୍ϐݤ୷ᘵ. ŴŪŵ. ŪŰ. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŏŢŵ. ມǵཞ্፝ᓭኧᚐϐᖐೢҺ෧ᇸ ǵݤ୷ᘵ ΒǵҔጄൎᆶࡓݤਏ݀ 㡋ǵܴ֫ᛖ. ź. Ȇ. ǵᖐೢҺᙯඤϐཀက ΒǵҔጄൎᆶࡓݤਏ݀. ŷ ůŪ. 118 118 118 119 119 120 122 122 122 123 124 124 125 127 127 128 131 134. ΒǵҔጄൎᆶၴϸϐࡓݤਏ݀ Ҵǵ߄ـܴ ǵ߄ـܴϐཀက ΒǵҔጄൎᆶࡓݤਏ݀ ഌǵܴࡋफ़ե ǵܴࡋफ़եϐཀက ΒǵҔጄൎᆶࡓݤਏ݀. 134 137 139 139 140 141 141 144. ࢠǵߚॄᖐೢҺΓᇥܴက୍ϐமϯ ǵ٣Γ٣ਢှܴက୍ϐޭᇡᆶցǻ xxiv. 145 145.
(25) ΒǵߚॄᖐೢҺΓᇥܴက୍ϐமϯ ǵڀᡏϯက୍ϐफ़ե. 146 146 146. ǵڀᡏϯက୍फ़եϐཀက ΒǵҔጄൎᆶࡓݤਏ݀ اǵᏵߥӄำׇቩྗϐफ़ե ǵᏵߥӄϐݤ୷ᘵϷϩᜪ. 147 147 147 150. ΒǵᏵߥӄϐቩϷྗϐफ़ե ಃϤ ᖐೢҺϩଛ߾ݤϐᡏسᆶᏹբϐࡌ ಃΎ λ่. 153 155. ಃϖക ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾ϐڀᡏҔ ಃ ق ಃΒ ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐೕ߾ ൘ǵ୷ܭ୍όቬՉϐཞ্፝ᓭፎ ǵόֹӄ๏бёᘜೢ܄ाҹϐᖐೢҺ Βǵᙴᕍࠨऊόֹӄ๏бёᘜೢ܄ाҹϐᖐೢҺ. 157 158. ҳ ມǵ୷ߟܭՉࣁϐཞ্፝ᓭፎ. 160 171. 㡋ǵፎᝡӝϐᖐೢҺ ಃΟ ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐ෧ᇸ. 172 174. 158 158. ź. ŴŪŵ. ŪŰ. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŏŢŵ. Βǵख़εᙴᕍྵ౪চ߾ ΟǵёֹӄڋϐӒᓀচ߾ Ѥǵܴ֫ᛖ/Ўҹက୍ϐၴϸ ϖǵཞ্፝ᓭኧᚐϐᖐೢҺ෧ᇸ. Ȇ. ൘ǵቺ୯ݤᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐڀᡏೕ߾ ǵ߄ـܴ. Ᏸ. Ȇ . ࢇ ݽσ. ů. Ūŷ ມǵऍ୯ݤϷВҁݤϩᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐڀᡏೕ߾ ġń ů ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ ǵऍ୯ݤǺ٣ჴᇥܴԾρচ߾ ΒǵВҁݤǺၸѨϐεठۓচ߾ 㡋ǵך୯ჴ୍ᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐᏹբ ǵᖐೢҺᙯඤ Βǵ߄ـܴ Οǵख़εᙴᕍྵ౪চ߾ ѤǵёֹӄڋϐӒᓀচ߾ ϖǵܴ֫ᛖ/Ўҹက୍ϐၴϸ Ϥǵཞ্፝ᓭኧᚐϐᖐೢҺ෧ᇸ Ύǵ٣ჴᇥܴԾρচ߾ ಃѤ ך୯ჴ୍ᏹբᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺϩଛϐୢᚒϷځှ،ϐၰ ൘ǵך୯ჴ୍ᏹբᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺϩଛϐୢᚒ ǵଞჹ࣬ᜪ՟ϐচӢ٣ჴҔόӕᖐೢҺϩଛǴྗό xxv. 174 174 178 184 187 191 192 193 197 203 203 204 206 208 210 214 217 219 219 219.
(26) Βǵҗᙴᕍ্٣ࡺϐวғೲᘐᙴᕍගޣٮၴङځ๏бက୍Ǵ ाᙴᕍගޣٮ൩ځ୍όቬՉϐόёᘜೢॄᖐϐೢ ΟǵҔᖐೢҺϐ෧ᇸਔǴӭᒧᖐೢҺᙯඤ ѤǵජЇѦ୯ݤᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐڀᡏೕ߾ਔǴჹځाҹ҂ૈк ϩඓඝ ϖǵ҂ૈкϩຑሽᙴᕍՉࣁаѦϐݾᗺǴ٠ೱ่ډᏵݤ ϐਏ݀ Ϥǵϩղ،௦ڗᓬ༈ᏵЬကǴठ٬ݤଣ໔ԋЈϐܴ ࡋόӕ ມǵך୯ჴ୍ୢᚒϐှ،ϐၰǺᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠϯ ಃϖ λ่ ಃϤക ᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠϯᆶᖐೢҺϩଛᡏسϐࡌᄬ ಃ ق ಃΒ ȠᏹբኳಔȡҗݤᏢࡘᆢϩᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠᆶࡌᄬᖐ. ҳ. ࢇ ݽσ. ೢҺϐϩଛᡏس ൘ǵҗݤᏢࡘᆢϩᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠᆶᖐೢҺϩଛ ǵ߄ـܴ Βǵख़εᙴᕍྵ౪চ߾. Ȇ . Ȇ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ϖǵ٣ჴᇥܴԾρচ߾ ϤǵᖐೢҺᙯඤ ມǵаݤᏢࡘᆢᜪࠠϯᙴᕍޟϐ߳ज़ ǵᖐೢҺ෧ᇸϐڀᡏೕ߾ૈ఼ᇂϩϐᙴᕍਢҹ. Ţŭ. ġń. ŷ ůŪ. Βǵ҂ૈᔈݤଣᇡ٣ҔݤϐࡘԵࢬำ ಃΟ ȠᏹբኳಔΒȡҗᙴᏢࡘᆢϩᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠᆶࡌᄬᖐ ೢҺϐϩଛᡏس. ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ൘ǵҗᙴᏢࡘᆢϩᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠᆶᖐೢҺϩଛ ǵᔠ࣬ᜢϐᙴᕍޟ Βǵບᘐ࣬ᜢϐᙴᕍޟ Οǵೀ࣬ᜢϐᙴᕍޟ Ѥǵᙴᕍᐒᄬϐಔᙃഢ࣬ᜢϐᙴᕍޟ ϖǵၴϸޕᇥܴက୍ϐᙴᕍޟ Ϥǵੰᐕ࣬ᜢϐᙴᕍޟ ມǵаᙴᏢࡘᆢᜪࠠϯᙴᕍޟϐ߳ज़ ǵၸܭᕷፄᅥ࿗Զόܰᏹբ Βǵ҂ૈкϩຑሽᙴᕍນำׇύੋ܌Ϸϐݾᗺ ಃѤ ȠᏹբኳಔΟȡᆕӝᙴᏢࡘᆢᆶݤᏢࡘᆢаࡌᄬᖐೢҺϐ xxvi. 226 227 231 233 235 238 239 241 241. Ᏸ. ΟǵёֹӄڋϐӒᓀচ߾ Ѥǵܴ֫ᛖ/Ўҹက୍ϐၴϸ. 222. 241 241 242 243 244 245 246 246 246 248 248 248 252 253 257 258 261 266 266 266 267.
(27) ϩଛᡏس ൘ǵᆕӝᙴᏢࡘᆢᆶݤᏢࡘᆢϐᏹբኳԄ ǵޔௗੋϷ੯ੰೀϐᙴᕍՉࣁ܌ғᙴᕍޟ Βǵၴϸޕᇥܴက୍܌ғᙴᕍޟ Οǵੰᐕ࣬ᜢᙴᕍޟ ມǵޔௗੋϷ੯ੰೀϐᙴᕍՉࣁ܌ғᙴᕍޟϐᏹբࢬำ ǵϩᜪᡏسᆶᏹբࡌ Βǵܴࡋफ़եҔܭӭኧਢٯϐӝ܄Եໆ Οǵჴ୍ਢٯᏹբ. 267 267 268 268 270 270 273 275. 㡋ǵၴϸޕᇥܴက୍܌ғᙴᕍޟϐᏹբࢬำ ǵޕᇥܴက୍ϐϩᜪ Βǵޕᇥܴက୍ᆶᖐೢҺ Οǵၴϸޕᇥܴက୍܌ғᙴᕍޟϐϩᜪᆶᏹբࡌ Ѥǵჴ୍ਢٯᏹբ စǵੰᐕ࣬ᜢᙴᕍޟϐᏹբࢬำ. ࢇ ݽσ. 283 283 294 297 299. Βǵੰᐕ࣬ᜢᙴᕍޟϐܴ֫ᛖ Οǵੰᐕ࣬ᜢᙴᕍޟϐЎਜගрက୍. 306 308. Ȇ . 303 303. Ᏸ. ҳ ǵੰᐕ࣬ᜢᙴᕍޟϐᏵߥӄ. ů. ġń. ŴŪŵ Ŧų. ŪŰ. Ţŭ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ҵǵᝡӝ ǵݾᗺ٠Ӹਔϐᏹբࡌ Βǵჴ୍ਢٯᏹբ ಃϖ ځдᔈԵໆ٣. Ȇ. Ѥǵੰᐕ࣬ᜢᙴᕍޟϐϩᜪᆶᏹբࡌ ϖǵჴ୍ਢٯᏹբ. ൘ǵᙴᕍ᠘ۓਔڀᡏᙶమϐ٣ ǵᙴᕍ٣ࡺϐϩᜪ Βǵख़εᙴᕍྵ౪ϐղᘐ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ŷ ůŪ. ΟǵȨ߄ـܴȩᆶȨ٣ჴᇥܴԾρȩϐाҹղᘐ ѤǵȨঁձ߄ـܴȩϐाҹղᘐ ມǵჴᙴᏢᆶᖐೢҺ ǵჴᙴᏢཷᇥ ΒǵჴᙴᏢჹܭᖐೢҺϐቹៜ ಃϤ λ่ ಃΎക ่ፕǵࡌᆶఈ ಃ ่ፕ ൘ǵᙴᕍ҇٣ນύᖐೢҺϐख़ा܄. 309 311 313 313 314 318 318 318 321 322 322 323 323 327 333 337 337. ມǵך୯ჴ୍ᏹբᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺϩଛϐୢᚒϷځှ،ϐၰ. 338. 㡋ǵᙴᕍ҇٣ນݾᗺϐϩᜪᆶᖐೢҺϩଛϐᏹբࡌ. 339. xxvii.
(28) ǵᙴᕍ҇٣ນݾᗺϐϩᜪ Βǵ൩ӚձᜪࠠࡌҥᖐೢҺϩଛϐᏹբᡏس. 339 340 342. ΟǵҔᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾ਔځдᔈݙཀ٣ ಃΒ ࡌᆶఈ ൘ǵݾှ،ᐒڋϣϐଛࡼ ǵׯ๓ᙴᕍ᠘ۓϐࠔ፦аନ҇ᅪቾ Βǵҥϐᙴᕍݤаೢೀᙴᕍݾ ΟǵࡌᄬນѦᙴᕍޟೀኳԄаঋ៝ᙴੰᚈБϐำׇճ ມǵݾှ،ᐒڋѦځд௱ᔮॉၰϐࡌҥ ǵόёႣයϐᙴᕍ্٣ࡺ ΒǵёႣයՠόёᗉխϐᙴᕍ্٣ࡺ ΟǵёႣයǵёᗉխՠคݤᘜೢܭᙴᕍගޣٮϐᙴᕍ্٣ࡺ ୖԵЎ ύЎୖԵЎ. ҳ. Ȇ . Ȇ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. xxviii. Ū ů Ŗ. 345 349 349 351 351. 355 364. Ᏸ. ѦЎୖԵЎ ᆛၡၗྍ. ࢇ ݽσ. 343 343 343 344. ŷ. 370.
(29) კ߄Ҟᒵ. კҞᒵ კǵቹៜᙴᕍນਢҹኧҞϐӢન. 25. კΒǵך୯ჴ୍ೀᙴᕍޟϐࢬำ. 57. კΟǵᙴᕍคӢᆅϐᡏس. 79. კѤǵᖐೢҺϩଛ߾ݤϐᡏس. 154. კϖǵঁձ߄ـܴϐाҹϩǺȨఘࢥਢȩᆶȨેগᚆٳတ༸. 231. ύ॥ᄤᇐጢΠ๚рՈਢȩ კϤǵ٩ᏵݤᏢࡘᆢᜪࠠϯᙴᕍޟаᏹբᖐೢҺϩଛǴёૈᆶݤ. ࢇ ݽσ კΎǵҁЎࡌ܌ϐᙴᕍޟϩᜪБԄ ҳ კΖǵޔௗੋϷ੯ੰೀϐᙴᕍՉࣁ܌ғᙴᕍޟϐϩᜪᡏسᆶᏹբ. 247. კΐǵᙴᕍ҇٣ນҔܴࡋफ़եϐӝ܄Եໆ. Ᏸ. ࡌ. Ȇ . ଣᇡ٣ҔݤϐࡘԵࢬำԋፂँ. 272. 282. კΜΒǵੰᐕ࣬ᜢᙴᕍޟϐϩᜪᆶᏹբࡌ. ź. 311. კΜΟǵҁЎࡌ܌ϐᙴᕍ্٣ࡺϩᜪБԄ. ŴŪŵ. 274. Ȇ. კΜǵঁձ߄ـܴϐाҹϩǺȨΌ่ރဉऀϾਢȩ. 269. 321. კΜǵၴϸޕᇥܴက୍܌ғᙴᕍޟϐϩᜪᆶᏹբࡌ. ŏŢŵ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. კΜѤǵჴᙴᏢᆶᖏࡰЇጄٯ. ů. Ţŭ Ūŷ კΜϖǵჴᙴᏢว҂ᡂ࠼׳ᢀᖐೢҺϩଛ ġń ů ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. 299. 326 332. ߄Ҟᒵ ߄ǵҗᙴᏢࡘᆢϩϐᙴᕍޟᜪࠠϷځᖐೢҺϐϩଛ. 264. ߄ΒǵᆕӝᙴᏢࡘᆢᆶݤᏢࡘᆢࡌ܌ᄬϐᖐೢҺϩଛᡏس. 317. ߄ΟǵჴᙴᏢϐᏵભᆶࡌϩભ. 314. ߄ѤǵࣁೣᄇݓᏔѳ٠ှੰБᖐ֚ᜤǴך୯ჴ୍ၮբኳԄϐว. 348. ॉၞᆶҁЎϐࡌ. xxix.
(30) ჴ୍ਢٯᏹբҞᒵ. ޔௗੋϷ੯ੰೀϐᙴᕍՉࣁ܌ғᙴᕍޟ <ਢ ٯA> ᆵчӦБݤଣ 89 ԃࡋख़ນӷಃ 472 ဦ҇٣ղ،. 275. <ਢ ٯB> ᆵчӦБݤଣ 95 ԃࡋᙴӷಃ 5 ဦ҇٣ղ،. 277. <ਢٯC> ᆵଯݤଣ96ԃࡋᙴ(׳)ӷಃ1ဦ҇٣ղ،ᄤᆵଯ ݤଣᆵύϩଣ97ԃࡋᙴӷಃ5ဦ҇٣ղ،. 278. <ਢ ٯD> ᆵчӦБݤଣ 95 ԃࡋᙴӷಃ 14 ဦ҇٣ղ،. 279. <ਢ ٯE> ᆵчӦБݤଣ 92 ԃࡋນӷಃ 1202 ဦ҇٣ղ،. 280. ၴϸޕᇥܴက୍܌ғᙴᕍޟ. ࢇ ݽσ <ਢ ٯB> ᆵଯݤଣ 98 ԃࡋᙴܰӷಃ 6 ဦ҇٣ղ، ҳ <ਢ ٯC> ᆵчӦБݤଣ 95 ԃࡋᙴӷಃ 5 ဦ҇٣ղ، <ਢ ٯA> ᆵчӦБݤଣ 95 ԃࡋᙴӷಃ 27 ဦ҇٣ղ،. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ੰᐕ࣬ᜢᙴᕍޟ. 299 301 302 311. <ਢ ٯB> ᆵύӦБݤଣ 91 ԃࡋᖂӷಃ 1607 ဦ҇٣ຊۓ. 312. ᝡӝ. Ȇ. <ਢ ٯA> ᆵ୷ໜӦБݤଣ 87 ԃࡋख़ນӷಃ 25 ဦ҇٣ղ،. ŏŢŵ. ź. 314. ŴŪŵ. <ਢ ٯA> ᆵଯݤଣᆵύϩଣ 93 ԃࡋᙴܰӷಃ 3 ဦ҇٣ղ،. 315. ŪŰ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. <ਢ ٯB> ᆵଯݤଣ 96 ԃࡋᙴӷಃ 5 ဦ҇٣ղ،. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. xxx. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(31) ಃക ᆣፕ ಃ ࣴزᐒ ᒿޗᡂᎂǴ߈ΒΜԃٰǴך୯ᙴᕍޟԖε൯ቚуϐຝǴԶҗ൞ ᡏޑൔᏤፕǴᙴᕍޟӧך୯ҭதԋࣁ܌ᢋҞǵഢݾڙޗޑᚒǶᑍ ځচӢǴБय़Ώ߯җੰܭΓճϐᒬаϷჹᙴᕍයࡑϐε൯ගϲǴᏤठᙴੰ ໔ᜢ߯׳уᆙǵᐟϯǹќБय़ǴӧᙴᕍࣽמНྗόᘐගϲǴԶӚᅿཥ ᑫೌמᆶᙴᛰҔࠔεᖌ၂ၮҔ่݀ޑǴҭ٬ੰΓኪ៛ӧ׳ӭཥޑᙴᕍ॥ᓀϐ. ࢇ ݽσ ჹੰܭΓϷځৎឦғࢲ܌ԋϐቹៜǴᜤᒏߚࣁ႐εǴࡺᙴᕍޟϐִ๓ೀǴ ҳ ჴ߯րΓவ٣ᙴᕍࡓݤϐࣴޣزǴᔈϒ҅ຎ٠ుΕϐᚒǶ. ύǶҗܭᙴᕍՉࣁ܌Ꮴठޑཞ্Ǵޔௗߟ্ੰΓϐيᡏǵ଼நǵࣗԿғڮǴ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ᢀፏך୯ᙴᕍޟϐೀǴӛаӉ٣ນࣁЬाϐ௱ᔮ৩ǴԶԋך୯ᙴ ᕍນჴ୍ϐڻຝǶεӭኧᙴᕍޟύޑ্ΓǴ܌ځаჹᙴ٣Γ. Ȇ. ՉӉ٣ଓນϐᐒǴӭߚ୷ܭൔൺЈᄊԶ׆ᏇᙴៈΓፕࣽӉǴԶ߯Ӣࣁᙴ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ᕍՉࣁΏଯࡋೌמᆶޕޑሦୱǴԶੰΓջ٬ڙԖख़εཞ্ǴΨ۳۳คݤ ԖਏӦӧࡓݤЬځճǴࡺΏᙖҗӉ٣ນଓϦΚޑϟΕǴаᖂځճǶ. ŪŰ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ோӉ٣ݤᆶ҇٣ޑݤҞޑόӕǴղᘐྗӚ౦Ǵऩੰѝाวғᙴᕍޟ٣ࡺ. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ൩ࡓ௦ڗаӉ٣ਢҹߕ҇٣ນޑБԄǴёૈஒၸҽ୯ৎޑљݤၗྍǶ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. ࡺаӉ٣ນଓࣁЬϐᙴᕍນኳԄǴ֡ࣁኻǵऍǵВӃ୯ৎ܌ό௦Ǵҭࣁ୯ ϣᙴࣚǵ܌ࣚݤத၎ੰǴᏢࣚࡺԖঀǴᙴᕍޟᔈӣᘜԿа҇٣ำࣁׇЬϐೀ ኳԄǴฅᇶа࣬ᜢϐଛࡼǴаዴჴᔆံᙴੰᚈБӧޕϐৡຯǴ ပჴϦѳ҅ကϐݤ1Ƕ ᙍࢂϐࡺǴך୯ჴ୍ϩ۔ݤӧቩᙴᕍ্٣ࡺ܌ғ҇ޑ٣ᙴᕍޟນ ਔǴࣁᑽѳᙴᕍගޣٮᆶᙴᕍሡޣӧޕޑόѳǴමѺઇ҇٣ၸѨ ᘜೢচ߾ǴஒߥޣៈݤคၸѨೢҺϐೕۓҔܭᙴᕍՉࣁ2ǴԶЇวᏢࣚݾ 1. ⍫教昛⾈Ḽ炻慓瀏䲦䳃䘬䎦尉冯⓷柴炻⎘䀋㛔⛇㱽⬠暄娴 55 㛇炻2004 濜炻1-4 枩ˤ. 2. 冢䀋檀䫱㱽昊87⸜⹎ᶲ⫿䫔151嘇⇌㰢ˣ冢䀋檀䫱㱽昊88⸜⹎慵ᶲ⫿䫔505嘇⇌㰢ˣ㚨檀㱽昊90. ⸜⎘ᶲ⫿䫔709嘇⇌㰢ˣ冢䀋檀䫱㱽昊91⸜⹎ᶲ⫿䫔597嘇⇌㰢ˣ冢䀋檀䫱㱽昊92⸜⹎ᶲ⫿䫔596 嘇⇌㰢ˤ 1.
(32) ៏ǶோԾ҇୯93ԃ4Д28Вᙴᕍݤಃ82చಃ2অ҅ϐࡕǴ၀ࡽݤೕۓȨᙴᕍᐒᄬ Ϸځᙴ٣ΓӢՉ୍ठғཞ্ੰܭΓǴаࡺཀ܈ၸѨࣁज़Ǵॄཞ্፝ᓭೢ Һȩ Ǵᙱ߈ϐჴ୍ղ،ၱӭ௦ᙴᕍՉࣁၸѨೢҺϐـှ3ǴᗨᏢᇥـှϝӸݔ౦4Ǵ ԜݾԿϿҞӧჴ୍ၮբςัբѳ৲Ƕ ӧคߥޣៈݤҔϐගΠǴӢᙴᕍՉࣁڙԖཞ্ϐᙴᕍሡܭޣᙴᕍ ҇٣ນǴ߯٩҇ݤᜢߟܭՉࣁϷ୍όቬՉ࣬ᜢೕۓǴӛᙴᕍගޣٮЬ ճǶ٩ߟՉࣁݤፎΓϐཞ্፝ᓭǴӕਔх֖ౢ(҇ݤಃ192చǵ ҇ݤಃ193చ)Ϸߚౢ(҇ݤಃ194చǵ҇ݤಃ195చ)ϐཞѨǴڰคᅪကǹԾ҇ ୯88ԃ4Д21В҇ݤಃ227చϐ1ቚुࡕǴᙴᕍሡޣҭள٩ᏵࠨऊݤϐೕۓǴӕ ਔፎΓڙԖཞ্ౢϷߚౢϐཞѨǶقϐǴӧך୯ჴᡏޑݤᡏس. ࢇ ݽσ ౧ᅅϐೀǴࡺך୯ᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐЬाୢᚒǴჴ߯аำࣁݤׇਡЈ ǴӵՖӧำ ҳ ΠǴᙴᕍሡޣӛᙴᕍගޣٮፎཞ্፝ᓭϐፎ୷ᘵϷ፝ᓭጄൎǴۘᜤᒏڀ 5. Ȇ . Ᏸ. 3. 冒慓䗪㱽䫔 82 㡅ᾖ㬋ẍἮ炻⮎⊁⣂䚜㍍怑䓐娚夷⭂侴㍉慓䗪埴䁢忶⣙屔ảᷳ夳妋炻⍫冢ᷕ⛘. 㕡㱽昊 93 ⸜⹎慓⫿䫔 10 嘇⇌㰢ˣ㚨檀㱽昊 95 濜⎘ᶲ⫿䫔 2178 嘇⇌㰢ˣ㚨檀㱽昊 96 濜⎘ᶲ⫿. Ȇ. 䫔 450 嘇⇌㰢ˣ㚨檀㱽昊 96 濜⎘ᶲ⫿䫔 2738 嘇⇌㰢ˣ㚨檀㱽昊 97 ⸜⎘ᶲ⫿䫔 741 嘇⇌㰢ˤ 4. ㍉偗⭂婒侭娵䁢烉㴰ᾅ㱽䁢ˬ㚱斄㴰屣侭ᷳᾅ嬟˭䘬夷⭂炻Ⱄ㕤旸⇞⿏䘬䈡⇍㱽炻⮵㕤慓䗪㱽. ź. ŏŢŵ. ŴŪŵ. 㛒 旸⇞夷⭂䘬䈡⇍㱽侴妨炻ṵⰔ䈡⇍䘬䈡⇍㱽烊ὅ㒂ᷕ⣖㱽夷㧁㸾㱽䫔⋩ℕ㡅䘬夷⭂烉ˬ㱽夷. ŪŰ. Ŧų. ⮵㕤℞Ṿ㱽夷夷⭂ᷳ⎴ᶨḳ枭䁢䈡⇍夷⭂侭炻ㅱ⃒⃰怑䓐ᷳˤ℞Ṿ㱽夷ᾖ㬋⼴炻ṵㅱ⃒⃰怑 䓐˭ˤ㗗ẍ炻㬌㫉ᾖ㬋⎒㗗㍸ὃ㴰屣侭⎎ᶨ䧖⎗ẍ⮵慓䗪㨇㥳冯℞慓ḳṢ⒉㎵⭛岈婳㯪㪲䘬➢. Ţŭ. ů. Ūŷ ů 㡅侴䁢ᷣ⻝炻⍫教湫䩳ˣ♜▱暗炻慓䗪㱽ᾖ㬋⼴慓䗪䲦䳃ᷳ妋㰢炻庱㕤埴㓧昊堃䓇会慓ḳ嗽ˣ屉 ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ ⛀㱽Ṣᷕ厗㮹⚳㴰屣侭㔯㔁➢慹㚫倗⎰ᷣ彎ˬ慓䗪䲦䳃䞼妶㚫˭ 炻㮹⚳ 93 ⸜ 8 㚰 31 㖍ˤ㍉⏎⭂ ġń. 䢶炻᷎朆㖶㔯㌺昌㴰ᾅ㱽䫔ᶫ㡅䘬怑䓐炻㛒Ἦ㴰屣侭⮵㕤慓䗪䲦䳃䘬婳㯪炻ṵ⎗ὅ㒂㴰ᾅ㱽䫔ᶫ. 婒侭娵䁢烉慓䗪㱽䫔ᶨ㡅㖶⭂℞䩳㱽䚖䘬ᷳᶨ䁢ˬᾅ晄䕭Ṣ㪲䙲˭炻⇯⯙ˬᾅ晄䕭Ṣ㪲䙲˭ᷳ ḳ枭炻娚㱽ᷫ⮰攨䩳㱽炻ㅱ⃒⃰怑䓐炻娚㱽㛒夷⭂侭炻⥳怑䓐㕤㕤℞Ṿ㱽⼳ˤ晾䃞㴰ᾅ㱽䫔ᶨ㡅 䫔Ḵ枭夷⭂烉 ˬ㚱斄㴰屣侭ᷳᾅ嬟炻ὅ㛔㱽ᷳ夷⭂炻㛔㱽㛒夷⭂侭炻怑䓐℞Ṿ㱽⼳˭ 炻ょ⯙ˬ㴰屣 侭ᷳᾅ嬟˭冯ˬᾅ晄䕭Ṣ㪲䙲˭Ḵ侭㭼庫炻⇵侭Ὢ㤪㊔侴㉥尉炻⼴侭䁢㖶栗℟橼ᶼ䈡⭂炻㓭斄㕤 ˬᾅ晄䕭Ṣ㪲䙲˭ᷳḳ枭炻㕘慓䗪㱽䫔ℓ⋩Ḵ㡅ㅱ⃒⃰㕤㴰ᾅ㱽䫔ᶫ㡅侴怑䓐炻⍫教娡㢖㜿炻ᾖ 㬋⼴䘬慓䗪㱽冯㮹䛦㪲䙲炻庱㕤埴㓧昊堃䓇会慓ḳ嗽ˣ屉⛀㱽Ṣᷕ厗㮹⚳㴰屣侭㔯㔁➢慹㚫倗⎰ ᷣ彎ˬ慓䗪䲦䳃䞼妶㚫˭ 炻㮹⚳ 93 ⸜ 8 㚰 31 㖍ˤ䚠斄⬠婒⍲㔯䌣炻Ṏ⍫昛⾈Ḽ炻慓瀏ḳ㓭冯㴰 屣侭ᾅ嬟㱽㚵⊁屔ảᷳ怑䓐⓷柴(ᶲ)炻⎘䀋㛔⛇㱽⬠ 36 㛇炻2002 濜炻56-57 枩⍲℞姣 14ˣ15ˣ 16 ⺽㔯䌣㔜䎮ˤ 5. 䚠⎴夳妋Ṏ⍫⏛⽆␐炻慓䗪忶⣙冱嫱屔ả䘬⮎⊁㕘䘤⯽烉慓䕭櫍ˬ㱽˭䫔Ḵ⚆⎰ņ䯉姽㚨檀㱽. 昊ḅℕ⸜⎘ᶲ⫿䫔Ḵᶫᶱℓ嘇⇌㰢炻冢䀋㱽⬠暄娴 109 㛇炻2008 ⸜炻262 枩ẍᶳˤ⏛㔁㌰娵䁢炻 ㆹ⚳慓䗪姜姇慓䕭䇕➟ᷳ慵溆炻䓙⮎橼㱽廱㎃䁢䦳⸷㱽ˤ 2.
(33) ݤׇࢎᄬঁ಄ӝޗϦѳ҅ကǵပჴ٣Γѳচ߾ϐᙴᕍ҇٣ݾำׇǴ Бࣁ҅ҁమྍϐၰǴԶࣁҁፕЎϐࣴزᐒǶ. ҳ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. 3. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(34) ಃΒ ࣴزҞޑ ҇٣ນϐҞޑǴӧܭှ،٣Γ໔ճࡓݤ܈ᜢ߯ϐݾǴ۔ݤय़ჹᙴᕍ ্٣ࡺ܌ғϐޟǴᔈ൩٣ΓЬޑ٣ჴϷගрޑᏵࣁӝݤܭೕጄޑ٣ჴ ᇡۓǶோᙴᕍՉࣁڀԖଯࡋޑόዴ܄ۓǴନΑᙴᕍՉࣁҁيϐѦǴᙴᕍ্٣ࡺ ޑวғǴԖਔ߯ᆬӢੰܭΓޑਸᡏ፦ǴᏤठᙴᕍ্٣ࡺϐচӢਔதᜤаᙶ మǶ҇٣ນݤӛԖȨᖐϐ܌ӧǴ௳ນϐ܌ӧȩϐݤᒆǴܭځᙴᕍນύ׳ ᡉځـཀကǴԶᖐೢҺϐϩଛǴҭ۳۳ԋࣁѰѓᙴᕍນയ௳ϐᜢᗖǶᇂӵ ඟፕॊǴך୯ఁ߈ჴ୍ܭᙴᕍນࡽςό௦ᙴᕍՉࣁคၸѨೢҺϐـှǴӵՖܭ ҇٣ำׇύᑽѳ٣Γ໔ᖐೢҺϐϩଛǴঈ٬ᙴᕍሡޣளܭນำׇύ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ӧࣁճ܈٣ჴϐЬǴаዴߥܭځᏦݤϐນǴჴΏڅόϐፐᚒǶ. ҳ. ך୯҇ܭ٣ນᖐೢҺϐϩଛǴ߯٩҇٣ນݤಃ277చϐೕۓǶࡪ҇୯. Ȇ . Ᏸ. 89ԃ2Д9Вঅ҅ࡕ҇٣ນݤಃ277చೕۓǺȨ٣ΓЬԖճܭρϐ٣ჴޣǴ ൩ځ٣ჴԖᖐϐೢҺǶՠࡓݤձԖೕۓǴ܈٩ځᡉѨϦѳޣǴόӧԜज़Ƕȩ. Ȇ. ܌ځቚঅՠਜϐҗǴΏᒏȨжࠠນ٣ҹȩύǴӵϦ্ǵᙴᕍǵౢࠔೢҺǵ ᕉნນǴჹܭ্ΓԶقਔதวғນਔᖐ֚ޑᜤǴঃऩ٩ྣሼϯۓڰ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ŴŪŵ. ޑᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾ǴόխԖѨϦѳ҅ကǴࡺቚঅϐǶோԜೕܭۓᙴᕍນ. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ᔈӵՖᏹբǴБૈԋࣁᖐೢҺϐӝϩଛྗǴჴࣁᙴᕍນύॶளᢀჸ. ů. Ūŷ ů ᖐٯԶقǴܭᙴᕍ҇٣ນύǴڙԖཞ্ϐᙴᕍሡޣё٩҇ݤᜢܭ୍ό ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ޑख़ᗺ܌ӧǶ. ġń. ቬՉϷߟՉࣁ࣬ᜢೕۓǴӛᙴᕍගޣٮፎཞ্፝ᓭǶฅԶǴ҇ܭ٣ນำ ׇύǴ୍όቬՉϷߟՉࣁϐᖐೢҺࠅό࣬ӕ6ǴࢂցᔈҔ҇٣ນݤಃ. 6. ὅ⚳ℏ⬠婒忂婒ᷳ夳妋炻㕤⣹䲬屔ả冯Ὕ㪲屔ả⎴㗪⬀⛐ᷳね⼊炻斄㕤⁝㪲Ṣᷳ⎗㬠屔ḳ䓙(⤪. 忶⣙)炻㕤Ὕ㪲埴䁢ᷳ冱嫱屔ả⛐⁝㪲Ṣ(塓⭛Ṣ)炻侴㕤⁝⊁ᶵⰍ埴ᷳ冱嫱屔ả⇯⛐⁝⊁Ṣˤ⽟⚳ 㮹㱽䫔 280 㡅䫔 1 枭䫔 2 ⎍Ṏ䚜㍍夷⭂㕤⣹䲬斄Ὢᷕ炻ㅱ䓙⁝⊁Ṣ⯙℞ᶵ⎗㬠屔屈冱嫱ᷳ屔[⽟ ⚳㮹㱽䫔 280 㡅䫔 1 枭夷⭂烉ˬ⁝⊁Ṣ忽⍵➢㕤⁝ᷳ斄Ὢ䓊䓇ᷳ佑⊁侭炻⁝㪲Ṣ⼿婳㯪岈⚈㬌 䓊䓇ᷳ㎵⭛ˤ(䫔 1 潔)佑⊁ᷳ忽⍵䃉枰䓙⁝⊁Ṣ屈屔侭炻澵怑䓐⇵潔ᷳ夷⭂ˤ(䫔 2 潔)˭烊§280 I BGB: Verletzt der Schuldner eine Pflicht aus dem Schuldverhältnis, so kann der Gläubiger Ersatz des hierdurch entstehenden Schadens verlangen. Dies gilt nicht, wenn der Schuldner die Pflichtverletzung nicht zu vertreten hat.]ˤょ⽟⚳⬠婒⮎⊁⯙㬌ᶨ夷⭂⼿⏎怑䓐㕤慓䗪⣹䲬炻⭡㚱䚠䔞䇕嬘炻娛䳘妶 婾⍫教㛔婾㔯䫔Ḽ䪈ˣ䫔Ḵ䭨ˣ⢡ˤ 4.
(35) 277చՠਜೕۓϐղᘐྗǴҭத٩ӚձݤଣԶ౦ǴԶᏤठᙴᕍ҇٣ນำׇϐ ᖐೢҺϩଛЖલݤӼ܄ۓǴ৮ܰԋ٣Γϐँ᠍Ƕ 7. ᏢᇥᜢܭᖐೢҺϐϩଛ߾ݤǴςࡌҥԖ܄ϐᡏࢎسᄬ Ƕჴ୍܌ ЖલޣǴΏ߯ᔈӵՖஒԜ܄ϐᡏࢎسᄬҔܭᙴᕍນύǶҁЎаࣁǴஒᙴ ᕍޟуаᜪࠠϯǴ٠ਥᏵӚᜪࠠϐᙴᕍޟҔόӕᜪձϐᖐೢҺϩଛǴᔈ ёঋ៝ݤӼ܄ۓϷঁਢ҅ကǴԶόѨࣁёՉϐϪΕᗺǶҁፕЎϐࣴزҞޑǴջ ӧך୯҇ݤϷ҇٣ນޑݤೕጄΠǴஒᙴᕍޟϒаᜪࠠϯǴа൨ᛢрᑽѳᙴੰ ᚈБѳচ߾ϐᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾Ƕ. ҳ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ů. 7. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ⍫教⦄ᶾ㖶炻冱嫱屔ả↮惵㱽⇯ᷳ橼䲣⺢㥳炻庱烉冱嫱屔ả冯䛇⮎佑⊁炻2006 ⸜炻1-44 枩ˤ 5.
(36) ಃΟ ࣴزጄൎ ୷ܭॊϐୢᚒཀǴҁፕЎزࣴޑጄൎӅϩࣁΎകǴӧӚക࣬ᜢޑፕϣ Ǵ٩ΠӈᆜाԛׇՉǴӈᇥܴӵΠǶ. ಃക ᆣፕ ឍញᇥܴࣴزᐒǴ٠ࡰܴҞ҇٣ᙴᕍޟ٣ҹϐୢᚒख़ЈӧܭȨำׇ ݤȩǴձ߯ӧȨᖐೢҺϐϩଛȩǶԶᇥܴҁፕЎϐࣴزᐒǵࣴزҞޑǵ ࣴزጄൎᆶࣴزБݤǶ. ࢇ ݽσ. ಃΒക ᙴᕍޟϐวғϷځೀ. ҳ. ҁകҗᙴᕍޟϐวғፋଆǴԶᇥܴᙴᕍޟϐࡓݤᜢ߯Ǵόӕݤሦ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ୱΠᙴᕍගޣٮၴϸက୍ਔϐࡓݤೢҺǴхࡴ҇٣ೢҺǵӉ٣ೢҺϷՉࡹೢҺ Ǵ٠ፕᙴᕍޟჴᔈӣᘜԿа҇٣ำࣁׇЬϐೀኳԄǶനࡕǴϟಏᙴᕍޟ. Ȇ. วғࡕǴ୯ϣѦϞڋݤϐᙴᕍޟೀᐒڋǴ٠ϩځᓬલᗺǶ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ŴŪŵ. ಃΟക ᙴᕍޟϐ҇٣ࡓݤᜢ߯ᆶᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ҁകᆫขܭᙴᕍޟϐ҇٣ࡓݤᜢ߯ǴᙴᕍගޣٮϐࠨऊೢҺǵᙴᕍค. ů. Ūŷ ů ᕍ҇٣ນ্Γᖐ֚ᜤϐচӢǴ٠ϩуख़ᙴᕍග҇ޣٮ٣ೢҺϐݤ୷ ũŦůŨŤũŪġŖ. ӢᆅᆶᙴᕍගޣٮϐߟೢҺǶӕਔǴፕᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐਸ܄Ǵϩᙴ. ġń. ᘵǵаϷၸࡋуख़ᙴᕍග҇ޣٮ٣ೢҺ܌ёૈᏤठϐϸਏ݀Ƕ. ಃѤക ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛϐᏢᇥ ࡪך୯ᜢ҇ܭ٣ᖐೢҺϐҥܴݤЎǴ߯ೕ҇ܭۓ٣ນݤಃ277చǺȨ ٣ΓЬԖճܭρϐ٣ჴޣǴ൩ځ٣ჴԖᖐϐೢҺǶՠࡓݤձԖೕۓǴ܈٩ځ ᡉѨϦѳޣǴόӧԜज़ǶȩᏢޣΏᇡࣁǴӧך୯ڋݤΠǴ܌ᒏᖐೢҺϩଛ ߯߾ݤᕴᡏཷۺǴԶёϩࣁȨᖐೢҺϩଛচ߾ȩᆶȨᖐೢҺϩଛ෧ ᇸȩΒޣǴԶаࣁޣচ߾ǴࡕٯࣁޣѦǶҁകջҗᖐೢҺϐ୷ᘵᢀۺрวǴ ᙖҗϟಏ୯ϣѦϐᏢᇥǴԶϩձೀȨᖐೢҺϩଛϐচ߾ȩᆶȨᖐೢҺ ϩଛϐ෧ᇸȩཷۺǶ 6.
(37) ಃϖക ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾ϐڀᡏҔ ҁകύፕᙴᕍ҇٣ນϐᖐೢҺǶҁകъࢤϟಏᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐ ೢҺϩଛϐೕ߾ǵаϷКၨݤ(хࡴቺ୯ǵऍ୯ᆶВҁ)ᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺ ෧ᇸϐڀᡏೕ߾Ǵࡕъࢤ߾ϩך୯ჴ୍ᏹբᙴᕍޟᖐೢҺϩଛϐୢᚒǶҁ ЎӅᘜયрჴ୍ղ،ܭҔᖐೢҺϩଛਔӅϤঁୢᚒǴ٠ϩձפрղ،уа ឍញǶܭҁക҃Ǵ߾ගрஒᙴᕍޟᜪࠠϯǴᔈԖշܭှ،ך୯ჴ୍ϐୢᚒǶ. ಃϤക ᙴᕍޟϐᜪࠠϯᆶᖐೢҺϩଛᡏسϐࡌᄬ ҁകӃ၂வȨݤᏢࡘᆢȩǵȨᙴᏢࡘᆢȩǵаϷȨᆕӝᙴᏢࡘᆢᆶݤᏢࡘᆢȩ. ࢇ ݽσ ϩଛᡏسǶᜢܭપᆐҗȨݤᏢࡘᆢȩ܈ȨᙴᏢࡘᆢȩࡌ܌ҥϐᏹբኳಔǴҁЎஒ ҳ ϩځᏹբϐ߳ज़ǴԶܭҁЎࡌ܌ȨᆕӝᙴᏢࡘᆢᆶݤᏢࡘᆢȩϐᏹբኳಔǴ рวǴϩձࡌҥΟᏹբኳಔǴаஒᙴᕍޟᜪࠠϯǴ٠ࡌᄬځӚձϐᖐೢҺ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ҭஒଞჹӚᙴᕍޟϩᜪǴᖐჴ୍ਢٯፏٯჴሞᏹբϐǴаᡍҁЎࡌ܌ᏹբ ࢬำϐёՉ܄Ƕക҃߾ќගрݤଣܭҔᖐೢҺϩଛೕ߾ਔǴځдᆶ࠼ᢀᖐ. Ȇ. ೢҺϩଛคޔௗ࣬ᜢǴՠᔈϒԵໆϐ٣Ǵаշ҅׳ܭዴӦҔᖐೢҺϩଛೕ. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ߾Ƕ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ಃΎക ่ፕǵࡌᆶఈ. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ᆕӝ໒കፕǴଞჹᙴᕍ҇٣ݾำׇύϐᖐೢҺϩᜪᡏسᆶᏹբኳ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. ԄǴрᕴ่Ƕ٠ගрځд࣬ᜢࡌǴаಖཱུပჴᙴᕍሡޣᏦݤ୷ҁϐߥ ምǶ. 7.
(38) ಃѤ ࣴزБݤ ҁፕЎᔕаᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϐࣁЬືǴаЎϩǵКၨࣴزϷ ᘜયݤషӝၮҔǴځ໔٠ӭа୯ϣѦϐᏢᇥǵჴ୍ـှǴݤܭᏢࡘᆢѦǴќᇶ аᙴᕍϐࡘԵኳԄǴ׆Ꮗࡌҥ಄ӝޗϦѳ҅ကǵပჴ٣Γѳচ߾ϐ ᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺϐϩଛᡏسǶ ᜢݤܭᏢၗϐᆶᘜયǴڀᡏԶقǴҁፕЎନୖԵ୯ϣᏢޣϐਜፕЎ ᆶϩ୯ϣჴ୍ղ،ѦǴܭ୯ѦЎБय़Ǵ߾ӕਔୖଜቺ୯ǵऍ୯ᆶВҁϐᏢᇥ ᆶჴ୍ـှǶځύǴҗܭቺ୯Ꮲᇥᆶჴ୍ӧᙴᕍ҇٣ນᖐೢҺςวрၨࣁ ֹϐፕᡏسǴӢԜҁፕЎ୯ѦၗϐЇҔǴ߯аቺ୯ЎࣁЬື8Ǵቺ୯ϐ. ࢇ ݽσ. ࣬ ᜢ ჴ ୍ ղ ، ᆶ Ў ക อ ຑ (Aufsatz) Ǵ ߾ ᘏ ڗԾ beck-online ቺ ୯ ݤᏢ ၗ . ҳ. (http://beck-online.beck.de/default.aspx)ǶВЎЎନ࣬ᜢਜᝤᆶፕЎ 9 ѦǴҭԾ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. LexisNexis JapanВҁݤᏢၗ(http://legal.lexisnexis.jp/Home.aspx)ᘏ࣬ڗᜢჴ ୍ղ،ǶԶܭमЎЎǴ߾ڗԾWest Lawࡓݤၗ(http://www.westlaw.com/)Ƕ. Ȇ. ݤᏢၗϐѦǴҁፕЎҭୖԵϩᙴᏢᆶϦӅፁғၗǴځύӭኧ߯ཛྷ൨Ծ PubMedᆛઠ(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/)ϐमЎЎǴٳаࡰܴǶ. ů. 8. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. 㛔婾㔯斄㕤慓䗪姜姇冱嫱屔ả↮惵橼䲣ᷳ㝞㥳炻ᷣ天Ὢ⍫侫 Laufs/Katzenmeier/Lipp 䫱叿ᷳ. Arztrecht (2009 ⸜ 6 䇰)冯 Laufs/ Uhlenbruck 䫱叿ᷳ Handbuch des Arztrechts (2010 ⸜ 4 䇰)㬌Ḵ㛔 慓䗪㱽㔁䥹㚠冱嫱屔ả䚠斄䪈䭨ᷳ䶐㌺ˤ 9. 㛔婾㔯㖍㔯㔯䌣㕡朊ᷣ天⍫侫㢵㛐⒚叿ˬ⋣䗪̯㱽⼳⬎˭(2007 ⸜ 3 䇰)ˣ䧚❋╔叿ˬ⋣䗪. 敊Ὢ姜姇̯⭇⊁̩㕡㱽ʊ塩⇌䳴榻͓➢庠̧̩̘˭(2009 ⸜)ˣ冯䪡ᶳ-䞛ⶅ䶐ˬ嫃⹏㮹ḳ姜姇˭ 䫔 5 ⶣ(1983 ⸜)ᷕ喌⍇⻀忻㑘ᷳˬᶨ⾄̯㍐⭂̩姤㖶屔ả̯床㎃˭ᶨ䪈ˤ 8.
(39) ಃΒക ᙴᕍޟϐวғϷځೀ ಃ ق ҁകҗᙴᕍޟϐวғፋଆǺӃ൩٤୷ҁཷۺǴӵȨᙴᕍՉࣁȩǵȨᙴᕍ ্٣ࡺȩϷȨᙴᕍޟȩǴբۓကϷ܄ϐᙶమǴ٠ӣ៝ЎǴа ୯ϣѦᜢܭȨᙴᕍ্٣ࡺȩϷȨᙴᕍޟȩϐ࣬ᜢीၗǴձࢂΒ߈ܭޣ ԃჴ୍ၮբϐวғϷਢҹኧǴаᑍځख़ा܄Ƕ ځԛǴᇥܴᙴᕍޟϐࡓݤᜢ߯ǶҁЎᙴৣݤǵᙴᕍݤаϷځдᙴᕍݤ. ࢇ ݽσ ޣၴϸက୍ਔϐࡓݤೢҺǴхࡴ҇٣ೢҺǵӉ٣ೢҺϷՉࡹೢҺǴ٠ፕځ໔ ҳ ೕۓܴ܌ᜢܭᙴᕍගࣁޣٮᙴᕍՉࣁਔϐۓݤက୍ǴόӕݤሦୱΠᙴᕍගٮ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ϐᝡӝᜢ߯Ƕ. നࡕǴᇥܴᙴᕍޟวғࡕǴ୯ϣѦϞڋݤϐᙴᕍޟೀᐒڋǴхࡴ љݤϐນ৩ǵаϷӚᅿόӕϐນѦݾೀᐒڋǴ٠ϩځᓬલᗺǶӕ. Ȇ. ਔǴᘜયך୯ჴ୍ೀᙴᕍޟϐࢬำǶ. ů. Ŧų. ŪŰ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. Ţŭ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. 9. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ.
(40) ಃΒ ᙴᕍޟϐวғ ൘ǵཷᇥ ҅ܭԄፕᙴᕍນϐࡓݤᜢ߯ǴԖѸाӃ൩٤୷ҁཷۺǴӵȨᙴᕍՉ ࣁȩǵȨᙴᕍ্٣ࡺȩϷȨᙴᕍޟȩǴբۓကϷ܄ϐᙶమǴБԖշ ܭրΓܭೀᙴᕍນਔǴࣁϐղᘐᆶೀǶȨᙴᕍՉࣁȩǵȨᙴᕍ্٣ ࡺȩϷȨᙴᕍޟȩΟޣ໔ࣁϕ࣬ೱǵϕࣁӢ݀ϐᜢ߯ǶقϐǴᙴᕍගޣٮ ѸӃԖȨᙴᕍՉࣁȩǴᏤठȨᙴᕍ্٣ࡺȩวғܭᙴᕍሡޣǴԶᙴᕍሡޣ ᆶᙴᕍගޣٮ൩၀Ȩᙴᕍ্٣ࡺȩϐೢҺᘜឦวғݾǴԶ़ғȨᙴᕍޟȩ Ƕ. ҳ. ມǵᙴᕍՉࣁ. ࢇ ݽσ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ǵᙴᕍՉࣁϐۓက () ୷ҁۓက. Ȇ. ȨᙴᕍՉࣁȩᜏǴӧᙴᕍݤǵᙴৣݤ࣬ᜢᙴ٣ݤೕύǴޔલЮ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ࡓݤϐܴዴۓက10Ǵࡺჴ୍ᒘፁғЬᆅൂՏаڄзբ೯ਢϷঁਢှ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ŪŰ. Չࡹᆅ़܌ғϐፏӭᅪကǶ. ŴŪŵ. ញǴаᙶమᙴᕍՉࣁᆶߚᙴᕍՉࣁ໔ϐࣚज़Ǵ٠ࡎܭځᙴᕍ࣬ᜢ٣୍ޑ. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ࡪՉࡹଣፁғ҇୯81ԃ8Д11Вፁᙴӷಃ8156514ဦڄᒏǺȨᙴᕍ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. Չࣁ߯ࣁࡰΥаݯᕍǵᕖ҅܈ႣٛΓᡏ੯ੰǵ্ǵූલࣁҞޑǴޑࣁ܌ ບჸǵບᘐϷݯᕍǹܭ୷܈ບჸǵບᘐ่݀ǴаݯᕍࣁҞޑǴޑࣁ܌ೀБǵ Ҕᛰǵࡼೌ܈ೀՉࣁޑӄ܈ޑᕴᆀȩǶԜࣁፁғЬᆅᐒᜢ࣬ᜢ ڄញύǴ൩ȨᙴᕍՉࣁȩനֹϐۓကǴҭࣁჴ୍܌௦Ҕ11ǶྗԜǴᙴᕍ ՉࣁᔈڀഢϐाҹԖΒǺ(1) ሡаݯᕍǵᕖ҅܈ႣٛࣁҞޑǹ(2) ࣁၲ ໒Ҟࣁ܌ޑບᘐǵݯᕍаϷࡕុೀǶ ݙཀޣǴ٩ך୯ჴ୍ـှǴ଼நᔠҭឦᙴᕍՉࣁǴӵനଯݤଣ97 10. ὗ劙㲈䫱炻婯慓瀏シ⢾䘬桐晒↮㑼⓷柴炼㴰屣侭ᾅ嬟㱽⮵䲼䱡慓瀏灖䁢冯慓昊㍸ὃ䚠斄慓瀏. 㚵⊁䘬ẩ㤕⺷㚵⊁灖䁢ᷳ怑䓐炼㮹㱽䞼䨞㚫䫔 26 㫉⬠埻䞼妶㚫䲨澍炻㱽⬠⎊↲ 47 ⌟ 187 㛇炻2002 濜炻175 枩炻䞼妶㚫ᷕ㣲䥨₨䘤妨烉ˬ慓瀏⛐澵㕟䘬䘤⯽炻ảỽᶨᾳ⭂佑悥㚱⎗傥㍃ᶨ澜叔˭ ˤ 11. 㚨檀㱽昊 97 ⸜⹎⎘ᶲ⫿䫔 2735 嘇㮹ḳ⇌㰢ˤ 10.
(41) ȨோࡪᙴᕍՉࣁ߯ࡰΥаݯᕍǵ ԃࡋѠӷಃ2735ဦ҇٣ղ،(ᒵ)ջᒏǺ ᕖ҅܈ႣٛΓᡏ੯ੰǵ্ǵූલࣁҞޑǴࣁ܌ϐບჸǵບᘐϷݯᕍǹ܈ ୷ܭບჸǵບᘐ่݀ǴаݯᕍࣁҞޑǴࣁ܌ϐೀБǵҔᛰǵࡼೌ܈ೀ Չࣁޑӄ܈ϐᕴᆀǴॏՉࡹଣፁғڄញǶ଼நᔠࡽаႣٛΓ ᡏ੯ੰǵ্ǵූલࣁҞޑǴࣁ܌ϐບჸǵບᘐՉࣁǴԾឦᙴᕍՉࣁȩǶ (Β) ݾ܄ᜪձǺߚ୷ܭບᕍҞޑϐߟΕ܄ೀ ঃ٩ॊፁғڄញـှǴ߾ӵऍЋೌǵ၂ᆅᓻٽߚаݯ ᕍǵᕖ҅܈ႣٛࣁҞࣁ܌ޑϐߟΕ܄ೀǴᕵࣁᙴৣࣁ܌ǴϝߚឦᙴᕍՉ ࣁǶோᙴࡹჴ୍ࣁ๊ஏᙴՉࣁǴፁғЬᆅൂՏࡕុаڄញܫቨඟڄ ញჹᙴᕍՉࣁϐጄൎԿȨߚ୷ܭບᕍҞޑϐߟΕ܄ೀȩǴᙖаᕭλ٠ज़. ࢇ ݽσ ᏢޣԖќҗݤೕጄϩҭр࣬ӕ่ፕޣǴЬᙴᕍ܄ऍჹܭΓᡏҭԖ ҳ ߟΕ܄ǴࡺှញᙴᕍՉࣁᔈख़ຎ࠼ᢀߟΕޑ܄ǴԶόࠞܭԖۓ. ߚڋᙴৣၗΓૈ܌வ٣ᜪ՟ᙴᕍՉࣁޑጄൎǴаߥም୯҇ϐ଼ந12Ƕ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ޑ੯ੰӸӧ13Ƕ (Ο) ҁЎـှ. Ȇ. ஒȨߚ୷ܭບᕍҞޑϐߟΕ܄ೀȩયΕȨᙴᕍՉࣁȩϐጄᛑǴ൩ᙴ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ࡹᆅࡋفޑԶقǴڰฅԖځӝ܄ᆶѸा܄ǴฅԶǴऩܭᚈБวғޟ ਔǴࢂցᆶȨȩᙴᕍՉࣁբ࣬ӕϐೀǴ߾Ԗፕϐޜ໔ǴᇂԜ. ŪŰ. Ţŭ. ů ࢂցѳǶ. Ŧų. ਔ܌ᔈᓬӃԵໆޣǴςߚ୯଼҇நϐᆢៈǴԶ߯ᚈБ҇ܭ٣ำׇϐӦՏ. ġń. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ҁЎаࣁǴȨߚ୷ܭບᕍҞޑϐߟΕ܄ೀȩวғᙴᕍ্٣ࡺਔǴ ऩ୍ܺϐගࣁޣٮεࠠᙴᕍᐒᄬҾǴ߾ᔈ٩ߥޣៈݤϐ࣬ᜢೕۓ ҔคၸѨϐӒᓀೢҺǹऩ୍ܺϐගঁࣁޣٮΓࠠບ܌Ǵ߾ᔈҔ҇ݤ. 12. 灖㓧昊堃䓇会㮹⚳75濜8㚰15㖍堃会慓⫿䫔612904嘇↥慳烉ˬ㊱䲳䚱ᷫⰔ伶⭡㤕⊁ᷳᶨ炻侴伶. ⭡㤕⊁炻ㅱẍṢ幓堐朊⊾⥅ˣ伶⭡䁢旸炻澵傥⼙枧ㆾ㓡嬲Ṣ橼䳸㥳⍲䓇瀲㨇傥炻濂忼⇘㓡嬲Ṣ橼 䳸㥳ㆾ幓橼㨇傥炻冒㴱⍲慓瀏灖䁢ˤ˭ 13. 㛙㝷㜦炻㔜✳ˣ伶⭡慓⬠ᷳ⋨⇍⍲℞⺋⏲ㅱ㚱ᷳ㱽夷䭬炻㚰㖎㱽⬠㔁⭌ 31 㛇炻2005 濜炻92-104. 枩炻娵䁢ˬ㉥傪ˣ⇲共ˣ寸傠˭䫱Ὕℍ⿏伶⭡慓⬠ㅱⰔ慓瀏灖䁢炻侴ˬ僓㮃ˣ㲿灍曺˭㬊㕤檖 兂ᷳ (㛒忼⼙枧ㆾ㓡嬲Ṣ橼䳸㥳⍲䓇瀲㨇傥ᷳ䦳灏)炻⯂暋农䓇␥ˣ幓橼ˣ㕤㎵⭛ᷳ嘆侭炻 ⇯朆Ⱄ慓瀏灖䁢ˤ 11.
(42) ಃ191చϐ314ϐӒᓀೢҺǴԶߚ҇٣ߟՉࣁϐၸѨೢҺǶᇂҥޣݤ ܌аೕۓҾᔼޣᔈ൩ࠔ୍ܺ܈ჹ܌ޣԋϐཞ্ǴॄคၸѨೢ ҺǴ߯᠘ܭҾᔼޣǺ(1) ஒࠔࢬ೯Εѱ܈ග୍ܺٮǴԶȨᇙ Ӓᓀȩ Ǵ(2) ޕࠔϐीǵғౢǵᇙǵᒡΕ܈ᎍၸำǴ୍ܺ܈ϐ࣬ ᜢ٣Ǵࡺᇻၨૈ׳ޣȨڋӒᓀȩ Ǵ(3) ளᙖҗሽߥ܈ᓀᐒૈԶ ȨϩණӒᓀȩ Ǵ(4) Ӣࠔ୍ܺ܈ԶᕇڗճǴԾᔈȨ܍ᏼӒᓀȩ15Ƕ ᙴᕍՉࣁϐ܌аόҔߥޣៈݤচӢϐǴջ߯ගٮᙴᕍ୍ܺϐҾ ǴᔈߚаᕇڗճࣁځЬाϐᔼҞޑǴԶ߯୷ܭᆢៈੰΓϐ଼நǴࡺ ٠ό಄ӝॊಃ(4)ाҹǴԶܭȨߚ୷ܭບᕍҞޑϐߟΕ܄ೀȩ(ӵऍ Ћೌ)Ǵගٮᙴᕍ୍ܺϐεࠠᙴᕍᐒᄬǴᜤᒏځҞߚޑᕇڗճаቚ. ࢇ ݽσ ୍ϐගঁࣁޣٮΓࠠບ܌Ǵ߾Ӣᙴৣҭҗ܌ځவ٣ϐπբᕇڗճǴԾ ҳ ҭҔ҇ݤಃ191చϐ3ԶॄӒᓀೢҺǶ. уᙴଣᔼԏǴࡺᔈҔߥޣៈݤϐ࣬ᜢೕۓǶԶ୷࣬ܭӕݤǴऩܺ. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ΒǵᙴᕍՉࣁϐ܄. Ȇ. () Ꮲᇥـှ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. ٩ᏢޣϩǴᙴᕍՉࣁϐ܄ёᘜયӵΠ16Ǻ. 1. ុ܄Ϸჴᡍ܄Ǻᙴৣჹੰ܌ჴࡼޑᙴᕍՉࣁǴ఼ࡴບჸǵݯᕍǵൺ. ŪŰ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ଼ᙴᕍၸำǴԶڀԖុ܄ǶΞᙴᕍՉࣁޑჹຝࢂΓᡏǴԶΓᡏჹ. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ᙴᕍՉࣁޑϸᔈόǴёૈ࣬ӕᙴᕍՉࣁԶԖόӕޑᙴᕍ่݀Ǵࡺவ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. ᙴᕍٰ่࣮݀ǴᙴᕍՉࣁڀԖჴᡍ܄Ƕ. 2. Ӓᓀ܄Ǻᙴৣӧݯᕍ໘ࢤਔǴӵࡼаݙǵЋೌՉࣁǴჹΓᡏԶࢂق ᅿߟΕ܄ϐՉࣁǴԶڀԖ࣬Ӓᓀ܄ǴࡺӒᓀޑ܄ӸӧΏᙴᕍՉࣁ όёᗉխޑ܄Ƕ. 14. 㮹㱽䫔 191 㡅ᷳ 3烉䴻䆇ᶨ⭂ḳ㤕ㆾ⽆ḳ℞Ṿⶍἄㆾ㳣≽ᷳṢ炻℞ⶍἄㆾ㳣≽ᷳ⿏岒ㆾ℞ἧ䓐. ᷳⶍ℟ㆾ㕡㱽㚱䓇㎵⭛㕤ṾṢᷳ⌙晒侭炻⮵ṾṢᷳ㎵⭛ㅱ屈岈屔ảˤỮ㎵⭛朆䓙㕤℞ⶍἄㆾ㳣 ≽ㆾ℞ἧ䓐ᷳⶍ℟ㆾ㕡㱽农炻ㆾ㕤旚㬊㎵⭛ᷳ䘤䓇䚉䚠䔞ᷳ㲐シ侭炻ᶵ⛐㬌旸ˤ 15. 娡㢖㜿炻℔䩳慓昊ᷳ慓䗪埴䁢冯㴰ᾅ㱽ᷳ㚵⊁䃉忶⣙屔ả²℔ˣ䥩䩳慓昊ᷳⶖ⇍⼭忯烎-㚨檀. 㱽昊 93 ⸜⎘ᶲ⫿䫔 1486 嘇⇌㰢ᷳ⓮㥟炻⎘䀋㛔⛇㱽⬠暄娴 70 㛇炻2005 ⸜炻223 枩ẍᶳˤ 16. ∱㔯䐊炻慓ḳ㱽天佑炻1999 ⸜炻175 枩烊ὗ劙㲈炻ㆹ⚳慓瀏ḳ㓭㎵⭛岈⓷柴䘬䎦㱩冯⯽㛃炻. ⎘䀋㛔⛇㱽⬠暄娴 39 㛇炻2002 濜炻114-116 枩烊⏛⽿㬋炻妋嬨慓䕭斄Ὢ I炻2006 ⸜炻45-198 枩ˤ 12.
(43) 3. ຊໆ܄Ǻ᠘ܭΓᡏޑᡂϯ܄ǴੱੰঁӧόӕΓᡏϐቻ߄ރёૈόᅰ ࣬ӕǴԶݯᕍБԄёૈԖࡐӭᅿᜪǴԶᙴৣѸ፟ᆶ࣬ຊໆǴ ૈۈଞჹӚঁੰΓޑ܄Զ๏ϒόӕݯᕍǶ 4. ӭኬ܄Ǻ୷ܭᙴᏢচϐᅿᅿᙴᕍՉࣁǴځϣᆶБԄςߚܯВϐൂ ኬᇮǴԶࢂᆶਔॿǴԖӚԄཥᑉሺᏔǵᛰނǵᆶΓᙴϟΕ٠ᇶ շບᘐǵᒌ၌ᆶݯᕍǴ٬ᙴᕍՉࣁޑϣᅌᖿᕷፄǴԶևځӭኬ܄Ƕ 5. ڐΚ܄ǺჹᙴᕍගޣٮϐᙴᕍՉࣁǴੰՉࣁޑଛӝࡋǵੰ܈ᡏ፦ ϸᔈϐڐӕำࡋǴჹ၀ᙴᕍՉࣁϐਏ݀Ԗჴ፦ޑቹៜǶ 6. ܄ǺᙴᕍՉࣁױᜢੰΓيᡏǵ଼நǵғڮϐӼӒǴߚڀഢߐᙴᏢ ޕᆶၗޣόளࣁϐǴࢂаձݤӵᙴৣݤǵᛰৣݤǵៈৣݤ. ࢇ ݽσ ज़ڋᆶೕጄǴԜࣁᙴᕍՉࣁϐ܄Ƕ ҳ 7. όዴ܄ۓǺӢᙴᏢ߯аᡍǵीϷჴᡍࣁ୷ᘵޑԾฅࣽᏢǴࡺᙴৣவ ݤೕڄ܈зǴჹᙴᕍගޣٮϐၗǵ୍ጄൎᆶځдाҹуа. Ȇ . Ᏸ. ٣ᙴᕍՉࣁਔЬाаݯᕍੰΓޑၸำᆶ่݀ࣁځղᘐ٩ᏵǴԶᙴৣᗨ ҁܭૈמගٮᙴᕍ୍ܺǴՠᙴᕍՉࣁޑ܄Ǵ٬ᙴৣჹᙴᕍՉࣁ. Ȇ. ่݀ޑਥҁคݤᆒዴᑽໆ܌ԖόዴۓϐӢηǶ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. (Β) ᙴᕍՉࣁϐ܄ჹܭᙴੰᚈБ҇٣ᜢ߯ϐቹៜ. ŪŰ. Бϐ҇٣ᜢ߯ǴځЬाय़ӛԖΒǺ. ů. Ţŭ. ġń. Ŧų. ҁЎаࣁǴమཱӦඓඝॊᙴᕍՉࣁϐፏ܄ǴஒԖշܭրΓೀᙴੰᚈ. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. 1. ჴᡏݤБय़ǺӵᙴᕍՉࣁϐӭኬ܄Ǵ٬րΓܭೀᙴᕍࠨऊϐ܄ۓਔǴ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. όەཷԶፕǴԶەҁܭ၀ᙴᕍՉࣁϐҁ፦ᆶ٣ΓϐཀǴ൩ঁਢ уаᑽໆǶ 2. ำݤׇБय़ǺձᔈԵໆᙴᕍՉࣁϐόዴ܄ۓǴࡺրΓ҇ܭ٣ำׇ Бय़Եໆᙴᕍሡޣёૈۚܭ১༈ԶΚ٣Γ໔ϐѳǴќБ य़ҭόەуፏᙴᕍගޣٮаၸख़ϐॄᏼǶ. 㡋ǵᙴᕍ্٣ࡺ ǵᙴᕍ্٣ࡺϐۓက ᙴᕍ্٣ࡺǴ߯ࡰӢᙴᕍՉࣁޑჴࡼǴߚ੯ੰԾฅၸำ܌ౢғϐ٣ࡺǴԶ ߚচҁයࡑޑᙴᕍ่݀Ƕᇂவ่݀य़ٰᢀჸǴёޕѿԖΑᙴᕍՉࣁޑჴࡼ่ 13.
(44) ݀ǴόࢂჹੰܭԖᔅշǴ൩ࢂ٬ੰޑࣁ׳ݩᝄख़ǴࡺԖᏢޣஒޣٿϩǴ ࣁȨ҅य़ᙴᕍ่݀ȩ(beneficial medical outcome)ǴќࣁȨॄय़ᙴᕍ่݀ȩ(adverse medical outcome)ǴΞᆀȨᙴᕍ্ȩ(medical injury)Ǵ܈ᆀȨᙴྍ্ȩ(iatrogenic injury)17Ƕ. Βǵᙴᕍ্٣ࡺϐϩᜪ ҞЎനதЇҔϐϩБԄǴ߯ӃаၸѨᆶցϩࣁӢၸѨՉࣁЇଆ ޑᙴᕍ্ᆶߚӢၸѨՉࣁ܌Їଆޑᙴᕍ্ǴԶߚܭӢၸѨՉࣁ܌Їଆޑᙴᕍ ্ǴӆаࢂցёႣـϩࣁёႣـЪคݤᗉխޑᙴᕍ্ᆶόёႣޑـપᆐᙴ ᕍཀѦ18Ǻ. ࢇ ݽσ ୖᆶޑޣ౧ѨǴࣣԖёૈٰᙴᕍ্ǶᖐΥᙴৣϐၸѨǵៈΓϐၸ ҳ Ѩǵځдᙴ٣ΓϐၸѨǵΏԿᙴଣᆅϐၸѨ Ǵ֡Їଆᙴᕍ্Ƕ. 1. ӢၸѨՉࣁЇଆޑᙴᕍ্ǺᙴᕍՉࣁύǴҺՖঁᕉрᒱǴҺՖঁ. 19. Ȇ . Ᏸ. 2. ߚӢၸѨՉࣁ܌Їଆޑᙴᕍ্Ǻ. (1) ёႣـЪคݤᗉխޑᙴᕍ্ǺӵٳวੱǵୋբҔǶٯӵݯᕍᕎੱ. Ȇ. ޑϯᕍၸำǴวғΑᎳޑᝄख़ୋբҔǶ. ŴŪŵ. ź. ŏŢŵ. (2) όёႣޑـપᆐᙴᕍཀѦ(pure medical accident)Ǻջ၀٣ࡺޑวғǴ ӧᙴᏢΏឦٯܭѦีޑԖݩރǴځЪวғޑКόڀᡍ߾ݤޑ. ŪŰ. ů. Ţŭ. Ŧų. ೯த܄ǶӵǺѺᆢд ڮB1ǴჹΓԶࢂقёаቚуᡏΚǴՠӢࢌ. ġń. Ū ů Ŗ. ŷ. ੰΓӢᡏ፦ਸǴჹᆢғન B1 ၸ௵ǴՠੰΓҁي٠όޕǴЪ၀ᅿ. ũŦůŨŤũŪġ. ਸᡏ፦ࣗࣁـشǴ܌аӧᙴੰ֡όੰޕΓᡏ፦ޑݩΠǴᙴৣӧ،ۓ. 17. 㣲䥨₨炻婾慓䗪䲦䳃ᷳ⭂佑ˣㆸ⚈⍲㬠屔⍇⇯炻⎘䀋㛔⛇㱽⬠暄娴 39 㛇炻2002 ⸜炻123 枩ˤ. 18. 㣲䥨₨炻⎴⇵姣炻123 枩炻堐 1烊灂㕘㝼ˣ㣲䥨₨炻⏲⇍楔´偑暋䓊ḳẞ炼㕘慓瀏㱽䫔ℓḴ㡅. 䫔Ḵ枭姽㜸炻㚰㖎㱽⬠暄娴 112 㛇炻2004 ⸜炻24 枩ˤ℞⋨↮⮎䙲䔍䁢烉ˬ1. 忶⣙瀞烉㚱忽⍵ ℟橼慓ḳ夷⇯䘬ねḳ䘤䓇炻⌛㚱忶⣙ㅱ屈㎵⭛岈屔ảˤ2. 朆⚈忶⣙烉(1)⎗枸灘烉瀃⤪㱣瀏䗴 䕯䘬⊾瀏忶䦳炻䘤䓇瀈㌱檖䘬♜慵∗ἄ䓐ˤḇ⯙㗗慓瀏灖䁢䃉忶⣙⌣䘤䓇⎗枸灘ᷳ慓瀏 ⭛㗪炻 忁ᾳ澵瀫䙲↮㑼炻ㅱẍ⏲䞍⎴シ㱽⇯潻㰢⭂ˤ濂慓ⷓ澽㖶瀈⎗傥䘬∗ἄ䓐炻ᶼ慓瀏灖䁢᷎䃉忶⣙ 䘬⇵㍸ᶳ䘤䓇⎗枸灘䘬慓瀏 ⭛炻℞桐晒䓙䕭Ṣ屈㑼炻慓ⷓ澵屈㎵⭛岈ᷳ屔ˤ(2)朆⚈忶⣙ ᶼ澵⎗枸灘ᷳ慓瀏 ⭛烉Ⱄ㕤ˮ慓瀏シ⢾˯炻㚱岜ᾅ晒ㆾ℞Ṿ䈡⇍墄⇞灏䘬⺢灅ˤ˭ 19. 㮹⚳ 84 ⸜⎘⊿㥖䷥䘤䓇昊ℏデ㝻䗏䕦ḳẞ炻⌛䁢怑ἳˤ 14.
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