ϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈि၆ᇴጯ̍үܑனᄃጯ௫
જ̝፟ड़ڍĈ҂ณ઼̚Ϡ۞ଠטܫه *
ೆ ͡
ࠏ ڒ
ౙ ઈ ځ
઼ϲ߆ڼ̂ጯ
઼ϲјΑ̂ጯ
ିֈࡁտٙ
ିֈࡁտٙ
ώࡁտ۞ࢋϫ۞ߏଣϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈि၆઼̚Ϡᇴጯ̍үܑன̈́ጯ௫જ፟۞ᇆᜩĂߏ ӎົᐌצྏ۰ଠטܫه۞̙Т̙҃ТĄࠎԆјࡁտϫ۞ĂώࡁտВซҖ˞ѨྏᄃαѨ ۞၁រፆԘĄд၁រॡĂࡁտ۰צྏ۰ᐌ̶፟ࠁјα࣎၁រĈځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾƝа㒝ੈ िăځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिăሀቘϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिăሀቘϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिĂֶ֭צ ྏд઼̚ϠĶᇴጯጯຽјಶయЇณܑķ˯۞̶ĂפБវצྏ̝݈ăޢ 33 Ʀࠎ̰ăγଠ۰Ă ᓁࢍᇹώВѣ 230 ҜĄᄓะٙ۞ྤफ़Ăώࡁտ੫၆ᇴጯ̍үܑனซҖˬЯ̄Вតᇴ̶ژĂ ֭੫၆ᇴጯጯ௫જ፟ซҖαЯ̄Ъనࢍតளᇴ̶ژĄ ࡁտඕڍពϯĂдᇴጯ̍үܑன͞ࢬĂ༊צྏ۰้Ш̰ଠĂኢߏତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾٕߏ а㒝ੈिॡĂౌົѣྵָ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனĄдጯ௫જ፟͞ࢬĈĞ1ğд̍үᆊࣃ˯Ă༊ፆԘࠎ ࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾॡĂତצа㒝ੈि۞צྏ۰̝̍үᆊࣃٺତצа㒝ੈि۰ĄĞ2ğд ҋԧड़ਕ˯Ă༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝ҋԧड़ਕٺγଠ۰Ą Ğ3ğдഇ୕јΑ˯Ă༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾͷܢΐа㒝ੈिॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝ ഇ୕јΑົٺ้Шγଠ۰ćѨĂ༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾҭܢΐа㒝ੈिॡĂ้ Шγଠ۞צྏ۰ഇ୕јᾼ҃˭ࢫĄĞ4ğдϒШଐຏ˯Ă༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ ॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝ϒШଐຏٺγଠ۰ĄĞ5ğдШଐຏ˯Ă༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁͷӧ ᙱϫᇾॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝Шଐຏ˵ົҲٺ้Шγଠ۰Ąώࡁտॲፂࡁտඕڍд၁ᅫ ኝވጯ௫˯۞ᑕϡซҖኢĂ֭೩Ϗֽࡁտ˯۞ޙᛉĄ ᙯᔣෟĈа㒝ੈिăϫᇾᆸѨăଠטܫهăጯ௫જ፟ăᇴጯ̍үܑனLocke۞ϫᇾనؠநኢĞgoal setting theoryğࢋдଣĶϫᇾķᄃĶ̍үܑனķ̝ม۞ᙯܼĄ ૄώؠߏ࣎វ۞Җࠎົֶϫᇾ҃አፋĂซ҃யϠ̙Т۞̍үܑனĞLocke ō Latham, 1990ğĄೀ˩ѐ ֽĂϫᇾనؠநኢдϫᇾ̰टăϫᇾ፟ט̈́ϫᇾड़ڍ۞̬̚តีඈ͞ࢬ࠰᎕˞ధкᖳჇ۞ࡁտј ڍĄ дϫᇾ̰ट۞ࡁտ˯Ă Locke ᄃ LathamĞ1990ğᕩৼ࿅Ν۞၁ᇈࡁտ̝ޢĂѣαีࢋ൴னĈ ௐ˘ă̍үܑனߏϫᇾӧᙱޘ۞ۡቢבᇴĄд࣎ˠѣ֖ૉ۞ਕ˧ԆјྍϫᇾĂͷ၆ྍϫᇾѣԸˢ ઼ ϲ ᄂ ៉ र ቑ ̂ ጯ ି ֈ ͕ ந ᄃ ᅃ ጱ ጯ ր ିֈ͕நጯಡĂϔ 94 Ă 36 סĂ 3 ഇĂ 265 Ǖ 286 ࢱ *ώኢܼ͛ೆ͡೩઼ϲјΑ̂ጯିֈࡁտ̝ٙჇ̀ኢ͛۞ొ̶̰टĂдࠏڒିᄃౙઈځିጱ˭Ԇ јĄ
Ğcommitmentğ۞ଐԛ˭ĂϫᇾດӧᙱĂ̍үܑனດָĄࢋ۞ࣧЯߏЯࠎ࣎ˠົֶፂϫᇾ۞ᙱޘ ֽአፋӅ˧ޘĄௐ˟ăপؠ۞ă߄ጼ۞ٕӧᙱ۞ϫᇾͧሀቘ҃߄ጼّ۞ϫᇾٕ՟ѣϫᇾՀਕጱ р۞̍үܑனĄѩன෪۞ࢋࣧЯߏЯࠎሀቘ۞ϫᇾֹ࣎ˠѣ̙Т۞ඕڍഇޞĂ̙გனࣹ˘ ඕڍĂ࣎ˠౌຏ႕ຍĄдѩଐԛ˭Ă࣎ˠڱ൴೭̂۞Ӆ˧ͪĄௐˬăϫᇾ۞পؠّົᇆᜩ̍ үܑன۞តளޘĄϫᇾດপؠĂ̍үܑன۞តளޘດ̈ĄЯࠎሀቘϫᇾ̯ధ࣎ˠѣ̙Т۞ඕڍഇ ޞĂٙͽ̍үܑன۞តளޘಶྵ̂ĄޢĂࠁ۞ϫᇾᄃҋన۞ϫᇾѣ࠹Т۞ϫᇾड़ڍĄߏЯ ࠎࠁ۰఼૱ѣڱؠ۞ᝋރĂтିरă၁រ۰Ą Ω˘͞ࢬĂϫᇾనؠտౣ࿅ң፟טᇆᜩ̍үܑனĉϫᇾనؠநኢᄮࠎϫᇾ˘གྷనؠޢĂӈ ࿅Ӆ˧ĞeffortğăિĞpersistenceğă͔ጱĞdirectionğᄃඉர൴णĞstrategy developmentğα፟ט ᇆᜩ̍үܑனĄд࣎វਕ˧ቑಛ̰Ăϫᇾົ፬ᐽˠࣇ;Ӆ˧ĂপҾߏᙱޘăځቁ۞ϫᇾĄೱ֏ ̝Ă༊࣎វٙࢬᓜ۞ϫᇾດ߄ጼّăດځቁॡĂດਕ፬൴࣎វ۞જ፟ĄГ۰Ăӧᙱͷځቁ۞ϫᇾົ ᜭֹˠࣇдϫᇾ߿જ˭િྵ˳۞ॡมĄГѨĂ҃ځቁ۞ϫᇾົ͔ጱˠࣇΝڦຍᄃϫᇾѣᙯ۞ ҖࠎٕඕڍĂТॡ˵͔ጱˠࣇநᄃϫᇾ࠹ᙯ۞ੈिĄޢ༊˯ˬϫᇾ፟ט̙֖ͽ྿јϫᇾॡĂ ࣎វົΝ൴णયᗟྋՙඉரĂӈ൴णᄃϫᇾ࠹ᙯ۞ඉரٕԫఙֽ྿јϫᇾٕ༼࠷Ӆ˧ĞLatham, Daghighi, & Locke, 1997ć Locke, Sarri, Shaw, & Latham, 1981ğĄ
ѩγĂдϫᇾనؠநኢٙ̚۞̍үܑனΒӣ˞ĶᇴณķᄃĶݡኳķ͞ࢬĄώࡁտд၁រ̚۞ ࠁࠎᇴณϫᇾĂтд̶̣ᛗ̰Ԇј˩ᗟ۞ᇴጯྻზᗟĂߏᜪ̈́צྏ۰۞ᇴጯਕ˧ົᇆᜩ၁រፆԘĄ ЯѩĂᏴፄ઼̚˟ѐ৺ጯϠࠎࡁտ၆෪ĄЯࠎд઼̚˘ѐ৺۞ኝ̚Ăಶ̏གྷщଵѣᇴጯαྻზ۞ ಏ̮Ăགྷ࿅˘ѐ۞ጯ௫ᄃྻϡĂז˞઼˟̏གྷܧ૱ሢቚĄЯѩĂצྏ۰۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனдགྷ࿅αѨ۞ ၁រፆԘޢѣٙត̼ĂΞෛࠎߏ၁រፆԘ۞ඕڍĂ҃ܧצྏ۰ᇴጯਕ˧۞णனĄ ˘ăϫᇾనؠᄃа㒝ੈि дϫᇾనؠᄃ̍үܑன۞አ༼តี˯Ă Locke ᄃ LathamĞ1990ğ۞ࡁտಶĈϫᇾనؠॡĂࡶ ਕ೩ֻ˘ֱᄃ̍үѣᙯ۞ੈिĂ၆ϫᇾତצޘᄃ̍үܑனณ۞೩̿ߏѣᑒӄ۞Ąдధк၁ᇈّࡁտ̚ ౌᙋ၁ĂځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾඕЪа㒝ੈिѣӄٺ̍үܑன۞೩̿ĞૺഀಬĂϔ 79 ćౘϜࠠĂϔ 84 ć Neubert, 1998ć Weat, Welch, & Thron, 2001 ć Wilk & Redmon, 1998ğĄᖣϤа㒝ੈि۞೩ֻĂጯ௫۰ ࿅ҋԧႾଠĂΞ࣒ϒጯ௫ඉரͽ̈́ϫᇾᄃ၁ᅫܑனม۞̙˘Ăۡז྿јϫᇾĂӈ࣎វΞͽֹϡд а㒝ੈिᄃႾଠٙԛј۞ਫ਼ྮ̚Ăᒔ࣒ϒϫᇾ۞ྤੈĂ҃д˭˘࣎ጯ௫̍ү̚Ăѣਕ˧ΝԼតጯ௫ ඉரĞNeubert, 1998 ć Shin ō Alexander, 2000ğĄ
ְ၁˯Ă NeubertĞ1998ğഅ၆ϫᇾనؠඕЪа㒝ੈिซҖፋЪ̶ژĄ۞ࡁտඕڍពϯĈ༊ϫ ᇾనؠᄃа㒝ੈि˟۰ඕЪॡĂ၆Լච̍үܑனѣព۞ड़ڍĄЯࠎιਕӘۢ࣎វᙯٺ̍үܑன۞ჟ ቁ̈́ซՎޘĂͷ࿅၆ਕ˧ᄃјΑ۞ۢᛇֽ፬൴࣎វ۞જ፟ĄЯѩĂ Neubert ᄮࠎϫᇾనؠ̈́а㒝 ੈिΞ࿅ᆧΐᄃ̍үѣᙯ۞ੈि̈́፬൴જ፟҃၆̍үܑனѣϒࢬ۞ᇆᜩĄ Locke ᄃ LathamĞ1990ğ ̈́ BurtonĞ1993ğ˵Ĉϫᇾᄃа㒝ੈि۰۞ඕЪ၆Լච̍үܑனߏѣυࢋّ۞Ą Locke ᄃ Lathamаᜪ˞ѣᙯͧྵϫᇾనؠᄃа㒝ੈिඕЪ۞ࡁտ൴னĈд 18 ቔࡁտ̚Ăѣ 17 ቔϫᇾనؠ ᄃа㒝ੈिඕЪ۞ड़ڍᐹٺΪѣϫᇾనؠॡćд 22 ቔࡁտ̚Ăѣ 21 ቔࡁտඕڍពϯϫᇾనؠඕЪа 㒝ੈि۞ड़ڍᐹٺΪѣа㒝ੈिॡĄ Mento, Steel ᄃ Karrem ۞ޢన̶ژࡁտ̚˵൴னĂ༊۰ඕЪ ॡĂ࣎វ۞πӮ̍үܑனΞ೩̿ 17 ƦĞ͔ҋ Tzetzis, Kioumourtoglou, & Mavromatis, 1997ğĄ
Ъ݈ࡁտĂ NeubertĞ1998ğᄮࠎϫᇾనؠΐ˯ᄃ̍үѣᙯ۞а㒝ੈि၆̍үܑனѣϒࢬ۞ ᇆᜩĄ೩࣎፟טֽᑒӄྋᛖϫᇾనؠᄃа㒝ੈिඕЪ۞рĈௐ˘࣎፟טࠎ࣎វ၆а㒝ੈिᄃ ̍үܑன̝ม̙˘۞ҋԧአ༼ͅᑕĄ࣎វᖣϤа㒝ੈिۢϫᇾᄃ̍үܑனม۞̙˘Ă̙˘
Ξͽϡֽ፬൴࣎វ۞િᄃӅ˧Ăҭ༊۰ม۞̙˘࿅̂ॡĂົౄјҋԧड़ਕ۞Ҳརͽ̈́Ҳϫ ᇾԸˢĄௐ˟࣎፟טߏϫᇾనؠᄃа㒝ੈि۞Ϲ̢үϡΞϡֽෞҤ̍үඉரĄа㒝ੈिᖣϤ೩ֻᄃ̍ ү࠹ᙯ۞ੈिֽ೩چ̍үܑனăෞҤА݈۞ඉரٕҖࠎĄೱ֏̝Ăа㒝ੈि೩ֻѣᙯٺ̍ү።ྤੈ ۞ޘĂົۡତᇆᜩপؠඉர̝ᏴፄĄ Ϥͽ˯۞၁ᇈࡁտΞۢĂಏֹϡϫᇾనؠٕа㒝ੈिॡĂ၆ٺԼච̍үܑன̙ਕᄲߏ·̶୧ ІĄΪѣ༊۰ඕЪֹϡॡĂ̖ਕՀѣड़Լච̍үܑனĄѩγĂϫᇾనؠநኢᄮࠎϫᇾᛳّĞϫᇾপ ؠّ̈́ϫᇾᙱޘğΞͽ೩چ̍үܑனĂҭϫᇾߏѣᆸѨ̶̝۞ĂΪѣځቁͷӧᙱ۞ϫᇾĂ̙ҭਕ၆࣎ វѣՀځቁ۞͔Ă҃ͷӧᙱ۞ϫᇾ၆࣎វ҃֏ĂՀѣ߄ጼຍקĂͷਕ፬൴ሕ˧ĄГΐ˯а㒝ੈ िΞͽӘۢ࣎វѣᙯࣇ̍үܑன۞ჟቁّ̈́ซՎଐԛĂឰ࣎វਕЯᑕа㒝ੈिֽአፋҋ̎۞Җ ࠎĄЯѩĂགྷϤ˯ଣĂώࡁտΞͽՀΐۺؠځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾඕЪа㒝ੈि၆Լච̍үܑன̝ड़ ڍĄࡶࢋ೩چ̍үܑனĂᅮځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾᄃа㒝ੈिඕЪֹϡĂ̖ਕၓពड़ڍĄ ˟ăϫᇾనؠăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫه၆̍үܑன̝ᇆᜩ ͽـរᙋϫᇾనؠநኢ۞ड़ڍĂкд၁រވ̚ซҖĂ˵ᔿ͌࣎ˠᛳّតีৼˢࡁտ̚Ąώࡁտ ୬រᙋϫᇾనؠநኢдିጯଐဩ̚۞ड़ڍĂࠎֹࡁտඕڍՀਕᑕϡд၁ᅫኝވ̚Ăጯ௫۰۞࣎ˠপኳ Հ̙टنෛĄ࿅Νѣᙯ࣎ˠপኳ۞ࡁտ̚ĂଠטܫهĞlocus of controlğ˘ۡߏ˘࣎ࢦࢋ۞តีĂҭ дϫᇾనؠநኢ̚ଣଠטܫه۰ܧ૱͌Ąଠטܫهߏ Rotter д 1954 ѐٙ೩̝ۤົጯ௫நኢ̚۞ࢦ ࢋໄهĄྍநኢ̚Ă Rotter ડ̶ଠטܫهѣ̰ăγଠ̝ҾĂ֭၆̰ăγଠপኳү˞࠹༊ྎ۞ೡĄ ѣ̰дଠטܫه۰Ğ̰ଠ۰ğߏ࣎ˠ࠹ܫҖࠎܑனޢٙன۞ᆧૻҖࠎĂϺӈϫᇾߏӎਕ྿јĂ ԆБϤҋ̎۞ਕ˧ăӅ˧ٕ࣎ˠপኳٙՙؠćѣγдଠטܫه۰Ğγଠ۰ğ൴Ϡٺ࣎ˠ۞ְІĂ Rotterᄮࠎ̙ߏЯࠎ࣎ˠ۞ҖࠎٙౄјĂߏ፟ົăྻঈăྻٕᝋރˠ̀ٙνΠĂ҃ܧ࣎ˠٙਕፆᓂ Ğ˚ᎸேĂϔ 86 ćเિݓĂϔ 88 ćૺߋᎸĂϔ 90ğĄЯѩĂଠטܫهߏޢ͇ጯ௫ֽ҃ĂΞਕົЯࠎ࣎ ˠ۞ᒖဩăјሢٕିֈ۞ᇆᜩ҃ѣٙԼតĄҭ࣎វݒڱ۞ࠧؠ̰дٕγдଠטܫهĂЯࠎଠט ܫهߏ˘ాᜈ۞តีĂ̰ଠᄃγଠ۞मΪߏ้Ш͞Ш۞̙ТĂϺӈଠטࢦ͕ޘ˯۞̙Т҃̏Ă̙ ߏ၆۞˟̶ĞChubb & Fertman, 1997ğĄ
Ω˘͞ࢬĂ JudgeĞ2001ğ۞ࡁտ൴ன̰ଠ۰̙ҭྵਕତצĶܑனᇾķᄃĶ၁ᅫܑனķม۞̙ ˘Ă˵้ШᆧΐӅ˧ͽ྿זĶܑனᇾķć၆ٺдϫᇾଐဩ̚࠹ᙯٕᙯٺϫᇾ۞ྤੈቢ৶ѣྵૻ ধ۞ᛇ၅˧ĞDollinger, 2000ğĄ̰ଠ۰ᄮࠎјΑߏፆଠдҋ̎۞ҖજᄃᏴፄĂ҃γଠ۰ᄮࠎјΑፆ ଠдྻă፟ົٕᝋރˠ̀͘˯ĄЯѩĂ̰ଠ۰ѣྵ۞ҋԧड़ਕĂ˵ྵਕତצᄃࢬ၆ϫᇾᄃ၁ᅫܑ னม۞̙˘Ă้Ш;Հк۞Ӆ˧ֽ྿јϫᇾĄ ૄٺ݈ĂώࡁտଯኢĈ༊צྏ۰జࠁځቁͷӧᙱ۞ϫᇾĂ˫ග̟а㒝ੈिॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צ ྏ۰̙ҭྵٽٺ၅ᛇֱγд۞ྤੈቢ৶Ăͷਕࢬ၆ϫᇾᄃ၁ᅫܑனม۞̙˘Ăֽአፋඉரͽਕѣ ྵр۞̍үܑனĄ࠹ͅгĂ้Шγଠ۞צྏ۰Ă̙ҭྵ̙ਕ၅ᛇٙࠁ̝ϫᇾᆸѨٙயϠ۞͔ጱү ϡĂͷ̙ᙯ͕а㒝ੈिĂᄮࠎӈֹѣр۞̍үܑன˵ߏγࠧ˧ณ۞үϡĂܧҋ̎ਕ˧ٙĂ̍үܑ ன̙֭ົѣព۞ԼචĄЯѩĂរᙋϫᇾᆸѨᄃа㒝ੈि၆ᇴጯ̍үܑன۞ᇆᜩĂົᐌጯ௫۰ଠט ܫه۞̙Т̙҃ТĂϺӈ҂រϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهˬ۰дጯ௫۰̍үܑன˯۞Ϲ̢үϡߏ ώࡁտ۞ࡁտϫ۞̝˘Ą ˬăϫᇾనؠăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫه၆ጯ௫જ̝፟ᇆᜩ ᔵϫᇾనؠநኢ۞ࡁտ۰дϫᇾᆸѨᄃ̍үܑனᙯܼ۞ࡁտ˯Ă̏᎕˞࠹༊к۞ࡁտඕڍĂ ҭкͽ̍үܑனࠎֶតีĂ͌ͽଐຍតีĞજ፟̈́ଐຏğࠎଣࢦᕇĄϫᇾనؠநኢдͽـ̂кజᑕ
ϡд̍થЋგᅳાĂࢋߏࣄϡૺᄃኢᕇֽ೩ࣶ̿̍۞̍үܑனĂޝ͌ྻϡдኝވିጯଐဩ̚Ą ࡶࢋϫᇾనؠநኢྻϡдኝވିጯᄃጯ௫˯Ăಶυื҂ᇋጯ௫۰۞જ፟ᄃଐຏតีĄЯࠎܕѐֽ۞ ࡁտĞࠏڒĂϔ 89 ă 90 ćࠏڒăڒ̋Ăϔ 89 ć Pintrich, 1999, 2000 ć Snow, Corno, & Jackson,
1996ć Wigfield & Eccles, 2000ğ̏൴னጯ௫۰۞જ፟ᄃଐຏߏኝވጯ௫ܧ૱ࢦࢋ۞តีĂ҃ͷࡁտ
۰˵̂ౌෛֱតีࠎࢦࢋ۞ֶតีĄ
ܕѐֽĂଣጯ௫۰જ፟ᄃଐຏ۰Ăͽҋԧአፋጯ௫நኢĞself-regulated learning theoryğצࢦ ෛĞࠏڒĂϔ 90 ć Pintrich,2000ğĄॲፂҋԧአፋጯ௫நኢĂጯ௫જ፟ᄃଐຏߏҋԧአፋጯ௫። ̚ܧ૱ࢦࢋ۞ј̶Ąώࡁտॲፂҋԧአፋጯ௫ĞPintrich,1989,1999ğᄃഇ୕ᆊࣃሀёĞWigfield ō Eccles, 2000ğᄮࠎጯ௫જ፟Βӣᆊࣃăഇ୕ᄃଐຏˬ̂ј̶Ą
ᆊࣃٕჍ̍үᆊࣃĞtask valueğĂߏጯ௫۰၆পؠጯ௫̍ү۞ෞᆊĂෞᆊ۞ቑᘞΒӣ˞ࢦࢋ ّăᎸă၁ϡّᄃᆊĞWigfield ō Eccles, 2000ğĄдϫᇾనؠ۞ࡁտ̚Ă Locke ᄃ Bryan ۞ࡁտ൴ ன˘۞ඕڍĈ၆צྏࠁځቁͷณ̼۞۞ϫᇾĂͧࠁሀቘϫᇾՀਕֹ࣎វயϠ̍үᎸĄೱ֏ ̝Ăࠁځቁ۞ϫᇾĂਕ೩̿࣎វ၆̍ү۞ᎸޘĄЯࠎϫᇾనؠநኢᄮࠎĂࠁځቁ۞ϫᇾਕֹ ࣎វ၅ᛇזϫᇾనؠٙ୬็྿ᄃ̍ү࠹ᙯ۞ຍဦĞLocke & Latham, 1990ğĄ
ഇ୕ј̶ߏጯ௫۰дጯ௫ॡ၆ҋ̎јΑ۞ഇ୕ĂΒӣ˞ҋԧड़ਕᄃഇ୕јΑĞWigfield ō Eccles, 2000ğĄд Bandura ۞நኢሀё̚ĂϫᇾΒӣѣีΑਕĈ˘ߏ͔ጱጯ௫۰ഈ˘পؠ۞͞ШΝ አፋҖજᄃᄮۢć˟ߏүࠎෞҤ࣎ˠܑன۞ᇾĄѝഇ၆ҋԧड़ਕ۞ࡁտ఼૱ߏ೩ֻጯϠܑன۞ᇾ ĞϫᇾğĂГϡߙֱ͞ڱፆԘିጯĂͽീณҋԧड़ਕ۞ԼតĞSchwartz & Gredler, 1998ğĄΩγĂдϫᇾ నؠநኢ̚˵೩̈́Ăᖣϫᇾ۞ࠁĂШ࣎វ็྿ഇΞ྿ј۞ܑனͪĂົᇆᜩ࣎វ۞ҋԧड़ਕĄ Meyerᄃ Gellatly ۞ࡁտӮ͚ࠁϫᇾົᇆᜩ࣎វ۞ҋԧड़ਕĄͷ Earley ٺ 1986 ۞ࡁտ̚˵൴னĂ Шצྏ۰а㒝ѣᙯٺ̍үܑன۞ϒࢬੈिĂΞ೩צྏ۞ҋԧड़ਕĂ̝ͅົֹצྏ۞ҋԧड़ਕࢫҲ Ğ͔ҋ Locke & Latham, 1990, p.73ğĄ
ଐຏј̶ΒӣϒШଐຏᄃШଐຏĞSnow et al., 1996ğĄ KlingerĞ1982ğᄮࠎଐຏͅᑕߏෞᝥа 㒝۞ܑᇈĄଐຏͅᑕυѣ၆෪Ă҃ͷߏ࣎ˠ၆ྍ၆෪ෞᝥޢ۞˘̰дੈཱིĄ SchneiderĞ1987ğ дଣտᄃјಶҖࠎѣᙯ۞ଐຏͅᑕ̝ޢĂᄮࠎд̍үЇચ̚Ăа㒝ົᄃଐຏͅᑕ࠹̢ాඕĄ࿅а 㒝Ăጯ௫۰ົซҖҋԧෞᝥĂ֭Я҃யϠଐຏͅᑕĞࠏڒăڒ̋Ăϔ 89ğĄࡶߏጯ௫۰ጯ௫ј ΑĂග̟а㒝ົ͔൴ϒШଐຏͅᑕĂтĈಈᝌăЍၷăᎸጬඈćࡶߏጯ௫۰ጯ௫εୀĂග̟а㒝ົ ͔൴ШଐຏͅᑕĂтĈೌ๋ăϠঈă௧ປඈĄࡶϤϫᇾనؠநኢֽଣଐຏͅᑕĂᄮࠎଐຏߏ ෞҤޢ۞யۏĂ˵ົᇆᜩ࣎វ˭˘Ѩ۞ϫᇾనؠĄགྷ።ϒШଐຏ۰Ă้Шࠎ˭˘Ѩ۞Җજనؠྵ۞ ϫᇾćགྷ።Шଐຏ۰Ă้Шࠎ˭˘ѨҖજనؠྵҲ۞ϫᇾĄЯѩĂଐຏͅᑕߏҖજ۞͕நਕĂ Ϗഅགྷ።ଐຏͅᑕҖજ۞જ፟Ğࠏڒăڒ̋Ăϔ 89 ć Locke & Latham, 1990ğĄ
ტЪ݈Ăώࡁտॲፂϫᇾనؠநኢᄃҋԧአፋጯ௫நኢ۞៍ᕇĂͷֶፂଠטܫه۞পّΞۢĈ ༊้Ш̰ଠ۰ѣјΑགྷរॡĂ၆ଐဩ۞៍О෪ߏ႕ຍ۞Ăົ၆ҖࠎயϠᆧૻүϡĂ၆ྍ̍үЇચ ѣྵ۞ෞᆊăഇϏֽ۞̍үܑனਕјΑĂ҃ѣྵ۞ҋԧड़ਕĄΩ˘͞ࢬĂ̰ଠ۰၆ϫᇾଐဩ̚ ࠹ᙯٕᙯٺϫᇾ۞ྤੈቢ৶ѣྵૻধ۞ᛇ၅˧ĞDollinger, 2000ğĄ࿅а㒝Ă้Ш̰ଠ۰ົซҖҋ ԧෞᝥăயϠଐຏͅᑕ҃જજ፟ĄૄٺѩĂώࡁտଯኢĈ༊ࠁ้Ш̰ଠ۰ځቁͷӧᙱ۞ϫᇾĂ ˫೩ֻа㒝ੈिॡĂੵ˞ਕᆧซ̍үܑனγĂጯ௫જ፟˵ົЯѩ҃೩̿Ą࠹ͅгĂ้Шγଠ۞צྏ ۰Ă̙ҭ̙ົ၅ᛇٙࠁ̝ϫᇾᆸѨٙயϠ۞͔ጱүϡĂͷ̙ᙯ͕а㒝ੈिĂᄮࠎӈֹѣр۞̍үܑ ன˵ߏγࠧ˧ณ۞үϡĂܧҋ̎ਕ˧ٙĂ̍үܑனܧҭ̙ົѣព۞ԼචĂ˵̙ົ೩̿ጯ௫જ ፟ĄЯѩĂଣϫᇾᆸѨᄃа㒝ੈि၆ጯ௫જ፟۞ᇆᜩߏӎົᐌጯ௫۰ଠטܫه۞̙Т̙҃ТĂϺ ӈ҂រϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهдጯ௫۰ጯ௫જ፟˯۞Ϲ̢үϡĂࠎώࡁտ۞ࡁտϫ۞̝˟Ą
͞ ā ā ڱ
˘ăࡁտ၆෪ ώࡁտͽέݑгડ઼̚Ϡࠎࡁտ၆෪ĂВ٩Ᏼ˟઼ٙ̚˟ѐ৺ˣጯϠࠎࡁտᇹώĂซ˘Վͽצ ྏ۰дĶጯຽјಶయЇณܑķ˯̶ດĂܑϯດ้Ш̰ଠĄώࡁտפ̶۞݈ 33 Ʀࠎγଠ۰ăޢ 33Ʀࠎ̰ଠ۰ણᄃ၁រĂᓁࢍѣड़ᇹώѣ 230 ˠĄ̚ĂշϠࠎ 119 ˠẴϠࠎ 111 ˠĂᇹώ̙̚Β ӣপঅጯϠĄ ˟ăࡁտ̍ Ğ˘ğᇴጯαྻზീរ ώീរдүࠎצྏ۰ᇴጯ̍үܑன۞ᇾĄѩീរߏώࡁտ۰ֶፂ઼ϲበᛌᐡٙበ۞઼̚ᇴጯ ኝώௐ˘Ίௐ˘ౢ̝ௐα̈́ௐ̣࣎ಏ̮ٙበᄦĄώࡁտܐበᄦ 90 ᗟĂᐌޢͽέ៉ݑొгડ 542 Щ઼ ˟ጯϠࠎᇹώซҖྏĂ֭ॲፂྏඕڍࢍზᙱޘăᝥҾޘᄃܫޘĄࠎ˞ጐณֹ̙ጯϠ̝ᇴጯਕ˧ᇆ ᜩ၁រፆԘĂώࡁտᏴפᙱޘд.60 ͽ˯̝ྏᗟВ 40 ᗟүࠎ၁រፆԘ۞Մफ़Ă֭ѩ 40 ᗟᐌ፟ј Aă B ă C ă D αёྏסĄՏ˘ёྏס̚ѣ˩ᗟᗟϫĂՏᗟ˩̶Ăᓁࢍ˘Ѻ̶Ăޢΐᓁצྏ۰д Bă C ă D ˬ ё ˯ ۞ ̶ ᇴ ࠎ ᓁ ̶ Ą α ё ྏ ס ۞ ᙱ ޘ ᄃ ᝥ Ҿ ޘ ౌ ߏ . 6 8 Ą Զ Η ܫ ޘ ֶ Ԕ ࠎ.86 ă.91 ă.89 ̈́.85 Ą Ğ˟ğᇴጯጯ௫જ፟ณܑώࡁտֶፂҋԧአፋጯ௫ĞPintrich, 1989, 1999ğᄃഇ୕ᆊࣃሀёĞWigfield ō Eccles, 2000ğĂ֭ ણ҂ࠏڒᄃڒ̋Ğϔ 89ğٙበᄦ઼̝̚Ϡҋԧአፋጯ௫ณܑĂҋበ઼̚Ϡᇴጯጯ௫જ፟ณֽܑ ീณצྏ۰۞ጯ௫જ፟ĄώณܑΒ߁Ķ̍үᆊࣃķăĶҋԧड़ਕķăĶഇ୕јΑķăĶϒШଐຏķăĶ Шଐຏķ̶̣࣎ณܑĂՏ̶࣎ณܑࣧЧѣ 8 ᗟĂଳϡ Likert ̣ᕇณܑ۞͞ёĂĶ5ķܑЪޘࠎ 81 ƦƂ 100 ƦăĶ4ķܑЪޘࠎ 61 ƦƂ 80 ƦăĶ3ķܑЪޘࠎ 41 ƦƂ 60 ƦăĶ2ķܑ Ъޘࠎ 21 ƦƂ 40 ƦăĶ1ķܑЪޘࠎ 0 ƦƂ 20 ƦĄ дЯ৵̶ژ˯ĞN=542ğĂБณܑͽคڱ٩̣࣎পᇈࣃ̂ٺ 1 ۞Я৵ĂЧЯ৵ม۞࠹ᙯ̬ ٺ.24 Ƃ.56 ̝มĂЯѩώࡁտଳ̈ϹڱซҖϹᖼคĄдӁੵొ̶ݭఈณҲٺ.30 ۞ᗟϫ̝ ޢĂЧЯ৵̣ܲᗟĄߤᗟϫ̰टޢĂώࡁտЯ৵˘Щࠎҋԧड़ਕćЯ৵˟Щࠎഇ୕јΑć Я৵ˬЩࠎ̍үᆊࣃćЯ৵αЩࠎШଐຏćЯ৵̣ЩࠎϒШଐຏĄ 25 ࣎ᗟϫ۞ݭఈณ ̬ٺ.32 Ƃ.84 ̝มĂВТࣃ̬ٺ.28 Ƃ.81 ̝มẶ࣎Я৵ВΞྋᛖБณܑ 25 ࣎ᗟϫᓁតளณ۞ 54.72 ƦĄдܫޘ͞ࢬẶ࣎Я৵۞̰ొ˘ّ Cronbach ɗܼᇴ̶Ҿࠎ.86 ă.85 ă.84 ă.77 ᄃ.86 Ą ώീរ۞ࢍ̶͞ёࠎצྏ۰ᏴĶ5ķග 5 ̶ăᏴĶ4ķග 4 ̶ăČČăᏴĶ1ķග 1 ̶ĄдՏ˘̶ณ ܑ˯̶۞ᓁӈࠎྍ̶ณܑ۞̶ᇴĄՏ̶࣎ณܑҲࠎ 5 ̶Ăࠎ 25 ̶Ą ĞˬğጯຽјಶయЇณܑ ώࡁտീณצྏ۰ଠטܫه̝ณܑԼበҋ̚۾Ğϔ 86ğ۞ĶጯຽјಶయЇณܑķĄώณܑϡٺ ෞณ઼̚Ϡ၆ٺҋ̎дᇴጯጯຽ͞ࢬјΑᄃεୀ۞ҋԧଠטᄃయЇ̝มٙх̝ᙯܼ۞࠻ڱĄณܑВѣ 16ᗟૻ࢝ᏴፄᗟĂՏ࣎ᗟϫౌೡጯϠдᇴጯጯ௫ॡјΑٕεୀ۞ଐဩĄд 16 ᗟ̚Ăѣ 8 ᗟീณצ ྏ۰၆јΑଐဩ۞యЇຏۢĂΩγ 8 ᗟീณצྏ۰၆εୀଐဩ۞యЇຏۢĄࡶצྏ۰ᏴፄྍְІߏϤ ࣎ˠ͔ 1 ̶ćࡶᏴፄྍְІߏϤಛˠ۞Җࠎٙጱ 0 ̶ĄЯѩĂྍณܑΞᒔ˘࣎ ᓁ̶Ă̶ᇴ̶Ҷд 0ĞγଠğƂ 16Ğ̰ଠğ̝มĄ̶ດĂດ้Ш̰ଠć̝ͅĂດ้ШγଠĄ
ซҖЯ৵̶ژĞN=542ğॡĂώࡁտͽคڱ٩࣎Я৵ĂЯࠎЯ৵ม۞࠹ᙯ̈ٺ.01 ĂЯ ѩͽ̂តளڱĞvarimaxğซҖۡϹᖼคĄߤᗟϫ̰टޢĂЯ৵˘۞ᗟϫдീณצྏ၆εୀଐဩ ۞ྋᛖĂЯ৵˟ߏീณצྏ၆јΑଐဩ۞ྋᛖĂЯѩЯ৵˘ЩࠎĶεୀଐဩ۞ଠטܫهķĂЯ ৵˟ЩࠎĶјΑଐဩ۞ଠטܫهķĄЯࠎߏᕇณܑĂͷБณܑΪѣ 16 ᗟᗟϫĄ߇Ăдܫޘ͞ࢬĂ ࣎Я৵۞̰ొ˘ّ Cronbach ɗܼᇴ̶Ҿࠎ.66 ᄃ.56 ĂБณܑࠎ.57 Ą 16 ࣎ᗟϫ۞Я৵ఈณ̬ ٺ.23 Ƃ.62 ̝มĂВТࣃ̬ٺ.05 Ƃ.39 ̝มĂ࣎Я৵ВΞྋᛖБณܑ 16 ࣎ᗟϫᓁតளณ۞ 18.79 ƦĄ ˬăࡁտតี ώࡁտ۞ҋតีߏϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهĂֶតีߏᇴጯ̍үܑனᄃጯ௫જ፟Ąͽ˭̶ ҾᄲځĈ ϫᇾᆸѨĈ̶ࠎځቁͷӧᙱ۞ϫᇾᄃሀቘ۞ϫᇾ࣎ͪĄώࡁտॲፂϫᇾనؠநኢĞLocke & Latham, 1990ğĂଳณ̼۞͞ёࠁϫᇾĄͽ̙Тٺࡁտ၆෪۞ 147 Щ઼˟ጯϠԆј A ă B ă C ă D α ёᇴጯྏסޢĂՏ˘ё̶۞πӮᇴΐ࣎ᇾमࠎĶځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾķ۞ࠁͪĞ˩ᗟğĂ҃ͽ ĶႽ˧҃ࠎķүࠎሀቘϫᇾ۞ࠁͪĄ а㒝ੈिĈ̶ࠎѣа㒝ੈिᄃа㒝ੈिĄࠎᔖҺа㒝ੈिјࠎΩ˘ԛё۞ϫᇾࠁĂЯ ѩĂੵ˞൴аྏסγĂ֭дྏס˯ଳϡ͛фခᐽٕ៙ካүࠎĶѣа㒝ੈिķ۞ፆԘĄࡶצྏ۰̶д 90Ƃ 100 ̶มĂග̟ĶGOOD Ċ҂ޝрಊĊķ۞͛фа㒝ćࡶצྏ۰̶д 60 Ƃ 80 ̶มĂග ̟Ķޝ̙ಊĊᚶᜈΐڵķ۞͛фа㒝ćࡶצྏ۰̶д 60 ̶ͽ˭มĂග̟Ķ̙ࢋঈድĂᚶᜈӅ ˧ಊĊķć҃Ķа㒝ੈिķ̙ҭ̙൴аྏסĂ˵Їң͛ф˯۞ခᐽٕ៙ካĄ ଠטܫهĈࠎצྏ۰۞ᛳّតีĄώࡁտצྏ۰дࡁտ۰ҋበ̝ĶጯຽјಶయЇณܑķ̶̝̚ ݈ 33 Ʀࠎγଠ۰Ăޢ 33 Ʀࠎ̰ଠ۰Ą ᇴጯ̍үܑனĈώࡁտٙ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனߏצྏ۰дώࡁտ۰ҋበ۞Ķᇴጯαྻზྏסķ Bă C ă D ˬё˯၁̶ᇴ۞ᓁĄЯࠎ A ёྏסΪѣϫᇾᆸѨ۞ࠁĂ҃а㒝ੈि۞ፆԘĂ߇Ϗ Еˢࢍ̶Ą ᇴጯጯ௫જ፟Ĉଳࢍצྏ۰дώࡁտበᄦ۞Ķᇴጯጯ௫જ፟ณܑķ˯Ă̍үᆊࣃăҋԧड़ਕăഇ ୕јΑăϒШଐຏᄃШଐຏ̶̣࣎ณܑ˯۞̶Ą αă၁߉Ԕ ώࡁտ۞၁߉ԔΒӣྏă٩Ᏼצྏጯ७ă݈ീă၁រፆԘăޢീ̣࣎ล߱Ąͽ˭̶ҾᄲځĄ Ğ˘ğྏ ώࡁտдԆјณܑበᄦޢĂᐌӈ٩Ᏼέ៉ݑొгડ˩઼ٙ̚В 542 Ҝ઼˟ѐ৺ጯϠࠎᇹώซҖௐ ˘ѨྏĄௐ˘Ѩྏ̝ϫ۞дซҖീณ̍۞ีϫ̶ژ̈́ܫăड़ޘ҂រĄॲፂௐ˘Ѩྏ۞ඕڍĂ ώࡁտᏴפᇴጯαྻზྏס̚ᙱޘᄃᝥҾޘ࠹ܕ۞ᗟϫ 40 ᗟĂᐌ̶፟ࠁј A ă B ă C ă D αёĂՏ ࣎ۍώЧ 10 ᗟĄ̝ޢĂώࡁտΩ٩פέ៉ݑొгડ 147 Ҝ઼̚˟ѐ৺ጯϠࠎᇹώซҖௐ˟ѨྏĄௐ ˟Ѩྏ̝ϫ۞дቁؠϒё၁រፆԘॡĂځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾॡ۞ፆԘᗟᇴĞ˩ᗟğĄ ॲፂௐ˟Ѩྏ۞ඕڍĂώࡁտ൴னצྏ۰дࢨט۞ 5 ̶ᛗ̰Ăਕඍ၆۞πӮᗟᇴߏ 6 Ăᇾम ࠎ 2 ĄЯѩॲፂ݈ඕڍĂώࡁտቁؠ၁រፆԘॡĂځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾߏצྏ۰υืд 5 ̶ᛗ۞ॡมࢨ ט̰ĂԆј 10 ᗟ۞ᇴጯྻზᗟĞπӮᇴΐ࣎ᇾमğĄ Ğ˟ğ٩Ᏼצྏጯ७ д၁រซҖ̝݈Ăώࡁտͽϲຍ٩ᇹ͞ё٩Ᏼέݑξٙఢሀ࠹ܕ۞઼̚Ă٩פ઼˟ጯϠˣĄ
֭ͽ٩ច͞ёՙؠ̶Ҿତצα̙Т۞၁រፆԘĞځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिăځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾƝ а㒝ੈिăሀቘϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिăሀቘϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिğĄቁؠ၁រצྏޢĂώࡁտซ˘Վᄓะצ ྏ۰ણᄃ၁រ݈ௐ˘Ѩᇴጯ߱҂јᒻࠎВតีĞͽ৺ࠎಏҜᖼೱј T ̶ᇴğĂͽүࠎ҂រᇴጯ̍ү ܑன̝ϡĄ Ğˬğ݈ീ ՙؠତצ၁រፆԘ۞৺ޢĂд၁រซҖ݈ĂώࡁտА߉ീĶᇴጯጯຽјಶయЇณܑķᄃĶᇴጯ ጯ௫જ፟ณܑķĄ̝ޢГ੫၆ĶጯຽјಶయЇณܑķ۞߉ീඕڍĂώࡁտ߄Ᏼдྍณܑ˯̶̝ ݈ăޢ 33 Ʀ۞צྏ۰ࠎ̰ଠ۰ᄃγଠ۰Ăޢણᄃ၁រ۞ѣड़ᇹώࠎ 230 ˠĄ Ğαğϒё၁រፆԘ дĶᇴጯጯຽјಶయЇณܑķᄃĶᇴጯጯ௫જ፟ณܑķീԆޢĂಶฟؕϒё၁រ۞ፆԘĄώࡁտ ВѣαѨ၁រፆԘĂᏴд˝˩ጯѐ˭ጯഇௐ˘Ѩ߱҂ޢĂͽ˘࣎ߐഇࠎ၁រഇมĂдߐഇ˘זߐഇα ۞ѝҋ௫ซҖ၁រĄ Ğ̣ğޢീ дԆјௐαѨ۞၁រፆԘޢĂќа D ёྏס֭ឰТጯЃिࡗ 3 ̶ᛗĂᐌӈ߉ീĶᇴጯጯ௫જ፟ณ ܑķޢീĄޞצྏ۰үඍԆјޢќаณܑĂፋ࣎၁រӈඕՁĄ ̣ă၁រనࢍᄃፆԘԔ дᇴጯ̍үܑன͞ࢬĂώࡁտଳ 2ĞϫᇾᆸѨğŰ 2Ğа㒝ੈिğŰ 2Ğଠטܫهğ۞צྏ۰ม၁ រనࢍĞbetween-subjects designğĄፆԘតีࠎϫᇾᆸѨĞځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾăሀቘϫᇾğᄃа㒝ੈि Ğѣа㒝ੈिăа㒝ੈिğĂଠטܫهĞ̰ଠăγଠğߏᛳّតีĂֶតีࠎᇴጯ̍үܑனĂ֭ͽצ ྏ۰˝˩ጯѐޘ˭ጯഇௐ˘Ѩᇴጯ߱҂јᒻࠎВតีĄ дᇴጯጯ௫જ፟͞ࢬĂώࡁտଳ 2ĞϫᇾᆸѨğŰ 2Ğа㒝ੈिğŰ 2ĞଠטܫهğŰ 2Ğീณล ߱ğ۞צྏ۰มצྏ۰̰ЪనࢍĞwithin-subjects between-subjects mixed designğĄፆԘតีࠎϫᇾ ᆸѨĞځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾăሀቘϫᇾğᄃа㒝ੈिĞѣа㒝ੈिăа㒝ੈिğĂଠטܫهĞ̰ଠăγ ଠğߏᛳّតีĂ҃ീณล̶߱ࠎ݈ീᄃޢീĂֶតีࠎᇴጯጯ௫જ፟Ą дፆԘԔ˯Ăώࡁտͽጯ७ࠎಏҜĂՏٙጯ७ᐌ፟٩α࣎৺ĂГѩˣ࣎৺ᐌ̶፟ࠁј α࣎၁រĂ̶ҾߏځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिăځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिăሀቘϫᇾƝа㒝ੈ िăሀቘϫᇾƝа㒝ੈिĄ˘ฟؕА߉ീĶጯຽјಶయЇณܑķĂٺޢซҖࢍ̶ژॡĂפՏ࣎ ၁រצྏ۰дྍณܑ˯̶̝݈ăޢ 33 Ʀࠎ̰ଠᄃγଠ۰Ą α࣎၁រд၁រซҖॡĂځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾົќזځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾࠁಏĶд̶̣ᛗ̰Ԇј 10ᗟ۞ᇴጯαྻზᗟķćሀቘϫᇾົќזĶႽ˧҃ࠎķ۞ϫᇾࠁಏĄдՏѨ၁រฟ̝ؕ ݈Ă၁រಞг۞၁រ۰Чҋצྏ۰̂ᓏળϫᇾࠁಏѨĂ֭ఢؠүඍॡมࠎ 5 ̶ᛗĄдௐ˘ Ѩ၁រፆԘॡĂΪѣϫᇾᆸѨ۞ࠁĂҭд̝ޢ۞ௐ˟ăˬăαѨ၁រ̚Ăੵ˞ѣϫᇾᆸѨ۞ࠁ γĂда㒝ੈि̚۞צྏ۰˵ົ൴ᔘ˯˘Ѩ۞ྏסĂྏס˯ѣࡁտ۰Ꮠҋ३ᆷ۞͛фа㒝Ă֭ࢋՐ צྏ۰̝ٸдॸ̄۞ν˯͞Ăд၁រซҖ࿅̚Ăצྏ۰Ξᐌॡ࠻֍а㒝ć҃а㒝ੈि۞Ҿ ̙൴ᔘྏסĄ၁រ࿅ᖎт˭Ĉ Ğ˘ğௐ˘Ѩ၁រፆԘ ൴˭ϫᇾࠁಏᄃᇴጯαྻზྏס A ёĂྏ۰ࢋՐצྏ۰ྫྷ̂ᓏ६ϫᇾࠁಏѨĂ֭ ྙયТጯߏӎѣ̙۞г͞ĄޞТጯщᐖ˭ֽޢĂ࿚ฟؕүඍĂٺ̶̣ᛗॡมזޢĂ࿚Әۢ ֭ќаྏסĄ
Ğ˟ğௐ˟ѨזௐαѨ۞၁រፆԘ 1. а㒝ੈि۞ፆԘ Ğ1ğྏ۰൴ᔘ˯˘Ѩ၁រፆԘ۞ᇴጯαྻზྏסĂдྏס˯ѣ၁រ۰ٙග۞͛фа㒝ੈि ĞтĈĶGOOD Ċ҂ޝрಊĊķăĶޝ̙ಊĊᚶᜈΐڵķăĶ̙ࢋঈድĂᚶᜈӅ˧ಊĊķğĄྏ۰ ࢋՐצྏ۰࠻࿅ҋ̎۞҂סޢĂ̝ٸཉдॸ̄۞ν˯֎Ăឰצྏ۰ਕᐌॡ࠻֍ҋ̎۞а㒝ੈिĄ Ğ2ğྏ۰൴˭ѩѨ۞ϫᇾࠁಏᄃᇴጯαྻზྏסĂ֭ࢋՐצྏ۰ྫྷྏ۰̂ᓏ६ϫᇾ ࠁಏѨޢĂྙયТጯߏӎѣ̙۞г͞ĄޞТጯщᐖ˭ֽޢĂ࿚ฟؕүඍĂٺ̶̣ᛗॡมז ޢĂ࿚Ә֭ۢќаྏסĄ 2. а㒝ੈि۞ፆԘ ྏ۰ۡତ൴˭ѩѨϫᇾࠁಏᄃᇴጯαྻზྏסĂࢋՐצྏ۰ྫྷྏ۰̂ᓏ६ϫᇾࠁ ಏѨޢĂྙયТጯߏӎѣ̙۞г͞ĄޞТጯщᐖ˭ֽޢĂ࿚ฟؕүඍĂٺ̶̣ᛗॡมז ޢĂ࿚Ә֭ۢќаྏסĄ дޢ˘Ѩ၁រፆԘԆјޢĂϤ၁រ۰ќа၁រՄफ़ĄЃिࡗ 3 ̶ᛗޢĂα࣎၁រТॡซҖ Ķᇴጯጯ௫જ፟ณܑķ۞ޢീĂ߉ീඕՁޢ၁រӈӘԆјĄ ̱ăࢍ̶ژ дᇴጯ̍үܑன͞ࢬĂώࡁտͽצྏ۰˝˩ጯѐޘ˭ጯഇௐ˘Ѩᇴጯ߱҂јᒻࠎВតีĞͽ৺ ࠎಏҜᖼೱј T ̶ᇴğĂซҖ 2ĞځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾăሀቘϫᇾğŰ 2Ğѣăа㒝ੈिğŰ 2Ğ̰ଠă γଠğˬЯ̄Вតᇴ̶ژĂͽଵੵצྏ۰۞ᇴጯਕ˧၆၁រፆԘٙயϠ۞ड़ڍćдጯ௫જ፟͞ ࢬĂ݈ăޢീӮଳϡ࠹Т۞ീณ̍ĂЯѩΞ៍၅צྏ۰۞જ፟дགྷ࿅၁រፆԘޢ۞ត̼ଐԛĄፂ ѩĂώࡁտซҖ 2ĞځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾăሀቘϫᇾğŰ 2Ğѣăа㒝ੈिğŰ 2Ğ̰ଠăγଠğŰ 2 Ğ݈ീăޢീğαЯ̄Ъనࢍតளᇴ̶ژĄώࡁտซҖՏ˘࣎҂រॡĂͽ.05 үࠎពͪĄдְޢ ͧྵ˯ĂЯЧˠᇴ̙ඈĂЯѩଳϡౠڱĞScheff’e methodğซҖְޢͧྵĄ
ඕ ā ā ڍ
˘ăϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهдᇴጯ̍үܑன˯۞ड़ڍ ώࡁտͽϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهࠎҋតีĂᇴጯ̍үܑனࠎֶតีĂ֭ͽצྏ۰ௐ˘Ѩ ߱҂۞ᇴጯјᒻࠎВតีֽ҂រϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهдᇴጯ̍үܑன˯۞ड़ڍĄܑ 1 ࠎϫ ᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهдᇴጯ̍үܑன˯̝πӮᇴăᇾम̈́አፋޢπӮᇴĄ дซҖˬЯ̄Вតᇴ̶ژ̝݈ĂώࡁտАซҖਫ਼ᕩТኳ҂រĂͽ҂រˣ࣎ॾ̰ਫ਼ᕩቢߏӎπ ҖĄ̶ژඕڍពϯĂˣ࣎ॾਫ਼ᕩТኳ۞నᒔ͚ĂFĞ7, 214ğŶ 1.04 Ă p< .05 ĄЯѩĂώࡁտ ᚶᜈซҖВតᇴ̶ژĄܑ1 ϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهЧдᇴጯ̍үܑன˯̝πӮᇴăᇾमăˠᇴ̈́አፋޢπӮᇴĞN Ŷ 230ğ Ҿ πӮᇴ ᇾम ˠᇴ አፋޢπӮᇴĞAdj. Mğ ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞa1ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 27.78 2.52 32 27.75 γଠĞc2ğ 27.04 4.82 27 26.60 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 27.31 2.44 32 27.28 γଠĞc2ğ 26.35 3.07 23 26.48 ሀቘϫᇾĞa2ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 27.65 2.78 34 27.71 γଠĞc2ğ 25.56 4.33 25 25.57 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 24.72 4.36 25 25.33 γଠĞc2ğ 27.53 2.69 32 27.22 ܑ 2 ࠎϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهдᇴጯ̍үܑன˯̝ˬЯ̄Вតᇴ̶ژၡࢋܑĄ̶ژඕڍ ពϯĂϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهĞA Ű B Ű Cğ۞ˬЯ̄Ϲ̢үϡ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1, 221ğŶ 5.02Ă p< .05 Ą ܑ 2 ϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهдᇴጯ̍үܑன˯̝ˬЯ̄Вតᇴ̶ژၡࢋܑ SV SS’ df MS F ϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ 13.75 1 13.75 1.47 а㒝ੈिĞBğ 6.80 1 6.80 0.73 ଠטܫهĞCğ 18.37 1 18.37 1.96 ϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिĞA Ű Bğ 0.02 1 0.02 0.00 ϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهĞA Ű Cğ 9.68 1 9.68 1.03 а㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهĞB Ű Cğ 68.67 1 68.67 7.33* ϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهĞA Ű B Ű Cğ 47.07 1 47.07 5.02* Вតี 511.37 1 511.37 54.59* ᄱमĞerrorğ 2070.09 221 9.37 ፋវ 2070.09 229 *p< .05 ซ˘Վ۞ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ̶ژඕڍពϯĈϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهда㒝ੈिĞAC д b2ğĂᄃа 㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهдሀቘϫᇾĞBC д a2ğ˟࣎ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡड़ڍ྿.05 ۞ពͪĂ F ࣃ̶Ҿߏ F Ğ1, 221ğ= 4.95 Ă p< .05 ă FĞ1, 221ğ= 11.39 Ă p< .05 Ą ώࡁտ੫၆྿ពͪ۞ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡซҖಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞҂រĄ̶ژ۞ඕڍтܑ 3 ٙϯĂд 7࣎ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞̶ژ̚Ăѣ 4 ࣎ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ྿.05 ۞ពͪĂ̶ҾߏϫᇾᆸѨда㒝ੈ
िͷ̰ଠĞA д b2c1ğĂ FĞ1,221ğŶ 5.03 Ă p< .05 ćа㒝ੈिдሀቘϫᇾͷ̰ଠĞB д a2c1ğĂ FĞ1,221ğŶ 8.26 Ă p< .05 ćଠטܫهдሀቘϫᇾͷѣа㒝ੈिĞC д a2b1ğĂ FĞ1,221ğŶ 7.00 Ă p< .05ćଠטܫهдሀቘϫᇾͷа㒝ੈिĞC д a2b2ğĂ FĞ1,221ğŶ 4.64 Ă p< .05 Ą ซ˘Վ၆ܑ 1 ۞አፋޢπӮᇴΞۢĈда㒝ͷ̰ଠ̚Ăځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑன ĞAdj. M Ŷ 27.28ğពٺሀቘϫᇾ̝ᇴጯ̍үܑனĞAdj. M Ŷ 25.33ğćሀቘϫᇾͷ̰ଠ̚Ă ѣа㒝ੈि۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனĞAdj. M Ŷ 27.71ğពٺа㒝ੈि̝ᇴጯ̍үܑனĞAdj. M Ŷ 25.33ğćдሀቘϫᇾͷѣа㒝ੈि̚Ă̰ଠ̝ᇴጯ̍үܑனĞAdj. M Ŷ 27.71ğពٺγଠ ̝ᇴጯ̍үܑனĞAdj. M Ŷ 25.57ğćдሀቘϫᇾͷа㒝ੈि̚Ăγଠ̝ᇴጯ̍үܑனĞAdj. M Ŷ 27.22ğពٺ̰ଠ۰ĞAdj. M Ŷ 25.33ğĄ ܑ 3 ϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهдᇴጯ̍үܑன˯̝ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژၡࢋܑ SV SS’ df MS F ϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ д b2c1 47.14 1 47.14 5.03 * д b2c2 7.73 1 7.73 0.83 а㒝ੈिĞBğ д a2c1 77.36 1 77.36 8.26 * д a2c2 34.34 1 34.34 3.67 ଠטܫهĞCğ д a1b2 9.83 1 9.83 1.05 д a2b1 65.61 1 65.61 7.00 * д a2b2 43.46 1 43.46 4.64 * ᄱमĞerrorğ 2070.09 221 9.37 *p< .05 ˟ăϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱дጯ௫જ፟ЧЯ৵˯۞ड़ڍ ܑ 4 ࠎϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिăଠטܫهͽ̈́ീณล߱Ğ݈ീᄃޢീğд̣࣎ጯ௫જ፟Я৵˯̝π ӮᇴăᇾमĄܑ 5 ߏϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱д̣࣎ጯ௫જ፟Я৵˯̝αЯ̄ Ъតளᇴ̶ژၡࢋܑĄͽ˭̶Ҿᄲځ̶ژඕڍĄ ܑ 4 ϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱д̣࣎ጯ௫જ፟Я৵˯̝πӮᇴăᇾमĞN Ŷ 230ğ ݈ീĞd1ğ ޢീĞd2ğ πӮᇴ ᇾम πӮᇴ ᇾम ˠᇴ ̍үᆊࣃ ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞa1ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 20.13 4.33 19.56 4.83 32 γଠĞc2ğ 18.89 4.67 18.82 4.72 27 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 18.56 4.42 17.53 4.73 32 γଠĞc2ğ 17.17 5.13 16.78 5.16 23 ሀቘϫᇾĞa2ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 18.47 3.82 18.18 4.39 34
γଠĞc2ğ 18.20 4.74 17.12 4.93 25 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 19.52 3.82 17.32 3.90 25 γଠĞc2ğ 18.81 4.29 18.66 4.70 32 ҋԧड़ਕ ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞa1ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 16.34 4.78 16.50 5.04 32 γଠĞc2ğ 13.59 5.63 13.78 5.52 27 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 13.88 5.20 14.25 4.98 32 γଠĞc2ğ 13.91 5.15 13.25 4.77 23 ሀቘϫᇾĞa2ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 14.06 4.49 13.94 4.63 34 γଠĞc2ğ 14.08 4.93 14.16 4.85 25 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 13.56 4.41 13.52 4.83 25 γଠĞc2ğ 14.37 5.03 14.47 5.08 32 ഇ୕јΑ ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞa1ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 22.78 30.7 22.16 3.45 32 γଠĞc2ğ 19.41 5.30 19.82 5.27 27 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 20.91 3.94 20.91 3.80 32 γଠĞc2ğ 21.35 4.42 18.91 5.03 23 ሀቘϫᇾĞa2ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 21.88 3.67 21.53 21.53 34 γଠĞc2ğ 21.24 3.76 20.92 20.92 25 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 21.24 4.40 20.04 20.04 25 γଠĞc2ğ 21.50 3.97 20.97 20.97 32 ϒШଐຏ ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞa1ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 15.03 5.18 15.81 5.04 32 γଠĞc2ğ 14.37 4.32 14.63 4.44 27 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 14.66 5.65 13.72 5.36 32 γଠĞc2ğ 11.52 4.31 11.70 4.38 23 ሀቘϫᇾĞa2ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 12.74 3.76 12.32 3.68 34 γଠĞc2ğ 13.28 5.39 12.88 4.98 25 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 12.12 3.72 12.04 3.80 25 γଠĞc2ğ 13.50 4.82 13.34 4.78 32 Шଐຏ ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞa1ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 10.78 4.20 11.31 4.27 32 γଠĞc2ğ 11.41 3.74 11.37 3.59 27 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 11.81 4.73 11.72 4.79 32 γଠĞc2ğ 13.39 4.92 14.78 6.14 23 ሀቘϫᇾĞa2ğ ѣа㒝Ğb1ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 13.82 4.46 14.38 4.59 34 γଠĞc2ğ 14.36 5.57 12.80 3.94 25 а㒝Ğb2ğ ̰ଠĞc1ğ 13.32 4.36 14.32 5.23 25 γଠĞc2ğ 12.50 4.49 12.81 4.69 32
ܑ 5 ϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱д̣࣎ጯ௫જ፟Я৵˯̝αЯ̄Ъតளᇴ̶ژၡࢋܑ F SV df ̍үᆊࣃ ҋԧड़ਕ ഇ୕јΑ ϒШଐຏ Шଐຏ צྏ۰ม 229 ϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ 1 0.14 0.15 0.43 5.05* 7.73* а㒝ੈिĞBğ 1 1.12 0.35 1.07 2.53 0.49 ଠטܫهĞCğ 1 0.73 0.15 3.32 0.30 0.04 ϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिĞA Ű Bğ 1 4.53* 2.06 0.08 2.71 3.97* ϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهĞA Ű Cğ 1 0.54 3.99* 3.26 4.69* 3.41 а㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهĞB Ű Cğ 1 0.15 2.37 2.61 0.17 0.33 ϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهĞA Ű B Ű Cğ 1 0.21 0.05 0.18 0.93 1.29 ᄱमĞerrorğ 222 Ğ37.77ğĞ47.58ğĞ29.30ğĞ40.21ğĞ37.47ğ צྏ۰̰ 230 ീณล߱ĞDğ 1 16.50* 0.36 8.66* 0.66 1.53 ϫᇾᆸѨŰീณล߱ĞA Ű Dğ 1 0.71 0.02 0.00 1.19 0.40 а㒝ੈिŰീณล߱ĞB Ű Dğ 1 1.56 0.04 2.98 1.46 2.07 ଠטܫهŰീณล߱ĞC Ű Dğ 1 2.88 0.00 0.09 0.06 1.24 ϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिŰീณล߱ĞA Ű B Ű Dğ 1 0.02 0.57 0.27 2.41 0.86 ϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱ĞA Ű C Ű Dğ 1 0.01 1.47 1.52 0.34 4.59* а㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱ĞB Ű C Ű Dğ 1 4.77* 0.19 3.15 0.72 4.17* ϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱ 1 3.79 0.99 6.78* 1.86 0 . 1 3 ĞA Ű B Ű C Ű Dğ ᄱमĞerrorğ 222 Ğ3.33ğ Ğ3.20ğ Ğ4.38ğ Ğ3.80ğ Ğ5.12ğ ፋវ 459 ොĈ߁ؾ̰ᇴфࠎ MSE Ą *p< .05 Ğ˘ğ̍үᆊࣃ Ϥܑ 5 ΞۢĂд̍үᆊࣃ˯۞̶ژඕڍពϯĈа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱ĞB Ű C Ű Dğˬ Я̄۞Ϲ̢үϡ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1,222ğ= 4.77 Ă p< .05 ćѨĂд˟Я̄۞Ϲ̢үϡ̚ĂϫᇾᆸѨ Űа㒝ੈिĞA Ű Bğ˵྿ពͪĂ FĞ1,222ğŶ 4.53 Ă p< .05 ćΩγĂീณล߱ĞDğ۞ࢋड़ ڍϺ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1,222ğŶ 16.50 Ă p < .05 Ą ซ˘Վ۞ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ̶ژඕڍពϯĈа㒝ੈिŰീณล߱д̰ଠĞBD д c1ğăଠטܫهŰീ ณล߱да㒝ੈिĞC D д b2ğ˟࣎ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡड़ڍౌ྿.05 ۞ពͪĂ F ࣃ̶Ҿࠎ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 5.37 Ă p< .05 ć FĞ1, 222ğŶ 7.06 Ă p< .05 Ą ώࡁտॲፂ྿ពͪ۞ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡซҖಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞҂រĄ̶ژ۞ඕڍтܑ 6 ٙϯĂд 7࣎ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞̶ژ̚ĂΪѣล߱да㒝ੈिͷ̰ଠĞD д b2c1ğ̝ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ྿.05 ۞ពͪĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 20.39 Ă p< .05 Ąซ˘ՎࢍზЪ׀̝πӮᇴΞۢĈда㒝ੈिͷ̰ଠ ̚Ăצྏ۰݈ീ̝̍үᆊࣃĞM Ŷ 18.98ğពٺޢീ̝̍үᆊࣃĞM Ŷ 17.44ğĄ
ܑ 6 а㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱д̍үᆊࣃ˯̝ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژၡࢋܑ SV SS df MS F а㒝ੈिĞBğ д c1d1 3.63 1 3.63 0.18 д c1d2 62.18 1 62.18 3.03 ᄱमĞerrorğ 9125.01 444 20.55 ଠטܫهĞCğ д b2d1 20.16 1 20.16 0.98 д b2d2 5.62 1 5.62 0.27 ᄱमĞerrorğ 9125.01 444 20.55 ീณล߱ĞDğ д b1c1 5.94 1 5.94 1.78 д b2c1 67.93 1 67.93 20.39* д b2c2 1.78 1 1.78 0.53 ᄱमĞerrorğ 739.65 222 3.33 Ŏ p< .05 Ğ˟ğҋԧड़ਕ дҋԧड़ਕ˯۞̶ژඕڍтܑ 5 ٙϯĈϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهĞA Ű Cğ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1,222ğ Ŷ 3.99 Ă p< .05 Ąώࡁտॲፂ྿ពͪ۞ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡซҖಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞҂រĄ̶ژඕڍтܑ 7 ٙϯĂд 4 ࣎ಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞҂រ̚ĂΪѣ˘࣎ಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ྿ពͪĂࠎଠטܫهдځቁͷӧᙱ ϫᇾĞC д a1ğॡĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 6.13 Ă p< .05 Ąซ˘ՎࢍზЪ׀ޢπӮᇴΞۢĈځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ ̚Ă̰ଠ۞ҋԧड़ਕĞM Ŷ 15.25ğពٺγଠĞM Ŷ 13.66ğĄ ܑ 7 ϫᇾᆸѨᄃଠטܫهдҋԧड़ਕ˯̝ಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژၡࢋܑ SV SS df MS F ϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ д c1 128.81 1 128.81 2.71 д c2 68.88 1 68.88 1.45 ଠטܫهĞCğ д a1 179.73 1 179.73 6.13* д a2 0.52 1 0.52 0.89 ᄱमĞerrorğ 10563.66 222 47.58 Ŏ p< .05 Ğˬğഇ୕јΑ Ϥܑ 5 ΞۢĂдഇ୕јΑ˯۞̶ژඕڍពϯĈϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱ĞA Ű BŰ C Ű DğαЯ̄Ϲ̢үϡ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 6.78 Ă p< .05 ćГ۰Ăീณล߱ĞDğ۞ ࢋड़ڍϺ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1, 222ğ= 8.66 Ă p< .05 Ą
ώࡁտॲፂ྿ពͪ۞αЯ̄Ϲ̢үϡซҖಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡăಏಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡᄃಏಏಏ৷ࢋड़ ڍ۞҂រĄಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ̶ژ۞ඕڍពϯĂд 8 ࣎ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ̶ژ̚Ăѣ 3 ࣎ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ྿ព ͪĂ̶ҾߏϫᇾᆸѨŰа㒝ੈिŰീณล߱дγଠĞABD д c2ğĂ F ࣃ̶Ҿࠎ FĞ1,222ğ=4.46 Ă p< .05ćϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱да㒝ੈिĞACD д b2ğĂ FĞ1,222ğ=6.31 Ă p< .05 ć а㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱дځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞBCD д a1ğĂ FĞ1,222ğŶ 8.01 Ă p< .05 Ąତ ᜈ੫၆ ABD д c2 ă ACD д b2 ă BCD д a1 ซҖಏಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ̶ژĂඕڍ൴னд 24 ࣎ಏಏ৷Ϲ̢ү ϡ̚Ăѣ 4 ࣎ಏಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ྿ពͪĂ̶ҾߏĈϫᇾᆸѨŰീณล߱дγଠͷа㒝ੈि ĞAD д b2c2ğĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 4.12 Ă p< .05 ćа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهдޢീͷࠎځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞBC д a1d2ğĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 6.60 Ă p< .05 ćа㒝ੈिŰീณล߱дצྏࠎγଠͷତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ ĞBD д a1c2ğĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 11.01 Ă p< .05 ćଠטܫهŰീณล߱дځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾͷа㒝ੈि ĞCD д a1b2ğĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 7.82 Ă p<.05 Ąώࡁտ੫၆ 4 ࣎྿ពͪ۞ಏಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡซҖಏ ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ҂រĂඕڍтܑ 8 ٙϯĂѣ 3 ࣎ಏಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ྿.05 ۞ពͪĂ̶ҾߏĈଠטܫ هдځቁӧᙱϫᇾΐѣа㒝ੈिͷޢീĞC д a1b1d2ğĂ FĞ1, 444ğŶ 4.63 Ă p< .05 ćീณล߱д ځቁӧᙱϫᇾΐа㒝ੈिͷγଠĞD д a1b2c2ğĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 15.58 Ă p< .05 ćീณล߱дሀቘ ϫᇾΐа㒝ੈिͷ̰ଠĞD д a2b2c1ğĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 4.11 Ă p< .05 Ą ܑ 8 ϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱дഇ୕јΑ˯̝ಏಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژၡࢋܑ SV SS df MS F ϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ д b2c2d1 0.43 1 0.43 0.03 д b2c2d2 44.29 1 44.29 2.63 ᄱमĞerrorğ 7475.65 444 16.84 а㒝ੈिĞBğ д a1c1d2 56.25 1 25.00 1.37 д a1c1d2 25.00 1 54.71 3.54 д a1c2d2 5.84 1 5.84 0.35 ᄱमĞerrorğ 7475.65 444 16.84 ଠטܫهĞCğ д a1b1d2 84.42 1 84.42 4.63* д a1b2d1 3.34 1 3.34 0.20 д a1b2d2 41.54 1 41.54 2.47 ᄱमĞerrorğ 7475.65 444 16.84 ീณล߱ĞDğ д a1b1c2 2.24 1 2.24 0.51 д a1b2c1 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 д a1b2c2 68.171 1 68.17 15.58* д a2b2c1 18.00 1 18.00 4.11* ᄱमĞerrorğ 971.42 222 4.38 Ŏ p< .05 ซ˘Վ၆ܑ 4 ̝ॾπӮᇴΞۢĂдځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾΐѣа㒝ੈिͷޢീ̚Ă̰ଠ۞ഇ୕
јΑĞM Ŷ 22.16ğពٺγଠĞM Ŷ 19.82ğćдځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾΐа㒝ੈिͷγଠ̚Ă݈ ീॡ۞ഇ୕јΑĞM Ŷ 21.35ğពٺޢീॡĞM Ŷ 18.91ğćдሀቘϫᇾΐа㒝ੈिͷ̰ଠ ̚Ă݈ീॡ۞ഇ୕јΑĞM Ŷ 21.24ğពٺޢീॡĞM Ŷ 20.04ğĄ ĞαğϒШଐຏ ϒШଐຏ˯۞̶ژඕڍтܑ 5 ٙϯĈϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهĞA Ű Cğ˟Я̄Ϲ̢үϡ྿ពͪ Ă FĞ1, 222ğŶ 4.69 Ă p< .05 ĄϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ۞ࢋड़ڍ˵྿ពͪĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 5.05 Ă p< .05Ąώࡁտ੫၆ព۞ϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهĞA Ű Cğ˟Я̄Ϲ̢үϡซҖಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ҂រĄ ̶ژඕڍтܑ 9 ٙϯĂд 4 ࣎ಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞҂រ̚Ăѣ 2 ࣎ಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ྿ពͪĂ̶ҾߏĈϫ ᇾᆸѨд̰ଠĞA д c1ğćଠטܫهдځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞC д a1ğĄซ˘ՎࢍზЪ׀ޢπӮᇴΞ ۢĈд̰ଠ̚Ăځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ۞ϒШଐຏĞM Ŷ 14.81ğពٺሀቘϫᇾĞM Ŷ 12.31ğć дځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ̚Ă̰ଠ۞ϒШଐຏĞM Ŷ 14.81ğពٺγଠĞM Ŷ 13.17ğĄ ܑ 9 ϫᇾᆸѨᄃଠטܫهдϒШଐຏ˯̝ಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژၡࢋܑ SV SS df MS F ϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ д c1 378.05 1 378.05 9.40* д c2 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 ଠטܫهĞCğ д a1 180.68 1 180.68 4.49* д a2 44.37 1 44.37 1.10 ᄱम 8926.05 222 40.21 Ŏ p< .05 Ğ̣ğШଐຏ Ϥܑ 5 ΞۢĂдШଐຏ˯۞̶ژඕڍពϯĈϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱ĞA Ű C Ű Dğˬ Я̄Ϲ̢үϡ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 4.59 Ă p< .05 ćа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱ĞB Ű C Ű DğˬЯ̄Ϲ̢үϡ˵྿྿ពͪĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 4.17 Ă p< .05 Ąд˟Я̄Ϲ̢үϡ̚ĂϫᇾᆸѨ Űа㒝ੈिĞA Ű Bğ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1, 222ğ=3.97 Ă p< .05 ĄΩγĂϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ۞ࢋड़ڍϺ ྿ពͪĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 7.73 Ă p< .05 Ą ώࡁտАॲፂ྿ពͪ۞ˬЯ̄Ϲ̢үϡĂซҖϫᇾᆸѨăଠטܫهᄃീณล̝߱ಏ৷Ϲ̢ү ϡăಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞҂រĄಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ̶ژ۞ඕڍពϯĈѣ 2 ࣎ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ྿ពͪĂ̶Ҿ ࠎϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهдޢീॡĞAC д d2ğĂ FĞ1, 444ğŶ 6.74 Ă p< .05 ćଠטܫهŰീณล߱д ሀቘϫᇾॡĞCD д a2ğĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 4.42 Ă p< .05 Ąତᜈ੫၆ϫᇾᆸѨŰଠטܫهдޢീॡĞAC д d2ğᄃଠטܫهŰീณล߱дሀቘϫᇾॡĞCD д a2ğซҖಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژĄ̶ژ۞ඕڍтܑ 10ٙϯĂඕڍ൴னĂд 7 ࣎ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̚ĂΪѣϫᇾᆸѨд̰ଠͷޢീĞA д c1d2ğಏಏ৷ ࢋड़ڍ྿ពĂ FĞ1,444ğŶ 11.62 Ă p< .05 Ąซ˘Վ̶ژЪ׀ޢπӮᇴΞۢĈд̰ଠͷޢീ̚Ă ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĞM Ŷ 11.52ğ۞ШଐຏពҲٺሀቘϫᇾĞM Ŷ 14.35ğĄ
ܑ 10 ϫᇾᆸѨăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱дШଐຏ˯̝ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژၡࢋܑ SV SS df MS F ϫᇾᆸѨĞAğ д c1d2 247.44 1 247.44 11.62* д c2d2 0.50 1 0.50 0.02 ᄱमĞerrorğ 9456.38 444 21.30 ଠטܫهĞCğ д a1d2 71.81 1 71.81 3.29 д a2d1 3.01 1 3.01 0.15 д a2d2 71.64 1 71.64 3.28 ᄱमĞerrorğ 9456.38 444 21.30 ീณล߱ĞDğ д a2c1 16.41 1 16.41 3.20 д a2c2 7.38 1 7.38 1.44 ᄱमĞerrorğ 1137.27 222 5.12 Ŏ p< .05 Г۰Ăಶа㒝ੈिŰଠטܫهŰീณล߱ซҖಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡăಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ۞҂រĄಏ৷Ϲ̢ үϡ̶ژ۞ඕڍពϯĂд 6 ࣎ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ̶ژ̚Ăѣ 2 ࣎ಏ৷Ϲ̢үϡ྿ពĂ̶ҾߏĈа㒝ੈि Űീณล߱д̰ଠĞBD д c2ğFĞ1, 222ğŶ 6.02 Ă p< .05 ăଠטܫهŰീณล߱дѣа㒝ੈि ĞCD д b1ğĂ FĞ1, 222ğŶ 4.36 Ă p< .05 Ąତᜈ੫၆ BD д c2 ᄃ CD д b1 ซҖಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژĂ ̶ژ۞ඕڍтܑ 11 ٙϯĈд 12 ࣎ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژ̚Ă֭ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ྿ពĄ ܑ 11 а㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱дШଐຏ˯̝ಏಏ৷ࢋड़ڍ̶ژၡࢋܑ SV SS df MS F а㒝ੈिĞBğ д c1d1 074 1 0.74 0.03 д c1d2 0.04 1 0.04 0.00 д c2d1 0.09 1 0.09 0.00 д c2d2 66.57 1 66.57 3.13 ᄱमĞerrorğ 9456.38 444 21.30 ଠטܫهĞCğ д b1d1 6.99 1 6.99 0.33 д b1d2 16.32 1 16.32 0.77 д b2d1 4.42 1 4.42 0.21 д b2d2 16.28 1 16.28 0.76 ᄱमĞerrorğ 9456.38 444 21.30 ീณล߱ĞDğ д b1c1 9.82 1 9.82 1.92 д b1c2 15.38 1 15.38 3.00 д b2c1 4.25 1 4.25 0.83 д b2c2 16.04 1 16.04 3.13 ᄱमĞerrorğ 1137.27 222 5.12 ᄱमĞerrorğ 1137.27 222 5.12 Ŏ p< .05
ā ā ኢ
ώࡁտ̝ࡁտϫ۞̝˘дଣϫᇾᆸѨᄃа㒝ੈि၆઼̚Ϡᇴጯ̍үܑன۞ᇆᜩĂߏӎצז࣎ˠ ଠטܫهٙአ༼ć˟ߏଣϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱дᇴጯጯ௫જ፟˯۞Ϲ̢үϡ ଐԛĄͽ˭̶Ҿಶᇴጯ̍үܑனᄃጯ௫જ፟ЧЯ৵ซҖኢĄ ˘ăᇴጯ̍үܑன дᇴጯ̍үܑன͞ࢬĂώࡁտඕڍ൴னϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिᄃଠטܫهˬ࣎តี၆צྏ۰۞ᇴ ጯ̍үܑனѣព۞ˬЯ̄Ϲ̢үϡĄซ˘Վ̶ژ൴னᇴีࡁտඕڍ͚ώࡁտనĈĞ1ğ༊צྏ ۰้Ш̰ଠͷа㒝ੈि۰ĂତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾࠁޢĂࣇ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனົᐹٺତצሀቘϫᇾ ࠁॡ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனĄĞ2ğ༊צྏ۰้Ш̰ଠͷତצሀቘϫᇾࠁॡĂѣа㒝ੈिॡ۞ᇴጯ̍ү ܑனົᐹٺа㒝ੈिॡ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனĄĞ3ğ༊ࠁሀቘϫᇾҭѣа㒝ੈिॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ ۰̝ᇴጯ̍үܑனᐹٺ้Шγଠ۰ĄĞ4ğ༊ࠁሀቘϫᇾͷа㒝ੈिॡĂ้Шγଠ۞צྏ۰̝ᇴ ጯ̍үܑனົᐹٺ้Ш̰ଠ۰Ą੫၆ώࡁտᇴጯ̍үܑன̝ࡁտඕڍĂॲፂϫᇾనؠநኢĞLocke & Latham, 1990ğĂপؠ߄ጼ ّ۞ϫᇾົͧሀቘ۞ϫᇾጱՀр۞̍үܑனĂࢋࣧЯߏЯࠎሀቘ۞ϫᇾົឰ࣎ˠѣ̙Т۞ඕڍഇ ޞĂ̙ኢனࣹ˘ඕڍĂ࣎ˠ࠰႕ຍĄГ۰Ăϫᇾ۞পؠّົᇆᜩ̍үܑன۞តளޘĂϫᇾດপ ؠĂ̍үܑன۞តளດ̈Ąͷ࣎វົЯࠎѣа㒝ྤੈ۞೩ֻĂՀᒢྋϫ݈̍ү۞ซޘͽ̈́ᄃϫᇾ̙˘ ۞ޘĂซ҃ෞҤăአፋА݈۞ඉரᄃҖࠎĞNeubert, 1998ğĄЯѩΞۢĂϫᇾᄃа㒝ੈि۰۞ ඕЪ၆Լච̍үܑனߏѣυࢋّ۞ĞNeubert, 1998 ć Tzetzis, Kioumourtoglou, & Mavromatis,
1997ğĄ˫ଂଠטܫه۞៍ᕇ҃֏Ă̰ଠ۰̙ҭྵਕତצĶܑனᇾķᄃĶ၁ᅫܑனķม۞̙˘Ă ˵้ШᆧΐӅ˧ͽ྿זĶܑனᇾķĞJudge, 2001ğć҃ͷ၆дϫᇾଐဩ̚࠹ᙯٕᙯٺϫᇾ̝ྤੈ ѣྵૻধ۞ᛇ၅˧ĞDollinger, 2000ğĄ ЯѩĂ༊צྏ۰ߏ้Ш̰ଠͷග̟а㒝ੈिॡĂତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾࠁ۰۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனົ ᐹٺତצሀቘϫᇾࠁ۰ĄЯࠎѩॡӈֹ՟ѣа㒝ੈिĂ̰ଠ۰˵ົ၅ᛇזځቁϫᇾ۞ࠁ҃፬൴ Ӆ˧Ăጱྵָ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனĂϤѩ˵ពϯ˞ࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ۞ड़ڍĄ Г۰Ăӈֹٙࠁ۞ϫᇾᆸѨࠎሀቘϫᇾĂ̰ଠ۰˵ົЯࠎа㒝ੈि۞೩ֻ҃ᆧૻજ፟Ă҃ͧ γଠ۰ѣՀָ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனĄϤᇹ۞ඕڍΞۢĂᔵ՟ѣځቁͷӧᙱ۞ϫᇾĂҭ̰ଠ۰Яࠎа㒝 ੈि۞೩ֻ҃Լචᇴጯ̍үܑனĂГ˘Ѩរᙋа㒝ੈि۞೩ֻѣӄٺᇴጯ̍үܑன۞೩̿Ą ѨĂТᇹග̟צྏ۰ሀቘϫᇾҭѣа㒝ੈिॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝ᇴጯ̍үܑனົᐹٺ้Ш γଠ۞צྏ۰Ąѩඕڍ˵͚ DollingerĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտ൴னĂ̰ଠ۰၆дϫᇾଐဩ̚࠹ᙯٕᙯٺϫ ᇾ̝ྤੈѣྵૻধ۞ᛇ၅˧Ąᔵ̰ଠ۰ତќ۞ߏሀቘϫᇾĂҭݒЯࠎ၅ᛇ˞а㒝ੈिĂᖣϤа㒝ੈ ि۞೩ֻĂ̰ଠ۰Ξፂͽአፋ၁ᅫܑனᄃϫᇾ̝ม۞̙˘Ă҃д˭˘Ѩ۞̍үЇચ̚Լតඉரͽѣ Հр۞̍үܑனĞNeubert, 1998 ć Shin ō Alexander, 2000ğĄҭߏ༊ࠁሀቘϫᇾͷа㒝ੈिॡĂ ้Шγଠ۞צྏ۰̝ᇴጯ̍үܑன҃ͅᐹٺ้Ш̰ଠ۰ĂΞਕߏγଠ۰ώֽಶ̙дຍϫᇾᆸѨ۞ ࠁĂ˵̙ᙯ͕а㒝ੈिٙĂኢҋ̎۞ܑனтңĂӮՙؠٺγд۞Я৵Ăᄃҋ֗۞ਕ˧ᙯĄҭЯ ࠎ၆γଠ۰ࠁሀቘϫᇾĂົֹࣇٱ̙Т۞ඕڍഇޞĂ̙ኢҋ̎۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனтңĂౌ၆ҋ ̎۞ܑனຏז႕ຍĂֹ҃д˭˘Ѩ۞̍ү̚ѣՀр۞ܑனĄ҃၆̰ଠ۰҃֏ĂεΝ˞ϫᇾᆸѨ۞፬ ൴Ă˵а㒝ੈिֽአፋĶܑனᇾķᄃĶ၁ᅫܑனķม۞̙˘Ăֹ̍үܑன˭ࢫĄЯѩĂд၁ ᅫኝވ̚Ă၆ٺ้Ш̰ଠ۞ጯϠĂିरᅮࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĂٕߏ೩ֻа㒝ੈिĂ̖ਕ೩̰̿ଠ۰
۞̍үܑனĄ ˟ăᇴጯጯ௫જ፟ дᇴጯጯ௫જ፟͞ࢬĂώࡁտ൴னϫᇾᆸѨăа㒝ੈिăଠטܫهᄃീณล߱α࣎តี၆צྏ۰ ۞ጯ௫જ፟ѣព۞αЯ̄Ϲ̢үϡĄซ˘Վ̶ژ൴னᇴี͚ώࡁտన۞ඕڍĈĞ1ğд̍үᆊ ࣃ˯Ĉ༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁӧᙱϫᇾॡĂତצа㒝ੈि۞צྏ۰̝̍үᆊࣃٺତצа㒝ੈि۰Ą Ğ2ğдҋԧड़ਕ˯Ĉ༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁӧᙱϫᇾॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝ҋԧड़ਕٺγଠ۰ĄĞ3ğ дഇ୕јΑ˯Ĉ༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁӧᙱϫᇾͷܢΐа㒝ੈिॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝ഇ୕јΑົٺ ้Шγଠ۰ćѨĂ༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁӧᙱϫᇾҭܢΐа㒝ੈिॡĂ้Шγଠ۞צྏ۰ഇ୕јΑ ҃ͅ˭ࢫĄĞ4ğдϒШଐຏ˯Ĉ༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁӧᙱϫᇾॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝ϒШଐຏٺ γଠ۰ĄĞ5ğдШଐຏ˯Ĉ༊ፆԘࠎࠁځቁӧᙱϫᇾॡĂ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰̝ШଐຏҲٺ้ Шγଠ۰Ą Ω˘͞ࢬĂώࡁտ˵൴னᐌॡม۞གྷ࿅ĂϫᇾᆸѨᄃа㒝ੈि၆ጯ௫જ፟۞ᇆᜩĂົᐌଠט ܫه۞̙Т̙҃ТĄӈϫᇾᆸѨ̈́а㒝ੈि၆ጯ௫જ̝፟ᇆᜩĂົצז࣎ˠଠטܫهٙአ༼Ąͽ˭ಶ ጯ௫જ፟۞̣࣎Я৵̝ࡁտඕڍߏӎ͚ώࡁտన̶ҾኢĄ Ğ˘ğ̍үᆊࣃ ಶ̍үᆊࣃ҃֏Ăдځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ˭Ăѣа㒝ੈि۞̍үᆊࣃពٺа㒝ੈिĄѩඕ ڍ͚ώࡁտ̝నĂ˵រᙋ˞ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾᄃа㒝ੈि۞ඕЪĂߏѣӄٺჯ̍үᆊࣃજ፟Ąҭ ༊้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰՟ѣତצа㒝ੈिॡĂ̍үᆊࣃ҃ͅࢫҲĄ ॲፂ DollingerĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտ൴னĂ̰ଠ۰၆ϫᇾଐဩ̚࠹ᙯٺϫᇾ̝ྤੈѣྵૻধ۞ᛇ၅˧Ă ˘ό՟ѣ೩ֻа㒝ੈिĂֹ̰ଠ۰εΝ˞дϫᇾଐဩ̚Ξֻ၅ᛇ۞ྤੈĂڱᒔۢҋ̎۞ܑனඕڍĂ ՟ѣᏱڱϤܑனඕڍ̚ᒔјಶᆊࣃĂֹ҃̍үᆊࣃࢫҲĄЯѩĂϤࡁտඕڍΞۢĂа㒝ੈि၆̰ ଠ۰҃֏ߏޝࢦࢋ۞ĂࡶεΝ˞а㒝ੈिĂ̍үᆊࣃજ፟˵ᐌ̝˭ࢫĄҭಶീณล߱҃֏Ăצྏ ۰д݈ീॡ۞̍үᆊࣃពٺޢീĄଯኢΞਕߏЯࠎώࡁտٙଳϡ۞ࡁտ͞ڱࠎ၁រనࢍĂᅮдా ᜈ۞α͇̚Ԇј 4 Ѩ۞၁រፆԘĂ҃дՏ˘Ѩ۞ፆԘ̚Ăצྏ۰జࢨטд 5 ̶ᛗ̰Ԇј 10 ۞ᇴጯྻზ ᗟĄдాᜈα͇۞ፆԘ˭ĂٕధЯࢬ၆ߜᒌ۞ᇴጯᗟ͕҃Ϡԩ١Ă˵ֹ̍үᆊࣃજ፟ࢫҲĄ Ğ˟ğҋԧड़ਕ ಶҋԧड़ਕ҃֏Ăځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ̚Ă̰ଠ۰۞ҋԧड़ਕពٺγଠĂѩඕڍᄃώࡁտ̝ నЪĄЯࠎ̰ଠ۰࠹ܫјΑፆ̝д̎Ă၆ҋ̎ѣྵ۞ҋԧड़ਕĂΐ˯дᒖဩ̚၆ځቁͷӧᙱϫ ᇾࠁ۞၅ᛇĂ҃ѣྵр۞̍үܑனĂ̰ଠ۰̝ҋԧड़ਕ˵Я҃೩̿ĄѩγĂॲፂ BanduraĞ1986ğ ۞ۤົᄮۢኢΞۢĂҋԧड़ਕ۞ࢋֽߏА݈۞ܑனĂ༊ѣр۞̍үܑனॡĂ̰ଠ۰ົۺؠҋ̎ ۞ਕ˧Ă҃ѣྵ۞ҋԧड़ਕֽࢬ၆˭˘Ѩ۞̍үЇચĄ Ğˬğഇ୕јΑ ಶഇ୕јΑ҃֏Ăኢд݈ീٕޢീॡĂ༊ࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾܢΐа㒝ੈिॡĂ̰ଠ۞ഇ୕ јΑពٺγଠĄॲፂ DollingerĞ2000ğ۞ࡁտ൴னĂ̰ଠ۰၆ϫᇾଐဩ̚࠹ᙯٺϫᇾ̝ྤੈѣ ྵૻধ۞ᛇ၅˧ĂЯѩдତצ˞ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ۞ࠁĂ˫ѣа㒝ੈि۞೩ֻ˭Ăֹഇ୕јΑજ፟ ٺγଠĄѨĂ༊၆γଠ۰ࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾҭа㒝ੈिॡĂົֹγଠ۰۞ഇ୕јΑજ፟˭ ࢫĄώࡁտྏଯࣧЯΞਕߏγଠ۰ᄮࠎјΑ۞ඕڍߏ፟ົٕྻঈֹٙĂ֭ܧ࣎ˠٙਕፆଠĄЯѩĂ ၆γଠ۰ࠁځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ˵ڱ൴Ϡഇ۞ϫᇾड़ڍĄГ۰Ă၆̰ଠ۰ࠁሀቘϫᇾ˫а㒝ੈ िॡĂ̰ଠ۰۞ഇ୕јΑજ፟˭ࢫĂଯኢࣧЯΞਕߏЯࠎሀቘϫᇾ۞ࠁົֹ̰ଠ۰ѣ̙Т۞ഇޞͪ Ă҃ͷ˫а㒝ੈिĂεΝ˞дᒖဩ̚Ξ၅ᛇ۞ྤੈĂڱᒔۢҋ̎۞̍үܑனߏӎ྿јϫᇾֹ҃
̰ଠ۰ഇ୕јΑજ፟˭ࢫĄޢĂኢߏࣹ˘ϫᇾᆸѨ۞ࠁĂда㒝ੈिॡĂ̰ăγଠ̝צྏ ۰д݈ീॡ۞ഇ୕јΑ࠰ٺޢീĄώࡁտ˵ྏଯצྏ۰дాᜈα͇̚Ԇј 4 Ѩ۞၁រፆԘĂࢬ၆۞ ߏߜᒌ۞ᇴጯᗟĂ˫జࢨטд 5 ̶ᛗ̰Ԇј 10 ᗟ۞ᇴጯྻზᗟĂٕధЯѩ͕Ϡԩ١Ăֹഇ୕јΑજ ፟ࢫҲĄ ĞαğϒШଐຏ ಶϒШଐຏ҃֏Ă༊̰ଠ۰ତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾࠁॡ۞ϒШଐຏٺତצሀቘϫᇾࠁĄГ ۰Ă༊Тᇹତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ۞ࠁॡĂ̰ଠ۰۞ϒШଐຏٺγଠ۰ĄॲፂϫᇾనؠநኢĂځቁ ͷӧᙱϫᇾ̙ҭߏ˘࣎ځቁ۞ϯĂ҃ͷ˵ਕ፬൴̰ଠ۰۞Ӆ˧ֽ྿זϫᇾĂ༊྿јϫᇾॡĂົ ၆ҋ̎۞ܑனຏז႕ຍĂซ҃೩̿ϒШଐຏĄѩࡁտඕڍ˵Ъ BanduraĞ1986ğ۞ۤົᄮۢኢ۞ ៍ᕇĂ࣎វҋ̎۞̍үܑனᄃϫᇾ࠹ͧྵĂࡶ྿јϫᇾĂ၆ҋ̎۞ܑனѣϒࢬෞᆊĂซ҃யϠϒ ࢬ۞ଐຏͅᑕĄ Ğ̣ğШଐຏ ಶШଐຏ҃֏Ăኢд݈ăޢീĂ༊้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰ତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾॡĂШଐຏҲ ٺତצሀቘϫᇾ۞צྏ۰Ąͷ༊ϫᇾᆸѨΐ˯а㒝ੈिॡĂдѣа㒝ੈि̚Ăତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ ࠁ۞צྏ۰̝ШଐຏពҲٺሀቘϫᇾĄֱඕڍГѨរᙋ˞дϫᇾనؠநኢ۞៍ᕇ̚Ăځቁ ͷӧᙱ۞ϫᇾតளّྵ̈Ą༊ϫᇾপؠĂצྏ۰ਕវᒢྋϫᇾ۞ࢋՐĂֹ࣎ˠ൴೭̂۞Ӆ˧ ֽͪ྿јϫᇾĄҭሀቘ۞ϫᇾݒֹצྏ۰ЯሀᑢΞ۞ᇾ̙҃ۢٙନăࠤҌຏזϠঈăӧᕘ҃ᇆ ᜩ̍үܑனĄ ტЪ˯ࡁտඕڍΞ൴னĂϫᇾᆸѨᄃа㒝ੈि̝ड़ڍͧྵटٽд̰ଠ۰֗˯னĂѩࡁտඕڍ ˵͚ώࡁտ۞நኢᄃࡁտଯኢĈ้Ш̰ଠ۞צྏ۰Ăдତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ۞ࠁ֭ܢΐа㒝ੈि ॡĂ̙ҭਕ೩̿ࣇ۞ᇴጯ̍үܑனĂ˵ਕֹጯ௫જ፟ჯ̙ࢫĄ ॲፂ˯ࡁտඕڍĂώࡁտ೩ೀᕇޙᛉĈ ௐ˘Ăώࡁտ̝ඕڍ൴னĈ༊צྏ۰้Ш̰ଠ˫ତצځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾ۞ࠁ֭ܢΐа㒝ੈिॡĂ ᇴጯ̍үܑனᄃጯ௫જ፟ົٺ้Шγଠ۰ĄЯѩĂޙᛉିरдኝވିጯॡĂᑕАᒢྋጯ௫۰۞ଠ טܫه้ШĂ֭ෛጯϠਕ˧̝Ҳ̙ТĂࢎؠځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾĂͷϫᇾᑕ˧ՐវăځቁĂਕг ឰጯϠᒢྋĂ̙ົѣሀᑢΞ۞ႷೊயϠĄѩγĂ˵ࢋซ˘ՎඕЪа㒝ੈि۞ֹϡĄда㒝ੈि۞೩ ֻ˯ĂкֹϡϒШăଐຏّ͚۞а㒝ੈिֽခᐽጯϠͽ೩̿ጯϠ۞ጯຽܑனᄃጯ௫જ፟Ą ௐ˟ĂώࡁտࠎᔖҺצྏ۰۞ԩ١Ă่నࢍ 90 ᗟ۞ᇴጯྏᗟซҖྏĂ֭ॲፂྏඕڍĂܲ 40ᗟүࠎϒё၁រፆԘ۞ᗟϫĂޢ၁រనࢍٙፆԘ̝ځቁͷӧᙱϫᇾࠎࢋՐצྏ۰д̶̣ᛗ̰Ԇ ј 10 ᗟ۞ᇴጯྻზྏᗟĄҭᇹ۞၁រፆԘ̝តளҬͼ̙ૉ̂ĂЯѩޙᛉд͟ޢ۞ࡁտ̚ĂႽΞਕ ᆧΐፆԘ۞ᗟᇴĄ ௐˬĂдώࡁտ̚Ă၆ٺγଠ۰ٙઇ۞ፆԘĂೀͼౌϏ྿ពͪĄώ၁រٙ̚ፆԘ۞ࠁĂ၆ ٺ̰ଠ۰̏ѣഇ۞ड़ڍĂҭڱ၆้Шγଠ۞צྏ۰யϠड़ڍĄЯѩĂޙᛉϏֽࡁտĂΞ੫၆γଠ ۰۞ᛳّপኳĂವԱ۞ፆԘតีĂͽഇ၆Ϗֽିጯ೩ֻវ۞ޙᛉĄ ௐαĂώࡁտϒё၁រፆԘॡĂᔵщଵ၁រ۰ତצ߉ീ݈۞ቚĂҭࣇౌయ߉ീҾٙ ତצ۞ϫᇾᆸѨᄃа㒝ੈि̝ፆԘĂдซˢ၁រಞા̚Ăࡁտ۰ڱೠଠ߉ീ۰д߉ീॡ۞ᄬአ̈́˾ ঈĄЯѩĂޙᛉϏֽࡁտĂࡶࢋซҖ၁រፆԘĂΞଳᗕ۠నࢍĂͽՐд͟ޢਕѣՀૻ۞ଯኢĄ ௐ̣Ăώࡁտͽ၁ᅫኝވࠎ၁រፆԘனಞĂ֭ˠॾপኳǕଠטܫهৼˢࡁտߛၹ̚Ăϫ۞дֹ дିጯனಞ̚۞னᖚҁरࣇĂਕ੫၆ጯϠ۞ጯ௫ېڶĂтĈҋԧड़ਕҲརă၆ጯ௫Шଐຏăᄮࠎ ጯ௫ߏϡ۞ඈĂਕᑕϡώࡁտ̝ࡁտඕڍĂѣӄٺିर၁߉ѣड़ਕ۞ିጯĂֹጯϠயϠѣຍཌྷ۞ ጯ௫Ą
ޢĂώࡁտЯ҂ᇋன၁યᗟĂтĈˠ˧ᄃۏ˧۞ࢨטăણᄃ၁រ۞ጯ७ѣିጯซޘ˯۞҂ณ ඈĂֹ၁រፆԘΪࠎഇα͇Ăಶॡม۞ѣड़ّ҃֏ĂҬͼ࿅ٺൺܳĄЯѩĂޙᛉϏֽ୬ଂְ࠹ᙯ၁រ ፆԘ۞ࡁտ۰ΞፆԘॡมΐܜĂֹ၁រड़ڍՀࠎពᄃᘦؠĄ
ણ ҂ ͛ ᚥ
˚ᎸேĞϔ 86ğĈˠॾநኢĄέΔĈೳംĄ ૺഀಬĞϔ 79ğĈа㒝͞ёϫᇾనؠᄃޢనᄮۢ၆઼̈ጯϠᇴጯүຽܑன̈́ീྏ൏ᇋ̝ᇆᜩĄିֈ ͕நጯಡĂ 23 ഇĂ 189-206 ࢱĄ ࠏڒĞϔ 89ğĈ̚ጯϠҋԧአፋጯ௫̝ࡁտĄ઼ࡊົ९ࡁտಡӘĞበཱིĈ NSC 89-2413-H-035-001ğĄ ࠏڒĞϔ 90ğĈજ፟ăϫᇾనؠăҖજଠטăጯ௫ඉர̝ᙯܼĈҋԧአፋጯ௫።ሀё̝ޙၹ̈́ រᙋĄर̂ጯಡĈିֈᙷĂ 46 סĂ 1 ഇĂ 67-92 ࢱĄ ࠏڒăڒ̋Ğϔ 89ğĈ̚ጯϠҋԧአፋጯ௫̝ࡁտĞ1/2ğĄ઼ࡊົᗟࡁտࢍ൪ಡӘĄĞበཱིĈ NSC89-2413-H-035-001ğĄ ౘϜࠠĞϔ 84ğĈϫᇾనؠăϫᇾԸˢᄃҋԧड़ਕ၆઼̈ጯϠᇴጯүຽܑன۞ᇆᜩĄ઼ϲฯरቑ ̂ጯିֈࡁտٙჇ̀ኢ͛Ą เݓિĞϔ 88ğĈˠॾ͕நጯĄέΔĈ͕நĄ ૺߋᎸĞϔ 90ğĈன͕நጯĄέΔξĈڌරĄ ̚۾Ğϔ 86ğĈّॾᄃۤົ͕நീณᓁᜓĄέΔĈᅈ߹ĄBandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Burton, D. (1993). Goal setting in sport. In N. R. Singer, M. Murphey, L. K. Tennant (Eds.), Handbook of
research on sport psychology (pp.467-492). New York: Macmillan.
Chubb, N. H., & Fertman, C. I. (1997). Adolescent self-esteem and locus of control: A longitudinal study of gender and age difference. Adolescence, 32(125), 113-130.
Dollinger, S. J. (2000). Locus of control and incidental learning: An application to college student success.
College Student Journal, 34(4), 537-540.
Judge, T. A. (2001). Relationship of core self-evaluations traits - self-esteem, generalized self-efficacy, locus of control, and emotional stability - with job satisfaction and job performance: A meta-analysis.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 80-92.
Klinger, E. (1982). On the self-management of mood, affect and attention. In P. Karoly, & F. H. Kanfer (Eds.),
Self- management and behavior change: From theory to practice (pp.129-164). New York:Pergamon.
Latham, G. P., Daghighi, S., & Locke, E. A. (1997). Implications of goal-setting theory for faculty motivation. In J. L. Bess (Ed.), Teaching well and liking it: Motivating faculty to teach effectively (pp. 125-142). Baltimore: John Hopking University Press.
Locke, E. A., Sarri, L. M., Shaw, K. N., & Latham, G. P. (1981). Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980. Psychological Bulletin, 90(1), 125-152.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting & task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentic-Hall.
this effect: A meta-analysis. Human Performance, 11(4), 321-335.
Pintrich, P. R. (1989). The dynamic interplay of student motivation and cognition in the college classroom.
Advances in Motivation and Achievement: Motivation Enhancing Environment, 6, 117-160.
Pintrich, P. R. (1999). The role of motivation in promoting and sustaining self-regulated learning.
International Journal of Educational Research, 31, 459-470.
Pintrich, P. R. (2000). The role of goal orientation in self-regulated learning. In M. Boekaerts & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Handbook of Educational Psychology (pp.13-39). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Schneider, K. (1987). Achievement-reacted emotions in preschoolers. In F. Halish, & J. Kuhl (Eds.),
Motivation, intention, and volition (pp.163-177). New York:Springer-Verlag.
Schwartz, L. S. & Gredler, M. E. (1998). The effects of instructional materials on goal setting and self-efficacy. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 31(2), 83-89.
Shin, S .S., & Alexander J. M. (2000). Interacting effects of goal setting and self- or other-referenced feedback on children’s development of self-efficacy and cognitive skill within the Taiwanese classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92(3), 536-543.
Snow, R. E., Corno, L., & Jackson, D. (1996). Individual differences in affective and conative functions. In M. Boekaerts & P. R. Pintrich (Eds.), Handbook of Educational Psychology (pp.243-310). New York: Macmillan.
Tzetzis, G., Kioumourtoglou, E., & Mavromatis, G. (1997). Goal setting and feedback for the development of instructional strategies. Perceptual and Motor Skill, 84, 1411-1427.
Weat, R. L., Welch, D. C., & Thron, R. M. (2001). Effects of goal-setting and feedback on memory performance and beliefs among older and younger adults. Psychology and Aging, 16(2), 240-250. Wilk, L. A., & Redmon, W. K. (1998). The effects of feedback and goal setting on the productivity and
satisfaction of university admissions staff. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, 18(1), 45-68.
Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary
Educational Psychology, 25, 68-81.
ќ ቇ ͟ ഇĈ 2004 ѐ 04 ͡ 07 ͟ ˘ቇ࣒ࢎ͟ഇĈ 2004 ѐ 07 ͡ 30 ͟ ତצΏ൳͟ഇĈ 2005 ѐ 01 ͡ 08 ͟
The Effect of Goal Level and Feedback Information on
Math Task Performance and Learning Motivation:
Considering Junior High School Student's Locus of Control
YUEH-YINH
PENG
BIING-LIN
CHENG
WEI-MING
LUH
Institute of Education
Institute of Education
National Chengchi University
National Cheng Kung University
The purposes of this study were to explore whether the effects of goal levels, and feedback information on junior high school students’ performance of mathematic task and learning motivation were moderated by locus of control. For the purposes of this study, two trial-outs and three experiments were administrated. Subjects were sampled and assigned randomly to four experimental groups: specific and difficult goal/feedback information, specific and difficult goal/no feedback information, ambiguous goal/feedback information, ambiguous goal/no feedback information. To verify the hypotheses of this study, collected data were analyzed by a three-way ANCOVA and a four-way mixed design ANOVA.
Results showed that there was a significant three-way interaction among goal levels, feedback information, and locus of control. Moreover, for learning motivation: (a) a three-way interaction among feedback information, locus of control and measuring stages on task value was significant, (b) a two-way interaction between goal levels and locus of control on self-efficacy was significant, (c) a four-way interaction among goal levels, feedback information, locus of control, and measuring stages on expectancy for success was significant, (d) a two-way interaction between goal levels, and locus of control on positive affect was significant, (e) a three-way interaction among goal levels, locus of control, and measuring stages on negative affect was significant. In addition, there was a significant three-way interaction among feedback information, locus of control, and measuring stages on negative affect. Finally, the research discussed how to apply the results in the classroom and suggestions for future research are provided.
KEY WORDS: feedback information, goal levels, learning motivation, locus of control, mathematic task performance
Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 2005, 36(3), 265-286 National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
