人際親疏與團體目標設定對團體中個人工作及團體工作努力分配的影響

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(3) A~. ••w~a§.~~~~a~@AI~&~aI~~~~~~~.. ~?-1JWi!:fe"J~fl3::~)Jj(~~. : :J9:A (input) WfflIti:l (output) Fs'e"Jj!U5~!5ff£'l!t fifT~~e"J:J9:A ' 1~~OOAitj§:151IfF~1Je"J~~ ; fffiffllti:l15JtJJ0(l)1la~1Jze"JIf'F ~fJl (f~f~ff~0~) ; (2)fla~1JZf&11il~~@]~1 (l~¥1J~0~~.~J~iU) m-fl aITfiitMlaIf'Fa~ , If'F1:e"J~1J;J[W-!t1t!!Ae"J~1J~~~*5i'1 (pool) 'fifTtJOO. ~Mmo~~. 0. 0. ~MW.M~ ~~oiliff~. a~1J~~~'~=1'~~~&~-!tIf'F~m;~.~'~1J~~'~=1'R~Ma19". ~~'ooa~. m~~W@]n(~.~~iU). 1.~m~M. jZ.;I1litrMfifT~*~=1'H*5*. °ftj§:.~MmT'Mla$~mA15J~m@~~H~. (hide in the crowd) ,ttt~~~jZ.;I~1JjffiJJ!l~e"Je"JH. *a* (lost in the crowd). m ft:rx=1'¥!J. 'ftj§:Wl~=1'¥1J1£]ififffi0z:p:e"J.iU1'1fr5LT' flaitfD~. aIf'F~~1J~19"~~o~fffiftMAIf'F$'OOaA~~1JW~If'F~m&@]n~. 0. Ifta~Fs'. ,m. IE.l:t '. flP1~AWfflIti:lZFs'~*5~*. f'F*1~ r.§'j. '. ~~1IaftfIAIf'F$~~1Jf£.l!t~.ItMiaI. 0. I1tYi- '. flaftITfiitMlHIf'Fa~. , 'At19"ff. q~1~*J. (free rider) (Kerr &. Bruun, 1983) to r ~~ m-1¥IJfI 7l J (avoid to be a sucker> (Kerr, 1983). ,. liJf~~. tJ. $oM~rmOO*~JJ!J. ;tic model). H-rt~!l1~ R:J: ri:c:.\ )I". ,. 0. ~Yi-. /f~~~~1J. -=- ' A. ~~~~.~e"J~1J5t@cftfIAIf'FJ:. e"J,L\. '. 0. ~~Jttt 83 i-3!j!!. ft• • ~*5tIi'lf'F~mR~*$,~*ooafi".~~~M&m1J5t~MOO AIf'F ' mf~e"J*a* ' 1W-¥}~!UIA~~ ili~fN~.~e"JD~ , ft~~1w:i:J!Tji~ ffAD• • ttooA~~,.n.a~~ojZ.;l~'.~~W~~jZ.;I.~.Ma • • ~ 51@c *~EI3liJf~~ tJ~F*amrtW5~~~fkAi£~3::~ , ~f3(:ffiBI:Aft&~~l&~fJl 0. =f'F1:e"J @] ~I. El3J:. E13:: 'l:t to @]. 0. MlaIf'F$. r~ge:~11¥IJ.5liJ ~IJ~f~m-OOA~'L\Mla$~~ftl!A~ r:r~1~*~ J. ~~.MlftIf'F$e"J1¥IJfl5liJ. 0. :f'F*a*e"J~O. 1P'g ftlb@19". 0. mT~~.~MlaIf'FWMAIf'F~'19"jZ.;Ir&IEMlaIf'F~ff~~A19".J~r. l' ' iliftflA. [ff100.lz: E13::. l~l!t*~ ,. ::~fJl. (~~~~~)¥~~ftr. ~'J07*0Z:P:'~.~MA~MlaIf'F~Mti:lti:l°M~'.Maft • • ff~~M. '. rtJ~~ti7tJ. t1:e"J~~. o~m~a$~MAr~.J. ~~. m15J~J19"~1J~~~m'~OOA~~rElB~fflIti:l15Jff15J.J~.l!t,jZ.;I~tt.. ~. ~~19"~.fl E~. ~. 0. '/f~ft~f3(:~i£~ffi.'*$51~~W5~~~~.~ftj§:WMmT&JJ!~.3::~. jZ.;I. ' ftfD r ~WMlazFs'e"J~BH* J flnm-1tl!.1~WMlae"J~m1*.~Jl*a~ , ~{~;J[ *~tt:r!j!~JMIAtIJ~' ft!!l1!19" r'L\i:t1wL~~J itMlaIf'F~~~m6'L\1J El3I1tDz, ~~ I f'Fl!llaA~~JlifJ1tZ =1' roJ ' ooaft 51@c• •e"JmPm1: ' 1J)\15J tlE: ff fifT =1' fOJ Clark & Mills ( 1979) 1~g~ Goffman ( 1961) fifT~ti:ltIJ~3(tt!!)Jj(~IJ ' H~ A~. rJl !ffiE Jfih 51 ~ 3( tt!! e"J ~BJ 1* (exchange relationship) & 0 ff e"J ~~ 1* (communal. relationships) tN~ Clark ( 1984) e"Jrotr* ' AfrnO~81:.A ~~~A ' tJ&ff1:.. 0. I I. lI. 0. 0. 0. 0.

(4) ~1f !P,H.\flIHiJf~. 334. ~=. +M. .tt*~A~M~~~.~~~orrmg~~T'AWA~M~m~~'A~MM. !I!IH. rrfiig!!1tl!Aa~. ~~{g;akJ.'. a~. ,. ,. fiE:f~¥Ij*IH~ekJ. 1±!~.{f:@]¥R*Elm~fIJ~. .~~J. (comparable) flJ~ [I'lUfekJ ' ~iti!ir'~s:t'jjIJAtftfi~ mg-*-tt ' li::r:*EI):~~m{* ' Jtt~pJT~~ekJ r~ 0. 0. o®A~W*A'AA~&~A~M,~m~r0~~~J °rrmg~~$. (i9lJ~Df:. :f.9: ' 1980) {'Fa~ , *.I:td. 'Aft~M~.~~oA~*~.~h~.*o.~#~~~.~'H::r:*~*~ h.~~ffi~~@].rramk~A~-~~*~$'fi~M7Ma*m.AWA~M. ' Clmk.. lWOOtm1. r A~IHl{*J fO rilhA1tJirPlJ ekJ-~ *~$~Bm,.s:t~W§.~.~IHl~a~(0~1Hl~)~'s:t~*~ • • • • iIh§.~.:®.~IHl~am.(~.~~)~'s:t~Jtt~.::r: • • •iIh~~o. ~mI{'F*i. rfIJ~~11t!!Ws:tJ ekJ~IJ. 0. !N::r:fl'1lA~~Ii1{*ekJAj£~::r:fl'1l8kJ9aJftW*}Jl. Ouellette. Powell. & Milberg (1987). 0. ~7\-. ~~1. @~~~*~.~~mm,rr~~~*$oA~*mAn~~.m::r:fl'1l,®~~::r: fI'l18kJl29mHr~. 0. i9IjtlDJi7't~. "~$~A~A~IJIi1{*it<1w~RX:{7t~~~5tRX:T. (1985). ~=g:Hm~ttlHl~,m~-g~~®.~~~*IHl~,~rr.~MA~IHl~'. mM'*~~& • • ~~m~~oo~.*o~*.w~&fl'1l.~a~~.~aMD. m~ti~~J;J~. r -S::r:~ fi r $::r: IJIi1 ( WItJ~ [Zgl ~. 0. , ~1iiI~m~ fi~o. ' 1ft. §.~~). ~1Hl~::r:~~.~a.~o~w.m'fl'1l$'~~'fI'l1.&.~~~IHl~o~IJ'!. .B~~~mm~. ttlHl~'D:tz:~glHl~~~.§~~.~¥@~~,~*~~m.H::r:.~~'~. .~mm~fTh. , ::r:fI'l1ekJit!!A '. .Wl~W~. :tz:~A~IJIi1{*. fi5jif01lm~. 0. (=m~~EtttlJli1{*. '. ~11~h1~Jl:t~2mHJ'!~ -~fi~~1w~IHl{*. 0.p]mtW*~~rI39I!p~tlDJl:t. *~::r:fI'l1~~t1~$mlj. mlj~fflA1w$mIJ. : ~~IJ'!jt1IJIi1{* '. 0. Ji7't~. (1985). :j:~m. ~t~1w~jl'iIJIi1{*~~.*$mlj. 0. mlj~ffl0Zf$~IJ. ~Jl:t~7\-.~~rr 1974$~<~~±$~ 1ID~t0*~'L\~m~~tlflj®.~~. 0. ,. ' $~A~tlJli1{* : ~t~¥!EEtIJIi1{*. mpJT~s:t. 0. fiE:~ii]rr0*~{6-!~iJ!1I. '. 00 rAJ a~$'L\ , o. 7\-m~. 0. 8~~f l::t. r El3 g. 8~~{6-!~iJ!1I. B~~&IW~. ®ilElgWit!!A~~{*~~8~Hi~*¥BlakJ¥Bl~0c~. a~lli¥Bl'L\. 0. IJllJ{*a~lli. ' ama.. ,. 0. I!1]A~IJIi1{*~J;JilEl. -~~El3¥Bl'L\. ,m®ama~. • • ~AmB~~$'~.~fiE:RX:~Mm~rg*$J. :±:.Wl~o. I3i1i ~ ifd: ~. ~~~~®D:tz:akJ~Ii1{*~. ~ rPl7\-m~-~~¥Bl~0c~*ifd:*IHl{* J. 0. [ZgJl:t. ( g ft) rPl. 'Wgc~Ii1{*. o.Ma1ID~~IW*.g. "~§.B~~J ~V. 0. i9lJ~D. ~~t~ili. '. '. I. & YukI (E. ~rg*$J~'Ma*~m~~gc~W'®~.fi~oi8~~A~R~1ID~~. ,. Iw.g~r0*$J~,Jtt~.::r: • • fi~o. o. s:t~~1lfrrg. • •~. EE~rr1. '~• • ~~~~A~.m~.m.~. Wji~ll~.~. ~7\-,rr-~~~~m • • ~WMgrr~mIW$*m~*~~mili' ~A~~~.m(m~~AA~mRX:~~m). ~. Locke. Sha. '. 1ft~~g$~::r:fI'l1°~~~W~5t0*$Wg*$?~ffl.~~m~~r~~JmJ. r Ailffi J. '. $~A. ~F¥f~Jm>-)(~~tW:j:~m. Wl~tJDJ;J~'jjIJ.~~~~~t:p~A~ifd:**am~J;J. fi§.a~~~.

(5) A•• H.~g§.a~fi~g$@AI~&~gI~~~~~~~W. , , Afr'M1~. MIa. :~5JIJABili~. ~~mSkJMltI~.m'.~~~~MltlfJX:A&~.~.m~Mltlm~~.ff(*~. pfT ~Jl1 a"1 r3C llU.I mftH* q:t. tt ' 1980). (f5UtzD~EEtApfT~Jl.fJX:e"1MltI). 0. IEIllt '. ~. 1969). 0. rm Back ( 1951). 1±l:t~mf~. iitf~~mmfB~~~Ji!*lWIaa"1f~a1±["NJa~~~~aIfFWf~AI. fF~'frttiffitMltlZfJX:A. /ffr1l::*~t. (Micker,. ~. • •~.~~~~&~~MlaIfF~o. ~:lft § *~~;tBSJ~W. ". AWAZra9 171- ' Clark, jqJ J a"1-*. MlaIfF*1~~. l:t~®t~M. ~.w~~fi~MlmIfF~A~~~.mm~,. WJ~t1f. ~r-E/f~J. Moo~ffi~~~m~1±.~~~SkJmmr'Ma~MAIfF&ASkJ~~'.tt. 0. 0. 1EI1It '. 1±~~.1. r g=ltwr~§tr~J. ~)L\mrr. ' *~~*iit±./J\~1l::~. ••~~~W~~.'**~~W '@~~~WM*~r • •/f*J '.~-MD~~m~oOO~m. 'rm1WI&/f. .r./fmmCJ~m~,iitf~~Mm~~.S~.~.@,~~m~MaZMlaI. ~~7tfJX:r. fF~~olEl~,~~.q:tmmUm~IfF~~'IfF~mSkJr§.m5EJ.~~A. ". '~~.mH~~~~U~~~MlaIfFm5E§.~1frt'm~Ma~MltlIfF~. Azmm~. ~~o. \&~apfT~. ' f8. §.m~~mfB~Loc~(ffi~)Mm~,a-M.m~m.~~~.~mfB°§. (::::)I~. .m~~mfB~~~.M§.~~WIfF~mSkJ~~o~~mfB~aMa.Ei.~SkJ§. ~mmf*. f*. 0. ~5Ea"1. .~~~~1Ta. ' tzD. '. rm~j::/f["NJa"1If'F~.fJ!. (Locke,. 1968). 0. ~*~. ,§. .~9:5ESkJ~. ~A~tmmf*. ~.~~-:H~§.~SkJIfF~m.&~§.~~IfF~ma~o~~ftMm~. ~7~ifmmf*. a§.~~IfF~~m,.m.§.~&ft§.~~o~~.SkJ§.'R~~.M. apfT~~. ,. § .llJ(r5ta~a~ (Locke & Latham, 1990) Latham ( 1981) ;"& Tubbs ( 1986) @)Jij~*ftmm §.. ~IfF~.fJ!&~$)~. 0. ±:I'q:t~A. Locke, Shaw, Saari. di-'-'MJ!1t. ~~&IfF~mZOOmm~~iitf~m~,*~7t~*~ffiS~~§.~~~mfB~-M. r~~mJJ. ~~.~o. g~ft.~.'m1±~~.a*a.mMl.iffF~~molEl~'lli~*iitf~~. 'z:a"1mmf**M. H~ § .~9:5E~mfB~6N~~~1~a § .SkJ~*~. Mf*~tJf~. CEift)jqJ ~Ei cmmf* =fFf~Iltffl~J! ln~oo~ta"1. i ' ~~Ji!* ~ ~iffit~SkJ. &. , J:!p~~iMla § .~tMlaI fF~.fJ!z JjW WIJtzD ' Ishida ( 1980) 'Latham & Kinne (1974) "& Watson (1983) a"1iitf ~~:j:1§ ~ , 8)Hita"1lWIa § • • l:t/f8Alit~~tI § .~3&J!Ha"1I fF~.fJ! Latham & YukI ( 1976) 'Steer & Porter ( 1974) a"1iitf~v)\m~ , D~ § .~tJf~~~ '~~~1±~tI§ • • ~.~SkJIfF~m,.ttMla§ ••g.~SkJIfF~ma~ 0. 0. I. l. o. ~~1±.~IfFmmq:t'Mtlm~oo.~m.M&~M§.om~'-ffiA. W~~fig~["NJa~~~!mf~' ~)II~,*" ~Jjj···~~f[§l.M' fffi~~f~I1'F§.. 0. a7~.

(6) , mtJ:R:ij~~. §.~~g~~m~~~Nftffl.IWMm'~~~W~~~~$~§.,~.m. ~g~m3"C~.*~~~~$;~tt~m3"C~.~~~r~-IWJ~§ • • ~'. , ~~mff~f Earley & I<. ~~~,~~tt~~w~~~'~~RIW~ffl~~.om~~§.'~IW~m. 1985) 'lItP. (multiple goals' multiple taske) e"J § .1j',t~g~m3"C. 0. j§~JHitf3"CWtJtt§. .1j',t. m{[f;]1HI~f~~. .. r /f~~If'F J ~~~ § • • ~&~Hii~ , r~1~tt~~1HI~~~IfFL e"J~JJt:&~ f~JtzD 'Erez, Gopher, & Arazi ( 1987) B"J~m:I W.~ (dual-task experiments) m3"C~f~5't1jJt~~a~f~tT¥&~*51~Jie"JIf'F ' TIf[;Yd'Vt:f;l!!~~j§ m~IW~§ • • ~om~,arr*IW~§ • • ~m~~'~*51.IW~§. .~g.~;~*51.I~§ • • ~m~,rr*IWB"J§ • • ~g.~om3"C~M 5fH~JJt ' I\ji~ § • • ~~1t ' 5't~Jt~e"JI W~JJtv'f11~JJt/~UVt't1e"J~1t ep~~fjI W$ , § ~~.~'5i:~e"JIf'F ' fr~,5i:He"JIfF~ffl ~~le"J 'Schmidt, Kleinbeck, & Brockman (1984) i't'.Jm3"Cv'fHH/j , 1lt{[f;]1HI~a~t~£$I~~~¥~IW&milliIwa~ 3"C$ ,. ~IH*~. acceptance:. 0. **i1Li AIffB~ , tt rt~Y~A ~. 0. 0. lEft I. :Ii. '. 0. M-XrJi!l it~51~~~.~. ,1ltm~IW~§.~~mtt.~m~IW~m~~'~.~'~1HI~m~IW~ JJ!frttl~~m~IW~JJ!3'<J~H. 0. &~v'f~. 0. ~L~~~' wm~,. r§ • • ~J~.~~~.M1HI~IW.~L~51~o~~m3"C r § .g',t~~~ J v'fE!~~.{[f;]1HI~fIW.~~51i1'ic ep~~1HI~J{fI1Ja~~ 0. gA'BmW.~Mm~'1ltAW.~W§.WBW.~IW§.~'~~§.~ ~~Wffl'@1HI51~~AIW~.~(~M&~~)E!~BttIW*m~o ~*m~~~.R§.~~~m~@R~.1HIIWL~~~,m~.~*~~. r. l. $e"J~JJ!. 0. 'f. wtt~:&. 0. ~. ~.1HI~~JU ~ffm~JJ! rtJ~5$. 0. M~~~1~. 0. ~J. ti3,. ?Latham & YukI (1975) M~§.g',tJEe"J1h:t : :!t-m rt~mxA § ~~g',t~ J ,ep § .e"Jg',t~~.~~¥rtJ:JJDtJ*IJ~. v'fM~~~ (~. ; :!t=~ r ~~\:§.~JEJ ,ep§.~IW.RJV(:ffitt~fI1J~W~ifRBn~ Locke & Schweiger ( 1979) i1Bm r ~WAi** J (participative decision making' Mw} PDM) ~ t~~.@1HI{RfOO: ' &~~D&IJJ~ ~{Rf[l.l~1n:-m ' ~WAi* *~ t~!iJ:JJD!3 a~~e"J~fr ' IH~#:fi& ' TIf[m~{[f;]1HIe"J~.~ , 1;:lz:tt&0Z:P:~···. JV(:m~IWI. ~~fltfr~izDfilJnt±:l.RIWe"J§. ~W~:T}JV(:r·jxHi. ~lIt ' 1. 0. ~~. 1HI. 0. ~,~®m~±.w.~~'.~OO~'.~~IJJ$W.~$;~~~~OO'.W Amlft~~ rtJL#~';@e"J~fr. ,. tJ!iJ:JJD1§ff:~,fnt~*IJ ~. '. ff~!iJ:JJD~I~fI{'FWi**e"J7m. rJi!~:rxAfji~W~H,g~e"J~;g[P1. ; ~IJJ~~OO ' 't:m , {~{[f;]1HI~ § .W2J:~:;pf~. ~~.~~W~m~oTIf[H.~.1HI.~~~~~.1HI~M'@~M1HI~JV(:~~~. §.oM~~~.1HI.WMfRBWn~t±:l~§.~m~@aIWIJJ~~~*L'frtt ¥rtJt~Y~:r-\:§.*1~H ~ErezWKanfer. 0. (1983) ~A-;Ydiljm3"C$' ~JJ!~~.WA§.~~~A. 0. , ~lIt 1~-X~. .M1HI~f.j. r.

(7) A~.ftW~.§.~~~. •• $mAI~& ••I~~~ft~~~.. '-aJ~~m.mRXa~~~~mmo~M~oom~.~§~~~~WM~~~2~. §~"~lMm '1iI 1'1 /.+ r=I J:iIij~JL ~ ..... .v.A 1.r. I=J 1iRilJt. ,. i/i)(:fj-6Jff~~3¥:ltt~ § f~. 1£~1lli.~IHff3'er::j=t~x}~tt-~i*. 0. IkJ § ~I£f:!t .. .. ~ I fFakJTiff 'E:::f fI'1] IffJ:. ~@m!lj~Wrt § f~G9:5EakJ § f~jfqj;fi~. ! (dual-task. acceptance) &I1'F~fJ[ • :J;~1:U~~rt§~~9:5E*1~?8S. 1985) • JJ:t9i-~fJ[1[?!]m!lj § ~j4k~£~fDI1'F~fJ[zFs'1=fM~f§~m1¥1£. AIfF~'. ~tt Erez~;g. ~~3¥:f:!t. (goal. 0. r~Wrt§~~5EJl£ • • M.~~~~.~~.mI1'F~~*J:·*. 1:t r t~rJJJJ:\: § f~~9:5E J. Utf3'e akJ *8. ~nl£~li:I. o. (goal commitment) .. §. 0. .~J:~·Utf3'eWm.·~~mz~OO"M~1=f~H.~~~g.mI1'F&@. t]'iI1'FakJ§~ 0. (Earley, 1985;. Earley & Kanfer, 1985 ; Erez, 1986 ; Erez & Arad, 1986; Earley & Hulin,. iHl1't:f;t!rt~*~ ~. ~7. {*. 0. ~'~U§.~~*A~ua~~~~m. , Kleinbeck,. M~~&'~.ROOAE~~~&lli~'~.R.~~1Jrtm~w*m~o*. ?da'iliil I 1'Fa~ kJta'iIiilI 1'F~. g~ ~:ff ~m •. R 1M ~ ~ akJ Utf 3'e ~}~ tH • tJi1:?8S. m 1M ~ jJ • 14t -aJ t)JJi1: ieJ@ml£.mI1'F. r::j=t~~moml£~$ffi~Utf3'er::j=tW~m'l£~.~~~.ar::j=t'~.RI1'F~mN. ic. 0. ®rt~~oM.~~~'.~~?8S~MRl£.mI1'Fr::j=tmAI1'F~m~~.,mm. ~ lit Tiff 3'e. ~.RakJ~j.~*sfM. niMH\'[ [OJ a~~. a. ~~§~~ ~~. (normative structure) ®5E. 1'T~~fJ[-3&'I'1akJ~*thi/i)(:~. 0. ~§. Z '. 0. ~lm](M~~5$akJlmm. 1£~lml5Jm300. '. ' ttjl5JRI1X:. @AII~~~~~j.~akJ11Ji. E§ltt ' ~D*~1[?!]l5JmakJi±=.£*~tj.~~1g; , ~IHmJgl£l5J.I1'Fr::j=takJ~fJ[1J\ ~~7~1g; f§NakJ' ;ffi±=.£*~tj.~i/i~~ , ~IJ@.1£~lmJl5JmIl'Fr::j=takJl[?!]AI1'F~fJ[ 1J\~~i/i~?8S (*~iJsZ ' 1980) ~JJ:t· Utf3'eWm.· ~I1'F • • tJ r~WrtiR:UU ntH.MH3~B~' JJ:t§~~n rtJ~5$. 0. ~~T*akJrll'. 0. 0. ~ ~9: 5E akJ 1frt. 0. Ii rtJ1JO.L-JfIi'J5E. 11X:~~I1'FI5JR~~I1X:~I1'Fm~o~~'~~AEH~~&~~I5J~.R.~~. o. .ve decision. ~?8S'~~'I5J.§~(I1'Fm~)~~.m~~.~'?8S~AE~~~m~~15J. IT ' ~WrtijC. mo~~.~~W-aJ~'. E&0ZP:~···. .lmJm!lj.mI1'FW@AI1'FakJg~7}-~c. r.mml1X:~AE&mmNJwrl5Jm§~~5EJ 0. '1J~. n:~~*Utf5'CakJ3:.~l~~9:. • {'*~~DT : • 3¥:ID\W1£{mJAI1'FJ:akJg. u1fOO • ~W ~1fOO ' E-aJ. {~~9:-- : l£fI'1]a;J~f1!.mI1'F&1[?!]AI1'FakJ11H7cT. ~W2j(~1=f~. m~=~-:&~m3¥:ID\W~~~.aIW~g~,rtm~m3¥:~w*~~o. I~RX~?8SakJ. I::*J: • 1Jlt J:iIij ~JL ~. --c:. 1>r- iVt At:. / J. -4'. :n.. ~1:t~. l. W~=~=:. ,. 1:t.mI1'F~. r~.m§~mJ. 0. (~Mr~Wrt.a§~~~mJ&rm~rt. .m§~~5E~J )3¥:ID\W,~.mI1'F~rt*·ttr • •m§. ~*JlJ 3¥:ID\W*1~~ m~=~-:. 0. r~Wrt.m§~~5EmJ3¥:ID\W~.mI1'F~g~rt*·rtr.

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(17) A~mHw~a§.~~~~a$mAI~&~aI~B~~~~~V. !P ,. mmtl§~. IA~~~ilJitra'. §'- ffUfu l1J fi'~,-*. ~~RX:~:5t~9: 'D~. , jZgilt. ~7. .8"J~OO'm*H.~m~~RX:~mma§~o~~UF~~~m.~$~m~M~'. ~~¥~mmtl§~H~~H.'@~§mH.8"J~3&n~'.~&W~~~~~ ~f~. 0. m-,@~rwmmtl§~mJ. m=~~. 0. (~m.m,.wm)wr • • a§~mJ8"Jfi. ~*UF~$ rwmma§~mJ. i*m r ~11~1iiI~1~J &. rlt:f:M~J. mmn. ~~ff.S~M~*m~mmtlI~~fflJ:.8"J@~o®r.mmtl§~mJw~mr.*M. J ~ m 11 ~ Locke & Latham ( 990) m~ @ jl (feedback:@(: mz ff.S knowledge of results) ~fI~~fJ!~'ffimmUF~~f.w. ' @jlit~'11!UI~mmtlI ~. ~. , jZgJ:.*UF. J;[~.<f~M~~~f. , ~Wktl:li@I - , Wff§7;[,' ~1¥r1J 1J!'I:iW ~. lilt~H~Jlt. 'f§ID1UF~. -1100 '. ,. tI3~. ;Jr'Jf~~~ 'Jf~M~tJt~-. , ~m~ij~ ~jj1E¥IJ'Jf~. 'Jf~*S*¥. J ~~ff.SUF o jZgilt ' ~ ~a"J~H. 0. ~J:.8"J~ffloMU*UF~$'. rw.a§~mJwr.mmtl§~mJ~@dmg8"J. fi~J:.z~~'l1J~*~~.~8"J*S*o m~,mmtl.~~~~~~11~o. r.tI.~~~J8"J~~11~ur0~71'~. J W r :f;~~71'~C J m:ff.Sttf~ (Deutsch, 1975; Greenberg, -Leventhal, 1976) ,~ *UF~tj::t~M~8"J rmma*J~~~J ~i*m r~~j n~~~ aI~J:.a"J@IA~fJ!ff.S1ilJ. '. W:{@)AN'}¥IJf§~8"J r@IA*J~~~J. 0. NP~:g~~~~. 0. fllt~f#. ( 1968). 8"JUF~.SH~.71'~n~~~MtI~mm.I~~fflJ:.8"J~'o*s*M~r0~71' ~mJ~M~~mmtlI~J:.8"J • • itttr~~71'~mJ~M~*~.o~~,~* *UF~$~~~8"Jrmm • • ~~~J~i*m~~mn~-r0~71'~jn~~~(. NP1t(~~1@)A~fmmtlI~ffifm:.§7~®*fiT rmmtl*J~~~J. ). '~IJ3¥:M~~M1t1I. W'MAI~8"J.~71'~'l1J~*WM~~o. mli' rmmaIWJ a"J~l~ Stainer (1972, 1976) .1t(-MF~'@ rI1'F~~ l1J tJ71'RX:*~&I~ (subtask) ? J ' r • • W£iffilJ~m:~? J ' r f@)A~AW .tI*J~8"J1D11*tlDfilJ ? J ,~~.tlIfF71'RX:1R§7m~fUJIJ f.&~Stainer8"J71'~l ' *_ 0. 0. .i*m~.tlI~~~~r.ffittI~J. °M~r.ffittI~J~.tlRX:.U.~. RX:.IW~ • • ffi*~~.'~~W:MA~.tlRX:.Ww~.,m~m~.~~~. 0. ~1@)A=J~. 1"J~ 1J Ed@). tlI 11'J::. ' 1'iWJi8"Jmmtl , l1Jfi'~~i1t ~W271'*. ~Mm:H8"Jm~om'Jf~J:..aI~8"Jmg.Wm§7m~ • • IWl1JU~.~8"J(. uilitary) 'l1J 71' flfU 8"J (divisible) ,:@(: ~ *- 8"J (maximizing) 'm: 1* 8"J ( optimizing) ':@(:~~fDt'E (additive) 'liOO'I:i (compensatory) ';Jrffi~'I:i ( disjunctive) 'f§~1:i (conjunctive) &!=3 tI3~tR:'I:i (discretionary) ~f.i~Ji ' ~ ~~.8"JUF~'~l1JU~mmtlI~8"Jttm~~~~8"JSHo. *~_13 *~&,. (1980). ,jf!±*JL\fj!~: ~.UF~WB!m. 0. il~t. : *-~tI:lJljjjf!±. 0.

(18) 348. ~lifW{,\JlIHitF~. mm*,. (ffi~). i3"Jt;W .~~,. a. m-=+M. ~lz:I&m*~)L<@liH3i:pfilfl±Mu:)(. (1974). SOCIC. 'I~.~'I~~~&MR~~~~,~~a$MAI~~m. ,~~:t%JaJ. a. ~.~~~. :. Man. a. ~~~±$~. a. J[22-30. a. J:m :. U~ffd:. Erez,. M.,~. and. (1985) 'A 1ff~)inmr : r:p~Ai3"Jtl~~1lX :@ , J[289-318 a El~t : f1JrfIiilIFL~P] a. jf:7'C~'. a. ~~~too;±~. :. $~Ai3''J)L\. Erez, M .,f. Noncomparability of benefits given and received:. on ! Mar. Acue to the existence of friendship. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44,. Erez, M.,. 375-381. Clark, M. S. ( 1984) . Record keeping in two types of relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 47, 549-557. Clark, M. S .,& Mills,]. ( 1979) .Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 370), 12-24.. mon. 247 Erez, M.,( sett 454. Clark, M. S. Ouellette, R., PowelL m. c., & Milberg, S. ( 1987) . Recipient. Erez, M.,. Clark, M.. s. ( 1981). 's mood, relationship type, and helping. Journal of Personality and. shaI. tas~. Hackman,. Social Psychology, 53, 94-103. Deutsch, M. ( 1975) .Equity, equality, and need: what determines which value will be used as the basis of distributive justice? Journal-of. of. Per Greenber~. Social-Issues, 31(3), 137-149. Dossett, D. L., Latham, G. P., & MitchelL T. R. ( 1979) .Effects of. ove. assigned versus participatively set goals, knowledge of results, and. Soc. individual differences on employee behavior when goal difficulty if. Ishida, H. sub. held constant. Journal of Applied Psychology, 64(3), 291-298. Earley, P. C. ( 1985) . Influence of information, choice and task complexity upon goal acceptance, performance, and personal goals. Journal of. EX1. Kerr, N. ana. Applied Psychology, 70(3), 481-491. component. Kerr, N.I. participation and role models on goal acceptance, goal satisfaction,. gro. Earley,. P.. and. C. &. Kanfer,. performance.. R. ( 1985 ) The. influence. Organizational Behavior and. of. Human. Decision. Processes. 36(3), 378-390. Erez,ML ( 1986). . The congruence of goal-setting strategies with. ane. Latane, I the.

(19) A••fi.~g§.~~~~g$OOAI~&~gI~~~*~~~. ~AIW~:F~. sociocultural values and its effect on. M9. performance. journal of. Management, 13:4), 585-592.. a. . ~ ;n;E1 ,j.. ~ iPl : Wt 7T-< iflL. Erez, M .,& Arad, R. ( 1986) Participative goal-setting: SociaL motivational. and cognitive factors. journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 591-597.. :. r:p~A8JJ;[,'. Erez, M .,Earley, P. C., & Hulin,. c.. L. ( 1985) .The impact of participation. ld received:. on goal acceptance and performance:A two-step model. Academy of Management journal, 28(1), SO-66.. uarterly, 44,. Erez, M., Gopher, D .,& Arzi, N. ( 1990) .Effects of self-set goal and monetary rewards on the performance of comlex tasks under time. elationships .. sharing conditions. Organizational and human decision process, 47(2), 247-269.. and. Erez, M .,& Kanfer, F. H. ( 1983) . The role of goal acceptance in goal. Psychology,. setting and task performance. Academy of Management Review, 8(3),. ~hange. 454-463. . Recipient. :Jnality and. Erez, M., Zidon, I. ( 1984) .Effects of goal acceptance in goal setting and task performance. Academy of Management Review, 8, 454-463. Hackman, J. R. & Oldham, G. R. ( 1976) . Motivation through the desing. ines which rournal-of. of work: Test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250-279. Greenberg, J & Leventhal. G. S. ( 1976) . Equity and the use of. .Effects of. overreward to motivate performance. journal-of-Personality-and. esults, and. Social-Psychology, 34(2), 179-190.. lifficulty if 18. complexity journal of. Ishida, H. ( 1980) . The effects of varied clarity of group goal. and substeps. upon. group. problem. solving.· Japanese. journal. of. Experimental Sosial Psychology, 19(2), 119-125. Kerr, N. L. ( 1983) . Motivation losses in small groups: A social dilemma analysis. journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 819-828.. component. Kerr, N.L., & Bruun, S. E. ( 1983) . Dispensability of menber effort and. :ltisfaction,. group motivation losses: Free-rider effects. journal of Personality. Decision. and Social Psychology, 44(1), 78-94. Latane, B., Williams, K., & Harkins, S. ( 1979) . Many hands make light. gles with. the work: The causes and consequences of social loafing. journal of.

(20) Locke, E .. Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 822-832.. Orgar. Latham, G. P., Erez, M., & Locke, E. A. ( 1988 ) Resolving scientific disputes. by. antagonists:. the. joint. Application. design to. of. the. crucial. experiments. Erez-Latham dispute. by. .i. Locke, E.. the. 1. regarding. exper. participation in goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(4).. 425-4. 753-772. Latham, G. P., & Kinne, S.B. ( 1974) .Improving job perfrmance through training in goal seting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 5~2), 187-191. Latham, G. P .,& Marshall. H. A. ( 1982) , The effects of self set, ~ participatively set and assigned goals on the performance of government employees. Personnel Psychology, 35(2), 399-404. Latham, G. P .,Mitchell, T. R .,& Dossett, D. L. ( 1978) .Importance of participative goal setting and anticipated rewards on goal diffculty and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(2), 163-171. Latham, G. P .,& Saari, L. M. ( 1979 ) The effects of holding goal diffculty constant on assigned and participatively set goals. Academy of Management Journal, 22(1), 163-168. Latham, G. P .,& Saari, L. M. ( 1979 ) The effects of holding goal difficulty constant on assigned and participatively set goals. Academy of Management Journal, 22(1), 163-168.. Locke, E. , Light Locke, E. Task Locke, E. , goal Locke, E. makiI Orgal. Locke, E. decis:. (3), 6!. Locke, E.. r. '''';. Latham, G. P .,& Saari, T. P. ( 1983) participation. versus. goal. seting. on. .The motiavtional effects of performance.. Academy of. Management Journal, 26(3), 406-417. Latham, G. P .,Saari, T. P.& Saari, L. M. ( 1982) participation and goal difficulty Psychology, 35(3), 677-686.. on. .The effects of. performance.. Personnel. I. settiI. 125 Matsui, T. and. Psyc Matsui, J.,. Latham, G. P .,& Yukl. G.A.. ( 1975) . Assigned versus participative goal. pero. setting with educated and uneducated woods workers. Journal of. JOurl Matsui, T. Applied Psychology. 60:.3), 299-302. Latham,. G . P .,&. participative. Yukl. goal. G .A .. (1976. setting. on. .Effects. performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61(2), 166-171.. and. of job. and. worl~. satisfaction.. Joun. assigned. Matsui, K.

(21) A~*Jliffit~lltl § f~~~!E~tlltlcpf~AI f'f&lIltlI f'F~:h 7HljcEt:JJj1;~. 351. Locke, E. A. ( 1968) .Toward a theory of task performance and incentives, scientific by. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 3, 157-189.. the. Locke, E. A. ( 1981) . Comments on Neider. The issue of interpretation of. regarding. experiments. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance. 28(3),. Jgy, 73(4),. 425-430. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G.P. ( 1990) . Work motivation· and satisfaction:. e through 7-191.. Light at the end of the tunnel. Psychological Science, 1(4), 240-246. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G.P. ( 1990) . A Theory of Goal Setting &. self set.. oance. Task Performance. N]: Prentice-Hall.. of. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G.P. & Erez, M. ( 1988) . The determinants of goal commitment. Academy of Manaement Review, 13(1), 23-39.. dance of. Locke, E. A., & Schweiger, D.W. ( 1979) . Participation in decision. diffculty 63-171.. making:one. goals.. Locke, E. A.,. In. B . M.. Shaw ( Ed. ) Research. In. Schweiger, D.W. & Lathame, G.P. ( 1986) . Participation. decision making: When should it be used? Organization Dynamics, 14. ling goal. t. look.. Organizational Behavior, 1. 265-339. Greenwich, CT : JAI Press.. ling goal t. more. (3),. goals.. Jects of lemy of. fects of )ersonneJ. TVe goal umal of. ed and ;faction.. 65-79.. Locke, E. A., Shaw, K. N., Saari, L. M., & Latham, G.P. (1981) . Goal. ..:::. setting and task performance:1969-1980. Psychological Bulletin, 900), 125-152. Matsui, T., Kakuyama, T., & Onglatco, M. U. ( 1987) . Effects of gqals and. feedback. on. performance. in. groups.. Journal. of Applied. Psychology, 72:3), 407-415. .Matsui, J., & Clark, M. S. ( 1986) . Communications that should lead to perceived. exploitation in communal. and. exchange relationships.. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(2), 225-234. Matsui, T.R., * Silver, W.S. ( 1990) .Individual and group goals when worker are independent : Effects on task strategies and performance.. Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(2), 185-193. Matsui, K.H., Kleinbeck, U., & Brockman, W. ( 1984) Motivational control.

(22) of. motor. performance. by. goal. setting. ill. dual-task. situation.. I. Psychological Research. 46(1-2), 129-141. Matsui, W.A., &. Poter, L. W. ( 1974). . Deciding. ill. communal and. exchange relationships: By consensus or should majority rule ? Paper presented. ill. a. Relationships, ". symposIUm. on. ... COJilmunal. 734.. and. Exchange. M. S. Clark ( Chair) , Meetings of the Eastern. Psychological Association. Baltimore, MD Steers, R. M., & Poter, L. w. ( 1974) . The role of task-goal attributes in employee performance. Psychological Bulletin, 81. 434-452.. r. r ~. l t. f. Strang, H.R., Lawrence, E.C., & Fowler, P.C. ( 1978) .Effects of assigned. t. goal level and knowledge of results on arithmetic computation: A. T. laboratory study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 63(3), 446-450. Tubbs, M. E. ( 1986) , Goal setting: A meta-analytic examination of the empirical evidence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 474-483. Waddell, B.A., & Clark, M. S. ( 1982) . Feelings of exploitation commuanl and exchange relationships. Paper presented in a symposium on ... Commun al and Exchange Relationships," M.S .Clark ( Chair ) , . Meetings of the Eastern Psychological Association, Baltimore, MD. Watson, C. ( 1983) . Motivational effects of feedback and goal-setting on group performance. Presented at American Psychological Association meeting. Watson, C. ( 1983) . Impact of group goals, task component complexity, effort, and planning on group perfonnance, Journal of Applied. Psychology,. 77(5),. 682-693.. r. ~. t ( I. T. •rI. tT r I. Wicker, A. W. ( 1969) . Size of church membership and members' support and of church behavior setting. Journal of Personality and Social. Psychology, 13, 278-288. Williamson, G, M., & Clark. M. S. ( 1989) . Providing help and desired relationship type as determinants of changes in moods and self evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(5), 722. tr ... r. Williamson typE. Pen.

(23) A~mmw~a§.~~~.a$@AI~&~nI~~~~~~~.. ask. situation.. l. ~ommunal. and. rule? Paper. r. id. Exchange. ( the Eastern. 734. Williamson, G, M., & Clark, M. S. (1992) . Impact of desired relationship. l l. l. l. -452. ~s. of assigned. lmputation: A. •. l46-450.. I. ination of the. 1. I. 474-483.. ion commuanl. o.posium on '". k: ( Chair ). more, MD.. ,aI-setting on. 11 Association. it complexity, of Applied. 1. J. 1. bers' support. r and Social. and desired. .s and self. T,. 56(5), 722. type on effective reactions to choosing and being required to help. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18(1), 10-18.. I. ~. ;oal attributes. ~. 1. 85/ 11 /20~~ 14 86/4/10. M~~j(. 86/7/24. t~~.

(24) ~:lL il& {trk ~ I ~. ~~86,20M' 3. The Effects of Interpersonal Relationship and Goal Setting Condition on Effort Distribution Between Individual Tasks and Group Tasks Jung-Chuen Spring Wang, Chang-I Bonnie Chen. f.. I ). .r. Department of Psychology. National Chengchi University. Abstract. r. 1fti&!~if' a"JI 1'F¥~~'H-. r. J:' ~~~~ :aD TIft /f {5: ~:!f skJ-lf(:, m~ fJHJj0Zf. f I. In this study, the experimenter informed the subjects to perform two tasks at the same time, one was an individual task, the other was a group task. The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate how subjects distributed their effort between group tasks and individual tasks in a limited amount of time, and (2)to investigate the effects of interpersonal relationships (familiar vs. unfamiliar) and goal setting condition (no group goal vs. assigned group goal vs. participated group goal ) on effort distribution between individual tasks and group tasks. It was found that(l) subjects distributed more efforts to· individual tasks than to group tasks, and (2)familiar group subjects distributed more effort to group tasks than unfamiliar group subjects, and (3) assigned group goal and participated group goal subjects distributed more efforts to group tasks than no group goal subjects. The implication of these findings for goal setting theory and interpersonal theory was discussed.. Key words: interpersonad relation ship, goal setting, effort distribution, individual task, group task. r. i(. ~ r. $£~£~~. , IT. 0ZP:@1;~~Ji. it ~ a"J ffd: fr t jt~~,~1:t.~~. /f [0] skJ ~ ~,~tl *litf3i:~ 11X~lT~1'i1. ~. ~*~f.'IJ~]f~ 'Jl?z.~ ';J. ( @]~)($63. tr •. I. 1 r r r. tN~~]f3. ~ f'Mt'I'i53 IJ , ~IJ~/fWf~n lt$~it~S1[. ;tlt1T tt.~s11 $£ a"J *6 5Ft1J1 'I'i~tt.~~t~ Iit~. , jtj. • •;QJ :. ffd:1. r. f. i. * ~~lr:>c mm7 1'F~@1;~1~.

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