行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫成果報告
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墾丁洞穴生物多樣性與保育 (Ⅱ)
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計畫類別：■個別型計畫 □整合型計畫
計畫編號：NSC89－2311－Ｂ－110－017
執行期間：89年08月01日至90年07月31日
計畫主持人：徐芝敏
共同主持人：摩悌
本成果報告包括以下應繳交之附件：
□赴國外出差或研習心得報告一份
□赴大陸地區出差或研習心得報告一份
□出席國際學術會議心得報告及發表之論文各一份
□國際合作研究計畫國外研究報告書一份
執行單位：國立中山大學生物科學系
中
華
民
國
90年
10月
15日
行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告
墾丁洞穴生物多樣性與保育 (Ⅱ)
Cave biodiversity and conservation in Kenting, Taiwan.
計畫編號：NSC 89－2311－Ｂ－110－017 執行期限：89年8月1日至90年7月31日 主持人：徐芝敏 副教授 國立中山大學生物科學系 共同主持人：摩悌 助理教授 國立屏東科技大學 計畫參與人員：呂建興 研究生 國立中山大學生物科學系 一、 中文摘要 為了解巖穴與隧道內生物的多樣 性、分佈與豐富度，以及人類干擾對 天然石灰巖穴之無脊椎與脊椎動物相 的影響，從 89 年 8 月至 90 年 7 月， 在台灣南部的墾丁國家公園內，進行 本研究。 動物物種多樣性在遭受人類干擾的 洞穴中較低。這些動物包括蟋蟀 (Ceuthophilus maculatus)、高腳蜘蛛
(Heteropoda vena toria ) 等無脊椎動 物
與青蛙、蛇與蝙蝠（臺灣葉鼻蝠
Hipposider os ar miger ter a sensis,小蹄鼻
蝠 Rhinlophus monocer os, 大蹄鼻蝠 R.
luctus for mosa e 與褶翅蝠 Miniopterus schr eiber sii）等脊椎動物。與未遭受人 類干擾巖穴相比較，灶馬、蜘蛛與蝙蝠 的數目在遭受人類干擾的洞穴中顯著 地較低 (p<0.05)。獵食者與獵物之互動 僅發現在未遭受人類干擾的洞穴中，此 可能因為人工照明與遊客的活動，限制 與干擾巖穴中的生物種類與互動。石灰 巖穴與其中動物相形成為脆弱的生態 系統，極需要保育。 關鍵詞：石灰巖穴、保育、無脊椎動 物、脊椎動物、墾丁。 二、 英文摘要 ( Abst r act )
The diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate fauna in human-disturbed
and undisturbed caves at Kenting National Park, Taiwan was studied
between August 2000 and July 2001. The diversity of species and number of
animals was lower in disturbed caves. Invertebrates such as the crickets (Ceuthophilus maculatus), spiders
(Heteropoda vena toria ), and bats
(Himalayan leaf-nosed bat Hipposider os a rmiger ter a sensis, Horseshoe bat Rhinolophus monoceros, Woolly
horseshoe bat R. luctus for mosa e and
common bent-winged bat Miniopter us schr eiber sii) were recorded in addition
to snakes, frogs and other invertebrates. There were significantly fewer
Ceuthophilus ma culatus (p<0.001); Heteropoda vena toria (p <0.05) and bats
(p <0.005) in disturbed caves when
compared to undisturbed caves.
Predator-prey interactions were observed only in undisturbed caves since artificial lights and visitors' disturbance might have limited such natural interactions. Priorities should be given to protect the delicate limestone caves and their fauna in southern Taiwan.
K eywor d s: Limestone caves,
invertebrate, vertebrate, conservation, Kenting.
三、 緣由與目的
Caves have been a mysterious world from prehistoric times to the present and the mystery of darkness beyond the entrance always attracted curiosity. Cave habitats often are known to harbor
diverse and unique fauna that form heterogeneous assemblies and live in various ecological zones [1, 2]. Cave ecosystems around the world are at risk due to human exploitation and habitat destruction. It is important to collect data on the status of tropical caves and cave environments in order to effectively plan future conservation and management strategies [3].
Little is known about the diversity of fauna in limestone caves of Taiwan. In this paper, we report for the first time quantitative data on the diversity,
distribution and abundance of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna in caves of southern Taiwan. Data on faunal diversity are compared between
disturbed and undisturbed caves to determine the human impact and
recommendations are given to conserve the delicate cave ecosystems in Taiwan.
四、 結果與討論
The temperature in the dark zone of caves fluctuated between 22oC and 25oC whereas, the relative humidity in the dark zone was higher when compare to outside, entrance, twilight and dark zone of caves.
The diversity of animals in
undisturbed caves was higher compared to disturbed caves. There were
significantly fewer Ceuthophilus ma cula tus (p< 0.001); Heteropoda vena tor ia (p<0.05) and bat species
(p<0.005) in disturbed caves compared to undisturbed ones. The total number of
Ceuthophilus ma culatus in disturbed
caves was less than 10 and the number of
Heteropoda vena tori was less than 5,
while undisturbed caves had 645-3714, and 12-37 individuals, respectively. The total number of P olyr ha chis sp. was
estimated as 249, 95, 234, 986 and 688 in caves 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 respectively. They were absent in cave 3. Furthermore, one Taiwan beauty snake (Ela phe
ta eniur a fr iesei) and two turtle-designed
snakes (Tr imer esur us mucr osqua matus)
were recorded at the entrance and dark zones of cave 6.
Bat species such as the Himalayan leaf-nosed bat (Hipposider os ar miger ter asensis), Horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus monocer os), Woolly horseshoe bat (R. luctus for mosa e) and Common
bent-winged bat (Miniopter us
schr eiber sii) constituted as the major
mammalian group found mostly in dark zones of caves. We did not see any bats in disturbed caves with one exception (cave 1) that had a small colony of H. a ter asensis (n=43) well hidden away from
the tourist trail on the roof of a branch tunnel. Two species of bats, Rhinolophus monocer os (n=500) and R. l. for mosa e
(n=20), were recorded from undisturbed cave 4 while caves 5 and 6 had a colony of H. a .ter a sensis (n=50) and
Miniopter us schr eiber sii (n=1000),
respectively.
Spiders (Heter opoda vena toria )
were observed to feed on crickets (n=4) and cannibalistic feeding in spiders was observed twice. In cave 4, a small water reservoir was seen in the dark zone. A crab (Geothelphusa a lbogilva ) was
observed to feed on shrimps (Ca r idina fa cia ta ). Frogs such as Ra na
a denopleur a and Micr ohyla inor nata
were recorded only from cave 5. Spiders feed on other arthropods as well as their conspecifics. Crabs are often found to be
predatory on shrimps and other aquatic arthropods. These entomophagous animals in caves are secondary consumers in the food chain. Snakes occasionally feed on bats (Hsu,
unpublished data) and they are known to be the top potential consumer in cave ecosystem. We observed predator-prey interactions only in undisturbed caves during our study since artificial light and visitors' disturbance might have limited such interactions in caves used that were frequently used by tourists.
The diversity of species was low in caves frequently used by tourists
compared to undisturbed caves.
Discarded plastics containers, polythene bags, metal cans and other metal trash were seen in undisturbed caves, an indication of infrequent human visits but it apparently did not affect the diversity of species. Artificial lighting system in caves have been reported to contributes heat to the ecosystem and when the energy release exceeds the energy budget of the cave, the inside temperature would increase and reach stationary values higher than natural ones [4]. Bats usually prefer the dark zones of caves to roost. The changes in temperature, humidity, and CO2 concentration as a result of
disturbances by tourists have a
documented role in leading to the decline of bat populations in most show caves around the world. It is essential that caves in Taiwan must be managed so that there is reduced contact between people and bats, especially during sensitive breeding periods. Appropriate security gating could be established in caves not only around Kenting but also in other parts of the country to protect the bat populations from human disturbances.
Cave animals are particularly
vulnerable to disturbances since they live within discrete habitats in isolated island like distributions [3]. It is vital for
Taiwan to have legislation specifically to protect caves, similar to the United States [5]. or other countries in Europe. Kenting harbors several caves, which were formed as dripping underground waters minutely shifting calcium carbonate deposits over the millennia. Several of the caves are located closer to farms where farmers periodically expand their agricultural fields often resulting in the closure of caves. In a recent survey, Hsu [6] found seven caves around Kenting fully buried by farmers to
expand their fields that could have wiped out all animals.
The national park is heavily used for tourism and an estimated three million people visit the park annually. It is important that tourism need to be managed in such a way that ensures the preservation of caves and
conservation of cave fauna. Steps must be taken to restore the caves buried by soil, to decelerate the expansion of encroachment by local villagers, to pass legislation specifically to conserve cave environment, and to increase public awareness to protect the delicate cave ecosystems from further destruction. Furthermore, toxic chemicals are sometimes dumped in rivers and landfills across Taiwan [7], which might pollute the underground water systems in caves. Further studies therefore must focus on the impact of toxic chemical pollutants in delicate cave environments in Taiwan.
五、 計畫成果自評 國內生態環境與生態研究日受重 識，可惜有關巖穴生物學的研究資料， 仍相當缺乏，更惶論進一步評估巖穴生 態系的構造和功能。本研究提供以巖穴 群聚生態和墾丁熱帶林石灰岩巖穴為 主的環境教育及保育教育的知識。雖然
目前對於台灣巖穴的分佈及基本資 料，所知仍很有限，但巖穴及蝙蝠的保 育，也因巖穴常是穴棲蝙蝠族群之重要 限制因子，而成為目前世界上物種保育 工作矚目的焦點。本研究可增進對巖穴 生物群聚生態的了解，以及建立各組成 份子在此生態系中，在結構與功能上所 扮演的角色。以期進一步探討生態系統 受到干擾或外來壓力時的改變，以作為 擬定保育與經營管理巖穴生物與巖穴 環境的指標與原則。 六、 重要參考文獻 [1] H u b ba r d , D. A. a n d D. W a ng. 1997. A preliminary report on some
invertebrate cave fauna in China. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Speleology,
Switzerland, 3: 311-313.
[2] An d r eev, S. P ., A. G . Va siliev, a n d M . N. L oza n . 1997. Vertebrate
fauna of the Moldavian underground. Proceedings of the 12th International Congress of Speleology,
Switzerland, 3: 321-323.
[3] Sla n ey, D. P ., a n d P . W ein st ein. 1997. Conservation of cave fauna:
more than just bats. Memories of Museum Victoria, 56: 591-596.
[4] St elcl, O. 1990. Impact of tourism
on the natural environment of the caves open to public in the
Moravian karst. Studia Carsologica 3: 121-132.
[5] H u p p er t , G .N. 1994. Caves as
unique conservation education resources. pp. 209-212. In: D.
O'Halloran, C. Green, M. Harley, M. Stanley, and J. Knill (Eds.),
Geological and landscape
conservation, Geological Society Press, London.
[6] H su, J . M . 1997. Population status
and conservation of bats (Chiroptera) in Kenting National Park, Taiwan. Oryx, 31: 295-301.
[7] Agor a moor t hy, G ., a n d M . J . H su. 2000. Taiwan pays the price for
growth, in toxic pollution. Nature, 408: 905.
