ϸᏑঢ়ᇅӁල៍Ȉ
՚Рႈ᠍ᄈٴࢹቌঅޠӲᔗ
еҞߨ
∗ ԞጉСȈ2007 Ԓ 5 У 30 С ௦ڨСȈ2007 Ԓ 12 У 15 С∗ ѯᢋτᏱ࢈ݾᏱःفܛःفҢȄ
ᄣ्
Ӷٴࢹቌঅ࿌ϜȂНϾޠӼϰܓΚޣݎȃ՚ڎРᏱഎӶଇ ޠឋᚡȂݎРᏱདྷ्ᙥӼϰНϾٿ።ҐٙН݃ޠՍлܓȂᗘռ ՚Рпȶႈ᠍ȷᄈߩ՚РН݃ໍϔਗ਼ȇ՚РᏱࠍᙥҦܜᇰ ٳӼϰНϾޠӤਣя౫ٿЇՍϐޠႈቌঅȂկη्؈๙ٳН ϾޠᙥҦȶٴࢹቌঅȷՅםԚᇰӤΚयޠᐍᡞȂҔӵࡅૐژ՚Р ޠႈٙӌȄᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍Н݃Ӷኻޠ፤ख़๋ϟίȂಭᄜܓӵೞ ՚Рձঢ়ቹԚȶӤਣя౫Ȃկϸଇ፤ȷޠϛӤН݃ȄඳّϟȂڎঐ Н݃ᗷดхߓΚঐȶٴࢹᐍᡞȷٿࢆ՚РႈٙӌȂࠔϬดೞ՚ РᏱөР८ᜍ݃܅ԫϟޠНϾৰܓȄҐНᘫા՚Р፤ख़๋ ϜᄈܼН݃Ґ፵ȃН݃ޠࣻϤᜱ߾ᇅНϾ።ڸޠᄃርึήঐ८ӪȂ ூяѠᒒޠᏑঢ়ڸࡅૐޠӁල៍ڎᆎᄈ՚РԥϛӤཏဏޠܛᒞӼϰ НϾȄ ᜱᗥມȈ ӼϰНϾȃӁල៍ȃٴࢹቌঅȃႈ᠍ȃᇰӤȃ፤ख़๋ȃ Ꮡঢ়ٴࢹቌঅޠя౫ѠпϛӤቺ८ໍଇȂկഷޣ௦ޠӱٿՍ ܼ՚Рঢ়ᄈٴࢹঢ়ණяᜱܼ᠍ୱᚡޠ״ցȂٻூԥٿՍࡤܛණ яޠȶٴࢹቌঅȷձ࣐ӲᔗڸЇᔟȂໍՅЖึࡤ៊՚Рႈ᠍ᇅٴࢹ ᠍ቌঅޠࣻᜱލ፤Ȅ Ҧܼտ๗ಥ๗Π՚РՍҦҖлଳᕋᇅӔަཽޠཏᜌםᄙϟ ލȂᙾಂȂп܂ೞ᙮ᇑӶཏᜌםᄙϟίޠϛӤНϾȂ҇८ᄈӓ౩ફ ז२ಣޠུ፟ᚡȂ՚РޠՍҦлဏࡧདྷࢌпാւޠ࠽ᄙԚ࣐ࡤտਣ ޠስᏳȂࠍ౪ܛ࿌ดӵҖлڸ᠍ቌঅຝ࣐ӓ౩ུફזޠႈࡿ ᏳࠍȄดՅȂ՚Рႈ᠍ޠܦӶಒήзࣩ˕˕Џڐٴࢹަཽ˕ ˕᎐ႅߣᛥȂӶ 1989 ԒҖၽϟࡤȂ՚Рঢ়ޠ៖ೱڸϔႲٻٴࢹަཽᛗ ึяΚЇᄈႈлဏޠࡧዙȂུܼђۄഷԟණяٴࢹቌঅڸНϾࣻ ᄈ፤ޠៗȂڐّ፤ٯᓎࡤᕖூڐуٴࢹঢ়ޠМࡼڸᇰӤȂ1уউᇰ࣐ ՚Рႈ᠍።ޠঐлဏٯϛᎍңܼٴࢹަཽȂпݎٴᏑঢ়༉ಜ࣐ پȂঢ়৴ȃׄၿȃఁيȃ༖ࠏпІޠНϾၿϘҔߵໍစᔽึ ڸ࡛Ҵঢ়ᇰӤȂٳȶٴࢹቌঅȷЩକ՚Рޠঐ᠍ւᢏ܉ծ о࣐ᓻ຺Ȃηٴࢹঢ়ᔗ၏ᒴඊޠၿၰȂ2ܼȶႈ᠍ȷڸȶٴ ࢹቌঅȷໍՅึя՚РႈлဏڸݎРȞٴࢹȟࣻᄈлဏޠΡϰᄈҴȄ
1 1993 Ԓᆱηાзࣩ᠍ཽឋϟࡤȂٴࢹঢ়Ӷ୦ْѣ᠍ཽឋٯึߓȶ୦ْ ᠍ࡈّȷпࢆ՚РлᏳޠႈ᠍ڑጓȂ።᠍ቌঅӱՄኍژНϾȃӵୣ ڸึโ๊࡚ࣻᜱӱષޠৰܓՅ҇ڏറኇܓޫȂө࢈ۻηԥ᠍؛ۢძϲ ᔗ௵ڦեᆎ᠍௪ࢋȂҦ՚Рႈлဏܛђޠ᠍ቌঅٯϛጃߴҔᎍңȄ ՄȈMichael W. Dowdle. “How a Liberal Jurist Defends the Bangkok Declaration,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.125-126. 2 ུђۄޠّ፤ංоڏԥȶٴࢹቌঅȷޠхߓܓȂڐᎺजτٻ Bilahari Kausikan ӼԪଭᄈ՚Рႈ᠍яȶٴࢹቌঅȷޠึّȂᄖۼߓႁٴࢹঢ়ϛӤޠНϾ ᇰӤпІᄈ՚РНϾ៨᠍ޠЇሼȂڐّ፤ӶࡤٿႈлဏᇅНϾࣻᄈ፤ޠӼԪ ፤࿌ϜԚ࣐՚РᏱЖख़ޠᄈຬȂKausikan τᖛӵхߓٴࢹঢ়ᇴၘ๊ܼයᅟ ޠНϾࣻᄈлဏӬକٿȂ഻ആяུޠٴࢹᇰӤȄՄȈLinda S. Bell. “Who Produces Asian Identity? Discourse, Discrimination, and Chinese Peasant Women in the Quest for Human Rights,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.22-26.
८ᄈٴࢹቌঅޠࢆȂݎ՚ᏱໍΠณԪޠ፤ȂดՅ՚РᏱ ᏒᆔᄈٴࢹቌঅѠԥϛӤޠҔ८ܗ॓८ຠቌȂڐᢏᘉϬดᜳᚕ ႈлဏޠࡧՄዂԓȂඳّϟȂ֊ٻҔ८ӵܜᇰٴࢹቌঅޠݳࣽծ Ͼ၍ݎ՚НϾޠΡϰᄈҴȂٯйϡߩ՚РНϾࣻ࿌ޠӬݳܓȂկ ႈᇰӤٸᙠӆӶ՚РᏱޠϜЗࡧՄ࿌ϜȂႉ፤٦ٳܪᔟٴࢹቌ অޠ՚РϜЗлဏȂӱԫȂٴࢹቌঅਰЗୱᚡޠҐ၍๏ۧґя౫ȂՅ ୳ΚጃҴޠ՚РႈлဏٸดཽᙥҦϛӤޠ፤ख़๋۾៊ίџȄ ӤਣȂӶ՚Рޠ፤ख़࿌ϜȂႈлဏޠᇰӤᗷดᙥҦᇅᇽծΚᡞޠ ȶٴࢹቌঅȷୣႥՅ࡛ҴȂկϛЎ՚Р፤ηщϸӵᇰޤژȂڐᄃٴ ࢹНϾϸݣӼኻȂᔗ࿌ϸߓख़Ȅկ๗ݏ܂܂ȂᆎϸՅݾϟޠ፤ख़ КݳΚР८؈๙ȶٴࢹᖓ࿘ȷޠࡅૐҢȂΚР८Ѡп࡛ҴȶΚᄈӼȷ ޠ࢝ᄻٿлᏳၯНϾޠᄈၘȂӱԫᏑঢ়ᇅӁල៍ᗷดٯӗ֖౫࣐ȶٴࢹ ቌঅȷȂկࠔᖃڸ՚РНϾໍᑀЩၷȂԄԫȶӤਣя౫Ȃկϸ ଇ፤ȷޠ፤ख़๋щϸ౫Π՚РϜЗлဏޠࡧᆱȂՅ՚РᄈᏑঢ়ᇅӁ ල៍ޠϛӤຠቌᇅᄙ࡚ηঅூΤଇޠѫΚঐ२ᘉȄϛӤ՚Рձ ޠձϜѠпึ౫ȂхߓᏑঢ়НϾޠݎٴঢ়ᗷดȶٴࢹቌঅȷޠ лᏳȂկݎٴঢ়ޠစᔽᄃΩڸഌϸޠҖлϾȂࠔளளϡ՚РᏱ Κᆎ௦ڨ՚ԓ౫хϾڸႈ᠍ޠѠᒒӠຬȂӶ՚РᇅᏑঢ়ޠᄈ ၘ࿌ϜȂ܅ԫНϾ༉ಜޠৰծоೞసϾ౪ȄࣻၷϟίȂӁල៍ НϾෛܼۡఁఁဏޠቌঅᢏȂ֊ٻӁල៍ޠۗఁဏծоڸഌϸႈ ᠍ޠቌঅࣻಓȂഷಥηཽӶࡅ᠍࢈ۻޠၜមίםԚढ़ดϛӤܼ՚Рޠ ᠍ᢏȄӶ՚РᇅӁල៍ޠᄈၘ࿌ϜȂНϾ༉ಜޠৰҔ܅ԫލ፤ޠ २ЗȄНᝧޠᔯᎨϜѠпึ౫Ȃ՚РӶ౪Ӥ࣐ٴࢹቌঅޠᏑঢ়ᇅӁ ල៍Н݃ਣȂڐ፤ख़ᄙ࡚܂܂ڦ؛ܼ՚РҐٙᄈϛӤНϾቌঅޠցᘟȂ ӶҐНޠپϜȂ՚РНҐϜᄈܼڎঐН݃ޠٯӗܗϹഹȂစளԇ ӶϛӤޠ၍មڸཏဏȂᇅ՚Р፤ख़ϜႈлဏٙӌлஞϹࣻᜱȄ
൧ȃٴࢹቌঅጣକ˕՚РႈлဏޠЇ
Ҧܼ՚Рႈлဏпђ᠍ቌঅ࣐л्ҭȂᇰ࣐ٴࢹޠНϾ༉ ಜ҇௦ڨҦ՚РলᏱܛึяٿޠ᠍ᄃ፻Ȃ3 ྦԫȂٴࢹቌঅޠя౫ ࠍٴࢹঢ়ܣ๙՚РႈлဏٙӌޠΚᆎРԓȄดՅȂ՚РޠᏱڸ ᠍лဏӶ౪၍ٴࢹቌঅਣȂࠔளߓ౫Ԛ࣐՚РႈлဏޠѫΚᆎ ֖౫РԓȂҼ֊Ӷ՚РձޠၜមϟίȂٴࢹቌঅޠя౫ٴࢹঢ়ଡ ᗘܗড়ܑႈቌঅޠΚᆎߓ౫ȂՅᆎߓ౫ЇՅѠпጃᇰ՚Рቌঅጃᄃ ϑڏԥȶႈȷޠ੬ܓȂԚ࣐՚РႈлဏޠЇȄ ൸ԥ՚РᏱࡿяȂٴࢹቌঅநକڏԥήঐл्ӱȄ4 ॷӒȂٴࢹ ঢ়ѠпᙥҦΚঐऐяޠٴࢹቌঅٿߴԇٴࢹޠٙӌᇰӤڸՍлܓ ȞauthoritarianismȟȂҦܼӓ౩Ͼޠึڸ՚РࡧདྷޠץഁᘘȂ೩Ӽٴ ࢹޠስᏳഎཏᜌ҇ܝӲҖޠঢ়ڸНϾᇰӤȂϘϛՎܼଝѷӶ ȶ՚РϾȷޠቌঅ࿌ϜȂҔԄӏܛ።ޠٴࢹНϾᓻܼ՚РቌঅȈȶٴ ࢹަཽڸ՚РަཽϛӤȂڐஆҐৰӶܼȌȌݎРަཽࣻ߭ԇӶܼঢ়৴ ϜޠঐቌঅȄȌȌשউԥ۸᐀ԥኻޠНϾनෂڸၿቌঅȌȌȷȄ5 ྲ уޠᇴݳȂٴࢹቌঅٻٴࢹூп२࡛ՍשᇰӤȂηᄈ՚Рႈлဏ ޠϏڏȂࣦՎߵໍٴࢹঢ়ޠყ๗ȂӶӓ౩Ͼᇅ౫хϾϟίםԚ ޠܱଳᕋȄ ٴࢹቌঅޠݳጃᄃആԚ՚Рޠ֩ᘚȂӱ࣐ѻϛӤनෂޠٴ ࢹөഎᖓӬକٿȂᄈ՚РႈቌঅആԚϛϊޠࡅૐȂΚٳ՚РᏱᐋ Зٴࢹঢ়ഥ܈НϾৰՅആ൸Κঐȶᐍᡞٴࢹȷޠя౫ȂଷΠᎰ3 ཏࡿᖓӬܛлᏳޠΚقӗር᠍ङȂл्єࢃ 1948 ԒȶᖓӬ᠍ࡈّȷȃ 1966 Ԓ᛬ॐޠȶርϵҖᇅ࢈ݾ᠍ւϵङȷڸȶርစᔽަཽᇅНϾϵङȷȂп ІܛԥᖓӬߤ឵ᐡᄻޠࣻᜱݳᇅࣁȄ 4
Մ Peter Van Ness eds., Debating Human Rights (London: Routledge, 1999), p.10.
5
Fareed Zakaria. “Culture is Destiny: A Conversation with Lee Kuan Yew,” Foreign Affairs Vol.73 no.2, March/April 1994, pp.113-114.
ڿҐٙަထᇰӤϟѵȂڐܣ՚Рȃᗘႈ᠍ጓޠӍშ݃ᡘѠ ُȄ6ดՅѫΚঐِ࡚ࡧՄȂٴࢹঢ়ཏშᎰڿڐՍлᇰӤޠҐӱ ஆܼᄈ՚РቌঅȂ௦ߓұᇅ੬ੇᄈҴޠ࢛ᆎႈлဏϑစጃ ҴȂࢉՅ՚Рᜱᛅޠ᠍ቌঅѠпӶзࣩөঐِဤึሖाֶȄ ՚РᏱᇰ࣐ٴࢹቌঅя౫ޠಒΡঐӱȂ࣐Πܱ՚Рቌঅ ႈϾϟࡤȂཽᡑҐђቘпτޠ៨᠍Кࢳय़ٴࢹঢ়ᒴȄӶٴࢹ ঢ়ޠᢏ܉ϜȂ՚Рঢ়Κޣ៨᠍ȃ෦ҖпІНϾቌঅޠښᒰ яȈӶ࢈ݾαȂ՚Р᐀ԥτޠॗٲΩ໕ڸᖓӬޠ๙ᄈජȇစᔽ αȂIMF ڸзࣩማлӓ౩စᔽȂٯйመӵܣ๙ϛᒴԉ՚Рစᔽݳ ࠍޠঢ়ȄՅ࿌࢈ݾڸစᔽስഎϑစȶടȷϟࡤȂٴࢹঢ়Ѭᅿ ΩߴࡼНϾ༉ಜϛڨ՚РቌঅϔႲȂӱԫȂӶܱ՚Р៨᠍ޠႇโϜȂ ٴࢹቌঅϲєࢃᏑঢ়Ϝڸ᎐ႅӤኻ֩ძޠӁල៍Н݃ӶϲȂٳНϾ ϛӤޠঢ়Ԛ࣐НϾαޠჲգȂՅڐзࣩᢏཽӉեȶЇ՚Рȷޠ ࣐ຝձᄈ՚РȶӘȷޠܱȂ۪ਣϜڸᑙලݔഎཽ՚Р࿌Ԛ ᇨആె༅ޠӐКȂڐϜҖлڸ᠍Ԛ࣐ϔႲޠКࢳȄ՚Рᢏᄇঢ়ᐋЗȂ ᆎೞ־៴Ͼޠ՚Рםຬཽኈژ᠍ቌঅޠ௱Ȃӱ࣐ٴࢹঢ়ཽདྷ Սϐޠڨᔇय़ՅܣӉեཏޠ՚РቌঅȄ7ӤኻӵȂٴࢹቌঅڿด ࣐Πᄈ៨᠍ՅநକȂӶϛܴݬܼեᆎםԓޠࠊණίȂೞຝձ៨᠍ޠ՚ РηѠпኻޠ๗ݏᘫѓܼҐٙቌঅႈϾޠໍΚؐጃᇰȄ ഷࡤȂ՚Р፤ख़ϜಒήঐߵٻٴࢹቌঅநକޠӱȂӶܼٴࢹစᔽ ึϑ۪ԚዤȂሰ्ڏՍлܓޠጓٿጃᇰစᔽԚݏٿՍܼҐٙНϾ ༉ಜޠܜȂᙥԫᎰڿٴࢹစᔽޠՍ߭ЗᇅᑀҴܓȄӶ 90 Ԓхݎٴစᔽ କॵϟࡤȂٴࢹቌঅጃᄃ᐀ԥτޠጇӶԥᜱ᠍Р८ໍ፤Ȃ
6
Sharon K. Hom. “Re-Positioning Human Rights Discourse on “Asian” Perspectives,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p.209.
7
Edward Friedman. “Asia as a Fount of Universal Human Rights,” Debating Human Rights (London: Routledge, 1999), pp.66-68.
ኻޠစᔽۊᙻϛկࡅૐ՚Рঢ়Ȃٻூ՚Р᠍ቌঅޠႈϾя౫ ᅘȂӱ࣐ٴࢹቌঅसԚ࣐စᔽึޠл्ӱȂࠍծоᜍ݃ٴࢹޠН Ͼ༉ಜηழٿᖆᄹڸԋۢȂپԄϜ൸ၑშ࡛ҴՍϐޠȶึ᠍ ᢏȷȂٯпΩޠစᔽԚߞٿӲᔗᖓӬ᠍ېসཽޠࡿȄ8՚Рޠ ᠍лဏᐋЗȂݎٴစᔽۊᙻཽԚ࣐࢈ۻᗘ᠍ᄃ፻ޠᙥπȂ֊ٻစ ႇΠߝᒋॴኹȂٴࢹঢ়ᗚԥѠಂӏᙾӪ።စᔽึՅ܈ϵ Җᇅ࢈ݾ᠍ւȂៃࣙҖޠւઊȄ9 ดՅӶኻޠ፤ख़ϜȂϬดѠпࣽژ՚РႈлဏޠኈφȂഥ՚ Рޠ᠍ڸҖлϾȃ౫хϾпІစᔽՍҦϾ឵ܼା࡚ࣻᜱޠࡧདྷᡞقȂ ࡧདྷᡞقณ፤ԄեഎӶٴࢹ׳ژᄃ፻ޠޫȂԫեпӶ՚Рձ ಂϜȂစᔽۊᙻηٿՍܼՍҦϾޠ๗ݏȂ10ඳّϟȂ֊ٻٴࢹঢ় ӱ࣐စᔽึՅ܈᠍ȂڐྲޠዀྦϬดѬԥ՚РȂՅѬ्ٴࢹᗚ Ӷ՚Рޠቌঅᡞق࿌ϜȂႈ᠍ޠᄃ፻ηѬᒷԟޠٲȄ ѠُȂ՚Рձঢ়Ӷ፤ख़ٴࢹቌঅޠጣକਣȂڐϜᖃᗵ֥࢛ᆎ ႈлဏᇰӤȂߓұ՚Рձঢ়ٿϛၱҐٙޠቌঅᡞقџࡧՄٴࢹȂ ٯՍᇰٴࢹቌঅޠя౫ྜܼ՚РቌঅޠႈϾȂη೩՚РᏱޠདྷ ݳҔጃȂٴࢹቌঅጃᄃٸඊኻޠӱݏՅநକȂկኻޠ፤ ख़ηኹΠ՚РᄈܼႈлဏٙӌޠᇰӤᇅ೩ȂӶ௦ίٿޠٴࢹቌঅ ଇ፤࿌ϜȂѠпึ౫ᆎࡧՄᡓᒯೲए՚РձޠՍשཏᜌڸࣻᜱ НᝧȄ
8
Edward Freeman. “Asia as a Fount of Universal Human Rights,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p.72-73.
9
Sharon K. Hom. “Re-Positioning Human Rights Discourse on “Asian” Perspectives,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p.197-198.
10
Jonathan Rigg, Of Miracle and Crisis: (re-) interpretations of growth and decline in East and Southeast Asia, (Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 43:2 August 2002), p.137-156.
ະȃ࿌՚РႅُݎР
˕˕ٴࢹ᠍፤ᇅ՚Р᠍ޠႈܓ
ٴࢹ᠍ޠ፤ᆺฑܼႈ᠍ڸНϾࣻᄈ፤ȂϛӤޠ՚Рܗٴࢹ Ᏹөᆎِ࡚ໍଇ፤ȂөՍᜍ݃᠍ቌঅڏԥႈܓܗࣻᄈܓȂ11 ࿌ ดȂٯϛߓұ՚РᏱᖃݢᘟӵ።ႈ᠍ԇӶՅ܈ຝНϾࣻᄈ ፤ޠѠܓȂٲᄃαȂ೩Ӽ՚РᏱНϾȃলᏱȃۡఁ༉ಜ๊өР८ Τଇ፤ୱᚡޠਰЗȂڐϜϛнᆡ៧ُ၍ᇅၗᔙ፤ख़ȂՅуউᄈٴࢹޠ НϾӼኻܓηӼљܳࡼ൶२ޠᄙ࡚Ȃוగп౪ܓޠᄈፚٿᕖூϜҴ ࡋᢏޠ๗፤ȄดՅȂ՚РᏱڨښܼҐٙႈлဏࡧᆱޠኈȂӱԫ ᜳߴӓ೪ٙӵܿ՞Յ፤ȂӼଷΠޣ௦ۢ՚Рႈ᠍ቌঅޠ๗ ፤ϟѵȂ֊ٻ՚РᏱლၑᄈНϾࣻᄈ፤ߴࡼܺܓޠᄙ࡚ȂܗࣦՎܜ ᇰࣻᄈНϾޠԥਞܓȂуউϬด௦ᜍ݃Π՚РޠႈቌঅȂӱ࣐ϸݣ ޠٴࢹНϾࣻᄈܼ՚Рႈ᠍ՅԇӶޠȂ՚Рቌঅձ࣐ၯНϾޠӔ ӤྲϜЗȂՍดڏԥႈܓȂΚҎႈܓԚҴȂ՚Р߰ৡӵ८ ᄈٴࢹቌঅޠࢆȂՅηߗхпٿ՚Р८ᄈН݃ޠΚೲᄙ࡚Ȅ ՚Рձޠ፤ख़࿌ϜȂѠп׳яႈቌঅࡧᆱޠ౸ၭȂᆎࡧᆱ ྜܼ՚Рձঢ়ԥཏܗณཏӵڨژ՚РϜЗлဏኈȂໍՅޣ௦ܗ௦ӵ ۢΠ՚Р᠍ቌঅޠႈܓȄ11 ႈ᠍ᇅࣻᄈ᠍።ϛӤޠ፤ᘉȄзлဏᇰ࣐᠍ޠ྆܉ٿՍᇅ ܓҐٙȂؑঐഎᔗ၏ԥ҂๊Յщϸޠ᠍ւȂᗷดԥਣӶލ๊ା࡚ᔇΩܗ੬ੇ ޒᄙϟίཽԥྒྷޠѠȂկޠ᠍ւαࡕܛϡȂڐ឵ܓઢဒՅйϛᜍ Ս݃Ȟself-evidentȟޠȂӱԫȂႈлဏᇰ᠍ӶНϾαࣻԇӶޠȂ᠍ ྆܉ᔗ၏ാࣻޠНϾȇࣻᄈлဏࠍᇰ࣐ޠ᠍ւٯߩαࡕܛϡȂՅ ᐤѭक़ၭആ൸ȂӱԫϛӤޠНϾཽҢϛӤޠ᠍ւᇰޤȂϭСޠႈ᠍Ѭ՚ Р᠍྆܉ޠୄ၇ȂӱԫᄈٴࢹᇅϜݎ๊ӵୣޠࣻᄈлဏٿᇴȂܛᒞޠȶз ᠍ȷѬҦࡕлဏԓޠ՚Рቌঅܛୄ၇ՅԚޠȄՄ Lynda S. Bell, Andrew L. Nathan, and Ilan Peleg. “Introduction: Culture and Human Rights,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.4-7
Κȃ՚Рႈ᠍ޠޣ௦ۢ
ȞΚȟзࣩ᠍ቌঅྜՍ՚РޠলᏱ༉ಜ Ӷ՚РᏱޣ௦ۢڐႈ᠍ޠఅٲϟϜȂഷஆҐޠ፤ख़Рԓ൸ ᜍ݃зࣩ᠍ᢏྜՍܼ՚РলᏱ༉ಜȂܛп՚Р᠍൸зࣩ᠍Ȃ ڐႈܓᡓᒯޠ҇ด๗ݏȂܼԥ Steven J. Hood ՚РഷԟޠলᏱ ྜۗ፤ख़Ȃᜍ݃᠍ւڸϵҖၿ՚Р᠍ڸҖлϜഷ२्ޠ ڎঐ྆܉Ȃڎঐ྆܉឵ܼ՚Р༉ಜȂՅ౫ӶԚ࣐зࣩ᠍ڸՍҦҖл ቌঅޠл्ᆡઢȄᖟپՅّȂ᠍ւޠя౫ྜܼ՚Рң౪ܓџસȶՍ ดȷڸȶઢȷޠႇโȂစႇΠוলȃஆఁઢᏱᇅঢ়зߺ᠍Ωޠ ލȃпІఃᇍࡧདྷঢ়ޠЇࣹȂ՚РಥܼҢȶ᠍ւȷޠ྆܉пᄈ ࢈ݾ᠍ࡅȂ൩ۢΠՍҦަཽڸ᠍ޠࡧདྷஆᙄȄ12 ঐȶ᠍ւȷ྆܉ ࢌҢܼᑀ੬ޠ՚РަཽȂࠍڐۢဏ҇ٸᐄ՚Рቌঅٿ؛ۢȂپԄ Hood Սಜᐍя᠍ւޠήঐӈȈȶ1.ȌȌᑀҴхߓޠঐᡞȂϛڨ ४ܼӉեՍดȃަཽȃۡఁȃ༉ಜȌȌ2.᠍ࡅҘሊѠпೞӬݳࢆȌȌ 3.҂๊ȃՍҦȃҔဏڸᒶᖟޠ᠍ւϛೞদჵޠȌȌҖлഷԂޠ ښ࡚ȌȌȷȄ13 Ҕኻޠ՚Рঐ᠍ւ྆܉םԚΠϭЉޠር᠍ᢏȂܛп՚Р ౪ܛ࿌ดӵ᐀ԥႈлဏޠٙӌڸဋ൜ር᠍ึޠޫȂӱԫӶٴ ࢹቌঅ࿌ϜȂڐуНϾ༉ಜ።ޠᡞ᠍ւȃঐဏଡ଼ᇅೱӉȂࣦՎᔗ ၏࣐ঢ়ܗۡఁៃࣙঐ᠍ւޠᆡઢȂӶ Hood ࣽٿഎᇅҔޠ᠍྆ ܉ϛಓȄٲᄃαȂᆎ፤ख़Рԓᡲ՚Рႈٙӌཏᜌ࣐݃ጃȂՅ ᡲ՚РᏱηђՍ߭ӵлȂ౫хަཽޠՍҦ᠍ѬҢܼ՚РȂ12
Steven J. Hood. “Rights Hunting in Non-Western Traditions,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.96-102.
13
Steven J. Hood. “Rights Hunting in Non-Western Traditions,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p.101-102.
ٴࢹቌঅϟίޠߩ՚РНϾȂپԄᏑঢ়ܗӁල៍Н݃Ȃ҇ഇႇᏱಭ՚ РቌঅȂϘѠҔึяҔጃޠ᠍ᢏȄ ȞΡȟ՚Р።ޠႈ᠍ӼϰНϾϜޠӔᜌ२᠓ ഌϸ՚РᏱᇰ࣐зࣩНϾᗷดϸݣӼϰȂկϛӤޠНϾ࿌ ϜȂϬดѠп׳яಁཏΚयޠഌϸࠍȂள൸ܛᒞޠȶՍดܓȷ Ȟnatural humanityȟȂኻޠȶܓȷ࣐ٙܛӔԥޠቌঅᢏȂϛڨ НϾ༉ಜޠኈՅᡑȂܛпႈ᠍ጃᄃԇӶȂѬϛႇҦ՚РН݃ ౦ӒึяٿȄᆎᇴݳϬดޣ௦ۢΠ՚Рޠ᠍ቌঅڏԥႈܓȂ ౪፤αᡲٴࢹቌঅڸڐуޠߩ՚РНϾѷџЇሼޠฑᘉȂJack Donnellyᖟяႈ᠍ޠήঐஆᙄቺ८Ȃϸրѓ፤ޠзܓȃር ݳޠзܓȂпІ२᠓ӔᜌޠзܓȄѓ፤ᇴ݃ܛԥޠ᠍྆܉ڐᄃ എΚᆎҭޠܓޠԇӶȂپԄӶ՚РަཽึޠႇโϜȂ᠍ஆቺ Җࡅૐ௱ᙛ੬᠍઼ޠҭዀȂ੬᠍઼ڨژ९ڽࢆ҇ϛᘟӵܺ᠍ ւȞrightsȟȂՅϜ઼ᕖூ᠍ւȃԚུ࣐ޠስᏳϟࡤȂཽᙥҦ᠍ ޠᎰڿٿ࡛ᄻུޠަཽ๗ᄻȄӶڐуߩ՚Рަཽ࿌ϜȂ᠍ηཽԥծ ޠึҭޠȂܛп᠍ᔗ၏ڏԥΚᆎົ຺՚РޠႈܓȂѬ՚РԟΚ ؐኻޠ᠍ᢏයոژзࣩөӵȂᐤѭึޠ๗ݏᏳयϭСޠር ᠍Ӫ՚РቌঅȄ ርݳቺ८ޠ᠍྆܉ϟܛпڏԥႈܓȂӓஆܼܛԥঢ়ᄈ ȶзࣩ᠍ࡈّȷޠ௦ڨȂҼ֊ႈ᠍ᙥҦርݳޠܦՅђᄕ ᡘȄस२᠓ӔᜌȞoverlapping consensusȟِ࡚яึȂࠍႈ᠍ࡿ ϛӤНϾȃަཽȃлဏӶ᠍ቌঅᇰޤϲҢ२᠓ޠഌϸȂᆎȶ२᠓ȷ ᗷดϛᐍޠȂկӶር᠍௱ӼԒϟࡤȂϑစഃᅛᘘτԚ࣐Κ ᆎȶҔဏޠ࢈ݾ྆܉ȷȞa political concept of justiceȟȂӱԫٴࢹቌঅᗷด ڸር᠍ٯϛࣻৡȂСҐᇅᗻࠔѠпᒶᐆȶҔဏȷՅϛڸٴࢹቌঅ
׃ڟȄ14 Donnelly ᇮழߴӵᇴ݃ር᠍ᗷดڏԥႈܓȂկࠔᗚϛ ԚዤՅѬຝ࣐ȶࣻᄈޠႈܓȷȞrelative universalityȟȂӱ࣐Ӷߩ՚ РН݃ϜȂۧґึяႈܓޠڐу༉ಜഎϬดழԥϛӤޠ᠍ቌঅȂ ӱԫȂ᠍Ӷᆎ፤ख़ί҇Մ໕ژቌঅ२᠓ޠጓ൝ٿ؛ۢႈϾޠ โ࡚Ȅ15 Ȟήȟ՚РቌঅȞ᠍ւȃՍҦȃҖлȃ౫хϾȟޠႈཏో सྜՍܼ՚Рޠቌঅ፞Ԅ᠍ւȃՍҦȃҖлڸ౫хϾᕖூഷಥ ޠႈܓȂࠍ՚Рձ࣐Κᆎႈٙӌ߰ᕖூђᛨڿȂՅ၍Πႈ ᠍ڸٴࢹቌঅޠލឋȄEdward Friedman ՚Рঢ়ޠՍٙစᡜяึȂ ᇰ࣐᠍ւȃՍҦڸҖлӔԥޠቌঅȂӉեަཽڸ࢈ᡞഎ҇८ᄈ ٳቌঅޠࢆȂӱ࣐ؑঐഎདྷଢؒजԂޠҢࣁȂΡԪࡤҦ՚Р лᏳޠ᠍ቌঅڐᄃٯϛ឵ܼȶ՚РȷȂՅୱᚡȂϛ༊Цܼ՚ Рঢ়ึѭαϘ҇ดޠٗӪȄඳّϟȂ՚Рঢ়ѬϛႇӱጣርཽЩߩ ՚Рঢ়ӒΚؐȂՅٳࣽծྜՍ՚РޠቌঅӶϛεࡤηཽԚ࣐ȶߩ ՚РȷޠቌঅȄӶΚቺཏဏίȂ᠍Ґϛᔗ၏ึяȶݎ՚Ρϰȷ ޠᄈҴޒᄙȂ16 ഥӶ᠍ၿޠጓᛠϜȂ՚РڸٴࢹҐءԥЋτޠ ৰրȂ՚Рঢ়ηഎစᐤႇٴࢹܛ८ᖞޠ౫хϾୱᚡȂ17 ୳ΚޠৰѬ ٿՍܼਣӒࡤȂՅᆎ՚Рޠጤܓѭᢏᗷดءԥ݃Ҫᘉя՚Рޠᓻ຺ ܓȂࠔณᅹࢎ֚ٳٿՍ՚Рޠቌঅڑጓڏԥႈܓ፵ޠȂӱԫȂ
14
Jack Donnelly. The Relative Universality of Human Rights, (Human Rights Quarterly, working paper no.33, May 2006), pp.2-19.
15
ᆎ፤ख़ڸ Joseph Chan ޠ౪፤ԥԣӤϏϟֽȂChan ᠍ቌঅୣϸԚ Thin ڸ Thickڎᆎโ࡚ȂࠊஆᙄޠȃзޠȂࡤНϾޠȃࣻᄈޠȄՄȈJoseph Chan. “Thick and Thin Accounts of Human Rights,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), pp.59-74.
16
Edward Friedman. “Since There Is No East and There Is No West, How Could Either Be the Best?,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), pp.21-42.
17
ձᖟپߗٿ 20 зखఐޠٴࢹҔԥԄᐤѭαޠ՚РΚኻȂηԥ೩Ӽϛၿޠ༉ ಜಭߺȂկഷಥηӪ౫хޠ՚РࣽቇȄ
Friedmanሇܿӵ၍؛ٴࢹቌঅޠࢆȄӶуࣽٿȂϛႇٴࢹަ ཽӶ౫хϾᙾႇโϜܛ҇စޠၑྱȂԄӤ՚РަཽȂٴࢹঢ়ಥف Ԛѓᘜٴࢹቌঅޠ॓ತȂึяՍҦҖлڸ᠍ᆡઢȂԚ࣐Ԛѓޠ౫ хঢ়Ȅ18 Ӷ Friedman ޠ፤ख़ϜȂҖлȃՍҦȃ᠍ڸ౫хϾႲ೪ޠಥ྄ቌ অȂᗷดу྄Ωᄢఽٳቌঅߩᜱȶ՚РȷȂկ൸ᆘٴࢹηԥΩѠп ึяᇅ՚РࣻӤޠቌঅȂуءԥᇴ࣐݃ϨቅٴࢹѬ܂ٳቌঅึ Ȃηءԥᇴ࣐݃Ϩቅ՚Рᐤѭα࣐ϨቅϛѠึяڐуޠቌঅȄ՚ Рᓻ຺ޠስᏳӵ՞ڸቌঅޠႈϾѬԥӶٳુᅔϟίȂϘᡘூϛލ ޠٲᄃȄDavid Kelly пϜޠȶՍҦȷ࣐پȂᇴ݃ᆎಥ྄ޠႈՍҦ ቌঅηӶߩ՚Рަཽೞᄃ፻Ȃ19 Hugo Stokkeࠍᇰ࣐ٴࢹڸ՚Рޠፑ ऐ๙τഌϸٿՍܼঢ়࢈ۻޠِՔՅߩНϾҐ፵Ȃᗷดٴࢹঢ়Սᇰ ȶٴࢹቌঅȷٻңߩ՚РޠРԓٿໍ౫хϾȂկȶ౫хϾȷҐٙ ൸՚РቌঅقಜϜޠ྆܉Ȃ20ӱԫȂٳ՚Рቌঅޠႈཏో࿌ϜȂ ՚Р൸ԫጃҴҐٙڏറޠႈлဏٙӌȂٴࢹቌঅڸНϾࣻᄈ፤Ѭ ϛႇೞ՚РቌঅৡףޠᄈຬȂՅٴࢹަཽഷಥϬ्ٸඊӤኻȞ՚Рȟ ޠရؐࠊໍȄ
18 Friedmanࡿяٴࢹηڏԥႈ᠍ޠึΩȂ፞ԄСҐȃࠓᗻȃུђۄڸ଼ٿ ՚ٴഎϑစึяًԂޠҖлަཽ࢈ᡞȂѬ्यΩܼҖлϾȂϛڨٴࢹቌঅޠ ᇳᏳȂڐަཽץѠпึяᇅ՚РܗзࣩΚयޠ᠍ቌঅȄՄȈEdward Friedman. “Asia as a Fount of Universal Human Rights,” Debating Human Rights (London: Routledge, 1999), pp.56-79.
19
Ѭя౫ਣӒࡤזϛӤȂ՚Рঢ়ޠՍҦя౫ӶఃᇍਣхȂߩ՚РަཽޠՍ Ҧࠍя౫ӶࡤఃᇍਣхȂᆎᇴݳංоڸ Friedman ԄяΚᙿȄՄȈDavid Kelly. “Freedom as an Asian Value,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), pp.178-198.
20
Hugo Stokke. “Modernization without Westernization? Asian Values and Human Rights Discourse in East and West,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), pp.134-158.
Ȟѳȟ᠍Ȟυ᠍ȟޠᄃپᜍ݃՚Рႈ᠍ޠ२्ܓ ၷ࣐ᐮໍޠ՚Р᠍лဏ܂܂ഇႇᄃርپٿᜍ݃ႈ᠍ޠ२ ्ܓȂՅЩၷҭࠊзࣩ᠍ޠึȂυ᠍ୱᚡޠծоഷ࣐ጦᄛՅ й४ښഷޠΚᕘȂ21ӱԫȂ՚Рޠυ᠍лဏӶ८ᄈٴࢹቌঅޠލឋ ਣȂளયӶືНϾޠҴൠȂٿМනڨژ༉ಜНϾᔇय़ޠٴࢹυܓȄ ดՅȂٳυ᠍лဏޠᜱᛅࠔђ௱Π՚Рႈ᠍ቌঅޠΩ໕Ȃ ӱ࣐ԃউளޣ௦නЖ՚РޠՍҦлဏڸርஐυ᠍ಣᙒȂٿᄈٴ ࢹНϾޠៗፐȂഃᅛึяп՚Р࣐лޠርȞυȟ᠍ቌঅȄManisha Desaiᇰ࣐Ӷር᠍ቌঅޠ௱ϜȂঐրঢ়ܗНϾަထϛߴЋӼ ޠՍлܓȂӱ࣐ΚҎ၏༉ಜڸር᠍ࠍԥܛܱដȂࠍஉޠՍл ܓѠཽആԚӼ᠍ޠႃЇȄԃп 1993 Ԓޠᆱηાር᠍ཽឋڸ 1995ԒӶіٶѣޠಒѳ۪ርஐυཽឋ࣐پȂᇴ݃υ᠍Ҕഇႇር ᠍ᐡښڸႈቌঅޠ௱ՅττȂՅНϾ༉ಜޠࣻᄈӼኻܓѬө ࢈ۻңٿଡᗘೱӉޠᙥπȂٲᄃαȂႈ᠍ѠпഇႇȶҐρȃঢ়ȃ ୣȃርȷ๊ѳঐቺԪޠᇅڸྜྷђጃҴȂٻஐυಥܼಣԚ ӓ౩ყ๗ᄈٿՍజဢறȃӁල៍ఁȃڸٴࢹঢ়ޠߣΩȄ22
Lucinda Joy PeachӶ౪υ᠍ୱᚡਣࠍԍᎡӵࡿяȂ՚Рޠ᠍ቌ অЩၷ་Ӫυܓ࿌ձȶȷٿࣽࡠȂ೩ӼᗵᙡӶٴࢹቌঅਲ࢝ίޠ НϾ༉ಜȂڐᄃߩளືυܓӵ՞ޠȂپԄޠդఁНϾຝυܓ࣐ ܓഽΩπȂٳυܓ࣐Πܛᒞޠȶঢ়৴ቌঅȷՅряȂࠔӓءԥᕖ ூᔗԥޠ൶२ڸ᠍ւȂӱԫȂөᆎНϾޠυܓӵ՞എሰ्ٻң࣐ᄃር ޠРݳٿȂޣژႁژ՚РႈϾޠዀྦȂϘҔӵࢂఀυܓ᠍ ւȂ֊ٻӶႇโϜѠ།ড়Ґޠ༉ಜቌঅȂࢉӶ Peach ޠಂϜȂ࣐Π
21 зࣩ᠍ޠໍโєࢃήঐзхȂࡹזϸրϵҖᇅ࢈ݾ᠍ւȃަཽစᔽНϾ᠍ ւȂпІՍ؛ᇅึ᠍ȂҐءԥଭᄈυ᠍ՅึޠࢳȂӶᅟߞޠ᠍९ϜȂ υ᠍ୱᚡΚޣറڨ܈Ȅ 22
Manisha Desai. “From Vienna to Beijing: Women’s Human Rights Activism and the Human Rights Community,” Debating Human Rights (London: Routledge, 1999), pp.184-196.
᠍Յៃࣙ༉ಜӶܛᜳռޠȄ23 Sharon K. Homࠍᑗ྄ޠᄙ࡚ඣख़ߩ ՚Рঢ়᠍ޠѠܓȂپԄϜޠυ᠍ึᗷϛԚዤȂկस Ӷ౪፤αڸ๋αഎၮᓎ՚Рޠႈ᠍ȂࠍϜυ᠍ޠґٿึཽ ԂȄӶԫȂርߩ࢈ۻಣᙒཽᅌህէзࣩ᠍ึޠ२्ِՔȂ ΚҎር᠍ᐡښ౫ښΩȂࠍٴࢹп܂ೞ੬᠍ڸНϾ༉ಜ४ښ ՟ޠȶ᠍ȷ҇ۢԥܛᡑȄ24 ҔԄӤ Edward Friedman ᇰ࣐ѵΩѠпߵໍ᠍ޠȂ25ᑗ྄ޠ ᠍лဏ።ٻңᄃርΩ໕ٿ၍؛ߩ՚Рަཽޠ᠍ୱᚡȂٴࢹቌঅޠ ཏဏӶঐቺ८αංоႮȂ୳ԥ߭ӊ՚Рޠ᠍ቌঅȃ௦ા՚РлᏳ ޠር᠍ښ࡚Ȃٯйђር᠍ಣᙒޠِՔȂϘᡲߩ՚Рަཽȶ२ ҢȷȄᆎ፤ख़Рԓᗷด᠍ଇ፤ϜӶᄃርҢࣁՅߩНϾቺ८Ȃկࠔ రϛߴӵۢΠ՚РНϾхߓႈቌঅȄ
Ρȃ՚Рႈ᠍ޠ௦ۢ
ȞΚȟႈ᠍ቌঅԇӶܼНϾࣻᄈӼኻܓϟ Ӷႈ᠍ᇅНϾࣻᄈ፤ޠ፤࿌ϜȂഌϸ՚РᏱܜᇰНϾޠࣻ ᄈӼኻܓȂӱ࣐ܛԥޠНϾഎԥڐᑀ੬ޠึᕘძ๗ᄻȂܛпӉեΚᆎ НϾഎءԥၦੀҐٙޠቌঅښђ፞ڐуНϾȂࢌดܛԥޠНϾഎᇰ ޤژڐуНϾޠԇӶȂस्ႁژڸᒚޒᄙȂНϾϟ҇ໍᄈၘһࢻ пጃߴϛӤޠቌঅϲৡഎೞϤࣻ൶२ȂՅഇႇᄈၘႇโȂ՚РձѠ23
Lucinda Joy Peach. “Are Women Human? The Promise and Perils of “Women’s Rights as Human Rights”,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.153-184.
24
Sharon K. Hom. “Re-Positioning Human Rights Discourse on “Asian” Perspectives,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p.203-210.
25
Edward Friedman. “Since There Is No East and There Is No West, How Could Either Be the Best?,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), p.30.
пӶϸݣޠНϾ࿌Ϝ׳ژႈޠ᠍ቌঅȂᆎႈܓη೩ٿՍܼၿ ቌঅޠӔᜌ२᠓Ȃկڸޣ௦ۢ՚РႈܓޠᏱϛӤȂ၈ޠ፤ख़ ።စႇНϾᒋӬՅя౫ޠႈܓȂٯϛΚۢࡿਗ਼՚РቌঅȄดՅȂ ᆎܜᇰНϾӼኻܓޠࡧᆱࣽծົ຺Π՚РޠႈлဏȂկڐᄃᗵ֥Κ ᆎࡧՄട٬Ȃٻூ՚РႈٙӌཏᜌೞెȃೞᎎጷȂΚР८ȂҔޠ ႈቌঅٯءԥጃᄃޠࡿਗ਼ᄈຬȂഇႇНϾᒋӬՅಁཏΚयޠႈቌঅ सϛ឵ܼ՚РȂѬԚ࣐ెຝޠዂጚ྆܉ȄѫΚР८ȂࢌดНϾ ѠпᄈၘȃѠпࣻϤᏱಭޠȂࠍ܅ԫኈ൸ࣽծ๙ᄈҔ࿌Ȃೞኈη൸ రϛไۊȂ٦ښໍኈ߰ณܛᒞȂѬ्ೞښޠᄈຬึҢᡑȂ൸ ߓұѠпᒋӬȂԄԫ՚РᏱ࣐ڐуНϾߴΠᏱಭ՚РޠޫȄѠп ᇴȂᆎ፤ख़Рݳϛ౸ၭӵȃ௦ӵۢΠ՚РႈቌޠณጐȂ ࣦՎӶ྄ᆓਣȂѠп࣐НϾᒰяᇅេᒰණٽҔ࿌ܓޠᙥπȄ ЩԄ Michael Freeman ӶܜᇰНϾӼኻܓޠࠊණϟίȂᇴ݃՚Рޠ ȶႈȷ᠍ڐᄃηึྜܼ੬ۢলᏱڸ࢈ݾޠᐤѭȂӱԫ՚Рޠ ᠍ᢏٯϛڏԥҔޠႈܓȂՅӼኻޠзࣩНϾᗷดᜳпםԚ᠍ቌঅ ޠӓΚयȂࠔϬดѠпӶ੬ۢጓ൝ϲ׳ژӔٵቌঅȂη൸ஆҐޠ ܓ൶ᝓȄϛႇȂ࣐Π൶२өᆎНϾޠᑀ੬ܓȂηஆܼ౫хϾޠዙࢻѠ ཽӶНϾϟആԚ౫хᇅ༉ಜޠᄈҴȂFreeman ᇰ࣐ܜНϾޠҖᔗ ၏्ԥஆҐޠঐ᠍ւȞindividual human rightsȟȂпߴሬуউޠᖑॲ ༉ႁяٿՅϛೞᔇȄ26ӱԫȂգᓎ౫хϾަཽՅя౫ޠஆҐ᠍ ЇՅԚ࣐ߴሬ༉ಜቌঅϛѠܗુޠ྆܉Ȃηᔗ၏ᎍңܼзࣩөӵޠ
26
Freemanޠঐ፤ᘉڸ Linda S. Bell ծȂBell ᇰ࣐ϛӤНϾϲޠ᠍ቌঅ҇ ҦϲഌȞinsiderȟՍᡞཽȂՅѵഌȞoutsiderȟءԥ᠍ւпڐуНϾቌঅ ђȂᏒᆔኻޠ፤ᘉ״ցΠ՚Р៨᠍ԓޠ᠍ᢏȂࠔϬดߴ՚Рޠȶ᠍ւȷ ྆܉пߴሬӉեঐϛڨНϾᔇय़ȂᄈНϾӼኻܓޠȶєৡȷծоԥֆܼ՚Р ᠍ቌঅޠႈϾȄՄȈLinda S. Bell. “Who Produces Asian Identity? Discourse, Discrimination, and Chinese Peasant Women in the Quest for Human Rights,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.39-40.
ႈቌঅȄ27 Michael G. Barnhart௷ଷӉեΚᆎНϾቌঅޠ๙ᄈҔጃܓȂӱ ԫءԥΚᆎНϾѠпхߓ๙ᄈޠȶႈၿȷȂϛႇҦܼНϾϟη҇ด ߴԥΚۢโ࡚ޠࣻծܓȂഇႇᄈၘᇅᜍޠРݳȂርαϬดя౫ ΚᆎԪٺȞsecond-bestȟޠႈၿጓȄ28ᗷดϛ Freeman ޣ௦ᄈ НϾӼኻܓޠ൶२ᘫѓܼ՚Р౫хϾܛழٿޠȶঐ᠍ւȷȂկ BarnhartᄈөᆎНϾޠȶቷτ໕ȷࠔٻڐ๗፤ᗎӪߴڸዂጚȂݸйȂ Barnhart ηۢНϾϟϤࣻ൶२ޠϜҴޫٿՍܼ࢛ᆎȶႈቌ অȷȂҔԂڴᔗΠ Freeman ።ޠ՚Рঐ᠍ւȂη࣐౫ޠ՚Р᠍ ቌঅߴΠၯНϾޠ׃ڟޫȄ ȞΡȟӼϰНϾࢆϜ२ུึ౫՚Рޠႈቌঅ ٴࢹቌঅᄈձ࣐ႈٙӌޠ՚РՅّȂϛΚۢѬԥ॓८ޠཏోȂӱ ࣐ܜᇰٴࢹНϾޠӼኻܓٯϛΚཽۢۢ՚РޠႈٙӌȂЇՅ՚РѠ ᙥϛӤНϾޠࢆٻҐٙቌঅޠႈܓђᎰڿȄMichael W. Dowdle ᜔Ӥ୦ْࡈّޠຨؒȂᇰ࣐ር᠍ޠᄃ፻ޠጃሰ्ՄኍژН Ͼȃӵୣȃစᔽึޠৰٿяᎍ࡚።ᐍȂӱ࣐᠍ጓڐᄃᔗ၏឵ ܼ࢚ܓޠၿङȂښܓޠܓݳϛᔗ၏Ԛ࣐ึޠҭዀȂႉ፤ Ӓໍޠ՚Рঢ়ཽп᠍ጓձ࣐ښٴࢹޠКࢳȂܛпር᠍ᔗ၏ ௵ңࠍܓޠᄃ፻ࠍȂпߕӬϛӤНϾޠቌঅၜមȂٯϛߓұႈ ᠍ϛԇӶȂՅוగӼϰНϾޠ൶२࿌Ϝூژᎍ࿌ޠႈ ࠍȄ29 DowdleНϾӼኻܓनਫޠҐཏѠяՍܼᄈϛӤНϾޠ൶२Ȃ Յוగ࡛ҴΚঐпܺܓ࣐лޠ᠍ጓࠍȂՅ࣐ΠᗘռНϾϟ
27
Michael Freeman. “Universal Rights and Particular Cultures,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), pp.43-56.
28
Michael G. Barnhart. “Getting Beyond Cross-Talk: Why Persisting Disagreements Are Philosophically Nonfatal,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.45-63.
29
Michael W. Dowdle. “How a Liberal Jurist Defends the Bangkok Declaration,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.125-146.
ޠፑऐȂᆎ፤ख़ծоηᡲ՚Рঢ়ᚕȶНϾ៨᠍ȷޠ॓८ם ຬȄดՅȂDowdle ޠ፤ख़ٸดᗵ֥՚РቌঅᢏޠႈܓȂӱ࣐Ӷٴࢹ ቌঅϜϛӤНϾޠ״ցᄈຬഎࣻӤޠ՚РቌঅȂӶᆎӼϰޠࢆڸ ᄈྲϟίȂ՚РቌঅЇՅ२ུ׳ژႈܓȂܛпٸྲ Dowdle ޠᇴ ݳȂ՚РܜᇰөᆎНϾޠᑀ੬ܓٯϛхߓቌঅޢȂЇՅܳΚᆎȶӤ ȷޠЗᄙџᄈࡠϛӤޠНϾቌঅȂ30ӱԫНϾޠࣻᄈӼኻܓӶ՚Рޠ ၜម࿌ϜȂཽӱ࣐՚РၜមτޠႈٙӌཏᜌȂЇՅђᎰڿ՚Р ޠቌঅႈܓȄ ֊ٻٻң௦ޠРԓȂ՚Р፤ख़ഷಥϬดٝଠӵЇৣяҐٙቌ অޠႈܓȂ՚РᏱᗷดࡼቌঅޠႈܓٿՍܼӔӤޠ੬ܓȂ ࠔ܈ຝܓٯߩѬԥ՚РޠྜȂഥ೩Ӽߩ՚РޠۡఁলᏱ༉ಜԟӶ ዊࢹޠఃᇍਣхϟࠊȂԟϑණя೩ӼϛӤܼႈлဏޠ᠍ࣻᜱ྆܉Ȃ կ՚РᏱࠔٳ༉ಜпȶࣻᄈлဏȷΚّпጷϟȂ31ᐍᡞՅّȂȶٴ ࢹቌঅȷޠя౫ϛկءԥዕᅬ՚РႈٙӌޠՍשᇰӤȂЇՅԚ࣐ ՚РႈቌঅޠȶуȷȂ२ུൕକ՚Рଇ፤НϾႈܓޠዦȄ
ȃᏑঢ়ᇅӁල៍ٯӗᇅϹഹ
αଇ፤ϜѠпޤၿȂȶٴࢹቌঅȷޠя౫ཽԚ࣐՚Р፤ख़ңٿᎰ ڿҐٙႈቌঅޠϏڏȂณ፤ޣ௦ܗ௦ӵۢȂ՚РಂϜޠٴࢹഎ ณݳᚕȶуȷޠٙӌȂՅϛூϛໍΚؐԚ࣐՚РᏱၐಡ፤ख़ޠҭ ዀȄԥᠧܼᏑঢ়ᇅӁල៍Н݃ᄻԚٴࢹቌঅޠл्ِՔȂ՚РᏱ҇ ϊЗᏏܼ܅ԫϟޠᜱ߾ȂϘԥਞӵࡿᇰᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍Н݃Ӷٴ30
Michael W. Dowdle. “How a Liberal Jurist Defends the Bangkok Declaration,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.144.
31
Nikhil Aziz. “The Human Rights Debate in the Era of Globalization,” Debating Human Rights (London: Routledge, 1999), pp.39-40.
ࢹቌঅϜޠ՞ဋȂٯлᏳ࡛ᄻ՚РႈٙӌȄஆҐαȂᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍Н ݃ӔӤя౫ޠਣȂȶٴࢹቌঅȷ൸Ԛ࣐ᄈ՚РቌঅޠϏڏȂՅ՚РӶ ڨژ྄τࢆޠݸίȂཽڎঐН݃എۢဏԚࡅૐȄϛႇӶࡅૐޠन ࡤڐᄃᗵ֥२τޠཏဏȂҼ֊࿌Н݃ٯӗ࣐ΚঐȶᐍᡞȷਣȂ՚ Рೞࢆޠлᡞٙӌࣻᄈ൳ԥႈܓȄดՅȂ८ᄈН݃ٯӗޠࡅૐȂ ՚Рձঢ়ηლၑᏑঢ়ᇅӁල៍ϹഹԚϸޠϛӤНϾٿໍ፤ख़Ȃඳ ّϟȂᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍Ӷᄈ՚РޠࠊණίΚঐᐍᡞȂկуউࠔϬด ڎঐϛӤޠᑀҴቌঅȂኻޠ፤ख़РݳΚР८ᡲ՚РયӶ፤ख़л ᡞޠᓻ຺ӵ՞ڸΚНϾໍЩၷȂпߴࡼڐႈٙӌȂѫΚР८η ऐᡘᏑঢ়ᇅӁල៍ޠϛӤஆᙄȂᙥȶୣϸН݃ᓻӜȷޠКࢳٿᐈᖄ Н݃ϟޠᚕȂٻ՚РН݃ҴܼࡿᇰޠϛంϟӵȄ
ΚȃٯӗޠᏑఁᇅӁල៍ɯձ࣐ȶᐍᡞȷޠٴࢹ
ᄈ՚РН݃ٿᇴȂٴࢹ࿌ձΚঐᐍᡞٿࡧՄΚᆎႈлဏޠಭ ᄜᄙ࡚ȂپԄȶݎРлဏȷ൸ഷٺޠՄڑጓȄᄈ՚РٿᇴȂȶߩ՚ Рȷӵୣє֥ޠϛѬٴࢹȂࣦՎӓзࣩޠН݃എΚᆎȶуȷȂܛ пٴࢹቌঅޠя౫ѬӕԪᜍ݃Π՚РޠႈٙӌϛѠࡿਗ਼ޠȂഇႇ ᇅܛԥڐڏᡞѠࡿਗ਼ޠН݃ϸրᄈྲȂРѠᡞ౫ڐϲోȄӶ೩Ӽଇ፤ٴ ࢹቌঅޠ՚РНᝧϜȂഷளਗ਼Іፚ፤ޠڎঐН݃൸Ꮡঢ়ᇅӁල៍Ȃᡘ ดڎ࣐ٴࢹޠхߓܓН݃ȄΚҎϜଇ፤Ꮡঢ়ᇅӁල៍Ȃуউ ޠӔӤя౫٘ٻȶᐍᡞȷٴࢹޠ྆܉ђڏᡞȂҢᎰڿ՚Рቌঅႈ ܓޠਞݏȄկȂҦܼಁᇴᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ҐٙН݃ޠৰܓЋτȂҔ ՜ഀڎН݃ໍӔӤଇ፤ޠ՚РНᝧЇՅߩளكُȂ֊ٻя౫Ȃ܂܂ ӱ࣐ڎٯӗя౫ᏳयޠᄈЩਞݏȂܗঐրНϾڸ՚Рቌঅޠߓ ८ৰȄ Steven J. Hood ѠЎ݃ጃᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍Н݃ܺӶӤΚНതϜޠ՚РᏱϟΚȄયӶ՚Рႈ᠍ቌঅޠҴൠȂHood ᛴӗΠή ՍϐᒶᐆᏑȃӁձ࣐፤ख़ࡋᡞޠ౪ҦȄॷӒȂᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ӶߗΡΫԒ пٿȂΚޣхߓՍٙޠН݃Ӷ᠍ڸҖлឋᚡα፤ӵഷ࣐ᐮ੩Ȃڎঐ Н݃ޠᏱΚഌӌЇᄈ՚РҖлȂ።ڸ՚РН݃҇ดםԚፑऐȂѫΚ ഌӌࠔлҐٙޠН݃༉ಜМࡼ՚Рޠႈ᠍ȂѬೞލڸ෦ ҖޠᐤѭႇโܵᄛΠၮໍር᠍ޠရؐȄಒΡȂНϾࣻᄈ፤ޠЇ՚Р ࡧདྷӶᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ঢ়ძϲึሖഷץȂ࣐Π्ᜍ݃՚Рႈ᠍ቌঅ ޠӬ౪ܓȂ҇ӒڎঐН݃КȄಒήȂᏑঢ়ᇅӁල៍ޠঐᇰӤ എڸН݃༉ಜା࡚ഀ๗Ȃӱԫڎޠၗ߭৷ཽ་ӪܼᇰӤҐٙН݃ᓻ ܼ՚РȂՅᜳ௦ڨ՚Рޠႈ᠍ቌঅȂӱ࣐௦ڨ՚Рቌঅ๊ӤܼՍ ש߭ӊޠോѷȇHood ᇰ࣐՚РቌঅཽᄈᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍༉ಜழٿϛӤޠᎫ ᐃȂΚР८Ꮡঢ়ᄈঢ়৴ڸ᠍ࡅޠ൶२ᇅ߭ᒧཽೞ߮ᇠࢲᅿȂѫΚР८Ӂ ල៍ޠۡఁȃ࢈ݾᇅަཽ๗ᄻഎཽೞખᚾȂࣦՎЖٿઢޠኛࡦȄ32 Hood ޠ፤ख़ϜѠпึ౫ȂᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ϟܛпӶуޠНҐϜ Ԛ࣐ΚঐȶᐍᡞȷޠٴࢹȂڐᄃϛᘜ՚Рձঢ়ᄈܼᎰڿႈٙӌޠ ࢛ᆎሰؒȄӶуചख़ޠࠊڎᘉഎఽྀߓұȂڎঐН݃ጃᄃӔӤя౫ Յᄈ՚РםԚࡅૐȂ࣐ٙ՚РᏱȂHood ԄӤஆܼߴៗႈٙӌՅϛ ூϛяӲᔗȂηᇴ݃Ӷ՚Рޠᇰޤ࿌ϜȂᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ೞȶٯӗȷ ޠഷτਞݏȂԥֆܼ՚Рձঢ়пѫΚᆎםԓџлڐቌঅޠႈܓȂ Վܼ Hood ௦ң᠍ւڸҖл๊՚РቌঅٿଇᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ޠНϾ༉ ಜȂࠍᜍ݃՚РᏱཽпՍᇰȶႈȷޠቌঅٿܜ௦ܛԥН݃ޠࢆȄ ՚Р௦ڨٴࢹቌঅநକޠ౪ҦȂڐᄃ൸ᗵ֥Πᆎᄈႈлဏٙӌ ޠՍשᇰޤȂӤኻӵȂ՚Рձঢ়ཏܜᇰНϾӼኻܓԇӶȂᇅН݃ޠ ٯӗܛЇя՚РቌঅႈܓޠਞݏਁਁࣻᜱȄEdward Freeman ޠ፤ख़ ᇴ݃Ӥਣя౫ޠᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ڏԥ੩ޠЇ՚РᐡȂуҔѫΚ
32
Steven J. Hood. “Rights Hunting in Non-Western Traditions,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p.96-97.
ঐٯӗ౪ᏑȃӁН݃ޠكُپȄуᇰ࣐՚РޠӒໍڸ᠍༗ೞٴࢹ ঢ়־៴Ͼޠ౪ҦȂӱԫȂᏑঢ়Ϝȃུђۄڸ଼ٿ՚ٴȃӁਮ๊ȶӁ ල៍ჲգȷᖓଂя౫ȂٯпөՍޠНϾ༉ಜٿܣ՚РѽτޠႈܓΩ ໕Ȃ33ᗷด Freeman Ѡڨژȶٴࢹቌঅȷۗ፤ख़ޠఃึȂϘϜ ȃ଼ٿ՚ٴࣦՎӁਮ՜ഀӶΚକଇ፤Ȃկуޠٴࢹቌঅጓ൝ࠔϛӕ Ѭ४ܼݎȞࠓȟٴȄفӵ՚ٴޠӁਮϟܛпཽೞ࿌ԚȶӁල៍ޠჲ գȷޠҐӱȂᜱ߾ژ՚РᏱ҇።Ꮡঢ়ᇅӁල៍ӔӤя౫ϟࡤȂ ܛЇяޠႈܓਞݏȄดՅȂΚҎᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ٯӗԚ࣐Κঐȶᐍ ᡞȷޠٴࢹȂଷߩ՚Рձঢ়ܜᇰڐϜϟΚηڏԥႈܓ֥ཏȂࠍ҇ ڎঐН݃എۢ՞ԚࡅૐڸࢆȂᇨആяᄈޠძȂٯйпႈ ቌঅձ࣐ЇᔟȄ
ΡȃϹഹޠᏑఁᇅӁල៍ɯٴࢹቌঅޠϸЬᔑ
࣐ΠР߰ජඬᇅН݃ϟޠᄈၘᚕȂ՚РଷΠٯӗᏑঢ়ڸӁල ៍пԚ൸ڐႈܓϟѵȂѾܓӵуউϸଇ፤ȂΚР८Ѡп࢛ᆎ ՚Рᓻ຺ޠຠ፤ӵ՞ȂѫΚР८ߴԥւޠፚց՞ဋȂп؈๙Ꮡঢ় ڸӁල៍ᄃ፵๗࿘ޠѠܓȄᄈӼ՚Рձঢ়ٿᇴȂᏑঢ়Н݃ڸӁල៍ Н݃Ґ൸ԥܓ፵αޠϛӤȂܛпڎϸଇ፤ٯϛ֩ᜳȄկӶ ϹഹޠӤਣȂ՚Р፤ख़ᏑȃӁ༉ಜቌঅޠРԓڸᄙ࡚ࠔτϛࣻӤȂڐϜ ᗵ֥੩ޠቌঅցᘟᇅᐡȄՄኍژ՚РڸڎঐН݃ߞεпٿޠϤ ᐤѭȂ՚РΚӪഎӁල៍Н݃དྷԚ॓८ቌঅȂٯйוగᙥҦӁල ៍ᆎȶඍȷޠЇȂٿᐈᖄҐٙڸᏑঢ়Н݃ޠᜱ߾ȄӱԫȂӶٴࢹቌ অޠଇ፤ϜȂ՚РᏱഎ་ӪӶᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ޠ༉ಜቌঅϜ׳൷ϛӤޠ ๏Ȃ࿌՚Р८ᄈᏑঢ়Н݃ޠਣȂᏑᏱ༉ಜஆҐα௦ڨ՚Рቌঅ33
Edward Freeman. “Asia as a Fount of Universal Human Rights,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999), p.67-68.
ՅҢࣻৡܓȂҭޠ࣐ΠసϾ՚РڸᏑঢ়Н݃ѠޠቌঅፑऐȂดՅȂ Ӂල៍ޠ༉ಜࠔᖃڸ՚РቌঅनၿՅႼȂᆎߓ౫ԚҐ፵αޠН݃ৰ ϛկႥ๙ΠӁල៍ȶӪȷޠѠܓȂࣦՎ܂܂я౫Ӷ՚РᏱޠཏ ਠϟϜȄӱԫȂ՚Р፤ख़ࢌϑ؛ۢᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍ޠґٿڽၽȂϸ፤ख़ ޠРԓሇٴࢹН݃ܛழٿޠӔӤࡅૐȂη፮ϡΠᏑঢ়Н݃Ᏹ ಭ՚РႈቌঅޠᐡཽȂܝߗ܅ԫᚕȄ ȞΚȟѠᒒޠᏑঢ়Н݃ 1. Ꮡঢ়Н݃֝Ԟ՚РቌঅȂᄃ፻ՍҦ᠍ ՚РᏱӶ၍មᏑঢ়༉ಜਣȂяܼҐٙޠቌঅցᘟڸ፤ख़ሰ्Ȃ܂ ܂ٻңၷ࣐ᒒϹޠᄙ࡚ȂӶ՚РޠಂϜȂᏑঢ়Н݃ڸ՚Рႈቌঅ ࣻৡޠȂᏑঢ়ѠпᙥҦᏱಭ՚РٿໍΤ౫хϾȂٯᕖூ२ུ҉ആ ႈ᠍ޠᐡཽȂӱԫȂӶН݃Ґ፵ޠଇαȂ՚РᏱளཽңЩၷቷ ৡޠዀྦٿᔯຝᏑᏱ༉ಜȄSteven J. Hood ౪ܓޠِ࡚ໍϸݚȂᇰ࣐ ᏑᏱ༉ಜစԥᐡཽસڸՍดޠᜱ߾Ȃկഷࡤࠔӱ࣐ᄃңлဏՅ ܺతΠึ౪ܓޠᐡཽȄϛႇӉեٲޑഎӊᒧઢબлဏٿӲ๏ޠᏑᏱ༉ ಜȂࠔӱ࣐՚РΩ໕ޠϮΤՅۗᏱಭࡧՄȶ౪ܓȷޠቌঅȄѫѵȂЍ ۞ޠᏱᇴпȶঢ়৴ȷ࣐՞ȂఁᏳঘ౪ڸᄈ᠍ࡅޠ൶ིȂӱԫณݳூژ ՍҦࡧՄڸঐ᠍ւޠ྆܉ȂኻޠНϾ༉ಜᗷดϛւܼՍҦҖлޠ ȂկᏑᏱࡧདྷϜҐ൸ԇӶޠҢࣁࠔԥւܼ௦ڨ՚РቌঅՅึ я౫хަཽޠϵҖၿȂ34 Hoodޠ፤ख़ഇяᄈᏑঢ়Н݃ޠӤڸ߭ ЗȂᗷดᏑᏱ༉ಜӶуࣽٿٯϛಓӬ౫хҖлՍҦޠዀྦȂկᆎဤ ࡤޠН݃ࠔϬดڏറҐٙޠजпІᏱಭ՚РޠԥւӈȄ David Kellyᇰ࣐ՍҦޠ྆܉Սѡпٿ൸ӶᏑᏱ༉ಜίԇࣁȂᗷ ดٯϛЍ۞ᏑఁޠޑȂկϬߓұᏑঢ়Н݃Ӷ࢛โ࡚αڸȶՍҦ
34
Steven J. Hood. “Rights Hunting in Non-Western Traditions,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), p.104-111.
᠍ȷࣻৡȂпϜ࣐پȂᗷดӶᏑᏱ༉ಜϜစҢΠၼѸښ࡚Ȃ կగՍҦᇅ၍ܺޠࡧདྷࠔΚޣԇӶܼϜޠࡧདྷ࿌ϜȞKellyȂ 2000Ȉ187-195ȟȂڐϜၿঢ়ޠՃೆࡧདྷڸդఁഎఁ൷ؒϲӶЗޠՍ ҦпІᄈᔇय़ޠЇȂࣦՎ፞ԄЬ⦦༉๊ҖϊᇴηഎߓႁΠΚᆎȶЇ зߺᙅఁȷȞantinomianismȟޠᆡઢȄᆎҐ൸ԇӶޠՍҦ྆܉ӶΫΟ зखҒ௦ដ՚РпࡤȂٻϜޠՍҦࡧདྷԚ࣐௱९ޠΩ໕ȂఽҒ ޠᝓඉȃᜎ༢ӤڸఘఃົȂҖߒུНϾၽϜޠചᑀؿڸτମȂпІ ަཽлဏϜޠЉԋߟၽȂٳᐤѭႇโनࡤޠՍҦлဏڸၿᆡ ઢȂഎڨژ՚РޠᢛඵᇅჃᓿȂηᜍ݃ᆎՍҦ྆܉ഇႇ՚Рႈቌঅ ޠࣀᙅȂ҇ۢӶᏑঢ়Н݃ڸٴࢹୣϲᄃ፻Ȅ 2. Ꮡঢ়Н݃ٯߩࢆ՚Рႈቌঅޠഷಥҭޠ Ꮡঢ়Н݃௷ଷӶႈ᠍ޠቌঅ፤ϟѵȂ՚РᏱңٿߴ ܅ԫϟѠᒒܓޠѫΚᆎ፤ख़๋Ȅуউ።Ӷٴࢹቌঅ࿌ϜȂНϾٯ ϛϟഷޣ௦ޠፑऐᘉȂٴࢹቌঅڐᄃѫΚᆎםԓޠȶࠓіᄈȷȂЏ ڐᏑᏱ༉ಜҐ൸ϛᏑఁঢ়ܛ्።ޠ२ᘉȄMarina Svensson ᇰ࣐ Ӷٴࢹቌঅޠ፤࿌ϜȂՍൖ࣐Ꮡఁܜޠঢ়ڐᄃԥϛӤޠຨؒዀ ྦȂپԄϜܛ።ޠစᔽԚߞȂՅུђۄࠍ्ؒНϾαޠ൶२ᇅՍ лȂᜍ݃Π՚Рڸٴࢹޠບ౸๙ߩНϾৰܛആԚȂȶٴࢹቌঅȷޠ ҐҭޠѬঢ়࢈ۻңٿᄈ՚РޠϏڏȄSvensson ՄΠഌϸϜᏱ ޠّ፤ࡤᇰ࣐ȂȶٴࢹቌঅȷޠԇӶҐφຏ੪ԥȂϜ࢈ۻѬ Ꮡঢ়༉ಜձ࣐ࣾทпٿᗘ՚Рঢ়ޠ᠍ຨȂ35 ٲᄃαȂҔߣᛥ ϜՍҦ᠍ึޠஆᙄࡧདྷȂڐᄃٿՍܼҖఋлဏڸ௷ѵЗᄙȂٳ
35 SvenssonՄޠϜᏱєࢃབྷϟȃҘᎄȃቔॗᄀȃቔᐏݱڸᚮٶҢȂٳ Ᏹܗܛᒞޠȶឋӌφȷഎᇰ࣐ӶϸݣޠٴࢹНϾ࿌ϜȂȶٴࢹቌঅȷϛѠԇ ӶȂϜ࢈ۻѬпНϾ࣐ᙥπᎎ௬ڐϛًޠ᠍खᓄȄՄȈMarina Svensson. “The Chinese Debate on Asian Values and Human Rights,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), pp.209-211.
ࡧདྷྜٯϛԇӶܼᏑᏱ༉ಜ࿌ϜȂՅஆܼϜߗхᐤѭޠଅᏺᇅ དȂη၍មΠ࣐եϜӶΡΫзखߒᢛඵٯᏱಭ՚РޠҖлՍ ҦᆡઢȂࠔӶစᔽԚߞϟࡤື՚РቌঅȄ36 Svensson ޠ፤ख़Рԓ௷ଷ Π՚РᇅᏑঢ়ӶНϾαޠፑऐӡᐡȂᚗРᕋആяѫΚᆎѠᒒޠݦ൝Ȃ ӱ࣐ٴࢹޠᏑఁঢ়ٯґᏑঢ়Н݃ຝ࣐ࢆ՚Рႈቌঅޠഷಥҭ ޠȂӶΚቺཏဏαȂႈܓޠ՚РН݃ϬดڸᏑঢ়Н݃ߴࡼࣻৡܓȄ 3. ݎٴစᔽۊᙻᇅȶࡤᏑᏱлဏȷȞPost-Confucianismȟ ࡛ᄻᏑঢ়Н݃ᇅ౫х՚Рޠಒήᆎࣻৡഋ৸Ȃ൸ޣ௦Ꮡఁঢ় ޠԚѓᘫѓܼ՚РቌঅᇅᏑঢ়Н݃ޠᒋӬȂӱԫȂݎٴစᔽۊᙻڐᄃ ԇޠᏑᏱ༉ಜڸ՚РՍҦၦҐлဏӬձޠ๗ݏȂ೩Ӽ՚РᏱኻ ޠ๗ݏםৡԚȶࡤᏑᏱቌঅȷȂٯйӶݎٴܗ՚РޠᏱࣩᇅӍཿࣩഎᑺ କΚȶࡤᏑᏱлဏȷޠःفॴዙȄ37 Ҧܼݎٴঢ়ҔӶпѫΚᆎРԓ ӶစᔽαץഁநକȂഌϸ՚РޠᏱᇅᢏᄇঢ়བٿབ་Ӫݎٴԇޠ ᏑᏱ༉ಜቌঅң՚РޠቌঅໍӬ౪ϾȂࡤᏑᏱޠ೪Ҕ࡛ҴӶኻ ޠஆᙄϟαȂՅڐл्ޠ፤ᘉԥήȈȶॷӒȂ౫хݎٴϑึяϛӤܼ ౫х՚РܛࣽژޠϏཿၦҐлဏܗ౫хܓޠዂԓȇڐԪȂԇޠᏑᏱ༉ ಜܗȶࡤᏑᏱቌঅȷӶ౫хݎٴޠึϜึදΠᜱᗥձңȇಒήȂ౫х ݎٴ࣐שউණٽΠΚঐԂޠ౫хၦҐлဏޠዂԓȷȄࡤᏑᏱлဏःفᏑ ঢ়༉ಜᆡઢᇅၦҐлဏޠᜱഀܓȂ፞Ԅؾԥଓȃ୧ࠣҢڸՍҦҀൠ ๊ၦҐлဏޠᜱᗥ྆܉ȂഎೞᏱϜЩၷٯй഻ആя܅ԫޠࣻৡ
36
Marina Svensson. “The Chinese Debate on Asian Values and Human Rights,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), p. 215-221
37 ࡤᏑᏱ೪ޠஆҐ྆܉ѠпՄΚٳߗԒٿᇅݎٴःفԥᜱޠяޏёޑȂپԄȈ ȮࡤᏑᏱޠࢆȯȞബջݳћȂ1980ȟȃȮݎٴޠᓻ༗ȯȞᓔЊӱ૮ᇅћᅮȂ1982ȟȃ ȮᄈݎٴึޠዂԓϟસȯȞճੀᇅᒄȂ1988ȟȃȮᏑᏱᇅစᔽึȈΚঐݎРޠ ዂԓȉȯȞጢȂ1989ȟȃȮϛӤНϾनෂίޠၦҐлဏȯȞջກੀᇅ࿆ΜጢȂ1990ȟȃ ȮϜၦҐлဏޠᆡઢȯȞ࿆ΜȂ1990ȟȃȮᄈϏཿݎٴޠྜϟસɯᏑᏱඉᑺޠ ΚঐپᜍȯȞ؈ᆱ݃Ȃ1991ȟȃȮݎٴ౫хܓϜޠᏑᏱ༉ಜȯȞ؈ᆱ݃ጢȂ1996ȟȃȮݎ ٴቌঅᇅӼϰ౫хܓȯȞ؈ᆱ݃Ȃ2001ȟȄՄȈৈӏȂȮݎٴ౫хܓᇅ՚Р౫хܓ ɯНϾޠِ࡚ࣽȯȂіٶȈུਫۺȂ՚ϰ 2005 ԒȂॳ 261Ȅ
ܓȂӱԫٻ՚РڸݎٴநକޠӶፑऐಥܼூп၍ଷȂඳّϟȂᆎ፤ ख़ლၑᏑᏱ༉ಜϜ׳൷ݎٴ౫хϾԚѓޠӱȂٯ៧я՚Рႈቌ অڸᏑঢ়Н݃ޠӬձഋ৸ȂՅᏑঢ়Н݃ޠѠᒒӠຬηԫђᘁ݃Ȅ ȞΡȟࡅૐޠӁල៍Н݃ 1. Ӂල៍Н݃ᇅ՚РН݃ޠቌঅҮࣾ ᄈ՚РᏱٿᇴȂӁල៍Н݃ႇ࡚२ຝۡఁޠ੬፵ȂٻڐН݃Ґ፵ ڸ՚РቌঅึҢҐޠҮࣾȂኻޠҮࣾዀᇭӁල៍Н݃Ӷ᠍ȃՍ ҦȃҖл๊౫хቌঅᢏޠѷంڸဤӃȄഌϸᑙලݔӶٴࢹቌঅϜࡼ༉ ಜቌঅޠߓ౫ηᡲ՚РᏱᐋነȂӱ࣐уউпӁල៍࣐ၿᓻ຺ޠН ݃Ȃٯйࡼ՚Рቌঅ࣐ᇳȄ38 Steven J. HoodᏑঢ়Н݃ޠചख़ϟࡤȂ ӕ࡚ଇӁල៍Н݃ޠਰЗቌঅȂуᇰ࣐Ӂල៍ఁᗷดစڸஆఁܗ บЋఁӔٵӤኻޠۡఁஆȂկӱ࣐ુн՚Р౪ܓࡧՄڸఃᇍၽޠ ႇโȂٻூӁල៍ۡఁޠΩ໕τܼΚϹȂᏳय౪ܓڸ᠍ւޠஆҐ྆܉ณ ݳҢȄѫѵȂҦܼᑙලݔҢࣁڸӁල៍ޠ߭ӊᇅࡢݳᆨஞ๗ӬȂٻூ уউࣻ߭ڽၽҢܼ߭ӊȂӱԫᑙලݔᄈӁල៍ۡఁݳ྄࡚݉ȂໍՅ ᜳп௦ڨҖлޠ౪܉ܗڐу՚Рޠቌঅ྆܉Ȅ֊ٻѡ៍စԠ࿌ϜѠ ׳ژҖлՍҦޠӶཏᜌȂկۧۡఁ༉ಜޠߴԉ༗Ωηϛϱ೩ ኻޠཏᜌഃᅛึȄ39 Ann E. MayerѠ՚РᏱ࿌Ϝ״ຠӁල៍Н݃Ґ፵ޠѫΚᆎڑ хߓȂӶԃޠ፤ख़࿌ϜȂߴԉޠӁල៍ϛѠึяԥཏဏޠ᠍ਲ
38
Edward Friedman. “Since There Is No East and There Is No West, How Could Either Be the Best?,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), p.29-30.
39
HoodࡿяӶӁල៍ࡧདྷѭϜȂAlfarabiȞ870-950ȟစლၑۡఁཏဏᇅ࢈ݾ লᏱࣻ๗ӬޠᑙලݔᏱȂկᑙලݔަཽτޠۡఁᔇΩಥفٻ Alfarabi ޠლ ၑѷంȂࣻၷܼ՚Рࡧདྷѭα๗Ӭۡఁᇅзߺ྆܉ޠ AquinasȂᡘұя՚Рஆ Н݃ᇅӁල៍Н݃ᄈՍҦࡧདྷ४ښޠโ࡚ϛΚȄՄȈSteven J. Hood. “Rights Hunting in Non-Western Traditions,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.111-118.
࢝Ȃӱ࣐ᑙලݔ२ຝઢұӼܼ౪ܓȂܛпณݳึяঐлဏȂӶ๙ᄈ ݉ઢޠࠊණίȂޠဏଡ଼҇ۢτܼ᠍ւȂܛпӁල៍ަཽ᠍ߤ឵ ӶۡఁרࡢϟίȂٻോѷΠՍҦڸ᠍ւȄ40 Mayerܛᒞޠȶԥཏဏޠ ᠍ਲ࢝ȷ࿌ดࡿਗ਼ޠ՚Рޠႈ᠍Ȃߓұ՚РᏱಭᄜпႈٙӌ ٿ״ցН݃ȂՅӁල៍ӶН݃Ґ፵α൸ϑစೞঐȶႈޠȷ՚Р ۢȂଷΠ౫ڎቌঅፑऐޠ๙ᄈܓϟѵȂηщϸᇴ݃Ӷ՚РӠຬϜ឵ ܼࡅૐޠӁල៍ӵ՞Ȅ 2. Ӂල៍пН࣐݃ዀᇭࢆ՚Рႈ៨᠍ Ӷٴࢹቌঅޠ፤࿌ϜȂ՚РᏱᇰ࣐ȂӁල៍ޠл्ҭޠпН ࣐݃Ҧࢆ՚РޠႈቌঅȂկᆎ՚РᢏᘉΚР८ᘉяӁල៍ޠࡅ ૐڸᚗРޠѠፑऐȂѫΚР८ηѠпҐٙޠቌঅᓻ຺ད࣐೪Ȃ४ ښΠӁල៍๊ڐуߩ՚РН݃Ѭпȶᄈ՚Рȷޠםᄙя౫ȂӱԫȂ ЇՅӕԪጃҴҐٙН݃ቌঅޠႈȶ៨᠍ȷȄEva Brems ᇰ࣐Ȃഇႇር ᜱ߾ڸঢ়ϟޠϤȂзࣩ᠍ቌঅӶτโ࡚αҦ՚Рޠ᠍྆ ܉ܛ഻ആȂҦܼߩ՚Рঢ়ޠึโ࡚ሃϛαзࣩቌঅᢏޠᙾᡑȂٳ ঢ়ѬഇႇᄈНϾӼኻܓޠຨؒٿܱ՚РޠኈȄดՅȂ࿌ᑙලݔ ࡈᆏӁල៍ޠۡఁרࡢхߓ᠍ޠਣȂ൸๊ܼۢΠзࣩ᠍ቌঅȂ ᄈ᠍ቌঅޠႈϾϛւޠȄᑙලݔзࣩۗӶٴࢹቌঅ࿌Ϝ׳ ژჲգȂٯйпН࣐݃Ҧᘘτࢆ՚Р᠍ޠᓻ຺41 ȄѫѵȂFarhat Haq Ꮢᆔпȶဒȷ྆܉࣐ஆᙄȂლၑϛӤН݃ޠҴൠໍϛӤН݃ޠࡋ ᢏ፤ख़ȂࠔϬดӶυ᠍ୱᚡαဤΤΠ՚РޠၜមᡓᒯȂԃпӁල៍ޠυ ᠍࣐л्ࡧՄȂᇰ࣐υܓ᠍ւӶӁල៍зࣩഷᜳᕖூޠΚᕘȂӱ ࣐ᄈ೩ӼӁල៍࢈ۻٿᇴȂஐυӵ՞ϑစԚ࣐ᚗРໍНϾ፤ޠॷ्
40
Ann E. Mayer , Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics (Boulder: Westview, 1995) , p.68.
41
Eva Brems, Reconciling Universality and Diversity in International Human Rights: A Theoretical and Methodological Framework and Its Application in the Context of Islam, (Human Rights Review, 5:3 April-June 2004), pp.5-19.
хߓឋᚡȂӁල៍ϟܛпᆏ՚Рޠυ᠍лဏϛΠ၍ᑙලݔஐυޠޒ ݸȂٯϛӱ࣐ҔᜱЗஐυ᠍ઊȂЇՅӱ࣐՚РڸӁල៍ᄈϜ ϛଞᡲޠΚؐȄ42Ӷٳ፤ख़࿌ϜȂයึ՚РڸӁල៍ϟංоϛ ѠᗘռޠፑऐܓȂկ२्ޠٻӁල៍Н݃ѷџҐޠཏဏȂ࣐ᄈ ՚РޠϏڏȂߓұНࣦ݃ՎϛңӕစႇҐ፵ޠଇȂ൸ޣ௦Ԛ࣐՚ РН݃ޠߤ឵ޑȂӕԪۢΠ՚РޠቌঅႈܓȄ 3. Ӂල៍༉ಜඉᑺၽᇅቌঅޠӕၜម ՚Р፤ख़ңٿᜍ݃Ӂල៍ࡅૐܓޠಒήᆎᇴݳȂ൸ଭᄈӁල៍з ࣩഃᅛᑺକޠ༉ಜඉᑺၽȂпІٳН݃ߴԉࣃңȶӕၜមȷٿᄈ ՚Р᠍ቌঅޠКࢳȂഇႇȶණᒻȷȂ՚РӕԪڸӁල៍֖౫яϸ݃ ޠኴᄈޒᄙȂڐٯ።՚РቌঅޠҔಜܓᇅႈܓȄЩԄ Robert Carle ᇰ࣐Ӂල៍зࣩޠጃҔӶ௹କΚඉᑺ༉ಜޠॴዙȂ43 ੬ր࿌೩Ӽ༉ಜ ጓڸ౫хϾ᠍྆܉ࣻፑऐϟࡤȂӁල៍ঢ়ޠߴԉӌφӶϛᇰӤ ՚Рႈ᠍ޠݸίȂഎוగ२ུӲژઢဒޠѡ៍စϜ൷׳Ӂල៍ԓ ޠ᠍྆܉ȄCarle ःفзࣩ᠍ڑጓڸӁල៍Н݃ᄈ᠍ޠ྆܉Ȃᇰ࣐ Ӂල៍ڐᄃҔпȶ२ུၜមȷ᠍ޠРԓٿ࡛ҴҐٙޠ᠍ᢏȂڐҭޠ ࣐Πܱ՚Рޠႈ᠍ቌঅȂ፞Ԅ 1981 ԒȶзࣩӁල៍᠍ࡈّȷ ȞUniversal Islamic Declaration of Human Rightsȟڸ 1990 Ԓޠȶᛴ ᠍ࡈّȷȞCairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, CDHRIȟഎଭᄈ ᖓӬȶзࣩ᠍ࡈّȷܛяޠӲᔗȂٳӁල៍ޠ᠍ڑጓٯϛ Їᄈ᠍ȂՅᙥᄈ᠍྆܉ޠӕၜមٿЇሼȃޮҔ՚РȂၑშᜍ݃
42
Farhat Haq. “Jihad Over Human Rights,” Negotiating Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001), pp.251-255.
43
Ӂල៍ޠ༉ಜඉᑺၽਗ਼ቺ८ኅȂα࢈ۻίՎҖஆቺȂԥ೩Ӽߴԉлဏ എוగᘜȶ՚РҖл᠍ȷՅ౫хަཽޠ྆܉ڸ༉ಜఁഀ๗Ȅپ ԄӁਮᖃಜࢡధѼȞKhameneiȟᇰ࣐ȶߩᄈᓀഎᔗ၏Ӳژѡ៍စϜ൷׳ȂՅߩ ᖓӬȷȂܗӫޠВஆලۅᏱ Mawdudi ߓұȶ᠍ϛᔗ၏՚РϾޠȷȄ ՄȈRobert Carle, Revealing and Concealing: Islamist Discourse on Human Rights, (Human Rights Review, 5:3 April-June 2005), pp.122-135.
՚Р᠍ቌঅڐᄃٯϛڏԥҔޠႈܓȄ44Ӂල៍ޠ༉ಜඉᑺၽڸ ᄈ᠍྆܉ޠ२ུၜមȂߓұӁල៍Н݃ҔпϛӤܼ՚РޠቌঅᢏٗӪ ౫хϾȂηཏک՚РҔೞࢆޠҭዀȄف՚Р፤ख़ᄈԫΚၽޠ Ӳᔗᇅᄙ࡚ȂѠпึ౫՚Рձঢ়ଷΠᜍᄃ܅ԫޠኴᄈϟѵȂηᗵ֥Ґ ٙႈٙӌೞࢆޠᆨڸᑺᏮȂഥࢆхߓ࢛ᆎϤίޠᇰӤȂ ՅӁල៍Н݃ҔӶᇰӤ՚РႈቌঅޠӤਣȂϘཽҢࢆޠȄ
နȃ๗፤˕ٴࢹޠӼϰܓᇅȶހٴࢹȷቌঅ
Ӷٴࢹቌঅ࿌ϜȂНϾޠӼϰܓΚޣݎȃ՚ڎРᏱഎӶଇޠ ឋᚡȂݎРᏱདྷ्ᙥӼϰНϾٿ።ҐٙН݃ޠՍлܓȂᗘռ՚Р пȶႈ᠍ȷᄈߩ՚РН݃ໍϔਗ਼ȇ՚РᏱࠍᙥҦܜᇰٳӼϰ НϾޠӤਣя౫ٿЇՍϐޠႈቌঅȂկη्؈๙ٳНϾޠᙥ ҦȶٴࢹቌঅȷՅםԚᇰӤΚयޠᐍᡞȂҔӵࡅૐژ՚РޠႈٙӌȄ ӱԫȂᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍Н݃Ӷኻޠ፤ख़๋ϟίȂಭᄜܓӵೞ՚Р ձঢ়ቹԚȶӤਣя౫Ȃկϸଇ፤ȷޠϛӤН݃ȄඳّϟȂڎঐН݃ᗷ ดхߓΚঐȶٴࢹᐍᡞȷٿࢆ՚РႈٙӌȂࠔϬดೞ՚РᏱ өР८ᜍ݃܅ԫϟޠНϾৰܓȄॷӒȂӶН݃Ґ፵αȂᏑᏱ༉ಜᗷ ดϛՍѺيя౫хϾޠҖл᠍྆܉ȂկҦܼ።ҢࣁпІ ᄈՍҦޠৡףȂӱԫӶ՚РቌঅϮΤϟࡤҢਞᔗȂԥւ௦ڨՍҦȃ Җлڸ᠍ޠႈቌঅȄดՅȂӁල៍Н݃ࠔᇅ՚РޠႈቌঅԥҐ ፵αޠፑऐȂۡఁޠ๙ᄈ݉ٻூᑙලݔަཽᜳึя౫хϾޠՍҦ Җл྆܉ȄڐԪȂӶН݃ޠຨؒᇅࣻϤᜱ߾αȂᏑঢ়ٯϛпН݃ޠՍл ܓ࣐ഷಥҭޠȂܼጦፑΠᇅ՚РН݃ޠቌঅፑऐȂկӁල៍ࠍН݃ ຝ࣐ᄈ՚РޠஆᙄȂޣ௦ࢆ՚РޠႈቌঅȄഷࡤȂӶНϾ።ڸޠ44
Eva Brems, Reconciling Universality and Diversity in International Human Rights: A Theoretical and Methodological Framework and Its Application in the Context of Islam, (Human Rights Review, 5:3 April-June 2004), p.6-11.
ᄃርึαȂᏑঢ়ᇅ՚РН݃ϑစ׳ژȶࡤᏑᏱлဏȷޠഋ৸ٿऐᡘН ݃ӬձޠԚݏȂӁල៍ࠍӶᇅ౫х՚РН݃௦क़ϟࡤ२ߖ༉ಜᇅߴԉޠ ၿၰȂᜍ݃Н݃ϟᜳп࠷ӬȄܼȂѠᒒޠᏑঢ়ڸࡅૐޠӁල៍ᄈ՚ РԥϛӤཏဏȂߓұȶٴࢹቌঅȷϜޠӼϰНϾڏԥҐܓޠৰȄ ҔԄ՚РᏱᄈࡠᏑঢ়ᇅӁල៍Н݃ޠϛӤᄙ࡚Ȃ՚Р፤ख़ϜȂఅ ٲΚР८ٴࢹޠӼϰНϾᘫાӶȶΚঐٴࢹȷޠਲ࢝ίȂѫΚР८ ࠍέ።ڐϜНϾϟޠৰܓȂп٪ЦΚঐȶހٴࢹȷޠᐍᡞቌঅ ȞPan-Asian Valueȟя౫ȄColm Campbell ڸ Avril McDonald Ӷଇ፤ٴࢹ ᠍ᇅᄃ፻ޠឋᚡϜȂණژٴࢹޠলᏱڸۡఁ༉ಜє֥ЋӼϸݣȂณݳ МࡼΚঐȶހٴࢹቌঅȷޠя౫ȂپԄӶݎٴڸݎࠓٴȂ्םԚᏑఁȃ դఁڸӠ࡚ఁޠӔӤࡧၰ҇Ӓ्ԥା࡚ޠܫຬ྆܉ȂՅӠ࡚ఁڸᏑȃ դϟංоءԥӉեӔӤᘉᗠᡷᆎ྆܉ȄѫѵȂ֊ٻӶӤΚН݃ ϜηϛΚۢߴࡼΚयܓȂپԄᏑঢ়ϜӶٴࢹቌঅϜᗚ౫ΠϛӤܼ НϾޠѫѵΚ८Ȃ45ࣦՎȂसӁල៍ӕܺໍٿଇ፤Ȃࠍཽึ౫Ӂල៍ ༉ಜܗ೩ڸஆఁН݃ϸٵӼޠӔӤစᡜȂՅڸٳݎȞࠓȟٴޠН Ͼ༉ಜםԚѽτৰȄ46 Campbellڸ McDonald ޠःفᗷดӤཏٴࢹѠཽםԚΚಣϛӤܼ ՚Рޠᑀ੬ᢏᘉȂկ๙ϛՎܼҢӔӤޠȶހٴࢹቌঅȷȂᆎ፤ख़๋ ᆺΠӼϰޠٴࢹНϾ࣐՚РቌঅණٽႈܓޠЇȂՅࡈұȶހٴ
45 ԄӤࠊख़ȂϜٯߩӓпȶᏑঢ়Н݃ȷձ࣐Їᄈ՚Рႈቌঅޠ౪ҦȂՅ Ӫпစᔽึձ࣐ຨؒҭޠȂᆎϸݣܓߓұϜӶᏑঢ়༉ಜϟѵᗚڨژӔᇅ ަཽлဏޠࡧདྷЖᏳȂٻٴࢹቌঅϜޠНϾӼϰђፓᚖȄՄȈMarina Svensson. “The Chinese Debate on Asian Values and Human Rights,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), pp.209-211.пІ Colm Campbell and Avril McDonald. “Practice to Theory: States of Emergency and Human Rights Protection in Asia,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), p.264.
46
Colm Campbell and Avril McDonald. “Practice to Theory: States of Emergency and Human Rights Protection in Asia,” Human Rights and Asian Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000), p.259-267.
ࢹቌঅȷϛѠя౫ޠਞݏȂࠍ؈๙Н݃ፑऐ፤ȶᡑםȷԚ࣐տࡤ ུΚᎉޠȶݎ՚ᄈȷȄҦԫѠޤȂ८ᄈٴࢹቌঅޠࢆᇅႈ᠍ឋᚡȂ ՚РпΚᆎȶӤਣя౫Ȃկϸଇ፤ȷޠ፤ख़๋ٿᆱࡼڐႈлဏ ٙӌȂཱུұ՚РѠւңᄈঐրНϾޠϛӤᄙ࡚ȂϜխᐄձ࣐ࡿᇰ ޠϜЗ՞ဋȂپԄᄈᏑঢ়ڸӁල៍Н݃ޠȶϹഹȷȇߓႁΠ՚Рձঢ় ၑშᕋആя࢛ᆎڸᒚޠл८ȂڸȶН݃ፑऐ፤ȷϜޠ༗ᄙ࡚ԥ ஆҐৰȂՅڐϜ৽ܑਗ਼ژ՚РҐٙՍשᇰӤޠᡑȄ
ՄНᝧ
ȞΚȟऽНਫ
Bell, Daniel A., eds. (2000), When the East meets the West (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
Bell, Lynda S., Andrew J. Nathan, Ilan Peleg, eds. (2001), Negotiating
Culture and Human Rights (New York: Columbia University Press).
Freeman, Michael (2002), Human Rights: An interdisciplinary approach (UK: Polity Press).
Jacobsen, Michael and Ole Bruun, eds. (2000), Human Rights and Asian
Values: Contesting National Identities and Cultural Representations in Asia (Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press).
Johnson, Barbara, eds. (1993), Freedom and Interpretation (New York: HarperCollins Publishers).
Mayer, Ann E. (1995), Islam and Human Rights: Tradition and Politics (Boulder: Westview).
Ness, Peter Van, eds. (1999), Debating Human Rights (London: Routledge). Ramadan, Tariq (2001), Islam, the West and the Challenges of Modernity
(UK: The Islamic Foundation).
Shute, Stephen and Susan Hurley, eds. (1993), On Human Rights (New York: BasicBooks.)
ȞΡȟऽНё
Brems, Eva, “Reconciling Universality and Diversity in International Human Rights: A Theoretical and Methodological Framework and Its Application in the Context of Islam,” Human Rights Review, 5:3 (April-June 2004), p.5-21.
Carle, Robert, “Revealing and Concealing: Islamist Discourse on Human Rights,” Human Rights Review, 5:3 (April-June 2005), p.122-137. Dallmayr, Fred, “ϘAsian Valuesϙ and Global Human Rights,” Philosophy
East & West, 52:2 (April 2002), p.173-189.
Donnelly, Jack, “The Relative Universality of Human Rights,” Human Rights Quarterly, working paper no.33(May 2006), p.1-35.
Funabashi, Yoichi, “The Asianization of Asia,” Foreign Affairs, 72:5 (Nov/ Dec 1993), pp.75-85.
Magnarella, Paul J., “Review Article: Communist Chinese and “Asian Values” Critiques of Universal Human Rights,” Journal of Third World Studies, 21:2 (Fall 2004), p.179-192.
Rigg, Jonathan, “Of Miracle and Crises: (re-)interpretations of growth and decline in East and Southeast Asia,” Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 43:2 (August 2002), p.137-156.
Song, Young-Bae, “Crisis of Cultural Identity in East Asia: on the meaning of Confucian ethics in the age of globalization,” Asian Philosophy, 12:2 (2002), p.109-125.
ȞήȟϜНਫᇅё
Ұϟ࿋ȃڻპٜȞ2001ȟȲົ຺ႈлဏᇅࣻᄈлဏ᠍ᢏԥᜱ፤ޠࣹ ࡧȳȂȮϜτഛःفȯȂಒ 44 ڣȂಒ 4 Ȃॳ 1-14Ȅ ࠻ਵҰȃࡃτᏱȃеȞӬȟȞ2005ȟȂȮӓ౩Ͼᇅٴࢹ౫хϾȯȞіٶȈ ަཽऌᏱȈНᝧяޏަȟȄ ৈӏȞ2005ȟȂȮݎٴ౫хܓᇅ՚Р౫хܓ˕НϾޠِ࡚ࣽȯȞіٶȈུ ਫۺȟȄ ଼නȞណȟȞ2006ȟȂȮݎٴޠඉᑺ˕п 500 Ԓȃ150 Ԓڸ 50 Ԓ࣐ຝِȯȂ ȞӬȟGiovanni Arrighi, Takeshi Hamashita, Mark SeldenȞіٶȈ ަཽऌᏱНᝧяޏަȟȄDividing Confucianism and Islam:
The Western/Universal Human
Rights Approach to Aisan Values
Yu- Ching Wang
Abstract
Multiculturalism has been the main issue for many western and eastern scholars when discussing Asian Values. In one respect, eastern writers focus on autonomy and self-identity of their own cultures by means of multiculturalism but attempt to avoid western intervention whose ultimate purpose covered with Universal Human Rights. In another, western writers reinforce universalism of west values by proving exist of Asian multiculturalism, while they have to preclude forming the identity of a “Whole Asia” which is spirited by Asian Values and threaten western identity. Therefore, with this western context and narrative strategy established, Confucianism and Islam which could represent a “Whole Asia” are usually divided into two kinds of different cultures. Cultural essentials, cultural interrelations, and reconciliation of cultures
are three main points analyzed in this paper in which a friendly Confucianism and a threatening Islam could provide western world two contrasting images and conceptions.
Keywords: multiculturalism, Islam, Asian Values, Universal Human Rights, identity, narrative strategy, Confucianism
