我國國民中學學生能源素養調查研究

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(1)୯ҥᆵ᡼ৣጄεᏢᕉნ௲‫܌زࣴػ‬ ᅺγᏢՏፕЎ. ‫ך‬୯୯҇ύᏢᏢғૈྍનᎦፓࢗࣴ‫ز‬ The Study on Energy Literacy and Energy Misconception of Junior High School Students in Taiwan. ࣴ ‫ ز‬ғǺ໳Ⴀస ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻယ‫ݒ‬၈. ύ๮҇୯΋̋ΟԃΒД ᆵчѱ.

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(3) ᖴᇞ ಖ‫ܭ‬Ǵ‫ך‬Ψ‫ډ‬ቪᖴᇞ‫ޑ‬໘ࢤΑǼচаࣁ೭ࢂ᏾ҁፕЎύǴനᇸ᚞ᙁൂ‫ޑ‬೽ҽǴ ՠ੿ाΠ฽ǴϸԶག‫ډ‬ίᓐ࿤ᆣǴό‫ޕ‬வՖፋଆǶ २ӃǴགᖴࡰᏤ௲௤ယԴৣӧᏢ཰ǵࡑΓೀ٣Ϸғࢲύ‫ޑ‬஼ЈࡰᏤᆶᜢЈǴᡣ ‫ך‬ᏢಞǵԋߏΑ೚ӭǶགᖴα၂‫ہ‬঩ഋࡌύԴৣᆶቅ෩ᅤԴৣ‫ޑ‬ගᗺᆶཀ‫ـ‬Ǵᡣፕ Ў‫ޑ‬ϣ৒‫׳‬уᙦ൤ֹ᏾Ƕ གᖴৎΓǴᖴᖴ‫ݿݿ‬ǵ༰༰డคߥ੮‫ޑ‬Ѝ࡭Ǵᡣ‫ך‬ёаคࡕ៝ϐኁ‫ֹޑ‬ԋᏢ཰ǹ ᖴᖴѦஇ‫ޑ‬ႴᓰǴᕴᡣ‫ך‬ԖႫႫ‫ૈޑ‬ໆᝩុոΚǹᖴᖴঢঢ‫៝ྣޑ‬Ǵ‫ٿ‬л‫׌‬΋ଆӧ ৣε‫ۺ‬ਜǵѺᄾ‫ޑ‬ВηǴbrother in armsǴ੿‫෇ࡐޑ‬Ǽ ࡐଯᑫૈӧࣴ‫܌ز‬ғఱύǴᏱԖ೚ӭӳӕᏢǴӧፐ཰΢ϕ࣬ઉ᝝ǹӧჴಞᆶπ բύၶ‫דډ‬ӕၰӝӳუՔǴӧᕉნ௲‫ޑػ‬ၡ΢ϕ࣬ࠀᓰǼ೭೿ࢂ‫ך‬നനࣔ຦‫ޑ‬ӣ ᏫǼԶ‫ڹڹ‬у੤‫ޑ‬Ȩယৎ੤ȩελೈᚊॺǴᖴᖴգॺᕴ๏‫ך‬നջਔ‫ޑ‬௱ජǴ೭ᅿԖ ᅽӕ٦Ԗᜤӕ྽ǴȨϕ࣬ᅅ਻‫؃‬຾‫؁‬ȩ‫ޑ‬ॠ‫ڮ‬௃གǴ੿Ј᝺ளᇡ᛽գॺǴຬᢌǼ Ӣࣁคཀ໔࣮‫ډ‬ᕉნ௲‫ܕޑ܌زࣴػ‬ғੇൔǹӢࣁঢঢϷལང‫ޑ‬໡໥Դৣ൩᠐ ‫ܭ‬ᆵৣεǹӢࣁԴৣॺ‫ޑ‬ҔЈ௲Ꮴǵ٧ᑯշ௲‫ڐޑ‬շǵӕᏢॺ‫ޑ‬ᔅԆǴаϷৎΓ‫ޑ‬ Ѝ࡭ႴᓰǴϞϺ‫ך‬Бૈ໩ճֹԋᏢ཰ǴԋࣁৣεΓǴ‫ך‬གྷ೭όѝࢂѯӝǴԶጔҽփǼ ೭ҁፕЎ‫ֹޑ‬ԋǴाགᖴ೚ӭ຦Γ‫ޑ‬εΚᔅԆǴᖴᖴգॺǴࣴ‫ز‬ωૈ໩ճ຾ՉǼ നࡕǴ‫ך‬ाҔࣴ‫܌ز‬ΕᏢ߻൩،‫ܫۓ‬ӧᖴᇞ‫ޑ‬΋ѡ၉നࣁ่‫׀‬Ǻ. Ȩሡाགᖴ‫ޑ‬ΓϼӭΑǴ൩གᖴϺփǼȩ. ໳Ⴀస ᙣᇞ 2014 ԃ 2 Д.

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(5) ύЎᄔा ߈ԃٰ਻ংᡂᎂ᝼ᚒ‫ډڙ‬ख़ຎǴԋࣁӚ୯࡚ሡय़ჹᆶှ،‫ޑ‬ᕉნୢᚒǶฅԶ਻ংᡂ ᎂ᝼ᚒᆶૈྍ‫ޑ‬ᒧ᏷ǵ٬Ҕ৲৲࣬ᜢǹࣁΑ٬Ϧ҇‫ڀ‬ഢ҅ዴᒧ᏷ૈྍǴ٠Αှૈྍ‫ޑ‬໒ วϷ٬ҔჹΓᜪ‫཮ޗ‬ǵԾฅᕉნǵࡹ‫ݯ‬࿶ᔮ฻य़ӛ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ԋࣁගϲૈྍનᎦ ‫ޑ‬ख़ाЪԖਏ฼ౣǶҁࣴ‫ز‬аᆵ᡼Ӛ୔ୱ‫ޑ‬୯҇ύᏢᏢғȐΎԿΐԃભȑࣁࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝǴ ೸ၸୢ‫ڔ‬ፓࢗΑှૈྍનᎦ‫ޑ‬౜‫ݩ‬Ǵ٠௖૸ૈྍ‫ޕޑ‬᛽Ϸᄊࡋ۶Ԝ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢᖄǴаϷᏢғ ‫ޑ‬ङඳᡂ໨ࢂցჹૈྍનᎦ߄౜೷ԋቹៜǹӆᇶа଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ంፋǴుΕΑှᏢғ‫࡭ܤ܌‬ ‫ޑ‬ᆶૈྍ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ǵࡘԵᡄᒠϷ‫׎‬ԋচӢǶ ҁࣴ‫ز‬೸ၸૈྍનᎦୢ‫ڔ‬Ǵаҥཀ‫ڗ‬ኬБԄ຾Չୢ‫ڔ‬ว‫ܫ‬ǴӅीӣԏ 1231 ҽԖਏ ୢ‫ڔ‬Ǵ֖ࡴᆵ᡼ч୔ǵύ୔ǵࠄ୔ǵܿ୔Ϸᚆ৞୔ୱ‫ޑ‬୯҇ύᏢǶፓ่ࢗ݀ᡉҢᏢғૈ ྍનᎦ‫ޕޑ‬᛽߄౜ό٫ǴЀ‫ځ‬ӧૈྍ࣬ᜢ‫ࣽޑ‬Ꮲ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵচ౛Бय़҂ૈుΕΑှǹЪӢᒱ ᇤ‫ૻޑ‬৲ٰྍౢғΑ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ǹଯԃભ‫ޕޑ‬᛽߄౜ᓬ‫ܭ‬եԃભǹᚆ৞Ӧ୔Ꮲғ‫ޕޑ‬᛽߄ ౜ၨৡǹР҆ᒃ‫ޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ำࡋᆶᏢғૈྍ‫ޕ‬᛽߄౜Ԗ҅࣬ᜢǶૈྍᄊࡋନΑΟԃભᏢғ‫ޑ‬ ᡉ๱ᇽ‫ܭ‬΋ǵΒԃભѦǴᆶ‫ځ‬дङඳᡂ໨٠ค࣬ᜢǶ᏾ᡏᄊࡋ߄౜҅ӛᑈཱུǴςᡏᇡ‫ډ‬ ૈྍჹԾฅᕉნǵғ‫ނ‬ǵࡹ‫ݯ‬࿶ᔮǵᕉნࠔ፦‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬ϷቹៜΚǴΨ‫ڀ‬ഢ‫ؼ‬ӳ‫ޑ‬࿯ऊૈ ྍᄊࡋǴோჹ‫ܭ‬ᒃ‫ي‬ჴ፬ǵပჴ࿯ऊૈྍᆶႴᓰቹៜдΓ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋനࣁ੃ཱུǶ᏾ᡏϩ‫݋‬௢ ෳǴाගϲᏢғ‫ޑ‬ՉࣁཀკǴѸ໪࿶җ୻Ꭶᑈཱུ҅ӛ‫ྍૈޑ‬ᄊࡋǴᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ำࡋ٠ค࣬ᜢǶ ೸ၸంፋ‫ݤ‬Αှ 10 ՏᏢғჹȨϼ໚ૈໆ០୏Ӧౚε਻‫س‬಍ȩǵȨϼ໚ૈໆჹғ‫ނ‬ ‫ޑ‬ቹៜȩǵȨྕ࠻ਏᔈᆶ਻ংᡂᎂȩǵȨϯҡᐯ਑ȩǵȨૈྍ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒȩϷȨૈྍᙯඤȩ Ϥय़ӛ‫ޑ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬Ǵ٠ᛤᇙԋ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬ԵᡄᒠკǶంፋ่݀ว౜Ǵόፕୢ‫ޕޑڔ‬᛽ᚒ ߄౜ᓬӍǴᏢғ೿࡭Ԗ࣬྽ӭ‫ޑ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ǴЪ࿶தҔමᏢಞၸ‫ࣽޑ‬Ꮲཷ‫ۺ‬ǵຒ༼‫ޔ܈‬᝺ ٰ၍ញǶԶВதғࢲ࿶ᡍᆶᏢਠ௲‫ػ‬ჹᏢғቹៜࣗుǴᒱᇤǵ႟࿗‫ޑ‬ၗૻ‫܈‬ό፾྽‫ޑ‬௲ Ꮲ‫ݤ‬ǴࣣёૈᏤठ଎ࡘཷ‫ޑۺ‬ౢғǶ ૈྍ౐୏๱᏾ঁШࣚ‫ޑ‬ၮբǴ೸ၸૈྍ௲‫ػ‬Ǵૈ୻ΚᏢғ‫ڀ‬ഢΑှૈྍ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒङ ࡕᗦ֖‫ࣽޑ‬ᏢϷғᄊ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵচ౛ǴᜢЈૈྍ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒǴࡘԵૈྍᆶᕉნǵ‫཮ޗ‬ǵғᄊ໔ ‫ޑ‬Ҭϕᜢ߯Ǵ٠୻Ꭶᑈཱུ҅ӛ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǴБૈय़ჹӢᔈ਻ংᡂᎂϷϯҡૈྍВᅌีલ‫ޑ‬ፂ ᔐǶ೸ၸҁԛૈྍનᎦፓࢗǴᡉҢ‫ך‬୯୯҇ύᏢᏢғ‫ྍૈޑ‬નᎦϝԖ࣬྽ε‫ޑ‬຾‫ޜ؁‬ ໔Ǵ໪‫׳‬ᑈཱུ‫ޑ‬ӧӚᏢ‫ڋ‬ϷᏢࣽύပჴૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ǹЪε౲໺ኞ൞ᡏᆶ௲ࣽਜ໪ගϲૈྍ ࣬ᜢၗૻ‫҅ޑ‬ዴ‫܄‬Ǵ௲ৣΨᔈ‫ݙ‬ཀ௲ᏢБ‫ݤ‬Ǵа෧Ͽ଎ࡘཷ‫ޑۺ‬ౢғǶ. ୯҇ύᏢǵૈྍનᎦǵ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ ᜢᗖຒǺ୯. I.

(6) Abstract Today, climate change is an important issue in the world. Every country has to face and slove this problem. Climate change is closely related to the energy choices in our daily life, so the citizens need to be energy literate to make better energy choices. And also realize that these choices will influence the human society, natural environment, ecology, politics and economy. Energy education is a useful strategy to reach the goals. This research aims to examine the energy literacy of the junior high school (7th to 9th grade) students in Taiwan. A questionnaire was designed as the research tool of this study, to measure the knowledge and attitude of the energy issue, and derive the relations between them. After the survey, choose the students who have misconceptions of energy to draw the misconception maps by interview. Purposive sampling was employed as the sampling method, and total of 1652 questionnaires were released and 1231 were valid. The result indicates that Taiwanese 7th to 9th grade students’ energy literacy status are poor, especially were lack of science knowledge of energy; and the incorrect informations from TV and internet are a way to cause the misconceptions of energy. There are significant differences in the energy knowledge between gender, grade, location of schools, parents’ educational background and occupation. Although the students are not only already realized the interactions among nature, lifes, and human society, but also had a good attitude towards saving energy. While 8th grade students’ attitude are sigificant better than 9th grade students, but it does not affect the performance by gender, the region of school…etc. In order to understand the misconceptions of energy, 10 students had been chosen to the interview. The result indicates that students often explain scientific concepts by similar concepts, vocabularies or intuition. Besides, their life experiences and school education are also important, any incorrect information or inappropriate teaching methods are likely to cause the energy misconceptions. Energy affects the entire world. We can lead students to build the ability to understand the knowledge and principles of energy, concern for the energy issues, understand the relationships between the world and energy, then to face the impact and affect of climate change and the scarcity of fossil energy. The energy literacy survey indicates that our junior high school students' energy literacy level is still low. Our government and educators should implement energy education in various academic disciplines.. Keywords: Junior high school, Energy literacy, Misconception. II.

(7) Ҟԛ ύЎᄔा ............................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ II Ҟԛ .................................................................................................................................... III ߄ԛ .................................................................................................................................... IV კԛ .................................................................................................................................... VI ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ ........................................................................................................................1 ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ.....................................................................................................1 ಃΒ࿯ ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒ.....................................................................................................2 ಃΟ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ᆶࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ .................................................................................3 ಃѤ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶज़‫ ڋ‬.........................................................................................4 ಃϖ࿯ Ӝຒ‫ۓ‬က.....................................................................................................5 ಃΒക Ў᝘ӣ៝ ................................................................................................................7 ಃ΋࿯ ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ङඳ‫ޕ‬᛽ .................................................................................7 ಃΒ࿯ ‫ך‬୯ૈྍ౜‫ݩ‬ᆶࡹ฼‫و‬ӛ........................................................................ 14 ಃΟ࿯ ૈྍનᎦᆶૈྍ௲‫ ػ‬............................................................................... 17 ಃѤ࿯ ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬................................................................................................... 24 ಃΟക ࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ ݤ‬.............................................................................................................. 29 ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬ................................................................................................... 29 ಃΒ࿯ ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำ................................................................................................... 31 ಃΟ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝ................................................................................................... 32 ಃѤ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬π‫ڀ‬................................................................................................... 33 ಃѤക ࣴ‫่݀ز‬ᆶ૸ፕ................................................................................................... 49 ಃ΋࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝङඳၗ਑ϩ‫ ݋‬........................................................................... 49 ಃΒ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝૈྍનᎦϐ‫ޕ‬᛽ፓ่ࢗ݀ ........................................................ 53 ಃΟ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝૈྍનᎦϐᄊࡋፓ่ࢗ݀ ........................................................ 76 ಃѤ࿯ ࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝૈྍનᎦӚᄬय़߄౜ϐ࣬ᜢ‫܄‬................................................. 97 ಃϖ࿯ ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ంፋ่݀ ................................................................................. 104 ಃϖക ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼ ........................................................................................................ 169 ಃ΋࿯ ่ፕ ........................................................................................................ 169 ಃΒ࿯ ࡌ᝼ ........................................................................................................ 174 ୖԵЎ᝘ ........................................................................................................................... 175 ύЎ೽ϩ…. ........................................................................................................... 175 मЎ೽ϩ…. ........................................................................................................... 181 ᆛၡၗ਑೽ϩ ........................................................................................................ 184 ࣴ‫ز‬ीฝ೽ϩ ........................................................................................................ 184 ߕᒵ΋ Ꮲғǵ௲ৣᆶ΋૓ε౲ૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ϷનᎦፓࢗЎ᝘᏾౛ ................................... 185 ߕᒵΒ ҅Ԅፓࢗୢ‫ ڔ‬.................................................................................................... 190 ߕᒵΟ ஑ৎቩࢗཀ‫ ـ‬.................................................................................................... 193. III.

(8) ߄ԛ ߄ 3-1! ᚈӛಒҞ߄............................................................................................................. 34 ߄ 3-2! ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵᄊࡋϷঁΓङඳၗ਑ᚒ໨ .......................................................................... 38 ߄ 3-3! ஑ৎୢ‫ڔ‬ԋ঩ङඳ߄ ............................................................................................. 40 ߄ 3-4! ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒঅ҅ೀ౛ ..................................................................................................... 42 ߄ 3-5! ᄊࡋᚒঅ҅ೀ౛ ..................................................................................................... 44 ߄ 3-6! ߄ 4-1! ߄ 4-2! ߄ 4-3!. ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ంፋεᆜ ................................................................................................. 47 ‫ت‬ζ‫܄‬ձК‫ ٯ‬......................................................................................................... 49 ൩᠐ԃભ ................................................................................................................ 49 Ꮲਠ‫܌‬ӧӦᗺ ......................................................................................................... 50. ߄ 4-4! ୖуᏢਠ‫܈‬੤ભϐϩಔᏢಞ‫ ݩރ‬.......................................................................... 50 ߄ 4-5! ߄ 4-6! ߄ 4-7! ߄ 4-8!. Р҆ᒃ‫܈‬ᅱៈΓ‫ޑ‬നଯᏢᐕ .................................................................................. 51 Р҆ᒃϐᙍ཰౜‫ ݩ‬................................................................................................. 51 ΢ΠᏢҬ೯БԄ ..................................................................................................... 52. ѳਔᜢ‫ྍૈܭ‬ၗૻ‫ྍٰޑ‬...................................................................................... 52 ߄ 4-9! ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫߄݋‬...................................................................................... 53 ߄ 4-10! ߄ 4-11! ߄ 4-11! ߄ 4-12! ߄ 4-13!. ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫߄݋‬.................................................................................... 54 ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚᚒளϩϩ‫߄݋‬........................................................................................ 56 ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚᚒளϩϩ‫߄݋‬Ȑុȑ ............................................................................ 57 όӕ‫܄‬ձᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 58 όӕ‫܄‬ձᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 58. ߄ 4-14! όӕԃભᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 59 ߄ 4-15! όӕ‫܄‬ձᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 60 ߄ 4-16! ൩᠐Ꮲਠ୔ୱᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 61 ߄ 4-17! ൩᠐Ꮲਠ୔ୱᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬......................................................... 61 ߄ 4-18! Ꮲਠឦ‫܄‬ᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 63 ߄ 4-19! όӕ‫܄‬ձᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 63 ߄ 4-20! ϩಔᏢಞᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 64 ߄ 4-21! ϩಔᏢಞᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 65 ߄ 4-22! Р҆ᒃᏢᐕᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬.................................................................... 67 ߄ 4-23! Р҆ᒃᏢᐕᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫߄݋‬............................................................. 68 ߄ 4-24! ߄ 4-25! ߄ 4-26! ߄ 4-27!. Рᒃᙍ཰ᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 69 Рᒃᙍ཰ᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 70 ҆ᒃᙍ཰ᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 72 ҆ᒃᙍ཰ᆶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 73. ߄ 4-28! ᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫߄݋‬.................................................................................... 76 ߄ 4-29! ᄊࡋᚒӚᚒளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬....................................................................................... 78 IV.

(9) ߄ 4-29! ᄊࡋᚒӚᚒளϩϩ‫߄݋‬Ȑុȑ ............................................................................ 79 ߄ 4-29! ᄊࡋᚒӚᚒளϩϩ‫߄݋‬Ȑុȑ ............................................................................ 80 ߄ 4-30! όӕ‫܄‬ձᆶᄊࡋᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 81 ߄ 4-31! όӕ‫܄‬ձᆶᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 81 ߄ 4-32! όӕԃભᆶᄊࡋᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 82 ߄ 4-33! ԃભᆶᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 82 ߄ 4-34! ൩᠐Ꮲਠ୔ୱᆶᄊࡋᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 83 ߄ 4-35! ൩᠐Ꮲਠ୔ୱᆶᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬......................................................... 84 ߄ 4-36! Ꮲਠឦ‫܄‬ᆶᄊࡋᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 85 ߄ 4-37! Ꮲਠឦ‫܄‬ᆶᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 86 ߄ 4-38! ϩಔᏢಞᆶᄊࡋᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 86 ߄ 4-39! ϩಔᏢಞᆶᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 87 ߄ 4-40! Р҆ᒃᏢᐕᆶᄊࡋᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬.................................................................... 89 ߄ 4-41! Р҆ᒃᏢᐕᆶᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫߄݋‬............................................................. 90 ߄ 4-42! Рᒃᙍ཰ᆶᄊࡋᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 91 ߄ 4-43! Рᒃᙍ཰ᆶᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 92 ߄ 4-44! ҆ᒃᙍ཰ᆶᄊࡋᚒᕴளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬........................................................................ 94 ߄ 4-45! ҆ᒃᙍ཰ᆶᄊࡋᚒӚ໨Ҟளϩϩ‫ ߄݋‬................................................................ 95 ߄ 4-46! નᎦᄬय़ᆶୢ‫ڔ‬ᚒҞჹᔈ߄ ................................................................................ 98 ߄ 4-46! ߄ 4-46! ߄ 4-47! ߄ 4-48!. નᎦᄬय़ᆶୢ‫ڔ‬ᚒҞჹᔈ߄Ȑុȑ .................................................................... 99 નᎦᄬय़ᆶୢ‫ڔ‬ᚒҞჹᔈ߄Ȑុȑ .................................................................. 100 Ьᄬय़໔ϐ࣬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬......................................................................................... 101. Ȩૈྍ‫ޕ‬᛽ȩᆶȨૈྍᆶғࢲȩϐ࣬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬................................................... 102 ߄ 4-49! ȨૈྍᆶғࢲȩᆶȨϦ҇ೢҺᆶՉ୏ȩϐ࣬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬....................................... 103 ߄ 4-50! ȨϦ҇ೢҺᆶՉ୏ȩᆶȨૈྍ‫ޕ‬᛽ȩϐ࣬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬........................................... 103. V.

(10) კԛ კ 2-1! ᆅ౛ཱུᆄ٣ҹ‫্ؠک‬॥ᓀ௢຾਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾੝ձൔ֋ਡЈཷ‫ۺ‬კ ......................9 კ 2-2! ਻ংᡂᎂཷ‫ۺ‬კ ..................................................................................................... 10 კ 2-3! ӚሦୱፂᔐᆶࡷᏯ ................................................................................................. 11 კ 2-4! კ 2-5! კ 2-6! კ 3-1!. ਻ংᆶ҉ុว৖Ңཀკ ......................................................................................... 13 ‫ך‬୯ૈྍࡹ฼ว৖ਔำ ......................................................................................... 15 ӄౚཪϯ஑ৎཷ‫ۺ‬კ (EXPERT CONCEPT MAP OF GLOBAL WARMING) ...................... 25 ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬკ............................................................................................................. 30. კ 3-2! ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำ ................................................................................................................ 31 კ 4-1! კ 4-2! კ 4-3! კ 4-4!. ϼ໚ૈໆ០୏Ӧౚε਻‫س‬಍ϐ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ ......................................... 108 ϼ໚ૈໆჹғ‫ޑނ‬ቹៜϐ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ ................................................. 113 ྕ࠻ਏᔈᆶ਻ংᡂᎂϐ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ ..................................................... 121. ϯҡᐯ਑ϐ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ ........................................................................ 127 კ 4-5! ૈྍ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒϐ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ ................................................................ 141. კ 4-6! ૈྍᙯඤϐ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ ........................................................................ 146 კ 4-7! ૈྍ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠᕴკ ................................................................................ 148 კ 4-8! JHS01 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ ................................................................................ 150 კ 4-9! JHS02 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ ................................................................................ 152 კ 4-10! JHS03 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ .............................................................................. 154 კ 4-11! JHS04 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ .............................................................................. 156 კ 4-12! JHS05 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ .............................................................................. 158 კ 4-13! JHS06 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ .............................................................................. 160 კ 4-14! JHS07 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ .............................................................................. 162 კ 4-15! JHS08 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ .............................................................................. 164 კ 4-16! JHS09 ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘۺ‬Եᡄᒠკ .............................................................................. 166. VI.

(11) ಃ΋കġ ᆣፕ. ಃ΋࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ. ߈ԃٰǴӄౚཪϯ(global warming)ᆶ਻ংᡂᎂ(climate change)᝼ᚒ࡭ុӧ୯ሞ໔ว ሇǴ਻ংᡂᎂၠ୯λಔ(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC)ࡰрǴ਻ংᅌᖿ ྕཪς࿶ࢂȨడคᅪୢȩ‫ޑ‬٣ჴǴ95%а΢‫ޑ‬ёૈ‫ࢂ܄‬ӢࣁΓᜪࢲ୏‫܌‬Ꮴठ(IPCC, 2007ǹ IPCC, 2013)Ƕҗ‫ܭ‬ӄ୯࿶ᔮጲࠁว৖Ǵεໆ‫ޑ‬ԾฅၗྍϷϯҡૈྍ೏໒วճҔǴ௨‫ܫ‬ε ໆ‫ܭۓڰ‬Ӧቫ‫ޑ‬Β਼ϯᅹ‫ډ‬ε਻ύǴѺ໶ΑԾฅᕉნ‫س‬಍‫ޑ‬ᅹൻᕉǴᏤठ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬౜ ຝȐՉࡹଣǴ2012ȑǶ਻ংᡂᎂ٬ӄౚ਻ྕϷੇࢩྕࡋ΢ϲǵεೕኳӇοϷᑈഓ੃ᑼǵ ੇѳय़΢ϲǴ೷ԋ዗ੁᓎᕷǵཱུᆄϺ਻ǵНၗྍਔ‫ޜ‬ϩѲ‫ׯ‬ᡂǵᙂ१‫ٮ‬ሡѨፓǵࣝੰ໺ ኞǵғ‫ނ‬ӭኬ‫܄‬഼Ѩǵ୯ሞ௃༈‫ׯ‬ᡂ…฻ୢᚒᆶ॥ᓀǴჹғ‫ނ‬ғӸᆶΓᜪ‫཮ޗ‬࿶ᔮว৖ ೷ԋ࠶ુǶҗ‫਻ܭ‬ং‫س‬಍࣬྽ቶεᆶፄᚇ‫܄‬ǴЪ਻ংࢂӄౚ‫܄‬ᆶၠШж‫ޑ‬ϦӅ଄Ǵय़ჹ ӄౚཪϯᆶ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ୢᚒǴШࣚӚ୯ࣣೢค਒ສǴѸ໪ॄଆග‫ٮ‬ග‫ࡕٮ‬жη৊ёа҉ ុว৖‫਻ޑ‬ংᕉნ‫ޑ‬ೢҺȐՉࡹଣǴ2012ȑǶ IPCC ‫܌‬ϦѲ‫ޑ‬ൔ֋ਜύஒӄౚ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ԾฅࣽᏢ୷ᘵ(physical science basis)ǵӄ ౚཪϯ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐ(impacts)ǵፓ፾(adaptation)ǵૄ১ࡋ(vulnerability)ǴаϷӄౚཪϯ‫ޑ‬෧጗ (mitigation)Ǵа໘ቫ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂཷ‫ۺ‬კև౜ȐIPCC, 2007ǹယ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2010ȑ ǹவȨӄౚཪ ϯȩࣁଆ‫ۺཷۈ‬೴‫؁‬ӛΠว৖Ǵ Ȩ਻ংᡂᎂȩϷȨ࿯ૈ෧ᅹȩΨр౜‫ځ‬ύǶ Ȩ਻ংᡂᎂȩ ཷ‫ۺ‬ӈ‫ܭ‬ȨࣽᏢ٣ჴȩᆶȨፂᔐȩཷ‫ۺ‬ϐΠǴ Ȩ࿯ૈ෧ᅹȩ߾‫ک‬Ȩ෧጗ȩཷ‫ۺ‬Ԗ‫܌‬ᜢೱǶ ᆕᢀԜཷ‫ۺ‬კёว౜ӄౚཪϯ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢཷ‫ۺ‬Ǵ۶Ԝ໔ࢂᒱᆕፄᚇ‫ߚޑ‬ጕ‫܄‬Ӣ݀ᜢ߯Ǵࡐᜤ Ҕᙁൂ‫ޑ‬ඔॊ‫܈‬ኧঁཷ‫ۺ‬൩ϭୌрӄᇮǶவ΢Տ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂཷ‫ۺ‬Զ‫ق‬Ǵ਻ংᡂᎂ཮ჹғ ‫ނ‬ǵᕉნϷ‫ޗ‬࿶ࡹ‫ݯ‬ౢғፂᔐǴ೷ԋૄ১ࡋ‫ޑ‬ගϲǹፓ፾ࢂࣁΑफ़եૄ১ࡋǴ෧ϿӢ਻ ংᡂᎂ೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǹԶ෧጗‫ޑ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬Ǵӧ‫ܭ‬෧Ͽ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐǴ໔ௗफ़եૄ১ࡋǶ җԜё‫ޕ‬Ǵፂᔐǵ෧጗Ϸፓ፾Ο‫ޣ‬Ӆӕᜢ‫ݙ‬Αᕉნ‫س‬಍‫ૄޑ‬১ࡋǶ ਻ংᡂᎂගଯΑૄ১ࡋǴ‫ځ‬Ꮴठ‫ཱུޑ‬ᆄ਻ংёૈࣁᆵ᡼஥ٰኪߘǵࢫН‫ک‬ଳ‫ײ‬฻‫ؠ‬ ্Ƕаᆵ᡼࿶த‫ޑ܄‬Ϻฅ‫্ؠ‬Զ‫ق‬Ǵ‫؂‬ԃӢረࢫፄӝࠠ‫্ؠ‬ԶᏤठ‫ޑ‬ཞѨཱུࣁёᢀǶय़ ჹёૈ‫্ؠޑ‬ϷቹៜǴࡼՉ෧጗Ϸፓ፾฼ౣǴӧϺฅ‫্ؠ‬ᓎϝǵᕉნૄ১ࡋଯ‫ޑ‬ᆵ᡼Ǵ ࢂߚதॐϪ‫ޑ‬Ǽՠፋፕ‫਻ډ‬ংᡂᎂ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬᝼ᚒǴ೯தҔᡋ৵‫ޑ‬Ϻฅ‫্ؠ‬ଆᓐǴࡐ‫ޑז‬Ꮴ Ε෧጗฼ౣ‫ޑ‬Ȩ࿯ૈ෧ᅹȩ Ǵჹ‫਻ܭ‬ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬Ȩፓ፾ȩ Ǵӭъόϼख़ຎǴࣗԿбϐᚅӵȐယ ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2013ȑǶ‫ך‬୯਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾ࡹ฼ᆜሦܴዴࡰр਻ংᡂᎂࣁ΢Տ‫ۺཷޑ‬Ǵ෧጗ᆶፓ ፾ࣁηཷ‫ޑۺ‬௲‫ࢎػ‬ᄬȐՉࡹଣǴ2012ȑǴՠૈྍ௲‫ػ‬࿶தаၨեՏ໘‫ޑ‬Ȩ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ௲ ‫ػ‬ȩࣁЬȐ஭ඵ๔ǵഋᖒ໡ǵယ‫ݒ‬၈ǵֆ‫ۑ‬ᑉǵഋࡌύǵഋ៪ЎǴ2013ȑǴ٬ள೚ӭᏢ ਠǵᕉნᏢಞύЈǵ࣬ᜢ‫཮ޗޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ፐำǴаϷࡹ۬ൂՏ‫ޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ीฝǴதаϼ໚ૈǵ॥ 1.

(12) Κวႝǵᇙբϼ໚ૈً…฻ᆶ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ࣬ᜢ‫ྍૈޑ‬᝼ᚒࣁ௲ᏢЬືǴज़ᕭΑ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ ӄᇮǶ ࣁΑӣᔈ΢Տ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂ௲‫܌ػ‬ᔈ୻Ꭶ‫ޑ‬෧጗ᆶፓ፾ૈΚǴૈྍ௲‫ػ‬όᔈज़ᕭ‫ܭ‬ Ȩ࿯ૈ෧ᅹȩ‫܈‬Ȩ໒วૈྍཥ‫ೌמ‬ȩ฻෧጗ቫय़ǴԶӕਔΨ໪୻Ꭶፓ፾‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵᄊ ࡋᆶૈΚǶ ȨૈྍȩᆶΓᜪғࢲϪ‫࣬ي‬ᜢǴ‫ۺཷޑੋ౐ځ‬ቶ‫ݱ‬ǴૈቹៜӦౚ‫س‬಍‫ޑ‬ᡂϯǵ ᕉნࠔ፦ǵғ‫ނ‬Ӹុᆶ‫ޗ‬࿶ࡹ‫ݯ‬Ƕᆵ᡼ς௢Չૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ӭԃǴӧ୯ύ໘ࢤ٠ߚᐱҥ‫ࣽޑ‬ ҞǴԶࢂϩѲ‫ܭ‬όӕᏢࣽǹӵՖӧၠᏢࣽ‫ޑ‬ᏢಞύǴቚ຾Ꮲғჹૈྍ‫ޕޑ‬᛽Ǵ٠ගϲ᏾ ᡏ‫ྍૈޑ‬નᎦǴ٬҂ٰᏢғय़ჹૈྍ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒ‫ޑ‬،฼ਔǴ‫ڀ‬ഢ‫҅ޑ୼ى‬ዴࣽᏢ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵΑ ှૈྍᆶᕉნǵ‫཮ޗ‬Ϸғ‫ޑނ‬Ҭϕᜢ߯ǴࢂΜϩख़ा‫ޑ‬Ƕ. ಃΒ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒ. Шࣚ‫ޑ‬ኬᇮǴᆶӚᅿόӕ‫׎‬Ԅ‫ૈޑ‬ໆ৲৲࣬ᜢǴ‫ٯ‬ӵǺϼ໚‫ૈޑ‬ໆаᒟ৔዗‫׎ޑ‬Ԅ ໺ሀ‫ډ‬ӦౚǴ೷൩Α፾ӝғ‫ڮ‬ғӸ‫ޑ‬ᕉნǴ຾΋‫؁‬ౢғΑ਻ংᆶϺ਻‫ޑ‬ᡂϯǹ෌‫֎ނ‬ԏ ϼ໚‫ૈޑ‬ໆǴᙯඤԋғ‫ނ‬ё٬Ҕ‫׎ޑ‬ԄǴᡣૈໆ຾Εғᄊ‫س‬ύǹশᙒӧӦቫύ‫ޑ‬ϯҡᐯ ਑ǴЍ࡭๱ౢ཰ᆶ࿶ᔮ‫ޑ‬ว৖ǹࣗԿߘᅀပΠǴΨх֖ΑՏૈᆶ୏ૈ‫…ۺཷޑ‬฻Ƕ೭٤ ಞаࣁத‫ޑ‬౜ຝǴ౐ੋΑࣽᏢচ౛ǵғᄊ‫ޕ‬᛽ϷΓᜪЎܴᆶ࿶ᔮว৖Ǵऩჹ೭٤ཷ‫ۺ‬Ԗ ‫܌‬ᇡ᛽Ǵߡૈ᝺‫ޕ‬ᕉნࢂҗᅿᅿ‫ૈޑ‬ໆ‫׎‬༟ԶԋǴԶ౜жΓ‫ޑ‬ғࢲ൳Яਔਔ‫څڅ‬ᚆό໒ ૈྍǶ ӣ៝ૈྍ(energy)‫ޑ‬ӷྍȨergonȩ Ǵӧђ‫׆‬ᛪЎ‫ޑ‬ཀࡘࣁȨբф‫ૈޑ‬Κȩ‫܈‬Ȩ୏Κ‫ޑ‬ ٰྍȩȐBrokowski,1987ǹ݅మകǵᒘܿࡏǵഋࡌԀǴ2008ȑǴёаӚᅿ‫׎‬Ԅр౜ӵᐒఓ ૈǵϯᏢᗖૈǵ዗ૈǵ‫ނ‬౛ૈ...฻ǴԖ٤ࢂค‫ޑ׎‬Ȑӵ዗ૈȑ ǴԖ٤аԖ‫ރޑ׎‬ᄊр౜Ȑӵ ྡࣅǵҡ‫ݨ‬ȑǶ 1973 ԃǵ1979 ԃᛈวΑಃ΋ԛϷಃΒԛҡ‫ݨ‬ӒᐒϷ 1990 ԃ‫ݢޑ‬ථ᡼Ꮿ‫ࣣݾ‬วғӧ ౰ౢҡ‫ޑݨ‬ύ٥Ӧ୔ǴନΑቹៜҡ‫ݨ‬ሽ਱Ǵჹ୯ሞ࿶ᔮΨ೷ԋࡐεቹៜǶᆵ᡼Ӧ੟Γ࿨Ǵ ӧӃϺၗྍόᙦ؊‫ޑ‬Ӎ༈ΠǴૈྍ൳ЯӄٰԾѦ୯຾αǴࣁΑᗉխ୯ϣၸࡋ٩ᒘൂ΋ᅿ ૈྍϷѦ୯຾αǴૈྍࡹ฼ӧҡ‫ݨ‬ӒᐒࡕԖ‫܌‬অ҅ǹ߈ԃٰϯҡᐯ਑ӢᓯໆΠफ़ǵ໒ว ԋҁ…฻ӢનԶሽ਱΢ඦǴЪ໒วᆶ٬Ҕ௨‫ܫ‬Αεໆቚமӄౚཪϯ౜ຝ‫਻࠻ྕޑ‬ᡏǴ୯ ሞ໒‫ۈ‬ख़ຎӄౚཪϯ᝼ᚒǴࣁΑ෧጗ჹᕉნᆶΓᜪ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬ፂᔐǴШࣚӚ୯໒‫ۈ‬൨‫؃‬ඹж ૈྍᆶեᅹૈྍǶ ନΑගϲૈྍਏ౗ǵ໒วཥ‫ೌמྍૈޑ‬ǵ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ…฻फ़եૈྍ٩ᒘࡋǵᅹ௨‫ޑܫ‬ ෧጗ЋࢤǴவࡹ฼ǵ୯βೕჄǵ‫ׯ‬ᡂғࢲཷ‫ۺ‬ǵ௲‫…ػ‬฻ፓ፾฼ౣ๱ЋǴჹ‫ܭ‬फ़եᕉნ ‫ૄޑ‬১ࡋӕኬख़ाǶऍ୯Ԑӧ 1982 ԃભ௢Չૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ǴВҁΨӧ 1986 ԃ໒‫ۈ‬ჴࡼǴ٠ ‫ ܭ‬1992 ԃ໒‫ۈ‬ฯ‫܄‬ೕ‫҅ۓ‬ೕ௲‫ޑػ‬௲‫׷‬ύǴѸ໪х֖ᆶૈྍ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬ϣ৒ȐଯಏඁǴ 2.

(13) 2007ȑǶ‫ך‬୯‫ ܭ‬1990 ԃஒȨૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ȩӈΕૈྍࡹ฼ύǴҔаගϲ୯҇ჹૈྍ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬Ǵ ୻Ꭶᑈཱུ҅ዴ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǴ٠‫ڀ‬ഢှ،ૈྍ़ғ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢୢᚒ‫ૈޑ‬ΚȐҴѠҏǴ2004ȑǹ࿶ᔮ ೽ૈྍ‫ہ‬঩཮ࣁΑ௢୏ૈྍ௲‫ػ‬Ǵᆶ௲‫ػ‬೽ǵ୯ҥጓ᝿ᓔ฻ൂՏӝբǴஒૈྍ‫ޕ‬᛽ӈΕ ӚભᏢਠ௲ࣽਜύȐந୯ျǴ1994ǹഋࡌԀǵ݅ࡏ㧌Ǵ2008ȑǶ ᆵ᡼ၸѐ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ǴࣁΑ‫ڥ‬ᔈૈྍࡹ฼ύ‫ޑ‬Ȩ‫׳‬Ԗਏ౗‫ޑ‬٬Ҕૈྍȩ ǵ Ȩ໒วዅృ ૈྍȩ ǵ Ȩᛙ‫ٮྍૈޑۓ‬๏ȩ ǵ Ȩ࿯ૈ෧ᅹȩ…฻Ҟ኱Ǵதᆫขӧёӆғૈྍ‫ೌמ‬ǵ࿯ૈ‫ޕ‬ ᛽ǵ෧եᅹ௨‫ܫ‬य़ӛǹӢԶр౜ૈྍࣽ‫מ‬௲‫ػ‬ǵ࿯ૈ௲‫ػ‬ǵ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ௲‫…ػ‬฻όӕ௲Ꮲ Ҟ኱‫ޑ‬௲‫ػ‬Ǵᗨฅࣣឦ‫ྍૈܭ‬௲‫ޑػ‬΋ᕉǴՠόૈж߄‫ځ‬ӄᇮǶऍ୯ૈྍ೽ȐUS Department of Energy, US DOEȑஒૈྍ௲‫ۓػ‬ကࣁǺҔа჋၂ှ،౜Ϟғࢲࠠᄊ(life style)ǵૈྍԋҁ(energy cost)ǵၗྍғౢᆶߥӸ(resource to produce and maintain)ϐ໔‫ޑ‬ ፂँǴ୻Ꭶ‫ڀ‬ഢ‫ؼ‬ӳૈྍનᎦ(energy literacy)‫ޑ‬Ϧ҇ȐUS Department of Energy, 1982ǹ ݅మക฻Ǵ2008ȑǹவԜ‫ۓ‬ကύёว౜Ǵૈྍ௲‫ػ‬аှ،ୢᚒࣁᏤӛǴጄᛑ఼ᇂΑ‫཮ޗ‬ ‫ࡋڋ‬ǵ࿶ᔮว৖ᆶᕉნၗྍǴѸ໪வѮᢀ‫ࡘٰࡋفޑ‬ԵᆶೕჄǶ य़ჹӄౚཪϯᆶ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐǴ‫ך‬୯୯҇ύᏢᏢғࢂց‫ڀ‬ഢૈྍ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵ෧጗ᆶፓ ፾฼ౣǴёа೯ዬࡘԵ਻ংᡂᎂᆶૈྍ᝼ᚒૈΚǻҁࣴ‫ز‬ਥᏵ୯ࣽ཮Ȩ਻ংᡂᎂનᎦಎ ਥᆶૈྍ฼ౣΓω௴วፐำࣴวीฝǺૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ኳࠠᆶ໦ᆄ໒‫ܫ‬Ԅ،฼ϩ‫݋‬ኳಔ‫ޑ‬Ҭϕ ᔈҔȩीฝ‫ྍૈޑ‬નᎦࢎᄬว৖ૈྍનᎦୢ‫ڔ‬Ǵଞჹᆵ᡼чǵύǵࠄǵܿᆶᚆ৞ϖε୔ ୱ‫ޑ‬୯҇ύᏢᏢғ຾ՉፓࢗǴ٠ਥᏵୢ‫ڔ‬เᚒ௃‫׎‬Ǵаҥཀ‫ڗ‬ኬᒧ‫ۓ‬ཥчѱࢌϦҥ୯ύ 9 ՏǴϷଯ໢ѱࢌ‫د‬ҥ୯ύ 1 Տเᚒ‫ڀ‬ж߄‫܈܄‬੝ਸ‫ޑ܄‬ᏢғǴϩ‫ڀ܌ځ݋‬ഢ‫ྍૈޑ‬଎ ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ǴаϷ଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘޑۺ‬ԵᡄᒠǶҁࣴ‫ز‬೸ၸૈྍનᎦ౜‫ݩ‬ፓࢗᆶૈྍ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ϩ ‫݋‬ǴයఈૈΑှ‫ך‬୯୯҇ύᏢᏢғ‫ྍૈޑ‬નᎦ౜‫ݩ‬Ϸ‫࡭܌‬Ԗ‫ྍૈޑ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬Ǵග‫ٮ‬୯ύ ໘ࢤ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ፐำೕฝᆶ௲Ꮲϣ৒ፓ᏾‫ୖޑ‬ԵǶ. ಃΟ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ᆶࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ. ΋ǵࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ ୷‫ܭ‬΢ॊ‫زࣴޑ‬ङඳᆶ୏ᐒǴҁࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ࣁޑ‬Αှ‫ך‬୯୯҇ύᏢᏢғჹ‫ޑྍૈܭ‬ ࣬ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵᄊࡋᆶՉࣁཀკ‫ޑ‬౜‫ݩ‬Ǵයఈၲ‫ډ‬ΠӈҞ‫ޑ‬Ǻ Ȑ΋ȑġፓࢗ‫ך‬୯чǵύǵࠄǵܿᆶᚆ৞Ӧ୔୯҇ύᏢᏢғૈྍનᎦ౜‫ݩ‬Ƕ ȐΒȑġ௖૸୯҇ύᏢᏢғ‫ྍૈޑ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ϷԋӢǶ ȐΟȑġΑှόӕङඳᡂ໨‫ޑ‬୯҇ύᏢᏢғ‫ྍૈޑ‬નᎦϷᡂ໨ϐ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢᖄ‫܄‬Ƕ. 3.

(14) Βǵࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ ࣁዴ‫ۓ‬ҁࣴ‫ز‬຾Չ‫ޑ‬БӛǴ٩Ᏽ߻ॊϐࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬ᔕ‫زࣴۓ‬ୢᚒǶҁࣴ‫ز‬ ట௖૸‫ޑ‬ୢᚒࣁǺ Ȑ΋ȑġ‫ך‬୯чǵύǵࠄǵܿᆶᚆ৞Ӧ୔୯҇ύᏢᏢғૈྍનᎦ‫߄ޑ‬౜௃‫ࣁ׎‬Ֆǻ ȐΒȑġόӕङඳᡂ໨‫ޑ‬୯҇ύᏢᏢғ‫ྍૈޑ‬નᎦϷᡂ໨ϐ໔Ԗٗ٤ᜢᖄ‫܄‬Ӹӧǻ ȐΟȑġ୯҇ύᏢᏢғԖব٤ૈྍ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ǻ ȐѤȑġ୯҇ύᏢᏢғ‫ྍૈޑ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ࡘޑۺ‬ԵᡄᒠࣁՖǻ. ಃѤ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎᆶज़‫ڋ‬. ΋ǵࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ ҁࣴ‫ز‬೸ၸૈྍ௲‫࣬ػ‬ᜢЎ᝘ᇆ໣Ǵ٠ਥᏵ୯ࣽ཮Ȩ਻ংᡂᎂનᎦಎਥᆶૈྍ ฼ౣΓω௴วፐำࣴวीฝǺૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ኳࠠᆶ໦ᆄ໒‫ܫ‬Ԅ،฼ϩ‫݋‬ኳಔ‫ޑ‬ҬϕᔈҔȩ ीฝ‫ྍૈޑ‬નᎦࢎᄬว৖፾ӝ୯҇ύᏢᏢಞ໘ࢤϐૈྍનᎦፓࢗୢ‫ڔ‬Ǵ຾Չӄ୯‫܄‬ Ȑчǵύǵࠄǵܿᆶᚆ৞୔ୱȑ‫ޑ‬୯҇ύᏢᏢғૈྍનᎦፓࢗǶӆ٩Ᏽୢ‫ڔ‬༤ቪ‫ރ‬ ‫ݩ‬ᒧ‫ۓ‬ኧӜᏢғ຾ՉೖፋǴΑှӸӧٗ٤ૈྍ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ǴаϷ‫ޑ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ޑۺ‬ԋӢǶ. Βǵࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫ڋ‬ 1. ҁࣴ‫ྍૈޑز‬નᎦፓࢗǴࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝࣁӄ୯Ӛ୔ୱϐ୯҇ύᏢᏢғǴՠ‫ڙ‬ज़ ‫ܭ‬ΓΚǵ‫ނ‬ΚϷਔ໔‫ޑ‬Եໆค‫ݤ‬ჹ‫܌‬ԖᏢғ຾Չදࢗ(censuses)Ƕ 2. ҁࣴ‫ࣁز‬ᐉᘐԄፓࢗ(cross-section survey)Ǵջӧࢌ΋ਔ໔ϣவᒧ‫ޑۓ‬ኬҁ ύᇆ໣‫܌‬ሡ‫ޑ‬ၗ਑ǴҔٰඔॊፓࢗȨ྽Πȩ҆ဂᡏ‫ݩރޑ‬ȐЦЎࣽǵЦ ඵѶǴ2012ȑ ǹࡺፓࢗჹຝ໻ௗ‫ڙ‬΋ԛፓࢗǴค‫ݤ‬ෳໆߏਔ໔ঁΓ‫ޑ‬ᡂϯ ௃‫׎‬Ƕ 3. ௖૸ૈྍ଎ࡘཷ‫ݩރޑۺ‬ᆶԋӢሡ೸ၸೖፋుΕΑှᏢғ‫ޑ‬གྷ‫ݤ‬Ǵҗ‫ܭ‬ҁ ࣴ‫ز‬໻ᒧ‫ۓ‬ኧӜч೽Ӧ୔ࢌ୯҇ύᏢ‫ޑ‬Ꮲғբࣁࣴ‫ز‬ჹຝǴᜢ‫ྍૈܭ‬଎ ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ϐ่݀ό΋‫ૈۓ‬දၹ௢ፕ‫ډ‬ᆵ᡼‫ځ‬д୔ୱ‫ޑ‬୯҇ύᏢᏢғǴՠё ଺ࣁૈྍ௲‫࣬ػ‬ᜢፐำ‫ޑ‬௲ᏢᆶೕჄਔ‫ୖޑ‬ԵǶ. 4.

(15) ಃϖ࿯ġ. Ӝຒ‫ۓ‬က. ࣁ٬ҁࣴ‫܌ز‬٬Ҕ‫ޑ‬ӜຒཀကܴዴǴ૟ஒख़ाӜຒуаࣚ‫ۓ‬ӵΠǺ. ΋ǵ਻ংᡂᎂ (climate change) อਔ໔‫ޑ‬ε਻ᡂϯ౜ຝᆀࣁȨϺ਻ȩ Ǵߏਔ໔‫ޑ‬Ϻ਻ᡂϯ౜ຝᆀࣁȨ਻ংȩ Ǵ࣬ ၨ‫ܭ‬ᕓ৲࿤ᡂ‫ޑ‬Ϻ਻Ǵ਻ংᡂϯᗨฅሡाߏਔ໔‫ޑ‬ᢀჸǴՠ٠ߚߏΦόᡂ‫ޑ‬Ƕ IPCC(2007)ᇡࣁคፕࢂԾฅᡂϯ‫܈‬ӢΓᜪࢲ୏‫܌‬Ꮴठ‫ޑ‬ҺՖ਻ংᡂϯǴࣣឦ‫਻ܭ‬ং ᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ጄᛑǹԶᖄӝ୯਻ংᡂϯᆜाϦऊ(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UNFCCC)߾‫ۓ‬က਻ংᡂᎂѝࣁӢΓᜪࢲ୏‫ޔ‬ௗ‫܈‬໔ௗӦ‫ׯ‬ᡂΑӦ ౚε਻‫ޑ‬ಔԋ‫܌‬೷ԋ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂϯ (UNFCCC, 1992)Ƕ. ΒǵૈྍનᎦ (energy literacy) US DOE ጓ‫ྍૈޑڋ‬નᎦЋнࡰрǴૈྍનᎦࢂૈΑှૈྍӧԾฅϷӧШࣚ‫ޑ‬ ‫ف‬ՅǴаϷ‫ڀ‬ഢӧВதғࢲύૈᔈҔ‫ޕ‬᛽ѐӣเᆶှ،ୢᚒ‫ૈޑ‬Κ(US Department of Energy, 2012)ǶૈྍનᎦΨ೏‫ۓ‬ကࣁਥҁӦᇡ᛽ૈྍǴவෳໆ‫୷ޑ‬ҁൂՏȐґǵ म዗ൂՏ…฻ȑ‫ډ‬ቹៜૈྍ٬Ҕ،฼‫ྍૈޑ‬ғౢǵϩଛǵ࿶ᔮᆶᕉნӢન (Turcotte, Moorer, & Winter, 2012)Ƕ ᆕӝ΢ॊǴҁࣴ‫ۓز‬ကϐૈྍનᎦࣁȨΑှૈྍӧԾฅШࣚ‫سޑ‬಍ǴаϷғ‫ڮ‬ ᆶғ‫ڮ‬ǵғ‫ڮ‬ᆶߚғ‫ڮ‬໔ҬϕբҔύ‫فޑ‬ՅǴჹૈྍ‫ޑ‬᝼ᚒԖ‫܌‬᝺‫(ޕ‬awareness)ǵ ᜢЈ(concern)ǵ౛ှ(understanding)ᆶՉ୏(action)Ǵ٠‫ڀ‬ഢှ،ୢᚒ‫ૈޑ‬ΚȩǶ. Οǵૈྍ௲‫( ػ‬energy education) ૈྍ௲‫ܭػ‬୯ϣѦࣣۘ҂Ԗ΋ठ‫ۓޑ܄‬ကǴऍ୯௲‫ػ‬ၗૻύЈ(Educational Resource Information Center, ERIC)‫ۓ‬ကૈྍ௲‫ࢂػ‬΋ᅿࣽሞ᏾ӝ(interdisciplinary) ‫ޑ‬ፐำ಍᏾௲‫ػ‬ǴӸӧ‫ܭ‬όӕ‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞᆶ௲Ꮲࢲ୏ύǴ๱ख़ӧૈྍၗྍ(resources)ǵ ᙯඤ(conversions)ǵ࿯ऊ(conservation)ǵࠠԄ(forms)ǵ٬Ҕ(uses)฻ЬᚒǴЪጄᛑ఼ ࡴද೯௲‫ೌמکػ‬௲‫(ػ‬Houston, 1990)ǶUS DOE ᇡࣁ҅ೕ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬Ѹ໪٬Ꮲғ ᇡ᛽ૈໆᆶૈྍᙯඤǴ᝺‫ྍૈޕ‬ӧВதғࢲǵ࿶ᔮϷ‫཮ޗ‬ύ‫ޑ‬ค‫܌‬όӧǹ‫ڀ‬ഢӧৎǵ ӧᏢਠϷπբύǴૈྍ٬Ҕᆶᆅ౛‫ૈמޑ‬ǹග‫ٮ‬Ꮲғ‫ࣽޑ୼ى‬Ꮲᆶ‫ޕޑೌמ‬᛽Ǵѐ 5.

(16) ୖᆶϦӅࡹ฼‫ुڋޑ‬ǹ๏ϒᏢғ੿ჴ‫ޑ‬҂ٰૈྍ৖ఈǹሦᏤᏢғ٩ᏵၰቺᆶሽॶǴ ᑽໆঁΓჹૈྍ‫ٮ‬ሡ‫ޑ‬،‫(ۓ‬US Department of Energy, 1982)Ƕ݅మകǵᒘܿࡏᆶഋ ࡌԀ(2008)߾‫ۓ‬ကૈྍ௲‫ػ‬х֖ΑჴҔ‫܄‬ǵ௲‫ػ‬ҁ፦ǵᏢಞՉࣁǵᏢಞሦୱϷ௲‫ػ‬ Бଞ฻ϖεቫय़ǴЪଛӝ୯ৎ‫ࡹྍૈޑ‬฼Ҟ኱຾ՉೕჄǴҔа୻Ꭶ‫ؼ‬ӳૈྍનᎦϦ ҇‫ޑ‬ӄ҇ǵಖ‫ي‬௲‫ػ‬Ƕ ҁࣴ‫ز‬ᆕӝ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ϐᢀᗺǴ‫ۓ‬ကૈྍ௲‫ࣁػ‬Ȩှ،ୢᚒࣁᏤӛǴᏢಞૈྍ‫ޑ‬ ࣬ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽ᆶ‫ૈמ‬ǴΑှૈྍჹԾฅ‫س‬಍ǵғ‫ނ‬ϷΓᜪ‫཮ޗ‬ǵࡹ‫ݯ‬ǵ࿶ᔮǵЎܴ‫ޑ‬ख़ ा‫܄‬ᆶቹៜǴ٠‫ڀ‬ഢ҅ዴ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǵՉࣁаϷ،฼ૈΚǴҔа୻Ꭶ‫ڀ‬ഢ‫ؼ‬ӳૈྍનᎦ Ϧ҇‫ࣽޑ‬ሞ᏾ӝ௲‫ػ‬ȩ Ƕ. Ѥǵ଎ࡘཷ‫( ۺ‬misconception) ྽Ծ‫ي‬Ӣჹ‫ܭ‬ᕉნ٣‫ޑނ‬ᢀჸǵᇡ᛽‫ࡌ܌‬ᄬ‫ۺཷޑ‬Ǵᆶ஑ৎᏢ‫ࣽ܈ޣ‬Ꮲ‫܌‬ᇡ‫ۓ‬ ‫ۺཷޑ‬όӕਔǴᆀࣁȨ଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬ȩ Ǵ‫܈‬ᆀનᐆ౛ፕ(naive theory)ǵќԖࢎᄬ(alternative framework)฻Ƕҁࣴ‫ز‬ஒ௖૸Ꮲғჹૈྍ࣬ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵ᝼ᚒ࡭Ԗ‫ޑ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ۺ‬Ǵ٠Αှ ‫ځ‬଎ࡘཷ‫ޑۺ‬ౢғӢનᆶٰྍǶ. 6.

(17) ಃΒകġ Ў᝘ӣ៝. ಃ΋࿯ġ ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ङඳ‫ޕ‬᛽. ΋ǵ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ԋӢǵ‫ۓ‬ကᆶ౜ຝ ӦౚፍғԿϞऊ 46 ሹԃǴፍғϐ߃Ӧౚ߄य़‫ߚࡋྕޑ‬தଯǴ࿶ၸߏਔ໔໔Ӈයᆶ Ӈ‫ݞ‬ය‫ࡋྕޑ‬ᡂ୏ࡕǴϞВӦౚ‫ޑ‬ѳ֡ឪМྕࡋ໻ऊ 15 ࡋǴΨӢԜ೷൩Α౜Ϟ‫਻ޑ‬ং ࠠᄊᆶӦౚғ‫ڮ‬ǶӦౚ਻ং٠ߚࡡΦόᡂ‫ޑ‬ǴਥᏵ௲‫ػ‬೽‫ޑ‬ख़ጓ୯ᇟᜏ‫ڂ‬অुҁ‫ޑ‬ှ ញǴӧ΋‫୔ۓ‬ୱ‫ک‬΋‫ۓ‬ਔ໔ϣǴӭᅿ਻ຝाનӵ॥ǵྕࡋǵफ़Н…฻ᆕӝᡉҢ‫ޑ‬ε਻‫ރ‬ ‫ݩ‬ᆀࣁȨϺ਻ȩǹԶђਔᆀϖВࣁ΋ংǴΟংࣁ΋࿯਻Ǵਔ࿯ᡂඤ߾ᆀ଺Ȩ਻ংȩǹҗ Ԝё‫ޕ‬Ϻ਻ࢂၨอਔ໔ϣ‫ޑ‬ε਻ᡂϯǴԶ਻ং߾ࢂࡰߏය‫ޑ‬ε਻ѳ֡‫ݩރ‬ǶӦౚϺ਻‫س‬ ಍࣬྽ፄᚇǴᙁൂ‫ޑ‬ᇥࢂྍԾ‫ܭ‬Ӧ߄ௗ‫ٰڙ‬Ծϼ໚‫ޑ‬ᒟ৔዗όѳ֡‫܌‬ठǴϼ໚ᒟ৔ӧऀ ೸ε਻ቫ‫ޑ‬ၸำࢂаอ‫ݢ‬ᒟ৔‫׎ޑ‬Ԅ‫ܢ‬ၲӦ߄Ǵ‫ځ‬ύεऊԖ 70%‫ૈޑ‬ໆ೏ε਻ύ‫࠻ྕޑ‬ ਻ᡏ‫֎܌‬ԏǴԶྕ࠻਻ᡏ‫ޑ‬ε਻ቫ൩Ⴝ΋஭ᎎӧӦ߄‫ޑ‬ෙη૓‫ڀ‬ԖߥྕբҔǴᆀࣁྕ࠻ ਏᔈȐယ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2010ȑǶ ΓᜪऊӧຯϞऊ 200ɴ300 ࿤ԃ߻р౜Ǵᐕ࿶ߏਔ໔‫ޑ‬ЎܴϷࣽ‫מ‬ว৖Ǵ‫ ܭ‬18 Шइ วғΑπ཰ॠ‫ڮ‬Ǵࣽ‫מ‬຾‫؁‬ᡣΓᜪԖΑεໆғౢǵᇙ೷‫ૈޑ‬ΚǴ຾Զ೷ԋШࣚΓα‫ޑ‬ቚ уǶπ཰ϯ‫ޑ‬ғౢǵ੃຤ᆶ࿶ᔮᕷᄪङࡕǴࢂΓᜪ੃઻εໆၗྍ‫᠄୴܌‬Զٰ‫ޑ‬ǴନΑ໒ ௦ၗྍǵᇙ೷ౢࠔ೷ԋΑᕉნઇᚯǵ‫਻ޜ‬ᆶН‫ޑ‬ԦࢉǴӕਔΨ઻ҔΑ೚ӭ᝶ᙒӧӦ߄Π ‫ޑ‬ϯҡᐯ਑Ǵх֖ྡ᝜ǵҡ‫ݨ‬ᆶϺฅ਻Ƕҗ‫ܭ‬εໆ‫ޑ‬٬Ҕϯҡᐯ਑Ǵ௨‫ܫ‬೚ӭচӃ࠾Ӹ ‫ܭ‬Ӧቫύ‫ޑ‬Β਼ϯᅹǴහ݅‫ޑ‬໒วǵ੬‫཰ށ‬ǵҬ೯ၮᒡ…฻Ψౢғ೚ӭྕ࠻਻ᡏ‫ډ‬ε਻ ύǴቚமΑྕ࠻ਏᔈǴ٬ளӦౚ‫ࡋྕޑ‬΢ϲ೷ԋཪϯ౜ຝǴᆀࣁӄౚཪϯ(global warming) ‫਻܈‬ংᡂᎂ(climate change)Ƕ ᖄӝ୯਻ংᡂϯᆜाϦऊࣚ‫਻ۓ‬ংᡂᎂࢂࡰӦౚε਻ಔԋ‫ډڙ‬Γᜪࢲ୏‫ޔ‬ௗ‫܈‬໔ ௗӦቹៜ‫ޑ‬೷ԋ਻ংᡂϯǴԶ IPCC ߾‫ۓ‬က਻ংᡂᎂх֖ΑԾฅᡂϯ‫܈‬ӢΓᜪࢲ୏‫܌‬Ꮴ ठ‫ޑ‬ҺՖ਻ংᡂϯ(UNFCCC, 1992 ; IPCC, 2007)Ƕᗨฅ IPCC ӧಃϖԛຑ՗ൔ֋(IPCC Fifth Assessment Report: Climate Change, AR5)‫ޑ‬૛ਢύǴஒচӃႣ՗‫ ؂ޑ‬10 ԃѳ֡ྕ ࡋϲଯឪМ 0.2 ࡋǴΠঅԿ 0.12 ࡋǴՠΨࡰрӄౚ਻ং೴ᅌᖿӛཪϯǴЪ 95%а΢‫ޑ‬ё ૈ‫ࢂ܄‬Ӣࣁᐯᐨϯҡᐯ਑฻Γࣁࢲ୏‫܌‬ᏤठǶӢԜǴόፕࢂ਻ংࢂԾฅᡂϯǴ‫܈‬ᏤӢ‫ܭ‬ Γᜪࢲ୏Զౢғ‫ׯޑ‬ᡂǴ೿ࡰрΑ਻ংᡂᎂᆶཪϯ‫ޑ‬౜ຝǴЪ IPCC ӧಃѤԛຑ՗ൔ֋ (AR4)ύග‫ډ‬Ǵ਻ংᡂᎂஒ࡭ុวғӧ 21 Шइ‫܈‬҂ٰ‫ޑߏ׳‬ਔ໔(IPCC, 2007 ; IPCC, 2013)Ƕ 7.

(18) 2006 ԃऍ୯߻ୋᕴ಍ Al Gore ೸ၸቹТȨόᜫय़ჹ‫࣬੿ޑ‬ȩ(An Inconvenient Truth) ӛε౲ឍܴӄౚཪϯ‫ޑ‬౜ຝǵᇡ‫ޕ‬аϷወӧ‫ޑ‬॥ᓀংǴ਻ংᡂᎂ᝼ᚒӧ୯ሞᆶ‫཮ޗ‬΢೴ ᅌ‫ډڙ‬ख़ຎǶ৪ऍऴᆶླྀཀ๭(2011)аႝ၉ೖୢΑှᆵ᡼҇౲ჹ‫ܭ‬ӄౚཪϯ‫ޑ‬॥ᓀᆶᇡ ‫ޕ‬Ǵว౜ஒ߈ΐԋ‫҇ޑ‬౲ᜢЈԜ᝼ᚒǹओᎹεᏢ‫ ޑ‬American’s Knowledge of Climate Change ፓࢗԾ 2008 ԃ໒‫ۈ‬Ǵ຾Չ‫؂‬ԃࡋ‫ޑ‬ऍ୯Γჹ਻ংᡂᎂ࣮‫ݤ‬ᆶᇡ‫ޑޕ‬ፓࢗǹ2013 ԃ‫ޑ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬ፓ่ࢗ݀ว౜ǴԖ 49%‫ޑ‬ऍ୯Γ࣬ߞӄౚཪϯᏤӢ‫ܭ‬Γࣁࢲ୏‫ޑ‬ቹៜǹ51%‫ޑ‬ Γჹӄౚཪϯག‫ډ‬ኁЈǹ࣬ߞӄౚཪϯ҅ӧวғ‫ޑ‬К‫ٯ‬ᗨฅัԖΠफ़ǴՠϝԖ 63% (Leiserowitz, Maibach, Roser-Renouf, Feinberg, & Howe, 2013)Ƕύ୯਻ং໺ኞ໨ҞύЈ‫ܭ‬ 2012 ԃ຾ՉȨύ୯Ϧ౲਻ংᡂϯᆶ਻ং໺ኞᇡ‫ݩރޕ‬ȩፓࢗǴ93%‫ޑ‬ύ୯҇౲ᇡࣁ਻ং ᡂᎂ҅ӧวғǴ55%‫ޑ‬Γᇡࣁ਻ংᡂᎂࢂΓᜪࢲ୏೷ԋǴ78%‫ޑ‬ΓჹԜག‫ډ‬ኁЈȐύ୯ ਻ং໺ኞ໨ҞύЈǴ2012ȑǶ җ‫਻ܭ‬ংᖿӛྕཪǴ‫ׯ‬ᡂΑӄౚНၗྍ‫ޑ‬ਔ‫ޜ‬ϩѲǴ৒ܰᡨԋኪ዗ǵኪհǵኪߘǵ ம‫ײ‬฻ཱུᆄ਻ংȐယ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2010ȑǴ೷ԋН஻ǵ‫ؠײ‬ǵ୏෌‫ੰࣝނ‬໺ኞǵහ݅εОǵၭ ཞ฻‫্ؠ‬ǴჹԾฅᕉნᆶΓᜪ‫཮ޗ‬೷ԋፂᔐǶ߈ԃٰШࣚӚӦᓎᕷ‫ཱུޑ‬ᆄ਻ংᆶϺ਻٣ ҹǴ೿сᡉΑ҅ຎ਻ংᡂᎂϷ‫࣬ځ‬ᜢቹៜ‫ޑ‬ख़ा‫܄‬Ǵ‫ٯ‬ӵ 2003 ԃߏၲ‫ޑڬٿ‬዗ੁߟ᠍ ኻࢪǴ೷ԋ‫ݤ‬୯ǵՋ੤У฻୯ຬၸ 4 ࿤Γᎁ዗ԝǹ2005 ԃऍ୯ફ༫‫ؼ‬ѱ‫ډڙ‬ьஞٗᗮ॥ ߟ᠍Ǵ೷ԋᝄख़‫্ؠޑ‬ǹ2009 ԃವ܎լረ॥ࣁᆵ᡼ࠄ೽Ӧ୔஥ٰઇइᒵ‫ߘޑ‬ໆǴ೷ԋଯ ໢ᑜҘиໂλ݅‫׸‬ᎁβҡࢬᆶውᡘֹӄవؒǴаϷᐞࢪ 2012 ‫ ډ‬2013 ԃ‫ޑ‬Ȩኌࡗ‫ޑ‬হ‫ۑ‬ȩ (Angry Summer)ǴวғΑઇइᒵ‫ޑ‬ଯྕǵᝄख़‫ޑ‬හ݅εОаϷཱུᆄफ़ߘ೷ԋ‫ࢫޑ‬Н ȐSteffen, 2013ǹယ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2010ȑǶ IPCC(2012) ӧᆅ౛ཱུᆄ٣ҹ‫্ؠک‬॥ᓀ௢຾਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾੝ձൔ֋(Special Report Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, SREX)ύǴаਡЈཷ‫ۺ‬კȐკ 2-1ȑᇥܴኪ៛ࡋ(exposure)ǵૄ১ࡋᆶཱུᆄ਻ং٣ҹǴஒ ،‫্ؠۓ‬॥ᓀ‫ޑ‬ᝄख़‫܄‬Ǵჹ‫҅ޑ཮ޗ‬தၮՉ೷ԋεೕኳ‫ޑ‬ઇᚯ‫܈‬όճቹៜǶԖ᠘‫਻ܭ‬ং ᡂᎂ‫ޕޑ‬᛽ǵ᝼ᚒϷ౐ੋቫय़࣬྽ቶǴ΋૓Γό৒࣮ܰ‫ـ‬ӄᇮǴIPCC ᆕӝᆶ਻ংᡂᎂ ᝼ᚒ࣬ᜢ‫ۺཷޑ‬Ǵ٩ྣཷ‫܄ޑۺ‬፦уаϩᜪǴฝр‫ڀ‬໘ቫ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂཷ‫ۺ‬კȐIPCC, 2007ǹယ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2010ȑ٩Ᏽཷ‫ۺ‬კȐკ 2-2ȑёว౜Ǵӄౚཪϯ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ᝼ᚒёϩࣁȨᆶ ӄౚཪϯ࣬ᜢ‫ࣽޑ‬Ꮲ٣ჴȩǵȨӄౚཪϯ೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐȩǵȨӄౚཪϯ‫ޑ‬ፓ፾฼ౣȩаϷ Ȩӄౚཪϯ‫ޑ‬෧጗ЋࢤȩѤεᜪဂǴԶ‫ځ‬ύፂᔐ཮ቚуᕉნ‫ૄޑ‬১ࡋǴፓ፾฼ౣࢂࣁΑ फ़եᕉნ‫ૄޑ‬১ࡋǴ෧጗Ћࢤ߾ࢂࣁΑफ़եፂᔐǴΟ‫ޣ‬ϐ໔۶Ԝϕ࣬ቹៜǴ٠Ӆӕࣁᙅ Αૄ১ࡋ‫ۺཷޑ‬ǹӢԜ෧጗ᆶፓ፾۶ԜϕံǴࢂफ़եኪ៛ࡋᆶૄ১‫܄‬ǴගଯᔈᡂૈΚ٠ फ़ե਻ংᡂᎂӚᅿ॥ᓀ‫ޑ‬ԖਏբࣁǶ. 8.

(19) ‫্ؠ‬. ૄ১‫܄‬. ਻ং. ‫্ؠ‬ ॥ᓀᆅ౛. Ծฅᡂ౗. Γࣁ ਻ংᡂᎂ. ว৖. Ϻ਻ᆶ ਻ং٣ҹ. ‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀ ፾ᔈ ਻ংᡂᎂ ኪ៛ࡋ. ྕ࠻਻ᡏ௨‫ܫ‬. კ 2-1! ᆅ౛ཱུᆄ٣ҹ‫্ؠک‬॥ᓀ௢຾਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾੝ձൔ֋ਡЈཷ‫ۺ‬კ (IPCCǴ2012Ǵp.2). 9.

(20) 10. კ 2-2! ਻ংᡂᎂཷ‫ۺ‬კ ȐIPCC, 2007ǹယ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2010ȑ.

(21) Βǵ෧጗ᆶፓ፾฼ౣ य़ჹёૈ‫্ؠޑ‬ϷቹៜǴࡼՉ෧጗Ϸፓ፾฼ౣǴӧϺฅ‫্ؠ‬ᓎϝǵᕉნૄ১ࡋଯ‫ޑ‬ ᆵ᡼ǴࢂߚதॐϪ‫ޑ‬Ǽ‫ך‬୯‫ޑ‬୯ৎ਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾ࡹ฼ᆜሦΨଞჹ‫্ؠ‬ǵᆢғ୷ᘵ೛ࡼǵ НၗྍǵβӦ٬Ҕǵੇ۞ǵૈྍ‫ٮ‬๏Ϸౢ཰ǵၭ཰ғౢϷғ‫ނ‬ӭኬ‫܄‬ǴаϷ଼நϐΖε ሦୱȐკ 2-3ȑගр਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐᆶࡷᏯȐՉࡹଣǴ2012ȑ Ƕՠፋፕ‫਻ډ‬ংᡂᎂǴ۳۳ ࢂཱུᆄ਻ং೷ԋ‫্ؠޑ‬ǵ࿯ऊૈྍǵ෧ᅹ฻᝼ᚒև౜Ǵჹ‫ܭ‬෧጗ǵፓ፾ǵፂᔐᆶૄ১ࡋ ‫ۺཷޑ‬ၨϿֹ᏾ЪԖ‫س‬಍Ӧև౜Ƕ ӧ‫্ؠ‬ሦୱ‫཮ޗޑ‬Ꮲࣴ‫ز‬ύǴ໧‫(܄‬resilience) ࢂࡰȨ‫לܢ‬ష໶‫ૈޑ‬Κ(the ability to resist disorder)ȩ(Fiksel, 2003)Ǵ໳ੀᓄ(2012)߾ЇҙࣁȨ‫س‬಍ϯှӒ্࠶ુ‫ૈޑ‬ΚǴ‫ک‬೷ ԋ‫س‬಍ૄ১ࡋ(vulnerability)ᡂϯङࡕ‫ޑ‬Κໆȩ Ǵཱུᆄ਻ংჹԾฅ‫س‬಍‫ׯޑ‬ᡂǵғᄊ‫س‬಍‫ޑ‬ ‫ׯ‬ᡂаϷΓᜪǵ‫཮ޗ‬Ϸ࿶ᔮ‫ޑ‬Οεቫय़೷ԋቹៜȐᎄ๷ǵ৊၈ǵ‫ࡌ׵‬ѳǴ2012ȑǴय़ჹ ёૈ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐᆶ॥ᓀǴᔈ၀ቚமԾฅᕉნᆶ‫ޗ‬࿶ᡏ‫ޑس‬໧‫܄‬Ƕ. კ 2-3! ӚሦୱፂᔐᆶࡷᏯ ȐЇԾ ୯ৎ਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾ࡹ฼ᆜሦǴ2012Ǵp.13ȑ. 11.

(22) ೸ၸ෧጗ᆶፓ፾฼ౣૈफ़եૄ১ࡋ٠ගϲ໧‫܄‬Ǵբ‫ݤ‬х֖୯ሞϦऊ‫ۓڋ‬Ϸၠ୯ӝ բǵ୯ৎ‫ࡹޑ‬฼‫ۓڋ‬ǵཥ‫ޑೌמ‬ว৖ǴаϷ࿶ᔮ‫ࡋڋ‬฻ǹࣁΑᙶమፂᔐǵૄ১ࡋǵ෧጗ ᆶፓ፾ӧ਻ংᡂᎂཷ‫ۺ‬ύж߄‫ޑ‬ཀကᆶቹៜǴஒ٩‫ׇ‬ឍܴǶ Ȑ΋ȑġፂᔐ(impact) ਻ংᡂᎂჹԾฅ‫س‬಍ᆶΓᜪ‫س‬಍‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴх֖ወӧፂᔐ(potential impacts) ᆶ़ғፂᔐ(residual impacts)ǹወӧፂᔐࡰόԵቾፓ፾‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ΠǴ‫܌‬Ԗёૈว ғ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂፂᔐǴԶ़ғፂᔐࢂࡰӧፓ፾ࡕϝёૈวғ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂፂᔐ (IPCC, 2003)Ƕ୯ৎ਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾ࡹ฼ᆜሦ᏾౛ΑΖεሦୱёૈౢғ‫ޑ‬ፂ ᔐǴ‫ٯ‬ӵफ़Н‫ޑ‬ਔ‫ޜ‬ό֡ǵၭ཰Ϸᙂ१Ӽӄǵғ‫ނ‬ӭኬ‫܄‬ǵੇѳय़΢ϲǵϦ Ӆፁғǵૈྍᆶ୯ৎӼӄ฻Ƕ ȐΒȑġૄ১ࡋ(vulnerability) ૄ১ࡋࡰࢌঁ‫س‬಍৒ܰ‫ډڙ‬Ӣ਻ংᡂᎂౢғ‫ޑ‬όճቹៜǴ‫܈‬ᜤаᔈჹ‫ޑ‬ ำࡋǴх֖‫س‬಍ኪ៛ӧ਻ংᡂᎂᆶཱུᆄ٣ҹቹៜਔ‫ޑ‬੝‫܄‬ǵமࡋϷ਻ংᡂϯ ‫ޑ‬ೲ౗ǵ௵ག‫܄‬Ϸፓ፾ૈΚ(IPCC, 2003)ǹIPCC ӧᆅ౛ཱུᆄ٣ҹ‫্ؠک‬॥ᓀ ௢຾਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾੝ձൔ֋ύࡰрǴόճቹៜ‫ޑ‬໼ӛ‫܈‬ᖿ༈ᆀࣁૄ১ࡋǴம ፓΑ‫཮ޗ‬Ϸ॥ᓀᆅ౛ቫय़‫ޑ‬ཀ఼(IPCC, 2012)Ƕ਻ংᡂᎂౢғ‫ޑ‬ҺՖ‫׎‬Ԅፂ ᔐ೿ஒቚуᕉნ‫س‬಍‫ૄޑ‬১ࡋǴՠૄ১ࡋ٠ߚߏΦόᡂ‫ޑ‬Ǵ཮‫ډڙ‬௦‫ޑڗ‬෧ ጗ᆶፓ፾฼ౣቹៜԶ‫ׯ‬ᡂǶ ȐΟȑġ෧጗(mitigation) IPCC(2003)ᇡࣁǴаΓࣁυႣ‫ޑ‬БԄ෧ϿӚᅿྕ࠻਻ᡏ‫(ྍٰޑ‬sources) ‫܈‬ቚம౽ନǵᓯӸ(sink)Ӛᅿྕ࠻਻ᡏᆀࣁ෧጗Ƕ௦‫ڗ‬෧Ͽྕ࠻਻ᡏ௨‫ܫ‬Ǵ аϷ౽ନᆶ֎ԏྕ࠻਻ᡏ‫ࡹޑ‬฼ǵ‫ೌמ‬ǵ‫ׯ‬ᡂғࢲಞᄍǵගঀեᅹ࿶ᔮǵ୯ ሞӝբᆶජշǵ෧጗྄݅฻Ǵࣣឦ‫ܭ‬෧጗‫ޑ‬ጄᛑǶ෧጗‫ޑ‬Ҟ‫ࣁࢂޑ‬Αफ़եჹ ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐǴΨૈफ़եૄ১ࡋǴफ़ե‫্ؠ‬วғ‫ޑ‬॥ᓀǶ ȐѤȑġፓ፾(adaptation) ፓ፾ࡰό᝻Ϸྕ࠻਻ᡏ෧ໆ‫ޑ‬௃ნΠǴࣁΑफ़եԾฅ‫س‬಍‫܈‬Γᜪ‫س‬಍Ӣ ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑډڙ‬ჴሞ‫܈‬Ⴃය‫ޑ‬ቹៜԶ௦‫ޑڗ‬ፓ᏾Ǵаၲ‫ډ‬फ़ե໾্٠ள‫ډ‬ന ε‫ޑ‬ᕇ੻ǹёϩࣁЬ୏ᆶ೏୏‫ޑ‬፾ᔈǵঁΓᆶϦ౲‫ޑ‬፾ᔈǴаϷԾЬ‫܈܄‬ी ฝ‫ޑ܄‬፾ᔈ(IPCC, 2003ǹIPCC, 2007)Ƕ௦‫ڗ‬ፓ፾฼ౣૈफ़եૄ১ࡋǴቚமԾ ฅᆶΓᜪ‫س‬಍‫ޑ‬໧‫܄‬Ǵࢂय़ჹ਻ংᡂᎂёૈ஥ٰ‫্ؠ‬ਔǴૈԖк‫ྗى‬ഢаफ़ ե‫্ؠ‬ϷཞѨ‫ޑ‬Ѹा௛ࡼȐယ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2006ȑǶ ‫ך‬୯਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾ࡹ฼ᆜሦஒȨ෧጗ȩ ǵ Ȩፓ፾ȩᆶȨ਻ং‫س‬಍ȩ ǵ ȨԾฅ‫س‬಍ȩ ǵ Ȩ‫ޗ‬ ཮‫س‬಍ȩϷȨ࿶ᔮ‫س‬಍ȩ‫ޑ‬Ҭϕᜢ߯аკ 2-4 ߄ҢȐՉࡹଣǴ2012ȑǴҞ኱ࣁගϲϷ଼ ӄᆵ᡼य़ჹ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ፓ፾ૈΚǴаफ़եૄ১ࡋǶ௢՗ᆵ᡼҂ٰ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂ௃ნǴ਻ྕ. 12.

(23) ёૈၨ 20 Шइ҃΢ϲឪМ 2~3 ࡋǴߘ‫ۑ‬ਔߘໆቚуǵଳ‫ߘۑ‬ໆ߾෧ϿǴረ॥Ϸཱུᆄफ़ ߘ‫ޑ‬மࡋёૈቚуǶय़ჹ਻ংᡂᎂǴ෧጗வਥҁှ،Ǵፓ፾߾ࣁჹ‫਻ל‬ং‫ݯޑ্ؠ‬኱௛ ࡼǴՠ‫ޣޣٿ‬தӢ฼ౣ΢ϕԖჹҥ‫܈‬ҟ࣯ǴԶ೏ᇤှԋϕό࣬৒‫ޑ‬ǹՠϩ‫ځ݋‬ಖཱུҞ኱ ࣁ෧ᇸΏԿ‫੃ܭ‬ନΓࣁࢲ୏Ꮴठ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐǴࡺ‫ޣٿ‬ᔈࣁѳՉЪϕံ‫਻ޑ‬ংࡹ ฼Ǵόૈ࣬ϕ‫ڗ‬жȐླྀપܴǵ஭ठ౰ǵഋᗱ‫ۑ‬Ǵ2011ǹ݅‫ػ‬ཁǴ2009ȑǶ. კ 2-4! ਻ংᆶ҉ុว৖Ңཀკ ȐЇԾ ୯ৎ਻ংᡂᎂፓ፾ࡹ฼ᆜሦǴ2012Ǵp.3ȑ ፓ፾ᆶ෧጗х֖Αࡹ฼ᔕ‫ۓ‬ǵፓ᏾ࡹ۬ಔᙃᆶ‫ࢎࡓݤ‬ᄬǵࡌᄬ‫্ؠ‬ٛ௱ᆶႣ᝾‫س‬ ಍ǵႴᓰϦ҇ୖᆶǵගଯ࿶ᔮᇨӢ฻ጄᛑǹ٠ሡा೸ၸ௲‫ػ‬Ǵ୻Ꭶ਻ংᡂᎂ෧጗ᆶፓ፾ ‫ࣴޑೌמ‬วǵࣴ‫ز‬ᆶϩ‫݋‬஑཰Γ঩ǴаϷ‫ڀ‬ഢ‫ؼ‬ӳᕉნનᎦϷ਻ংᡂᎂનᎦ‫ޑ‬Ϧ҇Ƕᒿ ๱਻ংᡂᎂჹԾฅᆶΓᜪᕉნ஥ٰ‫ુ࠶ޑ‬В੻ቚуǴ෧጗ᆶፓ፾฼ౣςԋࣁШࣚӚ୯ख़ ा‫ޑ‬Ӣᔈ฼ౣǶ. 13.

(24) ಃΒ࿯ġ ‫ך‬୯ૈྍ౜‫ݩ‬ᆶࡹ฼‫و‬ӛ. ΋ǵ‫ך‬୯ૈྍ٬Ҕ౜‫ݩ‬ ૈྍ(energy)ж߄Ȩբф‫ૈޑ‬ΚȩǴᙁൂ‫ޑ‬ᇥૈྍԖӭᅿ‫׎‬ᄊǴёၮҔπ‫܈ڀ‬೛ࡼǴ ஒѬᙯඤԋф‫ނޑ‬፦‫܈‬ΚໆǹԶ੟က‫ۓޑ‬က߾ёϩࣁȨ߃ભૈྍȩᆶȨԛભૈྍȩ‫ٿ‬ᜪǶ ߃ભૈྍό໪࿶ၸೀ౛ᆶᙯඤߡૈ‫ޔ‬ௗ٬ҔǴх֖ёӆғૈྍȐচ਑ёவԾฅᕉნύό ᘐᕇ‫ڗ‬Ǵӵϼ໚ૈǵӦ዗ૈǵ॥ૈǵғ፦ૈǵዊԤૈȑᆶόёӆғૈྍȐচ਑อਔ໔ϣ ค‫ࡠݤ‬ൺǴӵϯҡᐯ਑ȑǹԶԛભૈྍ߾ሡஒ߃ભ‫܈‬Βભૈྍϒаೀ౛ǵᙯඤࡕωૈ‫׎‬ ԋǶૈྍჹΓᜪ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬ว৖Μϩख़ाǴࣁ௢୏ว৖‫ޑ‬চ୏ΚǴග‫ٮ‬ว৖‫܌‬ሡ‫ૈޑ‬ໆǵᐯ ਑ǵচ਑Ϸ୏ΚǴࢂ౜ж‫཮ޗ‬ᆶ୯ৎ࿶ᔮࡌ೛‫ޑ‬ख़ााનȐࢫሎᖰǵ⍛ါӀǵ‫ڬ‬٥⪭ǵ ယ‫ݒ‬၈Ǵ2010ȑǶ ᆵ᡼ࢂঁԃᇸ‫ޑ‬৞ᔁǴӦ፦ԃស໻ऊ 600 ࿤ԃǴࣁᐱҥ‫سྍૈޑ‬಍Ƕ‫ڙ‬ज़‫ྍૈܭ‬ၗ ྍีલǴԾౢૈྍ໻эᕴ‫ٮ‬๏‫ ޑ‬2.18%Ǵཱུࡋһᒘ຾αΨᏤठૈྍ٩Ӹࡋଯၲ 97.49%Ȑ࿶ ᔮ೽Ǵ2012ȑǶ2012 ԃᆵ᡼ૈྍ‫ٮ‬๏่ᄬаྡࣅǵҡ‫ݨ‬ǵϺฅ਻‫ޑ‬ϯҡᐯ਑ࣁЬǴК‫ٯ‬ ஒ߈ΐԋǴਡૈวႝК‫ٯ‬ऊ 8%Ǵ‫ځ‬Ꭹҗғ፦ૈǵНΚวႝǵӦ዗ǵ॥ΚϷϼ໚ૈ฻ග ‫ٮ‬Ǵឦ‫ܭ‬ଯᅹૈྍ่ᄬǹ᏾ᡏ‫ޑ‬วႝ่ᄬΨଯࡋॸᒘϯҡૈྍǴᐯྡǵᐯ਻ǵᐯ‫ݨ‬՞ 77.7%Ǵਡૈ՞ 10.5%Ǵӆғૈྍ໻՞ 11.9%Ȑ࿶ᔮ೽Ǵ2012ǹֆӆ੻ǵ݅ঞျǵߠϘကǵ ࢒ߝဂǵ໳҉ችǴ2012ȑǶ ၸѐ 20 ԃ໔‫ך‬୯‫ྍૈޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ԋߏِೲǴ୯ϣૈྍ੃຤ԃѳ֡ԋߏ౗ࣁ 3.52%ǴΓ ֡ҔႝໆΨόᘐ΢ϲǹय़ჹᡂϯቃਗ਼‫ޑ‬୯ሞૈྍᕉნǴࣁΑዴߥૈྍሽ਱ǵ‫ٮ‬๏ໆᛙ‫ۓ‬Ǵ аճ୯ৎ᏾ᡏว৖ǴӧϺฅၗྍ೦ЮЪࣁᐱҥૈྍ‫س‬಍‫ޑ‬ᆵ᡼Ǵ‫ߏۓڋ‬ᇻЪӢᔈ୯ሞ௃ ༈‫ࡹྍૈޑ‬฼ࢂΜϩॐϪǶ. Βǵૈྍࡹ฼‫ޑ‬ว৖ җ‫ךܭ‬୯‫ٮྍૈޑ‬๏ऊ 98%ࣣࣁ୯Ѧ຾αǴЪК‫ٯ‬๱ख़‫ܭ‬ϯҡૈྍǴ৒ܰ‫ډڙ‬୯ሞ ௃༈฻Ӣન೷ԋሽ਱ᆶૈྍ‫ٮ‬๏ໆ‫୏ݢ‬Ǵቹៜ୯ϣ҇ғᆶ࿶ᔮว৖ǶࣁΑዴߥૈྍӼ ӄǵ҇ғሡ‫؃‬ᆶ࿶ᔮว৖ǴՉࡹଣ‫ ܭ‬1973 ԃਡ‫ۓ‬ϦѲૈྍࡹ฼Ǵϐࡕ࿶ᐕ 1979 ԃǵ1984 ԃ‫ٿ‬ԛҡ‫ݨ‬Ӓᐒǵ1990 ԃ‫ݢޑ‬ථ᡼Ꮿ‫ݾ‬аϷ 1996 ԃૈྍౢ཰ԾҗϯǴ΋Ӆ຾ՉΑ 4 ԛ অ҅ǹεठёϩࣁ 1998 ԃ߻‫ޑ‬Ȩ࿶ᔮว৖ࠠૈྍࡹ฼ȩ ǵ1998ɴ2004 ԃ‫ޑ‬Ȩୃӛ҉ុว ৖ࠠૈྍࡹ฼ȩǴаϷ 2005 ԃଆ‫ޑ‬Ȩ҉ុૈྍࡹ฼ȩΟ໘ࢤȐֆӆ੻฻Ǵ2012ȑǶ‫ך‬୯ ૈྍࡹ฼ว৖ਔำ‫ـ‬კ 2-5Ƕ. 14.

(25) კ 2-5! ‫ך‬୯ૈྍࡹ฼ว৖ਔำ ȐЇԾ π཰‫زࣴೌמ‬ଣૈྍᆶᕉნࣴ‫܌ز‬Ǵ2011Ǵp.99ȑ. 15.

(26) ՉࡹଣϦѲ‫ྍૈޑ‬ว৖ᆜሦаȨࡌᄬӼӄᛙ‫ۓ‬ǵԖਏ౗Ъዅృ‫ٮྍૈޑ‬ሡ‫س‬಍ȩࣁ ᜫඳǴவȨሡ‫؃‬ᆄȩ ǵ Ȩ‫ٮ‬๏ᆄȩϷȨ‫س‬಍ᆄȩ๱ЋǴᆅ౛ૈྍ٬Ҕǵගଯ٬Ҕਏ౗ǵफ़ եૈྍ٩ᒘǵ‫ׯ‬ᡂૈྍ่ᄬǵִ๓ೕჄϷගϲ᏾ᡏ‫س‬಍‫ޑ‬ਏૈǹ٠ᜢ‫ݙ‬॥ᓀᆅ౛ǵ‫ࡓݤ‬ ‫ࡋڋ‬ǵѱ൑ᐒ‫ڋ‬ǵ࿯ૈ෧ᅹϷ௲‫࠹ػ‬ᏤǴаᗌӛ҉ុว৖ȐՉࡹଣǴ2012ȑǶՠၸѐ 20 ԃٰǴᆵ᡼‫੃ྍૈޑ‬຤࡭ុԋߏǴ‫ځ‬ύаπ཰೽ߐ‫઻੃ޑ‬К‫ٯ‬നଯǴЪଯᅹ௨‫ޑܫ‬ϯҡ ૈྍэ‫ٮ‬๏่ᄬऊ 80%ǴᜤаၲԋΒ਼ϯᅹ‫ޑ‬෧ໆҞ኱Ȑֆӆ੻฻Ǵ2012ȑǶ ၸѐࣽᏢৎჹ‫ܭ‬٬Ҕϯҡᐯ਑ࢂց཮೷ԋӄౚ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂག‫ډ‬ᏼኁǴࡌ᝼൨‫פ‬ඹж ϯҡᐯ਑‫ྍૈޑ‬Ǵ٠ჹஒाᡂཪ‫ޑ‬Шࣚ଺ӳྗഢȐ௏௴Ꮜ᝿Ǵ1982ȑǶԿϞӄౚૈྍ‫س‬ ಍‫܌‬ౢғ‫਻࠻ྕޑ‬ᡏ௨‫ܫ‬ςэᕴໆ‫ޑ‬΋ъа΢ǴࣁΑঋ៝࿶ᔮว৖ᆶᕉნߥៈǴ୯ሞठ Κ‫ܭ‬ว৖ၨϯҡᐯ਑ଳృǵమዅ‫ޑ‬ඹжૈྍȐࢫሎᖰ฻Ǵ2010ȑǹՠၸѐഢ‫ڙ‬යࡑ‫ޑ‬ཥ ૈྍȐӵణૈǵϼ໚ૈȑว৖҂ૈၟ΢౜жΓ઻Ҕϯҡૈྍ‫ޑ‬ೲࡋǴ‫ೌמ‬ԋዕ‫ޑ‬ਡૈว ႝΨӢ 1979 ԃऍ୯Ο੊৞‫ޑ‬ᒟ৔ԡࢉǵ1986 ԃ᝵ᖄًᒍКਡႝ‫ؠ‬ᡂǴаϷ 2011 ԃВҁ ᅽ৞ਡ‫ؠ‬ЇวϸਡᖂੁǹԶёӆғ‫ޑ‬ϼ໚ૈǵ॥ΚૈǵНΚૈǵғ፦ૈӕኬΨԖᙯඤਏ ౗եǵԋҁଯǵ໒ว‫ݾ‬᝼ǵ‫ڙ‬ϺংӢનቹៜ฻ज़‫ڋ‬Ƕ ᆵ᡼ᗨߚᖄӝ୯཮঩୯Ǵय़ჹ਻ংᡂᎂϝ໪ॄଆ෧Ͽྕ࠻਻ᡏ௨‫ޑܫ‬ೢҺǴՠӧલ ЮԾౢૈྍǵૈྍ่ᄬୃӛϯҡᐯ਑ǵ࡭ុ΢ϲ‫઻੃ྍૈޑ‬ໆ฻௃ნΠǴࡐᜤᡣ࿶ᔮว ৖ǵૈྍᛙ‫ٮۓ‬ᔈǵߚਡৎ༜ǵ࿯ૈ෧ᅹǵᕉߥ฻ນ‫؃‬೿ঋ៝‫ډ‬Ƕૈྍ‫่ޑ‬ᄬᆶࡹ฼த ‫ډڙ‬୯ሞ௃༈ǵࡹ฼ǵ࿶ᔮᆶౢ཰่ᄬǵϦ҇ཀ᛽฻ᕉნǵ‫཮ޗ‬य़ӛቹៜǴӢԜ೸ၸ௲ ‫୻ػ‬ΚϦ҇‫ڀ‬ഢ਻ংᡂᎂϷૈྍનᎦǴ٬‫ځ‬ᜢЈૈྍ᝼ᚒǴ٠ૈၮҔ‫ޕ‬᛽ϷૈΚ଺р҅ ዴ‫ྍૈޑ‬،฼ࢂΜϩख़ा‫ޑ‬Ƕ. 16.

(27) ಃΟ࿯ġ ૈྍનᎦᆶૈྍ௲‫ػ‬. ΋ǵૈྍનᎦ ॡМ୯ሞӷ‫ڂ‬ȐWebster’s Third New International Dictionaryȑࣚ‫ۓ‬નᎦ(literacy)΋ຒ ‫ۓޑ‬ကচࣁ᎙᠐ᆶਜቪǴջࡰ‫ڀ‬ഢ᛽ӷ‫ک‬ਜቪ‫ૈޑ‬ΚǶ‫ࡕځ‬નᎦ‫ޑ‬ཀ఼೴ᅌ‫ۯ‬՜Ǵ‫ࡰݱ‬ ‫ڙ‬ၸ‫ؼ‬ӳ௲‫ػ‬ǵԖቶറ‫ޕ‬᛽Ǵ٠ᘉ৖‫ډ‬ӚᅿᏢೌሦୱȐ‫ڬ‬ᏦᖃǴ2010Ǵླྀ߷ࡹǴ1993ȑǶ ௲‫ػ‬౛ፕৎ E.D. Hirsch, Jr ᇡࣁǴ‫཮ޗঁ؂‬ᆶШж‫ڀ‬ഢનᎦ‫ޑ‬ΓΑှ‫ޑ‬٣‫ނ‬Ԗ‫܌‬όӕǴ ӢԜનᎦؒԖ๊ჹ‫ۓޑ‬ကǴЪનᎦόѝࢂ᎙᠐ૈΚԶςǴԶࢂж߄‫ڀ‬ഢᡣΓૈ᎙᠐ᆶΑ ှૈΚ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢङඳ‫ޕ‬᛽(DeWaters, Powers & Graham, 2007ǹShamshayooadeh, 2011) Ƕҗ Ԝё‫ـ‬ǴનᎦ٠ߚԖ‫܈‬ค‫ޑ‬Β຾‫ࡘڋ‬ᆢǴԶࢂவค‫ډ‬Ԗ‫ޑ‬ၸำǴх֖ᏱԖϷ‫ڗ‬ள‫ޕ‬᛽ǵ ճҔ‫ޕ‬᛽Ǵ‫ڀ‬ഢӳ‫ڻ‬ǵ࠼ᢀ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǴૈຑ՗ᆶᔈҔၗૻǵ‫מ‬ѯǴ଺р҅ዴ،‫ۓ‬ᆶՉ୏(Oliver, 2013)Ƕ ૈྍёᇥࢂ 21 Шइ‫ޑ‬ख़ा᝼ᚒϐ΋Ǵϯҡᐯ਑ࣁΓᜪ‫཮ޗ‬൚‫ۓ‬Α୷ᘵǴᕷᄪΑ࿶ ᔮᆶౢ཰Ǵග‫ٮ‬Αк‫ޑى‬१‫ނ‬ᆶߡճ‫܄‬Ƕՠ౜ϞШࣚӚ୯ࣣय़ᖏ๱ᕉნࠔ፦‫ޑ‬ൾϯǵϯ ҡᐯ਑࢏ᆃϷ਻ংᡂᎂǴ‫ڀ‬ഢ‫ؼ‬ӳૈྍનᎦ‫ޑ‬Ϧ҇ӧय़ჹ೭٤ᕉნୢᚒਔǴૈ଺р‫ڬ‬ ‫ۯ‬ǵॄೢҺ‫ྍૈޑ‬،฼ᆶՉ୏(DeWaters et al., 2007)ǶTurcotte et al.(2012)‫ۓ‬ကࣁૈྍન Ꭶࣁவૈྍ୷ᘵ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ډ‬Αှቹៜૈྍ࣬ᜢ،฼฻ӢનǴਥҁ‫܄‬Ӧᇡ᛽ૈྍǶBrewer, Lee, & Johnson(2011)ᇡࣁૈྍનᎦࢂࡰவঁΓǵ୯ৎϷӄౚቫय़౛ှૈྍཷ‫ۺ‬ᆶᜢೱ‫܄‬ǴΑ ှૈྍӵՖౢғᆶ੃઻Ǵ೸ၸϦ҇‫ୖޑ‬ᆶϷᒧ᏷Ǵှ،ӄౚ‫ྍૈޑ‬ӒᐒǶOliver(2013) ᇡࣁ೸ၸΑှૈྍ‫ޑ‬ሽॶǵගϲϦ҇ୖᆶǵ୻ᎦॄೢҺ‫ޑ‬،฼ૈΚǴёаߦ຾ࣽ‫מ‬ॠཥ ᆶᘉε‫׫‬ၗᐒ཮Ǵࡌҥε౲‫ߞޑ‬Јᆶࡹ‫ݯ‬Ѝ࡭(DeWaters & Powers, 2008ǹOliver, 2013)Ƕ US DOE ଞჹૈྍનᎦගрΎ໨୷ҁཷ‫ۺ‬Ǻ1.ૈྍࢂᒥൻᆒዴԾฅ‫ނޑࡓۓ‬౛ໆǹ 2.Ӧౚ΢‫ނޑ‬౛ၸำࢂૈໆࢬ೯ၸӦౚ‫س‬಍‫่݀ޑ‬ǹ3.ғ‫ނ‬ၸำһᒘ‫ܭ‬೯ၸჹӦౚ‫س‬಍ ‫ૈޑ‬ໆࢬǹ4.ӚᅿૈྍёаҔٰ០୏Γᜪ‫୏ࢲޑ‬Ǵՠ۳۳Ѹ໪வၗྍᙯϯԋҞ‫ޑޑ‬Ҕ೼ǹ 5.ૈྍ،฼‫ډڙ‬࿶ᔮǵࡹ‫ݯ‬ǵᕉნ‫཮ޗک‬Ӣન‫ޑ‬ቹៜǹ6.Γᜪ‫܌཮ޗ‬٬Ҕ‫ޑྍૈޑ‬ໆǴ ‫ڗ‬،‫ܭ‬೚ӭӢનǹ7.ঁΓ‫ޑ཮ޗک‬ғࢲࠔ፦‫ྍૈډڙ‬ᒧ᏷‫ޑ‬ቹៜ(US Department of Energy, 2012)ǶDeWaters et al.(2007)ୖԵࣽ‫מ‬નᎦᆶᕉნનᎦ‫ࡕۺཷޑ‬ǴஒૈྍનᎦ୔ ϩࣁȨቶ‫ޕޑݱ‬᛽ȩ ǵ Ȩ౛ှȩ ǵ Ȩ‫ૈמ‬ȩ ǵ Ȩ௵གࡋ/ᄊࡋȩϷനಖҞ኱Ȩୖᆶ/ՉࣁཀკȩǴ ‫ڀ‬ഢૈྍનᎦ‫ޑ‬Ϧ҇Ǻ1.ૈჹВதғࢲύ‫ྍૈޑ‬٬ҔԖ୷ҁΑှǹ2.Αှૈྍғౢǵ੃ ຤ჹᕉნᆶ‫཮ޗ‬Ӛሦୱ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐǹ3.ག‫ډڙ‬࿯ऊૈྍǵว৖ඹжϯҡᐯ਑‫ޑྍૈޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ǹ 4.ᡏᇡঁΓ‫࣬ྍૈޑ‬ᜢ،฼ᆶՉ୏཮ቹៜ᏾ঁШࣚǹаϷ 5.аϷ೸ၸᒧ᏷ᆶ،฼Ǵ߄Ң ჹૈྍว৖ᆶૈྍ੃઻‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǶ. 17.

(28) य़ჹૈྍ᝼ᚒϷᒧ᏷ǴૈྍનᎦό‫ى‬ਔᇡ‫ޕ‬ǵᄊࡋᆶՉࣁஒᜤа‫ڐ‬ፓǵ΋ठǹ‫ॺך‬ ሡा‫׳‬Αှૈྍ‫ޑ‬٬Ҕᆶ‫ٮ‬๏Ǵх֖‫ނ‬౛‫܄‬፦ǵ࿶ᔮǵࣽ‫מ‬ǵ‫཮ޗ‬ཀ఼ǵ୯ৎӼӄ‫܈‬ᕉ ნ᝼ᚒǴаϷ‫ځ‬ҬϕբҔ(US Department of Energy, 1982)ǶόӕШжय़ჹ‫ޑ‬ᕉნ౜‫ݩ‬Ǵ аϷሡाှ،‫ޑ‬ୢᚒόᅰ࣬ӕǴ୤Ԗ‫ک‬౜ϞШжय़ᖏ‫ޑ‬௃ნೱ่ǴᕉნનᎦωૈ੿҅ϸ ࢀቹៜૈྍ،฼‫מࣽޑ‬ǵ࿶ᔮǵࡹ‫ݯ‬ᆶ‫཮ޗ‬ᜢ‫ݙ‬໔‫ޑ‬ҬϕբҔǶᆕӝ߻Γࣴ‫ز‬ගϷ‫ૈޑ‬ ྍનᎦख़ाҞ኱ǵ੝፦ǵᔈ‫ڀ‬ഢૈΚ฻Ǵҁࣴ‫ྍૈࣁز‬નᎦΠ‫ޑ‬ᏹբࠠ‫ۓ‬ကࣁȨΑှૈ ྍӧԾฅШࣚ‫سޑ‬಍ǴаϷғ‫ڮ‬ᆶғ‫ڮ‬ǵғ‫ڮ‬ᆶߚғ‫ڮ‬໔ҬϕբҔύ‫فޑ‬ՅǴჹૈྍ‫ޑ‬ ᝼ᚒԖ‫܌‬᝺‫(ޕ‬awareness)ǵᜢЈ(concern)ǵ౛ှ(understanding)ᆶՉ୏(action)Ǵ٠‫ڀ‬ഢှ ،ୢᚒ‫ૈޑ‬ΚȩǶ. Βǵૈྍ௲‫ޑػ‬ว৖ᆶ‫ۓ‬က Orr ᇡࣁ‫܌‬Ԗ‫ޑ‬௲‫ػ‬೿ࢂᕉნ௲‫ػ‬Ǵόፕᒧ᏷Αϙሶ௲Ꮲϣ৒Ǵ೿ࢂԾฅᕉნ‫ޑ‬΋ ೽ϩǹय़ჹᕉნᆶ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐǴ௲‫ػ‬๱ख़‫ޑ‬ϣ৒Ѹ໪ӣᘜȨϙሶ௲‫ػ‬ϣ৒ჹᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ ಖ‫ޑي‬ᅽࣸԖ‫܌‬ᔅշǻȩϷȨϙሶ௲Ꮲჹ౜Ϟᆶ҂ٰ‫཮ޗޑ‬ᅽࣸԖ‫܌‬ଅ᝘ǻȩ(Orr,1991ǹ US Department of Energy, 1982 ) Ƕૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ӧှ،౜Ϟ‫ޑ‬ᕉნୢᚒύ‫ת‬ᄽ‫فޑ‬Յǵ‫ۓ‬က ᆶว৖౜‫ݩ‬Ǵஒ೴΋ឍॊǺ Ȑ΋ȑġᕉნ௲‫ػ‬ᆶૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ ᕉნ௲‫ޑػ‬ว৖ଆྍ‫ܭ‬ಃΒԛШࣚεᏯࡕπ཰ว৖ِೲǴ྽ਔᕉნߥៈ ᢀ‫ۘۺ‬҂ుϯ҇ЈǴ೷ԋΑ‫਻ޜ‬ǵНǵੇࢩǵβᝆϷ‫ܫ‬৔‫܄‬ቲ਑ԡࢉǵԖࢥ ‫ނ‬፦Ѧࢻ฻ᕉნୢᚒǶԖ᠘‫ܭ‬ᕉნࠔ፦‫ޑ‬ൾϯǴ1972 ԃ‫ڂྷܭ‬२೿ථቺঢᅟ ነ є ໒ ‫ ޑ‬Ȩ Γ ᜪ ᕉ ნ ཮ ᝼ ȩ (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment)Ǵᆶ཮Ӛ୯ჹᕉნ‫ޑ‬ൾϯుགኁЈǴ૸ፕ྽ж‫ޑ‬ᕉნୢᚒᆶᕉ ߥ฼ౣǹ཮ࡕ‫ޑ‬ว߄࠹‫ق‬ύ‫ޑ‬Μΐచྍ߾ගϷǺࣁΑவঁΓǵҾ཰ᆶ‫ޑ୔ޗ‬ ቫय़ѐߥៈᆶ‫ׯ‬๓ᕉნǴ௲‫ػ‬ԃᇸШжǵԋΓϷ১༈ဂᡏᜢ‫ܭ‬ᕉნ‫ޑ‬٣‫ࢂނ‬ ख़ा‫ޑ‬Ȑླྀ߷ࡹǴ1997ȑǶ 1977 ԃᖄӝ୯௲ࣽЎಔᙃ(United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, UNESCO)‫ܭ‬դճՋ(Tbilisi)є໒‫۬ࡹޑ‬໔ᕉნ௲‫཮ػ‬ ᝼(Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education)ǴឍܴΑᕉნ௲ ‫ޑػ‬Ҟ኱ǵҞ‫ޑ‬ᆶࡰᏤБଞǴჹ‫ځ‬ว৖Ԗుᇻ‫ޑ‬ቹៜǺமፓᕉნ௲‫ࢂػ‬ᜢЈ Ӛᅿόӕ‫ޑ‬ᕉნȐхࡴΓᆶᕉნǵғᄊϷЎϯǵ࿶ᔮ໔‫ޑ‬Ҭϕᜢ߯ȑǵᕉნ ௲‫ػ‬ाᡣ‫ঁ؂‬Γᕇளߥៈᆶ‫ׯ‬๓ᕉნ‫܌‬ሡ‫ޕޑ‬᛽ǵᄊࡋᆶ‫ૈמ‬Ǵ௴วჹ᏾ᡏ ᕉნ‫ޑ‬᝺‫ޕ‬ǴᜫཀбрՉ୏ǶӢԜ၀཮᝼଺р،᝼Ǵᇡࣁᕉნ௲‫ࢂػ‬ಖғᏢ ಞ‫ޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ᐕำǴЪ٠ߚ‫ܭ‬౜Չፐำύቚу΋ঁཥ‫ࣽޑ‬ҞǴԶࢂᑼΕ‫ܭ‬౜Ԗ‫ޑ‬ ᏢਠፐำύǶ. 18.

(29) ୯ሞԾฅၗྍߥ‫ػ‬ᖄ࿉(International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN)‫ۓ‬ကȨᕉნ௲‫ࢂػ‬ᇡ‫ޕ‬ሽॶᆶዂమཷ‫ޑۺ‬ၸ ำǴҔаว৖ૈΑှᆶ‫ݒ‬፞ΓᜪǵЎϯǴаϷғ‫ނ‬ᆶ‫ڬ‬ᎁᕉნ‫ޑ‬Ѹा‫ૈמ‬ᆶ ᄊࡋȩǴӕਔΨሡाᔈҔ‫ܭ‬Ȩय़ჹԖᜢ‫ܭ‬ᕉნࠔ፦‫ޑ‬ୢᚒ‫ޑ‬،฼ǴаϷԾ‫ך‬ ‫ۓ‬Տ‫ޑ‬ՉࣁೕጄȩȐླྀ߷ࡹǴ1997ȑ Ƕ‫ך‬୯ 2010 ԃ೯ၸᕉნ௲‫ݤػ‬Ǵ2011 ԃ ਡ‫ۓ‬Ȩ୯ৎᕉნ௲‫ػ‬ᆜሦȩǴ‫ۓ‬ကᕉნ௲‫ࣁػ‬ǺၮҔ௲‫ػ‬Б‫ݤ‬Ǵ୻‫ػ‬୯҇Α ှᆶᕉნϐউ౛ᜢ߯Ǵ ቚ຾୯҇ߥៈᕉნϐ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵ‫ૈמ‬ǵᄊࡋϷሽॶᢀǴߦ ٬୯҇ख़ຎᕉნǴ௦‫ڗ‬Չ୏Ǵаၲ҉ុว৖ϐϦ҇௲‫ػ‬ၸำǹ‫ߏځ‬යҞ኱ࣁ Ȩуೲᕉნ௲‫ػ‬දϷϯǴ୻‫ػ‬୯҇Αှᕉნউ౛Ǵቚ຾ߥៈᕉნϐ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵ‫מ‬ ૈǵᄊࡋϷሽॶᢀǴߦ٬ख़ຎᕉნǴ௦‫ڗ‬Ӛ໨ᕉߥՉ୏Ǵаၲ҉ុว৖ȩ Ȑᕉ ߥ࿿Ǵ2011ȑǶ ΢ॊ‫ۓ‬ကឍܴᕉნ௲‫ޑػ‬ЁࡋቶεǴࢂ೸ၸᏢಞᕉნ࣬ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽ᆶ‫ૈמ‬ǵ ཷ‫ۺ‬ϷሽॶዂమǴ௴วჹᕉნ‫ޑ‬᝺‫ޕ‬ǵ୻Ꭶ҅ӛ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǵගϲՉ୏‫ޑ‬ཀკǴ ٠ૈΑှᕉნᆶΓᜪǵғ‫ڮ‬໔‫ޑ‬Ҭϕᜢ߯‫ޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ᐕำǶԶૈྍӸӧ‫ܭ‬Ծฅᕉ ნύǴቹៜΑӦౚ‫س‬಍ǵғ‫ྍڮ‬ଆǵࣽ‫מ‬ว৖ǵΓᜪЎܴǴࢂᕉნ‫ޑ‬ख़ाा નǶૈྍ‫ޑ‬௲Ꮲϣ৒Μϩቶ‫ݱ‬Ǵх֖዗ΚᏢ‫ࡓۓ‬฻ࣽᏢ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵૈྍᙯඤǵૈ ྍᅿᜪǵ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬ᕉნ᝼ᚒǴаϷ෧጗ᆶፓ፾฼ౣ฻ǹӢԜૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ന߃೏ᘜ ‫ܭ‬ᕉნ௲‫ػ‬ϐጄᛑϣǴࣁ‫ځ‬ख़ाϣ఼ϐ΋(Petrock, 1981)Ƕࡺ೏ӈΕᕉნ௲‫ػ‬ ϐጄᛑǶ ȐΒȑġૈྍ௲‫ۓػ‬က ୯ϣѦ௲‫ࣚػ‬ჹૈྍ௲‫ۘػ‬҂Ԗ΋ठ‫ۓޑ܄‬ကȐֆ‫ד‬фᆶЦ଻Ǵ2007ȑǴ US DOE ‫ۓ‬ကૈྍ௲‫ࢂػ‬Ҕٰ჋၂ှ،౜Ϟғࢲࠠᄊ(life style)ǵૈྍԋҁǵ ၗྍғౢᆶߥӸϐ໔‫ޑ‬ፂँǴ୻Ꭶ‫ڀ‬ഢ‫ؼ‬ӳૈྍનᎦ‫ޑ‬Ϧ҇Ǵ٬‫ڀځ‬ഢ‫୼ى‬ ‫ࣽޑ‬Ꮲᆶ‫ޕೌמ‬᛽ǵ،฼ૈΚǴ٠ᜫཀୖᆶૈྍ‫ޑ‬ᒧ᏷ᆶ،฼(US Department of Energy, 1982)ǹऍ୯௲‫ػ‬ၗૻၗྍύЈ(Education Resources Information Center, ERIC)‫ۓ‬ကૈྍ௲‫ࢂػ‬ၠሦୱ‫ࣽޑ‬ሞᏢಞǴ௲Ꮲ๱ख़‫ྍૈܭ‬ၗྍǵૈ ྍᙯඤǵ࿯ऊૈྍǵૈྍ‫׎‬Ԅǵ٬Ҕ฻Ьᚒ(Houston, 1990)ǹ݅మക฻Γ(2008) ‫ۓ‬ကૈྍ௲‫ࢂػ‬ӄ҇௲‫ػ‬ǵಖ‫ي‬௲‫ػ‬Ǵ໪ଛӝ୯ৎ‫ྍૈޑ‬Ҟ኱ೕჄǴҞ‫ޑ‬ӧ ୻Ꭶ‫ڀ‬ഢ‫ؼ‬ӳૈྍનᎦ‫ޑ‬Ϧ҇ǹֆ‫ד‬ф(2007)ᇡࣁૈྍ௲‫ࢂػ‬௲‫ػ‬Γᜪᆶૈ ྍϐ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯ǴҞ‫ޑ‬ӧ୻ᎦᏢಞ‫ޣ‬ჹૈྍ‫୷ޑ‬ҁཀ఼ǵ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵቹៜቫय़Ԗ‫܌‬ ౛ှǴЇଆ᝺‫ޕ‬٠ᜢЈ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒǴගϲ࿯ૈ‫ೌמ‬ǴᎦԋճҔࣽᏢБ‫ݤ‬ှ،ୢ ᚒǴ٠‫ڀ‬ഢԾ‫ך‬ሽॶղᘐ‫ૈޑ‬ΚǶ Ԗਏ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ё೸ၸቚ຾Ꮲғჹૈྍ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵૈྍ࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋᆶՉࣁǴ ၲගϲૈྍનᎦ(DeWaters & Powers, 2008)Ƕᆕӝ࣬ᜢЎ᝘ϐፕᗺǴёว౜ ૈྍ௲‫מࣽࢂػ‬᏾ӝ௲‫ػ‬Ǵаှ،ୢᚒࣁᏤӛǴ೸ၸᏢಞૈྍ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽ᆶ ‫ૈמ‬ǴΑှှૈྍჹԾฅ‫س‬಍ǵғ‫ނ‬ϷΓᜪЎܴǵ‫ޗ‬࿶ࡹ‫ޑݯ‬ख़ा‫܄‬ᆶቹៜǴ ຾Զ୻Ꭶ҅ዴ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǵՉࣁϷ،฼ૈΚǴ٬Ꮲಞ‫ڀޣ‬ഢ‫ؼ‬ӳ‫ྍૈޑ‬નᎦǶ 19.

(30) ȐΟȑġૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ว৖౜‫ݩ‬ म୯ஒૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ӈ‫ុ҉ܭ‬௲‫ػ‬ϐύǴҔٰගϲᏢғ‫ࣽޑ‬ᏢનᎦǵߦ຾ӄ य़ว৖Ƕम୯҉ុ௲‫ػ‬ύЈ(Centre of Sustainable Education, CSE)‫ޑۓڋ‬म୯ ૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ፐำ‫ډڙ‬ቶ‫ޑݱ‬௦Ҕǹ੝ՅࣁᑼΕӭᏢࣽӵኧᏢǵࣽᏢǵᕉნǵӦ ౛ǵϦ҇ᆶ‫཮ޗ‬ǵউ౛฻ϐϣ৒Ǵ๱ख़Ꮲಞှ،ૈྍᆶᕉნୢᚒ‫ૈޑ‬ΚǴፐ ำаࢲ୏‫ޑ܄‬БԄٰமፓᏹբᆶჴ፬Ȑֺһੀᆶቅᝩ‫ک‬Ǵ2010ȑǶ ऍ୯ૈྍ௲‫ޑػ‬௢୏аߚᔼճ‫ޑ‬௲‫ࣁ཮ڐػ‬ЬᡏǴ1980 ԃ௴୏୯ৎૈྍ ௲‫ػ‬ว৖ीฝ(National Energy Education Development Project, NEED)Ǵග‫ٮ‬ ၠᏢ‫ڋ‬ȐவѴ࿧༜‫ ډ‬12 ԃભȑ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬௲‫׷‬ǵৣၗ୻૽Ǵϣ৒х֖ૈྍ ࣽᏢǵૈྍၗྍǵႝǵҬ೯ၮᒡǵૈྍਏ౗ᆶ࿯ऊǵຑ᠘฻ǹନΑ୯ৎቫભ ‫ ޑ‬NEEDǴۘԖӚԀϷӦБ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ӵऍ୯࠶ථநٌԀ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬Бਢ (Wisconsin K-12 Energy Education Program, KEEP)Ǵ‫ࢎځ‬ᄬх֖Ȩ‫ॺך‬ሡाૈ ྍȩ ǵ Ȩ໒วૈྍၗྍȩ ǵ Ȩૈྍၗྍ໒ว‫ޑ‬ਏᔈȩϷȨᆅ౛ૈྍၗྍ‫ޑ‬٬ҔȩǴ ٠ගрঁᏢಞ໘ࢤёયΕ௲Ꮲ‫ۺཷྍૈޑ‬ǴԖշ‫࣬ܭ‬ᜢፐำ‫ޑ‬ว৖Ƕ೸ၸՍ ᖄύѧᆶӦБ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬Ǵයఈගϲऍ୯Ϧ҇‫ྍૈޑ‬ཀ᛽ǵ࿯ૈ‫ೌמ‬ᆶ‫཮ޗ‬ ೢҺȐֆ‫ד‬фᆶЦ଻Ǵ2007ǹЦӵণǴ2011ȑǶ ᐞࢪ‫ޑ‬ᐞࢪૈྍ௲‫཮ڐػ‬ȐEnergy Education Australia Inc., EEAȑࣁᏢ ғǵ௲‫ػ‬ᆶ୻૽ᐒᄬϷεᏢಔᙃǴග‫ྍૈޑុ࡭ٮ‬௲Ꮲᆶࣴ‫ز‬ǶፐำаৎҔ ૈྍǵπ཰ૈྍ‫ک‬Ҭ೯ૈྍΟεय़ӛࣁЬǴϩ߃฻௲‫ػ‬ǵύ฻௲‫ػ‬ǵଯ฻௲ ‫ػ‬Ο໘ࢤբǴаᑼΕԄ௲ᏢᏢಞૈྍ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽ᆶ‫ૈמ‬Ǵ୻Ꭶ‫ץ‬ղ‫ࡘ܄‬ᆢǴ ٠ख़ຎᏢਠ໔‫ޑ‬Ҭࢬϩ٦Ȑֆ‫ד‬фᆶЦ଻Ǵ2007ǹᄃ‫࣓ޱ‬ᆶ୘‫ػ‬ᅈǴ2005 ȑǶ ኻࢪӚ୯‫ࡹྍૈޑ‬฼ࣣΜϩख़ຎૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ǴԖ೚ӭၠ୯‫ྍૈޑ܄‬௲‫ػ‬ӝ բीฝǹ2006 ԃє໒‫ޑ‬ኻࢪૈྍ௲‫཮૸ࣴػ‬ύǴගрૈྍ௲‫ޑػ‬௢୏ख़ᗺх ֖Ǻૈྍ௲‫ޑػ‬നಖҞ‫ࢂޑ‬Їวૈྍཀ᛽ǵගϲૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ሡ೸ၸӝբᆶၗྍ Ӆ٦ǵ᏾ӝૈྍ᝼ᚒ‫ܭ‬ፐำύǵख़ຎૈྍ௲‫ৣޑػ‬ၗ୻૽Ȑำߎߥᆶ஭ང࿷Ǵ 2007ȑǶ ύ୯ख़ຎ࿯ऊૈྍаΦǴՠӧࡹ۬ಔᙃፓ᏾ਔ٠҂ܴዴ‫ۓ‬Տૈྍ௲‫ػ‬Ϸ ௢୏ൂՏǴᏤठ௢୏πբ҂ૈගϲࣁ୯ৎቫભǹ౜Ϟύ୯Γ҇ჹૈྍᆶᕉ ნǵ‫཮ޗ‬ǵ࿶ᔮ໔ஏϪᜢ߯‫ૈޕޑ‬ϝࡑуமǴӢԜፓ᏾࣬ᜢࡹ฼ǵࡌᄬ୯ৎ ቫભ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ࢎػ‬ᄬǴుϯૈྍ௲‫ܭػ‬ӚᏢ‫ޑڋ‬௲Ꮲࢂ҂ٰ‫ޑ‬ख़ाπբȐֆ ‫ד‬фᆶЦ଻Ǵ2007ȑǶ ‫ך‬୯௢৖ૈྍ௲‫ޑػ‬೽཮Ьाࣁ࿶ᔮ೽ૈྍֽǴ೯தаीฝ‫׎ޑ‬Ԅ‫ૼہ‬ ࣬ᜢൂՏॄೢᒤ౛ӚભᏢਠᆶ‫཮ޗ‬ε౲‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬Ǵՠаीฝ‫׎‬Ԅ௢୏Ǵӧ ၠ೽཮᏾ӝǵၗྍ಍᏾ǵၠᏢ‫ڋ‬Սೱ΢ӭ‫܌‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ȑำߎߥǵ୘‫ػ‬ᅈᆶच໒ඁǴ 2008ȑǹ‫ډڙ‬୯ৎૈྍࡹ฼ǵᕉნࡹ฼ᆶ௲‫ࡹػ‬฼‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴନΑૈྍ௲‫ػ‬΋ ຒǴᗋр౜‫ڀ‬Ԗᜪ՟௲‫ػ‬Ҟ኱Ϸ௲Ꮲϣ৒‫מࣽྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ǵ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ௲‫ػ‬ 20.

(31) ฻Ƕ᏾ᡏԶ‫ق‬Ǵ‫ך‬୯‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬аࣽሞ᏾ӝ‫ޑ‬БԄǴӧ୯λǵ୯ύǵଯύ‫ޑ‬ όӕᏢࣽǴϷε஑ଣਠ‫ޑ‬஑཰‫܈‬೯᛽ፐำύပჴǴ٠ଛӝࡹ฼ஒ਻ংᡂᎂፓ ፾ǵ࿯ૈ෧ᅹǵૈྍࣽ‫מ‬ǵૈྍ‫ೌמ‬ӈࣁ௲‫ػ‬Ҟ኱ǴයఈගϲૈྍનᎦǶ. Οǵ ૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ᆶ࣬ᜢ௲‫ػ‬ϐᜢᖄ ‫ך‬୯‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂፓ፾ࡹ฼ᆜሦܴዴࡰрǺȨ‫ۓ‬Տ਻ংᡂᎂࣁ΢Տཷ‫ۺ‬Ǵ෧጗ᆶፓ፾ ࣁηཷ‫ޑۺ‬௲‫ࢎػ‬ᄬǴයૈࡌᄬ಄ӝᏢ౛ჴ୍ᆶ୯ሞᖿ༈‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂፓ፾౛‫ۺ‬Ǵ຾Զଆ ஥୏ਏ݀ȩȐՉࡹଣǴ2012Ǵp.54ȑǹय़ჹ਻ংᡂᎂǴӵՖ೸ၸ҅ೕǵߚ҅ೕϷߚ҅Ԅ‫ޑ‬ ௲‫ػ‬ᐕำǴගϲӚᏢಞ໘ࢤ‫ޑ‬ᏢғϷ‫཮ޗ‬ε౲‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂનᎦǴ٬‫ڀځ‬ഢᆶ਻ংᡂᎂ࣬ ᜢ‫҅ޑ‬ዴ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵᄊࡋϷՉ୏‫څࢂૈמ‬ό৒጗‫ޑ‬ǴԶ२ाπբࣁᙶమ᏾ᡏ‫ޑ‬௲‫ࢎػ‬ᄬǶ ௲‫ػ‬ӧ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ख़ᗺࣁૈΚ‫ࡌޑ‬ᄬ(capacity building)Ǵ೸ၸ‫ޕ‬᛽ǵᄊࡋᆶ‫ޑૈמ‬ ࡌᄬǴ٬҇౲Αှ਻ংᡂᎂࡕᜫཀୖᆶǴࣗԿЬᏤ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬෧጗ǵፓ፾฻բ‫ݤ‬Ƕ‫ך‬୯ ၸѐ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ว৖‫ࡹྍૈډڙ‬฼‫ޑ‬ቹៜǴதа࿯ૈ෧ᅹ௲‫ػ‬ǵ࿯ૈ௲‫ڗػ‬жǴ2002 ԃ࿶ᔮ೽ᆶ௲‫ػ‬೽௢୏ȨуமύλᏢ௢୏ૈྍ௲‫ػ‬ჴࡼीฝȩǴ୻Ꭶε஑ଣਠϷύ฻Ꮲ ਠૈྍ௲‫ৣޑػ‬ၗǴஒૈྍ‫ೌמ‬౛ፕǵӆғૈྍࣽ‫ೌממ‬ӈࣁख़ाϣ఼ǹ2009 ԃՉࡹଣ ୯ৎࣽᏢ‫ہ‬঩཮຾Չ‫ޑ‬Ȩૈྍ୯ৎࠠࣽ‫מ‬ीฝȩǴΨஒૈྍࣽ‫מ‬฼ౣǵૈྍ‫ೌמ‬ǵ࿯ૈ ෧ᅹᆶᆶΓω୻‫ػ‬ӈࣁख़ा໨ҞǴ‫ځ‬ύΓω୻‫ػ‬а࿯ૈ෧ᅹࣁЬືǴයఈගϲ୯҇‫ޑ‬࿯ ૈ෧ᅹનᎦǶ җ‫਻ܭ‬ংᡂᎂࢂεЁࡋ‫ۺཷޑ‬ǴନΑΑှ࣬ᜢࣽᏢ٣ჴᆶፂᔐǴ෧጗ᆶፓ፾฼ౣΨ ӕኬख़ाǶ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ‫ޑ‬Ȩ࿯ૈȩཀࡰ࿯ऊ٬ҔૈྍϷගϲૈྍ‫ޑ‬٬ҔਏૈǴȨ෧ᅹȩ߾ ࣁ෧ϿΒ਼ϯᅹ‫ޑ‬௨‫ܫ‬ໆǴࣣ‫׆‬ఈ೸ၸ᏾ᡏϷঁΓჴ፬ٰ෧጗ӄౚཪϯୢᚒȐ໳ਜ఼ǵ ഋ߷ճǵᎄҥ൛ǵቅ෩ᅤǴ2012ȑǴ‫ځ‬ឦ‫ܭ‬෧጗ቫय़Ǵᗨฅख़ाՠ໻ࣁ᏾ᡏࢎᄬύ‫ޑ‬೽ ϩཷ‫ۺ‬Ƕ ᆕᢀ਻ংᡂᎂΠ‫ޑ‬᏾ᡏ௲‫ࢎػ‬ᄬǴ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ۺཷޑ‬ᔈࣁ΢ՏǴԶૈྍᒧ᏷ᆶ٬Ҕჹ ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ቹៜቫय़࣬྽ቶ‫ݱ‬Ǵӵ٬Ҕϯҡᐯ਑௨‫ܫ‬εໆΒ਼ϯᅹǴቚமྕ࠻ਏᔈԶ೷ ԋ਻ংᡂᎂǹ୯ৎૈྍ่ᄬ‫ޑ‬ፓ᏾Ǵஒቹៜ਻ংᡂᎂჹ࿶ᔮว৖ǵ‫্ؠ‬॥ᓀ‫ޑ‬ፂᔐำࡋǹ ‫ঁ܈୔ޗ‬ΓӧВதғࢲύ‫ྍૈޑ‬ᒧ᏷ᆶϕշᐒ‫ڋ‬ǴࣁԖਏ‫ޑ‬ፓ፾฼ౣǴёቚம‫ޑ཮ޗ‬໧ ‫܄‬ǶӢԜǴ਻ংᡂᎂ௲‫ػ‬ԑӧ୻ΚϦֹ҇ഢ‫਻ޑ‬ংᡂᎂનᎦǴ‫ځ‬ቫભᆶЁࡋၨቶǹԶૈ ྍ௲‫ػ‬Ҟ‫ࡌࣁޑ‬ᄬ҅ዴ‫ޕྍૈޑ‬᛽ᆶ‫ೌמ‬ǵΑှૈྍ،฼ჹᕉნᆶΓᜪ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬᏾ᡏቹ ៜǵ୻Ꭶ҅ӛᑈཱུ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǴឦ‫਻ܭ‬ংᡂᎂ௲‫ػ‬ύ‫ޑ‬ख़ाᕉ࿯ǴԖշ‫ܭ‬Αှ਻ংᡂᎂ‫ޑ‬ӄ ᇮǴ٠௦‫ڗ‬፾྽‫ޑ‬෧጗ᆶፓ፾฼ౣǶ ౜Ϟ‫ྍૈޑ‬௲‫ػ‬Ҟ኱๱ख़‫ܭ‬ቚ຾࿯ૈ෧ᅹનᎦǵૈྍ‫ޑೌמ‬࿯ૈ෧ᅹ௲‫ػ‬ǵ࿯ૈ௲ ‫ػ‬ǵૈྍࣽ‫מ‬௲‫ػ‬฻Ǵӭឦ‫਻ܭ‬ংᡂᎂཷ‫ۺ‬ύ‫ޑ‬෧጗೽ϩǶӢԜૈྍ௲‫ػ‬Ѹ໪уΕ‫׳‬ӭ ᆶፓ፾࣬ᜢ‫ޑ‬௲‫ػ‬ϣ৒ǴБૈ٬Ϧ҇‫ڀ‬ഢჹ‫਻ל‬ংᡂᎂ೷ԋ‫ޑ‬ᕉნୢᚒᆶ‫ૈޑ্ؠ‬ΚǶ. 21.