ՕᖂԵᖂەᇢچઝᇢᠲዌհઔߒ
ޕࣔᗊ
ኦ֏ஃᒤՕᖂኴ
ᖵڣՕᖂਐەᇢᠲਢխඒᖂऱૹەΔՈਢآࠐࡎᠲֱٻऱഗ៕Ζء ֮ආشאዌᨠរΔ൶ಘਐە9 ڣچઝᇢᠲऱዌΔઔߒֱऄץਔ֮ء։࣫ ऄ֗ᇢᠲ֘ᚨᓵΔ֮ء։࣫ऄሎشڇ։࣫ᇢᠲऱዌᣊীΔᇢᠲ֘ᚨ ᓵ։࣫ऄঞش࣍ᛀီൄߠᇢᠲᣊীऱᣄ৫ΖᖕءઔߒኙՕᖂਐەچઝၞ۩ Աڣऱᇢᠲ։࣫Δઔߒृ࿇Κΰԫαীᇢᠲ່ൄߠΔΰԲαٺᣊী ዌऱᇢᠲᣄ৫ࡉᦸܑ৫ፖྒྷ᧭փ୲ऱ৸ەᐋڻڶᣂΔΰԿαറشᄗ࢚ऱٺጟ ەᠲᦸܑ৫ᇢᠲΰܑਢխၴ౨ԺەسαΔԫᄗ࢚ଫীृ១ऱ ܅ᦸܑ৫ᇢᠲΙΰαՕֺࠏچቹፖᓡਣᐙቝᣊऱᇢᠲᑇၦլڍΔ܀ᣄ৫ፖᦸ ܑ৫ᔞխΔࡵᗨᄕၲ࿇Ιΰնαߊࢤەسለᖐ९ᖙ܂ীᄗ࢚ፖቹݮᇢᠲΔՖس ለᖐ९֮ڗ༴૪ীᇢᠲΔਚޢԫڻऱՕᖂԵᖂچઝەᇢᚨץਔߊՖەسᖐ९ ऱᇢᠲΖ ᣂဲΚᇢᠲዌΕᇢᠲᣄ৫Εᇢᠲ֘ᚨᓵΕᇢᠲᐛڴᒵ ޕࣔᗊΔኦ֏ஃᒤՕᖂچߓ೫ඒA
Study on the Structure of Geography Test Items
of the College Entrance Examination
Ming-Yen Lee
National Changhua University of Education
Abstract
Past Geography tests of the college entrance examination has been regarded as an important reference for high school teaching, and a basis of future test design. This article adopts a structural viewpoint to analyze each test item of the Geography test in the past nine years. The research methods include textual analysis and item response theory. While textual analysis is used to analyze the structural patterns of the test items, item response theory is applied to examine the difficulties of high-frequency test items. Based on the analysis of the Geography test from 2002 to 2010, the researcher found that:
1. Short-sentence test items most frequently appear in the tests in the past 9 years. 2. Difficulty level and discrimination level of the test items are highly related with
the thinking level of test content.
3. Test items dealing with general concepts through short sentences are simple and low discriminating, while items involving special concepts are high discriminating (especially for mid-level students).
4. Test items using large-scaled maps and satellite images appear scarcely, yet show a moderate degree of difficulty and discrimination. Therefore, they should be more frequently developed in the future.
5. Male students perform better on items of operative concepts and graphics. However, female students are more versed in descriptive items. Therefore, the annual Geography test of college entrance examination should include items that both male and female students are good at.
Keywords: tem structure, item difficulty, item response theory, item characteristics curve
Εছߢ
ٺႈەᇢᅃຟᆖመᇢᠲૠΕᇢ࠴ᒳ፹Εਜྒྷፖྒྷ৵։࣫ᛀಘՕၸ Δ܀ٺၸച۩ऱणउ࠹ەᇢࡳۯऱᐙΖڕᅝছڍנठषೈᒳᙀխ՛ ᖂඒઝ؆ΔՈנठەΕᠲፖྒྷ᧭ᇢ࠴Δխ՛ᖂඒஃܛױઊฃᇢᠲૠ ࢨᇢ࠴ᒳ፹ຍࠟଡၸΔڼऄឈױᆏઊඒஃᇢছऱ܂ᄐழၴΔ܀࣐࠹ࠫ࣍ྒྷ᧭ փ୲ਢܡฤٽඒᖂؾᑑΖ२ڣឈڶઔߒאवᢝچቹࡉᖂᄗ࢚౨ၦૠጩၲ࿇ԫ ඒஃנᠲऱඒߛေၦՠࠠΔᨃඒஃ౨ࠉᅃᙇࡳऱඒᖂᒤΔ৬ዌࠠᖂᄗ࢚ ᦞૹ֗ᄗ࢚ၴᣂຑൎ৫ऱवᢝچቹΔא᎖ܗඒஃၞ۩נᠲΰ്ទෘΔ2008αΖ ᇠઔߒمრឈࠋΔ܀ڂᇠߓอထૹڇਗᠲΔൕਝڶऱᠲխᙇᖗᇢᠲΔڕ࣠ᠲ ऱᇢᠲᔆլࠋΔࢬิګऱᇢ࠴սڶৱᛀ᧭Ζط࣍ܽၴᠲऱᇢᠲڍࠐ۞ ڶऱٺጟྒྷ᧭ΔڕᖵڣԵᖂەᇢፖٺீீփەᇢΔۖٺீீփەᇢ֠ࠡਢᑓ ᚵەԾൄאԵᖂەᇢᇢᠲऱীڤەഗᄷΔܛࠌਢᄅၲ࿇ऱᇢᠲՈਢڕڼΔ ਚԵᖂەᇢᇢᠲऱࡎᠲֱٻፖᠲীኙխᖂඒߛऱᐙࢤլױߢΖՈڂڕ ڼΔࢭᙄՕᖂԵᖂەᇢᇢ೭ՠ܂ऱۯᚨൕᖂઝءᔆ৸ᇢᠲऱᔆΖ ۞ 2000 ڣזאࠐΔྒྷ᧭ֱڤሽᆰ֏ࢨጻሁ֏բດዬڇഏփ؆ऱەᇢኔਜΔڕᆖᛎٽ܂ዄ࿇୶ิ៣ΰOECDαऱ PISAΕഏ OCR ऱ e-AssessmentΕ ભഏETS ऱ iBT-TOEFL Ιഏփঞڶဎྒྷ᧭ං೯ՠ܂ࡡᄎऱψဎ֮ᐊ ܂౨Ժྒྷ᧭ωΰTest of TOP WritingαΕڍ墿ྒྷ᧭ΰTOEICαऱψՑᎅፖᐊ܂ ྒྷ᧭ωΰঀຫભΔ2008αΙՈڶലհሎش࣍ E ֏ᖂΰScalise & Gifford, 2006αΖ ૾܅ྒྷ᧭መ࿓ױ౨ऱኤጤΔߜړऱ࿏᧯ਢഗءໂΔྒྷ᧭ऱᇢᠲՈᏁᠲ ߓอ֭གΔྤᓵਢܡᔞࢤྒྷ᧭ΔᠲၦຟሒԫࡳᑓΔ૾܅ෲऱᖲΔ܀ ڕ۶ݶຒسขՕၦᚌᔆᣄ৫Ծ౨൳ࠫऱᇢᠲΔঞڼऄऱ᙭Δࢨױ៶طࠡ הᏆऱዌ֏ᄗ࢚ૠᇢᠲΖ 1961 ڣΔLewis Mumford ኙײזৄؑऱದᄭ༼נݮڤፖࠢᒤΔᎅࣔڶࠄ ޘ๗ٻৄؑመྀ㽅լႛႛਢᑓՕ՛ऱ᧢֏ΔՈץਔֱٻፖؾऱՂऱ᧢֏Δࠀ
᧯ڇԫጟᄅীऱิ៣խΰݚঊᚢΕଧ֮৯Δ2005αΙ1970 ڣזΔAlexander ၞԫޡኙ৬ᗰ༼נψૠীኪωΰDesign Patternαᄗ࢚Δᎁዌګైհၴऱ ᣂএᄎ٦ԿנڇլٵऱૠխΔڶᆖ᧭ऱૠृΔڇ໌܂ழࠡᆰ௧խڶ ڍૠীኪΖૉאৄؑ࿇୶ፖ৬ᗰૠऱᨠរᣊංࠩᠲၲ࿇Δრܛᅝᇢ೭ ۯެࡳ࿇୶ሽᆰྒྷ᧭ழΔڂ܂ᄐੌ࿓૮ฆ࣍ྒྷ᧭ΰHermans & Arnhem, 2008αΔೈ᠖堚࿇୶ֱٻፖᓳᖞิ៣ਮዌΔՈױආψૠীኪωऱᄗ࢚Δၲ ࿇ᑇۯᇢᠲऱૠֱऄΖ
Draaijer & Hartog ܛאૠীኪΰDesign Patternαऱᄗ࢚Δᚵ܂ඒ ߛᅝছڶش֮ፖૠᑇۯᇢᠲޢֲՠ܂հၴါᎼऱᖯᑚΔᇠૠᎁڼऄڶ ܗྒྷ᧭ۯױאٽᖂඒޗΕᖂؾᑑፖᇢᠲীኪݶຒૠᇢᠲΔࠡ༼נᑌ ࠏ փ ୲ ץ ਔ ᑑ ᠲ Ε ছ ৵ ᣂ এ Ε ᜔ ྒྷ ᧭ ऱ KSAΰKnowledge, Skills and AbilitiesαΕॺإڤྒྷ᧭ऱ KSAΕীኪு֨ΕૠऱழၴΕኔऱழၴΕᠰ؆ ऱᎁव๛Εෲྒྷऱ᧢֏Εૠ։ঞΰDraaijer & HartogΔ2007αΖ1999-2000 ڣၴΔᖗഗඒড়ஆՕەխ֨Δ࠰ܗ܌ࣚԫڣڍᇢؓ۩ᇢ࠴ᒳ፹ऱംᠲΔ ༼נψᠲ㶐ωᨠ࢚Δࠡ壄壀ፖૠীኪሼٵΔ৵ࠐឈאᇢᠲऱၴ൷ᇷಛ֗ อૠֱऄזհΰᖗഗΔ2000αΔ܀ࢬ༼ऱ৬ᤜսױᚨش࣍ᠲᇢᠲऱၲ࿇Ζ լመΔྤᓵਢૠীኪࢨਢᠲ㶐ᚨش࣍ᑇᖂऱૠጩᠲՕીױ۩Δ܀ࠡהᖂઝࢨ ࠡהᣊীऱᇢᠲਢܡױ۩Δঞڶৱᛀ᧭Ζ ຏൄྒྷ᧭ۯޢڣ֭ᚨٺႈەᇢࢬᏁΔޢەઝຟᄷໂ1-2 ٝᇢ࠴Δᇢ ᠲ۟֟50-100 ᠲၦΖឈྥڶઔߒ࿇ΔբྒྷᇢᠲܛࠌਢᓳᖞᙇႈۯᆜΔ
ᣄ৫Ոᄎᙟհޏ᧢ΰMeyers & Miller, 2009αΔᚨױီᄅᇢᠲΔ܀ط࣍ഏփ ᝨൣኙՕᖂԵᖂەᇢᇢᠲऱޣઌᅝΔྒྷ᧭ۯՕຟլᄎૹࠌش៱ᇢᠲΔ ਚᇢᠲᏁڣڣᇖፖޓᄅΖᇢᠲسขऱመ࿓ױ։ڻૠፖᠲ৬ᆜࠟՕ ᣊΔԲृٺڶᚌរΖছृᖲ೯ࢤΔᇢᠲ࣐ፖषᄎ࿇୶౧೯ٵޡΔ܀ױ౨ڶ ᣄ৫լऱଅᙠΙ৵ृឈᨃᇢ೭ۯױא༳༽ՕၦᇢᠲΔ܀ڶࠄᇢᠲױ౨ڂᓰ ጼଥૡࢨፖषᄎ࿇୶ႨլԫۖෟޮΔᇷறᏁழழၞ۩ᇢᠲᏺܔ܂ᄐΔۖ
ᇢᠲᣄ৫ڂྤऄၞ۩ྒྷᇢՈױ౨լࡳΖᏺףᠲၦፖࡳᇢᠲᣄ৫Δྤᓵ ਢא۶ጟֱڤسขፖᚏژᇢᠲΔઃ֟լԱᖂઝඒஃፖᇢᠲૠΔ߷Ꮦψૠ ীኪωࢨψᠲ㶐ωࢨਢࠌፖඒஃ౨ݶຒૠᔆၦଫໂᇢᠲऱױ౨ֱऄΖլ መΔ࠹ࠩഏփऱԵᖂەᇢਢאᖂઝءۯऱᐙΔྒྷ᧭փ୲ထૹᖂઝऱव ᢝ᧯ߓΔᚨᇢृऱᖂᓰ࿓ګࡎᠲऱૹࠉᖕΔᇢᠲऱૠীኪᏁ ࠉᖂઝࢤ։ܑ൶ߒΖ 壆ᖂઝխΔچਢᖩሀԳ֮ፖ۞ྥऱጵٽࢤᖂઝΔխඒޗೈԱ༴૪ࢤ֮ ڗΔՈڶՕၦऱቹ।ΕᅃׂΕچቹΕᓡਣᐙቝቹΔא֗ᑇۯՠࠠΔࠡխ৵Կृ ֟ߠ࣍ࠡהᖂઝΔਚچઝऱᇢᠲૠྤऄག֧۞ࠡהઝؾऱᒤࠏΖૉ༉ᇢᠲ ऱഗءิګΔՕીױ։؆ڇীڤऱዌፖᖂઝփ୲Δছृ؆᧩ࢤΔױီࢤ ΔՈለࠠড়ᨠࢤΙ৵ृץਔKSAΕᎁव๛Δࠡխऱ Kΰवᢝαፖ Sΰݾ ౨αለࠠ؆᧩ࢤΔAΰ౨Ժαፖᎁव๛ऱܒឰለᓤᠧΔڍԳኙٵԫᇢᠲլ ԫࡳڶઌٵऱ։ᣊΔຏൄױא༉ࠠଥૡᇢᠲᦞຂऱᇢᠲૠृऱ։ᣊഗᄷΔ ܀ຍຝ։ᚨਢᇢ೭ۯհփᇷறΔլࡵࡡط؆ຝԳΖਚױא٣طᇢᠲ ऱ؆ڇীڤऱዌࢤԵ֫Δ٦ዬڻࠩᖂઝփ୲ΔٵழՈױא٣ൕመװբྒྷᇢᠲ ូנᆖ᧭ऄঞΔ٦ଥإآࠐױ౨ऱֱٻΖਚءઔߒհؾऱڶԲΚԫਢ൶ಘ چઝᇢᠲ؆ڇীڤऱዌࢤፖᣄ৫ΔԲਢ։࣫ൄشዌऱᇢᠲᐛΖ
၁Εઔߒᨠរፖֱऄ
ԫΕઔߒᨠរДᇢᠲհഗءዌ
ەᇢհؾऱྤॺਢᛀྒྷ࠹ྒྷृऱवᢝፖ౨ԺΔवᢝץਔڗნፖᄗ࢚ࠟՕ ᣊΔԲृࠀॺኲྥ։ᠦΔۖਢܧਬጟຑΔڗნᤛ൷ऱױ౨ຜஉՈᄎᐙ ᔹᦰ۩Ζڕଃ֮ڗߓอऱ֮ڗݮ᧯᥋ڗଃऱಛஒΔ᥆࣍ၴ൷ᤛ൷Δൕ ڗݮࠩڗᆠհၴژڇଃտΔଃಛஒऱ᠏ᙕਢڗᆠขسऱؘᖵ࿓Ιۖᄭ ࣍ቹ֮ڗऱዧڗਢشࠐಖᙕ؆ࠃढΔڰཚאွݮፖਐࠃऱᗑم֮Δ৵ࠐթڶᄎრΕଗΕݮᜢፖ᠏ࣹΔՈڂࠠໂݮଃᆠᐛΔዧڗ᥆࣍ऴ൷ᤛ൷Δ ֮ڗլᏁᆖመٚ۶տΔऴ൷ൕڗݮࠩڗᆠΔࠡᇞᖵ࿓ৰױ౨լٵ࣍ଃ֮ ڗΖᔹᦰृڕ۶ಖᖋፖᇞطڍဲਊԫࡳᐋዌิګऱΔਢᎁव֨ ᖂ୮ᣂ֨ऱᓰᠲΖHaviland ፖ Clark ༼נᄅ៱ٽٵऱऄΔຍጟऄਢٚ۶ ԫଡᄅऱಛஒຟץܶထԫࠄ៱ऱಛஒΔܛᄵਚवᄅΔڕڼᄅಛஒऱᖂթ౨ፖ መװऱवᢝ࿇سຑΔၞۖขسᇞፖಖᖋհؾऱΰᔤਟࣔΔ1996αΖૠᇢ ᠲՈਢڕڼΔᚨڇەسਝڶऱഗ៕वᢝ༼נઌᣂຑऱംᠲࢨ༼ࠎᄅऱઌᣂव ᢝΔྒྷ᧭ەسኙᄗ࢚ऱᇞ౨Ժਢܡࠠໂᔢฝࢤࢨ୶ࢤΔਢܡࠠໂᇞެംᠲ ऱ౨ԺΖ ءઔߒᎁᇢᠲڕٵԫ֮ີΔլਢٚრิٽऱဲܛױዌګᇢᠲΔۖਢ ڶऄፖዌΔەسթא৸ەΖࠡഗءิګױא։ംᠲऱ᧯ΰጠᠲიα ፖড়᧯ΰጠᇞႈαࠟՕຝ։ΰቹ1αΔছृطছᆜፖംᠲิګΔছᆜ ਢ༼ࠎ֮ΕቹΕ।ΕᅃׂݮڤऱছᆜवᢝΔᨃەسၞԫޡ৸ەᇞެംᠲऱ ฃΙ৵ृױࠉ܂ऱ౨೯ࢤΔ։೯ڤ।ሒፖ೯ڤ।ሒΔԲृࢬᛀྒྷऱ ౨Ժݙ٤լٵΖ೯ڤ।ሒᇢᠲਢەسڇᇢᠲૠृբࡳऱवᢝਮփ܂ᙇ ᖗΔᅝᠲიছᆜΔڕٵਢࡎחΔڼᇢᠲૉਢەᓰءփ୲ঞਢྒྷ᧭ە س៱ڶಖᖋऱ٦ΙᅝছᆜፖംᠲრؿએࢨྤᣂழΔەسലྤൕ৸ەΖ ೯ڤ।ሒᇢᠲঞᓿղەس।ሒრߠऱᖲᄎΔࢬྒྷऱ౨Ժೈ៱वᢝፖᄅಛஒᜤ ࿓৫؆Δࡸץਔवᢝऱૹิፖ৬ዌ౨ԺΔࠀࠉᖕڃփ୲ऱૻࠫࢤۖڶլٵ ऱ৸ەᐋڻΖ೯ࢤ।ሒृڕᙇᖗᠲΕਢॺᠲΕٽᠲΙ೯ࢤ।ሒृڕჄך ᠲΕૠጩᠲΕ܂ቹᠲΕ១ࢨعᓵᠲٺᣊᠲীΖՕ᧯ۖߢΔᇞዌᇢᠲऱิګ ֱڤΔዌࢤऄഗءՂਢᇢᠲڕٵԫ֮Δڶԫࡳऱऄፖ᧤ᙀࢤΔ ᇢᠲૠृࠉࡎᠲ࢚ΔאԫࡳऱऄΔᇭᤩᖂઝփ୲ΔۖڼᇭᤩֱڤՈല ऴ൷ࢨၴ൷چᐙᖂீඒᖂΖ
კ1 ၂ᚒ่ᄬ ȐܴᐪǴ1996ǹ1997ȑ
ԲΕᇢᠲࠐᄭፖ։ֱ࣫ऄ
ਐࡳઝؾەᇢΰ១ጠਐەαᇢ࠴ऱठ૿ᑇ്ࠟA3ΰ8 A4αΔፖႚ อᜤە്A3 ઌለΔᇢᠲૠ᧩ྥױאڶለڍᐘࢤΔ٦ףՂ 85 ڣठፖ 72 ڣ ठխᓰ࿓Օ༏ᓳᖞΔءઔߒႛאਐەᖵڣᇢᠲ։࣫ᑌءΔܛ2002 ڣ۟ 2010 ڣଡڣ৫ऱᇢᠲΔࠡխ 2003 ڣឈڶඕᅮ๙Ꮘଅ࠹ᐙऱەسᜰᙄԫڻ ەᇢΔ܀ڂەسԳᑇ֟ΔءઔߒآലհԵಘᓵΖط࣍چઝᇢᠲڶᙇᖗᠲፖ ॺᙇᖗᠲࠟՕᣊΔॺᙇᖗᠲطԲ۟ԿՕᠲΕޢՕᠲԾڶ2-5 ଡᠲิګΔ܀Օ ەխ֨ֆؒࢨࢼᑌऱᇷறઃਢՕᠲ։Δྤऄൕխංጩנٺᠲऱ܂ൣݮΔਚ ءઔߒ൶ಘᙇᖗᠲຝ։Ζ։࣫ऱᇢᠲᇷறץਔᠲীऱ։ᣊፖەس܂ᇷ றΔᠲীܛࠉᖕቹ1 ऱਮዌലޢଡᇢᠲࣈᇞᠲიΰ᜔ᠲიፖᠲიαፖᇞ ႈΰᙇႈαΔ٦ࠉࠡীڤᐛ։֮ΕΕဲΕᒘΕᑇΕቹΕچቹΕ।Εᅃׂ ᣊΙەس܂ᇷறೈՕەխ֨ֆؒ٤᧯ەسऱᣄ৫Δࡸץਔ5,000 ەس܂ ऱࢼᑌᇷறΖ ط࣍ਐەࢤᔆխၸऱ᜔ࢤေၦΔڍᑇխፖऱەᇢΔءઔ ߒီٺڣ৫٤᧯ەس࿓৫ઌۿΙط࣍ᇢ࠴ᣄ৫࠹ࠩ܂ᄐঅയࢤऱᐙΔՕەխ ֨ྤऄאቃᇢ࠷ቃ۷ଖΔឈྥམڶઔߒױא٥ຏԳ܂ࡳΰᏥ९❴Δ 1995αΔ܀ᇠֱऄش࣍ڍᇢ࠴։ᑇऱ֏Δլਢᇢᠲᣄ৫ऱ൳ࠫΙԫֱ ऄਢψᇢᠲၴ൷ᇷಛωΔឈՈױאሒګڍᇢ࠴։ᑇऱ֏Δ܀ᇢᠲऱၴ൷ᇷಛ սਢԳං۷Ζ᧩ྥᇢᠲᣄ৫ऱࡳࢤጤᘸᇢᠲૠृऱᆖ᧭֗ࡎᠲ܂ᄐੌ࿓ ٺᣂऱ൳ࠫΔਚءઔߒڇၞ۩ሀڣ৫ᇢᠲऱֺለΔഗءψޢڣ৫ᇢᠲ ઃطڶᆖ᧭ृૠΔᇢᠲᣄ৫࠹ᇢᠲዌऱᐙωΖ ᠲი ᇞႈ ছᆜ(Ε֮ΕቹΕ।) + ംᠲ + ூ(ᒘΕဲΕΕ֮ΕቹΕ।)ءઔߒհᇢᠲዌא֮ء։ֱ࣫ऄΔດԫଳ࣫ޢଡᇢᠲ؆ڇݮڤऱഗءิ ګΔࠀףאូᣊΙհ৵٦אอૠֱऄΔ։࣫ൄشᇢᠲᣊীऱᣄ৫ፖլٵ౨Ժᆢ
ەسऱ܂ൣݮΔছृאײࠢྒྷ᧭ᓵૠጩ٤᧯ەسլٵᠲীኙΰP ଖαΙ
৵ृආᇢᠲ֘ᚨᓵΰitem response theoryαΔא ASCAL ۷ጩ 5000 ەس܂
ᇷறऱaΰᦸܑ৫αΕbΰᣄ৫αΕcΰෲྒྷ৫αΔ٦אԿᑇᑓڤૠጩנլ
ٵ౨Ժەسኙᖲ PΰșαΔၞۖאҬፖ ș ৬مऱᇢᠲᐛڴᒵΰitem characteristic curveΔ១ᐊ ICCαᤩٺᇢᠲऱۥΖԿᑇᑓڤֆڤڕՀΚ ΰᖗഗΔ1992α )] ( exp[ 1 1 ) ( i i i Da b c P
T
T
P(ș) ኙ Δa ᇢ ᠲ ᦸ ܑ ৫ Δ ଖ 0 ~ 3 b ᇢ ᠲ ᣄ ৫ Δ ଖ –3 ~ +3Ι ș ە س ౨ Ժ Δ ଖ –3 ~ +3Ι Dଖ 1.7!
Εઔߒ࣠ፖಘᓵ
ਐەൕၲࡨ۟վڶڣऱᗨีΔᠲၦሒ400 ᠲאՂΔբױലࠡီԱᇞਐ ەᇢᠲۥऱᇷறΖءઔߒࠉڻಘᓵᖵڣᇢᠲլٵᇢᠲዌऱᠲၦፖᣄ৫ऱ ᆜΔ։࣫ൄشᇢᠲዌऱᇢᠲᐛڴᒵΔၞۖൕەسࢤܑ൶ಘิ࠴ᚨࣹრऱ ᇢᠲΖԫΕᖵڣᇢᠲऱิګ
چઝᙇᖗᠲࠉᇢᠲհၴऱᣂএΔഗءՂ։ᠲፖڍᠲิګऱᠲิΖط ࣍ਐەխᖂسऱ᜔ࢤေၦΔᇢᠲᚨࠠໂᛀྒྷەسኙሀցΕሀםอٽ౨ ԺऱࢤᔆΔ٦ףՂچઝࠉᖕ 1990 ڣऱઔߒΰਜ壂Δ1990αΔ९ཚ࠷ ڍᙇᠲፖᓤᙇᠲΔޏאิٽڤऱᙇᠲזհΖᠲڤऱᇢᠲ।૿Ղឈױࠌᇢ࠴ ᛀྒྷለڍऱᄗ࢚Δ܀Ոለլ࣐ᛀ᧭طᑇଡઌᣂᄗ࢚ࢬዌګऱՕᄗ࢚Δڂۖڶᠲ ิᠲΖط।1 ऱᇷற᧩قΔᠲิᠲբګچઝऱᣊীΔࠡؓ݁ኙլԫࡳለᠲᇢᠲ܅ΖᠲิᠲፖᠲհၴऱܑΔൕ؆ڇীڤࠐΔڶ᜔ᠲიृ ܛᠲิᠲΔ܀᜔ᠲიڇᖞิᇢᠲऱߡۥࠉࠡፖᠲᣂএۖࡳΔڶऱႛਢື༐ אࡳൣቼലᠲຑದࠐΔඖ૪១Δڕ9411-9412 ᇢᠲΙڶऱլਢ༐ ΔՈ༼ࠎᠲᇞऱᒵΔಛஒၦለڍΔڕ9431-9433Ζૉאᇢᠲૠऱᖙ ܂ᣄ৫ࠐΔᠲิᠲፖᠲհၴឈױאઌյ᠏ངΔ܀طᠲิࣈᑇଡᠲለ୲ ࣐Δ᜔֠ࠡᠲიႛਢ༐ݮڤΔٺଡᠲᠲიᠲრ堚ᄑΔܛױᗑمګᠲΙ ۖᑇଡᠲิٽᠲิঞီٺᠲၴڶྤ٥ٵᠲΔิ࠴ृ౨ܡڇழၴૠנ ᜔ᠲი܂ᠲၴऱ٥ٵᠲიΖਚڇᇢᠲૠழ່ړආᠲิᠲΔิ࠴ၸ٦ ီኔᎾᏁᓳᖞΔڼऄೈױאᆏઊ܂ᄐழၴΔՈለ୲࣐ٵழᒳ፹ڍٝؓ۩࠴Ζ ߄1 ൂᚒᆶᚒಔᚒᒧᚒޑเჹᆶᚒໆ ڣ৫ʳ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ᜔ٽʳ ؓ݁ᑇʻʸʼ ˉˋˁˌˆʳ ˉˋˁ˄˄ ʳ ˇˈˁˈ ʳ ʳ ʳ ˈˉˁˉˊʳʳ ˉˈˁ˃ˌʳ ଡᑇʳ ˄ˈʳ ˄ˌ ʳ ˅ ʳ ʳ ʳ ˌʳʳ ˇˈʳ ᠲʳ ᑑᄷʳ ˄ˇˁˋˇˇʳ ˄˅ˁˊˆ˅ ʳ ˌˁ˄ˌ˅ ʳ ʳ ʳ ˆ˃ˁˊ˅˄ʳʳ ˄ˋˁˊˆ˄ʳ ؓ݁ᑇʻʸʼ ˉˋˁ˃˃ʳ ˉˆˁˋ˄ ˈ˃ˁˆˌ ˈ˅ˁˋˉ ˈˆˁˊ˅ ˈ˃ˁ˅˄ ˉ˃ˁˊ˅ ˉ˅ˁ˄ˌʳ ˈˋˁˇˈʳ ˈˊˁ˄˅ʳ ଡᑇʳ ˅ˆʳ ˆ˄ ˆˋ ˆˉ ˇ˃ ˆˋ ˆˌ ˆ˄ʳ ˇ˃ʳ ˆ˄ˉʳ ᠲิʳ ᑑᄷʳ ˅ˆˁˊˇˆʳ ˅˃ˁˋ˄ˊ ˅˄ˁˆˆ˅ ˄ˋˁˆ˄ˆ ˅˃ˁˋˉˆ ˅ˆˁˊ˄ˌ ˅˅ˁ˅ˆˇ ˅ˈˁˆˆˋʳ ˅˃ˁˈˋˈʳ ˅˅ˁ˅ˋˋʳ ؓ݁ᑇʻʸʼ ˉˋˁˆˊʳ ˉˈˁˇˇ ˈ˃ˁˆˌ ˈ˅ˁˇˊ ˈˆˁˊ˅ ˈ˃ˁ˅˄ ˉ˃ˁˊ˅ ˉ˃ˁˌˈʳ ˈˋˁˇˈʳ ˈˋˁ˄˅ʳ ଡᑇʳ ˆˋʳ ˈ˃ ˆˋ ˆˋ ˇ˃ ˆˋ ˆˌ ˇ˃ʳ ˇ˃ʳ ˆˉ˄ʳ ᜔ٽʳ ᑑᄷʳ ˅˃ˁˇˉˇʳ ˄ˋˁ˄ˇˊ ˅˄ˁˆˆ˅ ˄ˊˁˌˈˆ ˅˃ˁˋˉˆ ˅ˆˁˊ˄ˌ ˅˅ˁ˅ˆˇ ˅ˉˁˆ˅ˆʳ ˅˃ˁˈˋˈʳ ˅˅ˁ˃˄˄ʳ ᇢᠲૠழΔଈەၦ܂ֱڤΔᙇᖗᠲឈױאݶຒᛧەس։Δ܀ڂ ྤऄᛀྒྷەسኙࡳᠲऱ೯।ሒ౨ԺΔਚٺઝਐەຟڶԫࡳֺࠏऱॺᙇᖗ ᠲΖֺࠡࠏԫֱ૿࠹ᔹ࠴ழၴፖᆖ၄ऱᐙΔԫֱ૿Ոڂچઝᓵ૪ڤᠲী լ࣐ᔹ࠴Δط।2 ऱᇷற᧩قॺᙇᖗᠲऱֺࠏ 20%~24%Δૉਢ 20%ΔԲ ՕᠲΔޢՕᠲ10 ։Δط 4-5 ଡᠲΕૠ 5 ଡூዌګΙૉਢ 24%ΔԿՕᠲΔ ޢՕᠲ8 ։Δط 3-4 ଡᠲΕૠ 4 ଡூዌګΖࠟጟֺࠏۿሼٵΔኔᎾՂ ૠᖙ܂ऱᣄ৫ԲՕᠲለԿՕᠲᣄΔڂچઝࢬەऱփ୲լ؆ψwhat, where,
why, howωΔᅝԫՕᠲ 10%ழΔփ୲ሀ৫ᏁജՕΔթ౨ᝩ܍ࡳᠲֺૹ መΖ ߄2 ᒧᚒᆶߚᒧᚒޑᚒኧᆶᒧᚒޑѳ֡เჹ ڣ৫ 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 ᜔ࡉ ᠲᑇ 38 50 38 38 40 38 39 40 40 361 ؓ݁ᑇ(%) 68.37 65.44 50.39 52.47 53.72 50.21 60.72 60.95 58.45 58.12 ᙇᖗ ᑑᄷ 20.464 18.147 21.332 17.953 20.863 23.719 22.234 26.323 20.585 22.011 ॺᙇ ᠲᑇ 8 0 9 11 7 7 11 10 10 73 ᜔ࡉ ᠲᑇ 46 50 47 49 47 45 50 50 50 434 ᖵڣᙇᖗᠲऱֺࠏᅃᚨᣊۿΔ2003 ڣڂ SRAS հਚΔᝩ܍ᔹ࠴ृհ ၴઌյႚΔᅝڣ৫࠷ॺᙇᖗᠲΔڻڣඝܛ༚ֺࠏΖאᇢᠲૠऱᖙ܂ ᣄ৫ࠐΔᙇᖗᠲᠲᑇڍΔڕ۶ڇڶૻழၴၦขᔆᇢᠲംᠲΙॺᙇ ᖗᠲᠲᑇ֟ΔᏁᚏໂऱၦઌኙለ֟Δ܀լ࣐ᔹ࠴Δ܂ᄐᣄ৫ڇᇢ೭৵ΖൕԲ ृհၴऱ᠏ངΔᙇᖗᠲ᠏ངॺᙇᖗᠲለ࣐Δܔೈᙇႈ٦ଥૡ༼ംֱڤܛױΔ ܀ॺᙇᖗᠲޏᙇᖗᠲঞᏁ٦क़ழၴૠᙇႈΔਚᇷற৬ᆜᚨאᙇᖗᠲ Ζ ᇢᠲٺิګຝ։ऱ؆ڇীڤΔױ։ฤᇆΕ֮ڗΕ।ΕቹቝፖጵٽնՕᣊ ԼքଡาᣊΖءઔߒലشڗၦՕ࣍પ100 ڗאՂृΔࡳ९֮Δ՛࣍ 100 ڗ ृΖط।3 ऱᇷற࿇Δᠲიຝ։א֮ڗᣊᇢᠲ່ڍΔ֠ࠡਢᣊΙ ቹቝᣊڻհΔאቹፖچቹለڍΔᓡਣᐙቝፖᅃׂለ֟Δቹቝᣊᚨਢᅝזچઝ ॺൄૹऱඒᖂՠࠠΔ܀ᖵڣᇢᠲࠀլڍߠΔࠡڂᚨፖងٱࠧໂፖګءڶ ᣂΙᙇႈຝ։ऱᣊܑፖᠲიઌለΔႛڶԿՕᣊխऱքଡาᣊΔࠀႃխڇဲΕז ᒘΕԿᣊΔຍࠄᣊܑ່Օۥਢشڗၦ֟Ζૉאቹ1 ऱᄗ࢚ಘᓵ᜔ᠲიΕ ᠲიፖᙇႈऱᣂএΔิٽऱᣊীޓڍցΰڕॵᙕԫαΔ܀ᠲิאψ+ +ωΕψ֮++ဲωΕψ֮++זᒘωऱנ᙮່Ι ᠲऱิٽٍሼٵΖ ᜔ᠲიΕᠲიፖᙇႈհၴᚨא۶ጟิٽࠋΔࠀྤࡳᓵΖຏൄᇢᠲૠ
ॣཚΔૠृլԫࡳᄎࠥრ壄១ᠲऱشڗၦΔ܀ࠩૠ৵ཚܛᏁૹᖞٺ ᠲၴऱփ୲Δઌᣂृࢨ٥ڶऱຝ։ࢼ᜔۟ᠲიࠎٺᠲࠌشΔᠲიՈא堚 ᄑ༼ംΔຍՈਢ᜔ᠲიऱᣊীڍᑌΔۖᠲი۶אࡺڍऱᣂΖૉאૠ ᖙ܂ᣄ৫ࠐΔ᜔ᠲი່ᣄૠΔೈە᧭ૠृऱࡎᠲ࢚Εवᢝᐖ৫ፖᐷᒚ ౨Ժ؆Δٍਢᛀ㏹ᇷறኙᇢᠲऱጥֱڤΔਢᠲژ࠷Λᝫਢᖞิژ࠷Λૉ ਢ৵ृΔԫڶ؈ᎄΔᖞิܛᚨෟޮΔ९֮ΕچቹΕ।ᣊ᜔ᠲიऱދԵၦઌኙ ለΔ܀Ոਢ່ࠠ୶ࢤΔױൕխ٦ขسᄅᠲΖೈᠲၦ؆Δլٵᣊীᇢᠲऱ ኙՈڶࢬฆΔ܀ᠲᑇ֜֟ृΔء֮ฃհΙࠡխ᜔ᠲი९֮چቹጵٽᣊ ᇢᠲऱኙ່ΙᠲიঞאቹᣊᇢᠲለΔ֮ڗᣊऱፖ९֮ऱኙ ᣊۿΙᙇႈڂᠲᑇՕຟႃխ࣍ฤᇆፖ֮ڗᣊΔזᒘᇢᠲຏൄਢطڍᙇᠲ᧢ฆऱ ิٽڤᙇᠲΔڂזᒘิٽءߪࠠڶԫࡳऱෲྒྷ৫ΔኙለΖ ߄3 ၂ᚒϐᕴᚒ༸ǵηᚒ༸ᆶᒧᜪࠠϐเჹȐ%ȑ ᜔ᠲი ᠲი ᙇႈ ᣊী ؓ݁ᑇ ଡ ᑇ ᑑᄷ ؓ݁ᑇ ଡ ᑇ ᑑᄷ ؓ݁ᑇ ଡ ᑇ ᑑᄷ זᒘ 60.44 108 22.21 ฤᇆ ᑇڗ 48.31 16 22.93 ဲ 58.28 127 21.32 57.45 134 22.54 58.08 312 22.052 58.11 104 21.58 ֮ڗ ९֮ 59.2 54 21.49 57.43 21 22.816 । । 52 15 23.58 53.25 4 25.065 ቹ 54 41 22.23 64.22 9 23.684 43.6 5 30.16 ᓡਣᐙቝ 55.25 4 8.62 41 2 14.142 چቹ 54.57 30 21.52 56.5 8 21.428 ቹቝ ᅃׂ 89 1 17 1 ቹ। 55.67 3 44.11 ९֮ᅃׂ 35 3 13.08 ९֮। 54.5 6 28.52 50 2 7.071 ९֮ቹ 58.89 9 21.89 86 1 ९֮چቹ 70 14 19.90 54 1 ቹ। ֮ڗ ጵٽ ९֮چቹ। 65 3 17.69 ᜔ࡉ 58.12 316 22.01 58.12 361 22.011 58.12 361 22.01
ԲΕൄشዌऱᇢᠲᐛڴᒵ
ڇ᜔ᠲიΕᠲიፖᙇႈնՕᣊԼքଡาᣊΔᇢᠲᣊীڍሒ 70 ጟิٽΔ ᝩ܍։࣫ሿᅷ֏Δء֮א֮ڗᣊऱΕ९֮א֗ቹቝᣊᇢᠲၞԫޡಘᓵΖ ΰԫα֮ڗᣊऱᇢᠲ ᇢᠲ᜔ᠲიፖᠲი່ૹऱิګΔኙᇢᠲऱᐙࢤՈ່ՕΔ܀ࠡ ᣄ৫ਢܡᄎڂࠡشڗၦ֟ۖ១Δطቹ 2Ε3Ε4Ε5 ༏ᇷறࠐΔᠲ១ ऱᠲიፖᙇႈᒔኔڶנຑ౨Ժᆢەسຟլ࣐܂ऱൣݮΔࠡխဲᣊᙇႈ ऱᦸܑ৫ՈለृࠋΔࠡڂဲᣊڍറڶټဲΔૉ᥆ψറشᄗ࢚ωΔەس Ꮑ堚ᄑࣔػࠡრᆠΔթ࣐ኙΔڕ 9102 ᇢᠲאψ৬ޗፖچݮە٧ࣾऱ܂ شԺωΔᇢᠲ១ᑥΔԾፖچֱࡺاسైޗٽΔࠌᇢᠲᣄ৫ᔞխԾࠠᦸܑ৫Ι ૉਢچټࢨഏټΔەऱਢψԫᄗ࢚ωΔᣄ৫ឈለ܅Δ܀Ծױܑ܅౨Ժᆢە سΔڕ 9801 ᇢᠲࢬەऱψഏωΖᙇႈृΔૉਢەွࢨࠃढऱ༴૪ ڤΔᣄ৫ለ܅Δڕ 9205 ᇢᠲψچቹچጻऱפ౨ωΙૉਢەွऱڂ࣠ᣂ এΔᣄ৫ឈለΔ܀ᦸܑ৫ՈΔڕ9201ψ՞ࡕچૉಯౙᝫࣥΔֽࣾऱ᧢֏ωΔ ࠡᇢᠲᐛڴᒵፖ9102 ᇢᠲ壄ᄷীᄗ࢚ᣊۿΖ ᅝᇢᠲᠲิᠲழΔאऱᇢᠲΔᙇႈृڍᑇለ࣐Δڕቹ4Ι ܀ૉਢەᄗ࢚ऱංᓵΔᣄ৫ٍΔڕ 9611 ᇢᠲψຟᄎሀٽ܂ऱႈؾωΙ ࢨਢွऱڂΔڕ 9634 ᇢᠲψྡࣥᖞچऱڂωΖૉਢᙇႈဲृΔীڤ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 p theta n9107 n9201 n9205 n9208 n9213 n9214 n9416 n9805 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 p theta n9101 n9102 n9103 n9105 n9202 n9203 n9204 n9209 n9210 n9212 n9801 კ3!Ȩอѡ,อѡȩᚒࠠϐJDD! კ4!Ȩอѡ,ຒȩᚒࠠϐJDD! 9801 9205 9102 9201ឈፖᠲᣊۿΔ܀ڂڍנ᜔ᠲიऱಛஒΔڍᇢᠲᐛڴᒵፖ9201 ᇢᠲሼٵΔ ᦸ৫ᇢᠲለڍΔڕቹ5Δຍᣊᇢᠲૉࢬەऱᄗ࢚լᣄΔ܀փ୲լਢऴ൷࠷ޗ ࣍ᓰ֮ΔەسᏁൕছᆜංᓵΔᣄ৫ፖᦸܑ৫ຟΔڕ 9615 ᇢᠲψ܂ढᐾጟ ࡱᆏωΕ9528 ᇢᠲψ܂ढขچωፖ 9632ψᇢᠲ܂ढωΔ᧩ྥەسኙልᄐ ऱઌᣂᄗ࢚սڶৱףൎΖ ΰԲα֮ڗᣊऱ९֮ᇢᠲ ԫᇢᠲૠᎁψ֮ڗႊԺޣ១ࣔރΔ܀ᠲრ堚ᄑࣔᒔωΰພسدΔ 2004αΔ܀ڇඒઝԫጼڍءհ৵Δᠲიྤጊႊ༼ࠎለڍऱছᆜփ୲Δᨃࠌ شٺठءऱەسᖕڼ৸ەΔ९֮ᠲՈڂڼขسΖطቹ 6Ε7 ऱᇷறױא࿇Δ ९֮ᠲᙇႈאृለ១Δ່១ृ9220 ᇢᠲψፕڍچᔼऱڂωΙ ᅝྥՈڶᣄ৫ೣृ9507 ᇢᠲψতᄕ࿇س౬ऱழၴωΖᙇႈזᒘृΔ ᙇႈਢطڍᙇᠲ᠏ิٽڤᙇᠲΔૉࢬەऱփ୲ൄᢝΔࠡᣄ৫ޓᄎڂ ᙇႈऱิٽ᧤ᙀऱױෲྒྷࢤۖ૾܅Δڕ 9318 ᇢᠲψልᄐขᔭംᠲωΙ܀ࢬە ऱᄗ࢚ૉլٵᄗ࢚ऱຑΔսױ౨ਢᣄ৫ᇢᠲΔڕ 9722 ᇢᠲψچནፖຟ ؑ֏መ࿓ऱᣂএωΖ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta n9121 n9122 n9127 n9128 n9301 n9303 n9304 n9305 n9309 n9312 n9329 n9330 n9411 n9412 n9413 n9414 n9417 n9418 n9425 n9504 n9520 n9529 n9604 n9609 n9610 n9611 n9612 n9614 n9617 n9619 n9620 n9622 n9629 n9634 n9738 n9810 n9813 n9814 n9828 n9835 n9906 n9907 n9930 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta n9226 n9227 n9228 n9306 n9307 n9308 n9324 n9404 n9406 n9424 n9429 n9502 n9503 n9506 n9528 n9603 n9613 n9615 n9618 n9631 n9632 n9720 n9725 n9726 n9727 n9732 n9733 n9734 n9739 n9811 n9812 n9816 n9827 n9829 n9836 n9838 n9929 კ5!Ȩอѡ,อѡ,อѡȩᚒࠠϐJDD! კ6!Ȩอѡ,อѡ,ຒȩᚒࠠϐJDD! 9611 9634 9615 9528 9632
ΰԿαቹቝᣊᇢᠲ ط࣍چွᠧΔലհ֏១ٺጟቹ।ࢨᇞᤩቹ।ਢچઝऱૹ ᖂփ୲Δᖵڣڶլ֟ڼᣊᇢᠲΔطቹ 8Ε9 ऱᇷற᧩قΔᙇႈဲृᦸܑ ৫ᇢᠲለזᒘृڍΖڼᣊᇢᠲऱቹቝᇷறՕຟᆜ᜔࣍ᠲიΔٺᠲՕຟ Δૉ༼ംਢەቹխైऱᣂএΔຍਢֲؓᖂீඒᖂለ࢙ฃऱຝ։Δᇢᠲᣄ৫ Δڕ 9637 ᇢᠲψቹխظࢬၞ۩ऱωΙૉ༼ംլਢऴ൷ൕቹᇞΔঞᇢ ᠲᣄ৫ፖ९֮ᠲᣊۿΔڕ9538 ᇢᠲψईᏝፖ᎘ईါᇞᐗऱۯයٙऱᣂএωΖ 1999 ڣאࠐΔխᓰ࿓ፖᖂீඒᖂՕၦࠌشٺጟቹቝᇷறᎅࣔچွ ፖᄗ࢚Δࠀᙟᇷಛขᄐऱ࿇୶ፖਙࢌຝ॰ኙቹᇷጥऱᇞᣤΔԳଚՈױא۞۩ ࠌشچቹፖᓡਣᐙቝΔਐەᇢᠲՈዬڻ֧ԵΔ܀ࢨڂٱࠧໂፖګءհૻΔᠲ ၦսྥլڍΔ֠ࠡਢᓡਣᐙቝΖૉൕቹ10Εቹ 11 ऱᇷறࠐΔڼᣊᇢᠲᣄ৫ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 p theta n9119 n9123 n9132 n9220 n9224 n9317 n9320 n9427 n9428 n9507 n9832 n9919 n9926 n9927 n9939 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 p theta n9120 n9124 n9318 n9319 n9338 n9426 n9722 n9724 n9830 n9920 კ6 ȨߏЎ+อѡ+อѡȩᚒࠠϐICC კ7 ȨߏЎ+อѡ+жዸȩᚒࠠϐICC 9220 9507 9318 9722 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta n9237 n9238 n9242 n9521 n9537 n9606 n9636 n9637 n9638 n9729 n9731 n9825 n9826 n9932 n9937 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta n9244 n9245 n9249 n9250 n9321 n9322 n9333 n9433 n9516 n9517 n9538 n9910 n9931 n9936 კ8 Ȩკ+อѡ+ຒȩᚒࠠϐICC კ9 Ȩკ+อѡ+жዸȩᚒࠠϐICC 9637 9538
ᔞխԾࠠᦸܑ৫ΙچቹᣊᇢᠲڶܑᣄऱᇢᠲΔ֟ᑇᇢᠲڂቹ༏࠹ૻ࣍ठ ૿Δլ࣐ەቹփຝาຝऱಛஒΔۖ૾܅ᇢᠲᣄ৫Δڕ 9125 ᇢᠲψچቹ।ሒֱ ڤऱܒឰωΖط࣍چቹፖᓡਣᐙቝփܶ᠆༄ऱچ।ᇷறΔױאൕխૠנڍ ᇢᠲΔڕٵ९֮ᠲԫᑌࠠ৫୶ࢤΔ܀ڕ۶ലᇞ࣫৫ᐙቝᆜ࣍ᇷறΔᏁ ሽᆰ࿏᧯ፖຌ᧯ٽΔթ࣐ᙟᠲᛀፖᏺଥΔᏁڶߜړٱࠧໂΔթ౨ڶ ᔆࠋऱᇢ࠴ΔۖຍՈਢᅝছچઝᇢᠲၲ࿇ऱ່Օ᙭Ζ
ԿΕᇢᠲᐛڴᒵऱࢤܑฆ
ഏփՕᖂԵᖂەᇢਢլ։ࢤܑΔޢۯխฅᄐسࢨٵᖂᖵृຟڶᇷ ፖΔ܀ਬࠄ౨ԺߊՖ٣֚լ֜ԫᑌΔᇢ೭ᚨֆؓ૿ኙࢬڶەسΖڇഏխഗྒྷڶ ઔߒ࿇٤᧯࠹ᇢऱߊسڇᑇᖂઝڶᣂംᠲᇞެऱ।ฃ࣍Ֆسΰᗝຳම Δ2008αΔۖՖسڇഏ֮ઝࡉઝऱࢤܑฆิীॺൄઌۿ᧩ထ࣍ߊ سΰᗝຳමΔ2007αΔਐەᇢᠲਢܡՈڶڕڼႜٻΔᚨڶറ֮۩ಘᓵΖء֮ ႛطᖵڣؓ݁։ᑇፖᇢᠲհቹֺ֮ኙᇢᠲᐛڴᒵΖ ط।4 ᇷற᧩قΔߊՖسؓ݁։ᑇऱं೯ᣊۿΔ܀ࠟࢤၴऱฆ࣍ 2004Ε 2007Ε2010 Կڣሒ᧩ထֽᄷΔᖞ᧯ۖߢՖس।ለࠋΔ܀ 2010 ڣՖسऱ։ᑇ ለߊسฃ܅Ζطቹ12 ٺᇢᠲऱᐛڴᒵΔױא࿇ߊسፖՖسऱฆڇ խၴ౨ԺृΔڍᑇᇢᠲኙխ౨Ժृለࠠᦸܑ৫Ι່ऱਢ9932 ᇢᠲ ՖسऱڴᒵܧψSωীΔխ౨ԺאՂृऱ।၌။ߊسΖૉאٺڣᇢᠲዌᣊ ীऱ։ࠐΰॵᙕԲαΔ2010 ڣऱ֮ڗፖቹቝऱࠌشၦࠀڶܑڍΔ܀ 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 p theta n9510 n9911 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta n9125 n9126 n9240 n9410 n9539 n9701 n9702 n9711 n9712 ʳ კ10 ȨፁࢃቹႽ+อѡ+жዸȩᚒࠠϐICC კ11 ȨӦკ+อѡ+жዸȩᚒࠠϐICC 9125ڍ༏ቹቝਢ 2005 ڣ֧Եխᓰ࿓ለᓤᠧऱՕֺࠏ֡چݮቹፖᓡਣᐙቝΔਢ խඒᖂለլᑵ൜ऱຝ։Ζֺኙᇢᠲࢬྒྷփ୲Δױא࿇ߊسለᖐ९ᖙ܂ীፖቹ ݮᄗ࢚ऱᇢᠲΔڕ9904 ᇢᠲψᐙቝೣᎄऱڂωΕ9905 ᇢᠲψ۞۩߫۩ᆖऱ ଳ૿ωΕ9911 ᇢᠲψᓡਣᐙቝچݮ߀୭ױ౨ࢤܒᦰωΕ9916 ᇢᠲψچݮቹچ ݮ߀୭ܒᦰωΕ9913 ᇢᠲψGIS ़ၴᇷறፖ᥆ࢤᇷறຑऱૠጩωΖՖسᅃ ለᖐ९֮ীᇢᠲΔڕ9413 ᇢᠲψ၄ፖࣚ೭ᄐऱۯڂైωΙ9940 ᇢᠲ ψֽᇷᄭܓشֱڤωΔ᜔ᠲიऱشڗၦڍΔەسર֨ᔹᦰΔߊسऱ।༉լ ڕՖسΙ܀ڕ࣠ᇢᠲᏁሎشංᓵ౨ԺΔঞߊس।ለࠋΔڕ 9908 ᇢᠲψᐙ Ւᣦॅ৫ऱڂωΕ9920 ᇢᠲψ२ڣڃੌऱڂωΕ9922 ᇢᠲψৄؑ ࿇୶ऱ٥ٵᐛωΕ9934 ᇢᠲψୗ֗ཌಈ։ؒឩՕऱڂωΙڕ࣠ቹݮ ᇢᠲᏁچֱवᢝಖᖋழΔ౨ԺᆢՖسऱ।ԾለߊسࠋΔڕ9932 ᇢᠲψᑛ ขᄐ೯ፖ౨ᄭ၄ዌऱᣂএωΖ ߄4 2002-2010 ԃࡰԵӦࣽتζѳ֡ϩኧ ᣊܑ 2002 2003 2004* 2005 2006 2007* 2008 2009 2010* ؓ݁ᑇ 52.71 57.03 40.12 36.43 40.12 38.87 48.69 49.82 45.82 ଡᑇ 1927 1969 1913 1981 2016 1970 1914 2016 2000 ߊس ᑑᄷ 16.443 20.426 16.005 15.671 16.765 15.288 17.239 16.414 16.476 ؓ݁ᑇ 53.60 58.02 42.23 36.70 40.72 39.95 49.62 50.08 44.32 ଡᑇ 3073 3031 3087 3019 2984 3030 3086 2984 3000 Ֆس ᑑᄷ 15.945 19.127 15.451 15.230 15.699 14.588 16.660 15.763 15.498 ᎅࣔΚ*ז।ࢤܑฆሒ᧩ထֽᄷ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ 9904 9905
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ ! 9908 9911 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ ! ! ! 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ ! 9913 9916! 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ 9920 9922 9932 9934 9940 9413 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 -3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 P theta Ֆ ߊ
ᆥΕᓵ
९ՆאࠐΔྒྷ᧭ᏆኙᇢᠲऱઔߒՕຟထૹྒྷ᧭࣠ऱอૠ։࣫Δធ֟ൕ ዌࢤಘᓵᇢᠲऱۥΖءઔߒא֮ऱऄ༼נψᇢᠲዌωᨠរΔࠀאᖵ ڣਐەچઝᇢᠲ։࣫ኙွΔ٦۸אەس܂ൣݮΖ࣠࿇ڕՀΚ چઝᇢᠲዌലᇢᠲ։᜔ᠲიΕᠲიፖᇞႈΔࠉᇢᠲऱ؆ڇীڤ ױ։նՕᣊԼք՛ᣊิٽऱ 70 ጟิٽΔ܀լਢޢᣊᇢᠲຟؓ݁נΔᆖൄ ࠌشऱਢ֟ᑇᣊীΔ່ۖൄࠌشڗၦለ֟ऱীᇢᠲΖڼᣊᇢᠲឈױאڶ யྒྷ᧭ەسऱ౨ԺΔૠࢬழၴՈለ֟Δᇢ࠴ᒳ፹Ո່୲࣐Δ܀ࢬྒྷփ୲ᄕ ࣐ੌׂ࣍ឰࢤवᢝΔਚᇷறլࡵႛڶীᇢᠲΖ९֮ᇢᠲऱփ୲᠆༄ࠠ ୶ࢤΔԾױᛀྒྷەسᔹᦰፖᇞ౨ԺΔᔞٽ܂ᇷறऱᚏໂᇢᠲΔ܀ڂᙇޗ ၄ழ၄ԺΔૠլ࣐ΔڍૠृઃီຜΔࡵڶૠچၲ࿇Ζ ᒳ፹ᇢ࠴ழΔڇठ૿ڶૻऱൣउΔլࡵ٤ຝীᇢᠲΔױאല९֮Ε ቹΕ।ΕᅃׂΕچቹא֗ᓡਣᐙቝᣊᇷறૠ᜔ᠲიΔᠲი٦א༼ ംΔլٵᇢᠲऱᙇႈᣊীٍᏁڍց֏Δթ࣐ᛀྒྷەسऱڍց౨ԺΙᚨەၦ ࠟࢤլٵऱᔆΔڶቹݮᇢᠲΔՈᚨڶ९֮ᇢᠲΙڶංᇢᠲΔՈᚨڶ༴૪ী ᇢᠲΖؾছᒳ፹ᇢ࠴Օຟೡૹྒྷ᧭փ୲ऱ։ΔࠡኔՈױൕᇢᠲዌထ֫Δ܀ ୌࠄᣊীऱᇢᠲዌթ౨ิٽګߜړᇢ࠴Λءઔߒࡸآᤛ֗Δ৬ᤜآࠐױၞ۩ ٺጟᑓᚵྒྷᇢΖ ቹ֮ࠀਢچᇢ࠴ऱ່ՕᐛΔֲ࣏ီᖲയऱՕֺࠏ֡چݮቹፖᓡਣ ᐙቝچནᇷறΔڇբਢഏԳᎁᢝچᛩቼ᧢ᔢऱૹՠࠠΔਢψسچω ऱ່ࠋඒޗΔՈਢૠچઝψچནቹቝωᇢᠲऱړైޗΔ܀ڂٱࠧᔆፖठ ૿ऱૻࠫΔ۟վᇢᠲၦլڍΔآࠐᇷறױᗨᄕၲ࿇Ζچནቹቝᇢᠲլԫࡳႛ ૻ࣍ᒳ፹چઝᇢ࠴ΔૉՕەխ֨ᠾᆙەઝΔچནઌᣂᖂߓᄅᏺψچནە ઝωΔຍࠄᇢᠲܛਢ່ࠋైޗΔ܀ছ༼ਢߜړٱࠧᔆΖ !ᖴᜏ! གᖴεԵύЈගٮᐕԃࡰԵ 6111 ԵғբเၗܜኬᔞǹഋЎቺӃғڐշ ၗǶ! ! !
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ޕࣔᗊΰ1996αΖԶԼԫ۟ԶԼնᖂڣ৫ᜤەچઝᇢᠲڃΖՕᖂԵᖂەᇢխ֨ᇢ ᠲઔಘᄎᇷறΖآנठΖקΚՕᖂԵᖂەᇢխ֨Ζ ޕࣔᗊΰ1997αΖԶԼքᖂڣ৫ᜤەچઝᇢᠲ։࣫ΖآנठΖקΚՕᖂԵᖂەᇢ խ֨Ζ ঀຫભΰ2008αΖψሽᆰྒྷ᧭ω១տΖᙇթຏಛΔ171ΖקΚՕᖂԵᖂەᇢխ֨Ζ ਜ壂Ε׆ટΕຫ֮ࡸΕຫഏ՟ΰ1990αΖՕᖂԵᖂەᇢچઝᇢᠲऱေᦸࡉࡎᠲ ঞΖگ࣍ՕᖂԵᖂەᇢխ֨چઝઔߒ՛ิ78 ڣ৫ՠ܂ૠቤܫΖآנठΖ קΚՕᖂԵᖂەᇢխ֨Ζ ്ទෘΰ2008αΖᖄԵवᢝچቹ࣍ᇢᠲေၦߓอΖګפՕᖂՠ࿓ઝᖂߓጚՓᓵ֮Ζ ᖗഗΰ1992αΖᇢᠲ܂ᓵ១տΖקΚխഏ۩ઝᖂषΖ ᖗഗΕܦ୮ࢣΕޕࣔᗊΕܦഏߜΰ2000αΖشၴ൷ᇷಛࠐ֏ྒྷ᧭ΖآנठΖקΚ ՕᖂԵᖂەᇢխ֨Ζ ພسدΰ2004αΖඒߛྒྷ᧭ፖေၦΖקΚ壄ဎΖ Ꮵ࣐ཎΘߝ壂ᐚထΔݚঊᚢΕଧ֮৯ΰ2005αΖৄؑ࿇୶ΖקࠇΚխഏ৬ᗰՠᄐΖ Ꮵ९ᆶΕ࿓ዿᨠΕᓐਙ᠆ΕޕࣔᗊΕܦࣧፚΰ1995αΖᖂઝ౨Ժྒྷ᧭֏ΰԫαΚ٥ ຏᠲڇீګᜎ֏ֺለΖآנठΖקΚՕᖂԵᖂەᇢխ֨Ζ ᔤਟࣔΰ1996αΖᎁव֨ᖂΖקΚெগΖ ᗝຳමΰ2007αΖഏاխᖂᖂسഗءᖂԺྒྷ᧭ഏ֮ઝࡉઝګ༉ࢤܑฆࡉࢤܑ ܑᇢᠲפ౨ΰDIFα։࣫Ζඒߛઔߒፖ࿇୶ཚעΔ3ΰ4αΔ79-111Ζ ᗝຳමΕֻഏᄓΰ2008αΖഏխഗءᖂԺྒྷ᧭ᑇᖂઝհࢤܑฆፖܑᇢᠲפ౨ΰDIFα ։࣫ΖඒߛኔᔌፖઔߒΔ21ΰ2αΔ95-126ΖDraaijer, S. & Hartog, R. J. M. (2007). Design Patterns for Digital Item Types in Higher Education. E-Journal of Instructional Science and Technology, 10(1):32.
Hermans, P. & Arnhem, C. (2008). The Quality Management of Large-Scale Computer Based Assessments. 34th IAEA Annual Conference, Cambridge.
Meyers, J. L., Miller, G. E., & Way, W. D., (2009).Item Position and Item Difficulty Change in an IRT-Based Common Item Equating Design. Applied Measurement in
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! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
ߕᒵ!!၂ᚒࠠᄊᆶเჹ! ᠲऱᠲীፖኙ ᠲიʳ ᙇႈʳ ଡᑇʳ ؓ݁ᑇʻʸʼʳ ᑑᄷʳ זᒘʳ ˇʳ ˉˉˁ˅ˈʳ ˅ˆˁˉˊʳ ဲʳ ˄˄ʳ ˉ˃ˁˈˈʳ ˄ˉˁ˃ˋʳ ʳ ʳ ˋʳ ˊˆˁˋˋʳ ˄ˆˁˌˆʳ זᒘʳ ˇʳ ˊˊˁ˃˃ʳ ˄ˇˁˋˉʳ ဲʳ ˆʳ ˉˋˁ˃˃ʳ ˉˁ˃ˋʳ ९֮ʳ ቹʳ ˄ʳ ˄ˆˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ९֮ʳ ।ʳ זᒘʳ ˄ʳ ˇˈˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ९֮ʳ ቹʳ זᒘʳ ˄ʳ ˋˉˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ९֮ʳ چቹʳ זᒘʳ ˄ʳ ˈˇˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ।ʳ ဲʳ ˆʳ ˉˈˁˆˆʳ ˋˁ˄ˈʳ זᒘʳ ˆʳ ˉˇˁ˃˃ʳ ˄ˇˁˊˆʳ ቹʳ ဲʳ ˇʳ ˉˇˁ˅ˈʳ ˆ˅ˁˊˆʳ چቹʳ ဲʳ ˄ʳ ˈ˅ˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ
ᠲิᠲऱᠲীፖኙ ᜔ᠲიʳ ᠲიʳ ᙇႈʳ ᠲᑇ ؓ݁ᑇʻʸʼ ᑑᄷʳ זᒘʳ ˆ˅ ˉˆˁ˃˃ʳ ˄ˌˁˈˈʳ ᑇڗʳ ˅ ˇ˃ˁˈ˃ʳ ˆˊˁˇˋʳ ʳ ˇˇ ˈˇˁˌˆʳ ˅ˆˁˈˋʳ ဲʳ ˆˋ ˉ˄ˁˉˉʳ ˅˅ˁˉˋʳ ʳ ᅃׂʳ ˄ ˄ˊˁ˃˃ʳ זᒘʳ ˊ ˇˉˁ˄ˇʳ ˊˁ˅ˊʳ ʳ ˄ ˊ˃ˁ˃˃ʳ ९֮ʳ ቹʳ ˄ ˄ˋˁ˃˃ʳ ९֮ʳ ।ʳ זᒘʳ ˄ ˈˈˁ˃˃ʳ ᅃׂʳ ဲʳ ˄ ˋˌˁ˃˃ʳ ቹʳ זᒘʳ ˄ ˇˇˁ˃˃ʳ ቹʳ ˄ ˈ˄ˁ˃˃ʳ ᓡਣᐙቝʳ ʳ ˄ ˆ˄ˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ چቹʳ זᒘʳ ˆ ˇˊˁˉˊʳ ˆ˅ˁˆˈʳ ᑇڗʳ ˅ ˇˆˁ˃˃ʳ ˅ˋˁ˅ˋʳ ʳ ˄ˈ ˉˈˁˋˊʳ ˄ˈˁˌ˃ʳ ဲʳ ˅˄ ˈˉˁˌˈʳ ˅˄ˁˆ˄ʳ ʳ זᒘʳ ˄˃ ˈ˅ˁ˃˃ʳ ˅ˇˁˇˋʳ ဲʳ ˄ ˋˇˁ˃˃ʳ ९֮ʳ זᒘʳ ˅ ˋ˃ˁ˃˃ʳ ˄ˇˁ˄ˇʳ ।ʳ ᑇڗʳ ˄ ˄ˊˁ˃˃ʳ ९֮ʳ چቹʳ זᒘʳ ˅ ˊˆˁ˃˃ʳ ˅ˁˋˆʳ ʳ ဲʳ ˅ ˆˌˁˈ˃ʳ ˄ˇˁˋˈʳ ९֮ʳ ᅃׂʳ ९֮ʳ זᒘʳ ˄ ˅ˉˁ˃˃ʳ זᒘʳ ˅ ˉˆˁ˃˃ʳ ˅ˉˁˋˊʳ ʳ ˅ ˆˌˁˈ˃ʳ ˆˋˁˋˌʳ ʳ ဲʳ ˄ ˆˊˁ˃˃ʳ ९֮ʳ ।ʳ ቹʳ ဲʳ ˄ ˋˈˁ˃˃ʳ !
ᠲิᠲऱᠲীፖኙ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ᜔ᠲიʳ ᠲიʳ ᙇႈʳ ᠲᑇʳ ؓ݁ᑇʻʸʼ ᑑᄷʳ ʳ זᒘʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ʳ ˄ʳ ʳ ˉˌˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ᑇڗʳ ˅ʳ ˆˉˁˈ˃ʳ ˄ˌˁ˃ˌʳ ʳ ˇʳ ˈˋˁˊˈʳ ˅ˆˁ˃ˌʳ ९֮ʳ ቹʳ ʳ ဲʳ ˅ʳ ˊˉˁˈ˃ʳ ˄˅ˁ˃˅ʳ זᒘʳ ˄ʳ ˌˈˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ဲʳ ˊʳ ˊ˅ˁˋˉʳ ˄ˊˁˋˈʳ ९֮ʳ چቹʳ ʳ ʳ ˉʳ ˉ˅ˁˈ˃ʳ ˅˄ˁ˃ˉʳ ९֮ʳ ቹʳ ।ʳ ʳ ʳ ˆʳ ˉˈˁ˃˃ʳ ˄ˊˁˉˌ˅ʳ זᒘʳ ˆʳ ˆˆˁˉˊʳ ˆ˃ˁˇˇʳ ᑇڗʳ ˄ʳ ˅˃ˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ဲʳ ˈʳ ˈˉˁˋ˃ʳ ˄ˉˁˉˉʳ ʳ ʳ ˈʳ ˉ˄ˁˇ˃ʳ ˅˅ˁ˅ˆʳ ।ʳ چቹʳ ʳ ˄ʳ ˉˋˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ זᒘʳ ˄ˇʳ ˈˌˁˊ˄ʳ ˅ˈˁˇˇʳ ᑇڗʳ ˈʳ ˉ˃ˁ˅˃ʳ ˄ˆˁˇ˅ʳ ဲʳ ˄ˈʳ ˇˉˁ˃˃ʳ ˅˃ˁ˄˃ʳ ʳ ˉʳ ˇˌˁˋˆʳ ˅˃ˁˇˌʳ ቹʳ ʳ ቹʳ ˄ʳ ˋˋˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ זᒘʳ ˅ʳ ˈ˃ˁ˃˃ʳ ˉ˃ˁˋ˄ʳ ቹ।ʳ ʳ ʳ ˄ʳ ˉˊˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ זᒘʳ ˅ʳ ˈ˄ˁˈ˃ʳ ˅ˁ˄˅ʳ ဲʳ ˄ʳ ˉˋˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ ᓡਣᐙቝʳ ʳ ʳ ˄ʳ ˈ˃ˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ זᒘʳ ˌʳ ˊˇˁˈˉʳ ˄ˈˁˈˋʳ ᑇڗʳ ˆʳ ˉˈˁ˃˃ʳ ˅˃ˁ˅˅ʳ ဲʳ ˄˃ʳ ˇ˃ˁˌ˃ʳ ˄ˇˁˈˌʳ ʳ ˉʳ ˇˈˁ˄ˊʳ ˅˄ˁ˅ˊʳ ʳ ቹʳ ˄ʳ ˇˋˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ چቹʳ چቹʳ זᒘʳ ˄ʳ ˇˆˁ˃˃ʳ ʳ
ߕᒵΒ!!ᐕԃ၂ᚒᕴᚒ༸ǵηᚒ༸ᆶᒧѦӧԄᜪࠠޑϩଛ! ! ۯΚᠲᑇ ฤᇆ ֮ڗ । ቹቝ ቹ।֮ڗጵٽ ڣ ᣊܑ ᑇ ڗ זᒘ ဲ ९֮ । ᅃׂ ቹ ቹ । ᓡ ਣ ᐙ ቝ ᓡ ਣ ᐙ ቝ ᅃ ׂ چ ቹ چ ቹ । ९ ֮ ᅃ ׂ ९ ֮ । ९ ֮ ቹ ९ ֮ ቹ ᅃ ׂ ९ ֮ چ ቹ ९ ֮ چ ቹ । ᜔ ࡉ ᜔ᠲი 6 6 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 6 3 38 ᠲი 30 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 38 2002 ᙇႈ 2 13 9 14 0 0 38 ᜔ᠲი 3 9 2 8 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 0 50 ᠲი 42 2 1 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 50 2003 ᙇႈ 0 9 32 9 0 0 50 ᜔ᠲი 19 10 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 38 ᠲი 36 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 2004 ᙇႈ 5 12 8 12 1 0 38 ᜔ᠲი 22 6 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 38 ᠲი 36 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38 2005 ᙇႈ 2 15 11 10 0 0 38 ᜔ᠲი 14 5 5 8 0 2 4 0 0 0 2 0 40 ᠲი 35 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 40 2006 ᙇႈ 2 11 13 12 0 2 40 ᜔ᠲი 28 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 38 ᠲი 34 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 38 2007 ᙇႈ 1 10 11 16 0 0 38 ᜔ᠲი 12 3 3 4 0 0 8 0 6 3 0 0 39 ᠲი 37 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 39 2008 ᙇႈ 2 13 16 7 0 1 39 ᜔ᠲი 18 3 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 40 ᠲი 31 6 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 40 2009 ᙇႈ 0 12 17 10 0 1 40 ᜔ᠲი 12 12 0 6 0 2 3 0 0 2 3 0 40 ᠲი 31 2 0 1 0 2 4 0 0 0 40 2010 ᙇႈ 2 13 10 14 0 1 40
