ᖡ ٚ
жфᇯӣᇄᐣѬఄٱȈ
ѮᢊΙΞΜɒԑфȶӱᘪ౪ᄂȷжфޟלԙ
ᒃߡ༕
ؙڳୀࡾ൯ৣᆺᘮୀࡾक़ ҏМఄٱᇯӣᇄ Karl Mannheim ᜰܻжфंـޟ౩፣ُ࡙Ȃ ଆΙΞΜɒԑфѮᢊ࣏դᇄԃդלԙ੫ޟӱᘪ౪ᄂжфȂϷݙڏӱ ᘪ౪ᄂ౩܈ᇄжфᇯӣϞᜰ߽ȄΜɒԑфߑѮᢊޟѴҺਙఁȂٺϚӣ ࣸᝲޟԑሆޣᜋӋυኄݿឈᒺȂоϛߖфఊᐣѬఄٱپ౩၌Ѯᢊ ცᇄՌϏΙфޟӈȂٮ׳րࢺιЖᄘȂڳᢱӱᘪ౪ᄂᇄޥོࢇ ݽ८Ȅтঈޟжфᇯӣᢑ൸ӵఊᐣѬఄٱϛȈٺڏԙ࣏ӱᘪ౪ᄂ жфޟȂтঈӵఊᐣѬఄٱϛۡ՝Ռרȃ൶ؑԆӵཎဎՄᑖྃᄂ ፺ޟ๖ݎȄఊᐣѬఄٱܚל༭ޟжфᇯӣȂ੫ۡޥོᡐ᎐ޟ ސȂζᐭีޥོᡐ᎐ޟ१ौଢ଼ȂѺΙᆍᐣѬ౪ຫȄȶжфȷ ឈਂంᇌޟᏽࡣޣᜋӋυҢپ౩၌ՌרȃޥོȃᇄਢфȂٮӌყᡐ ౪ޑޟ྅܈ጒᛟȄंـএᜰᗤжфޟِ፣ᇄࣀଢ଼ȂԤօܻΟ၌ఏߖ ѮᢊМϽȃࢇݽҏπϽܖѮᢊϽޟߝሉྛᓞᇄڏтࣺᜰޟᐣѬᡐ᎐Ȅ ᜰᗤຠȈᇯӣȃఄٱȃжфȃӱᘪ౪ᄂȃҕఊкဎ ѮᢊޥོᏰΞȂॲ 1-58Ȃ2005 ԑ 6 ТюގȄ ԝገȈ2004 ԑ 4 Т 30 РȇڧȈ2005 ԑ 1 Т 27 РȄGenerational Identity and Historical Narrative: The Emergence of
the “Back-to-Reality” Generation in 1970s Taiwan
A-chin Hsiau
Institute of Sociology, Academia Sinica
The author uses a combination of narrative identity theory and Karl Mannheim’s theory of generation to a) analyze the emergence of a “back-to-reality” generation in 1970s Taiwan and b) examine the relationship be-tween their back-to-reality ideas and generational identity. Taiwan’s ma-jor diplomatic failures in the early 1970s awakened young intellectuals (both Taiwanese natives and the children of mainland Chinese) to new challenges facing the country. They relied on a modern Chinese national-ist hnational-istorical narrative to make sense of the situation and to promote a sense of duty to the country among other members of their generation, attacking the prevailing sojourn mentality and supporting back-to-reality ideas and socio-political reforms. The author shows that the frame of reference for generational identity was a nationalist historical narrative, within which in-tellectuals positioned themselves and struggled to make sense of their gen-eration’s meaning of existence. Their attempts to act out their philosophy qualify them as Taiwan’s “back-to-reality” generation. I offer an analysis of how a generational identity shaped by a nationalist historical narrative evolved into a primary motivation for historical actors, noting that gener-ational consciousness was a function of specific social change, which in turn became an agency that facilitated further social change. In this situ-ation, generation--a conceptual category through which the awakening back-to-reality generation understood self and society and articulated its socio-political reformism--was a historical phenomenon in which subjec-tive agency and objecsubjec-tive environmental conditions were of equal signifi-cance. It is important to study this generation’s discourses and actions as remote origins of the indigenization or Taiwanization of contemporary Ta-iwanese politics and culture.
Keywords: identity, narrative, generation, back-to-reality, nationalism
ΙȃᏲِȈ୰ᚠጢଔ
חלךёݏڂᘻડڬ᫈ૅᐂٚػᗎঢ়ᠢౠဆЃذёЂ ךёݏڂ۸Ёቂலડঢ়ڬ᫈៛ኹࡄᕴЂེኣ৫Ђ༲ྰؘ ߭ႇථᣞЃךёݏڂਏᦐঢ়ڲ۸฿Ёದۆරۓ᧧ૅसЃ༹ࢰ ػЁஜࢸරۓ᧧าࣣक़ᛛеᆱڬжૅႈЁނݨౠ״ۑூۣᕻؙ ۑࣕᕻቂරঢ়ᩊצ۸စᄤ૰ЃሉౠܳٚػЁеܯᡨᄎжວॆᐂፀ ᖸٞ᎘ၳఢЃ்༹ΪݏЁડࢼ༛ዅᐭํਔૅЂٚػеۍ ػжЂеڬ᫈ػжঢ়เඛᄤ૰Ѓ ךёݏڂเၳડᨇૅᗎঢ়ᚔᇁܮЁؘંᩊ໙৯ك ࣍ସሉݢગފࠦᖟᙊঢ়ᆱວॆᐂޮরЃڑીٚػঢ়ঀ᪕ᗎܳ دЁ࣍ᚔᇁܮཋܳॹח৴ᆱঢ়ᓂঽৣᆺצᄒঢ়ࠚݗЁټكڸፅૉݢ ࣗঢ়ૃᘻЃ༹৴צᄒٸஊࢼފሉౠୖ 20 ࣕ 40 ྿ᇏᄠঢ়еᘻડ ٴڂжЃڀெؘᏑۍଶ॔ڲଶᦰЁ߇ࢸؘܳڬ᫈ڌ۟Ё״྿ٻཋܳ ᘻડڬ᫈ݗਛЁࢬܳරۓ᧧ࣗรࣥࢇЃૉݢঢ়ୀࡾЁ൴ᇁًᓳ ڲЁ྿ٻ࡞থᆌࣕሉౠૅЂٚػᗎঢ়༹Ꮛٴڂঢ়ܧЃ1 ᘻડڌ۟ঢ়ן᠖ᒦЁټكൻႇࢇঢ়᪕ႽၳఢЁܳذёݏڂડ ږဆЁགྷྵםᄒݏᑄৡ᥉ᄤᒷЃᘻડٴڂආૃᘻૉݢૅࣗᐂ ٚػᅆ໙ঢ়ٸצЁᚷॹеᖍཐཥڬжኺඛЂؙႺۓර൛ڌ័ܩර ડঢ় 1971Ђ1972 ݏဆᄠЃۍٚ൪ፅ༹૰ךёݏڂਏဆঢ়ቂ᪙Ё઼ڌ ᘻડٴڂܳૅЂٚػᗎঢ়ஊॐЁصগ࣍еܯᡨຨፀжວॆك ࠻ٸᐂ࣍ٴڂᐭܡЂᙡڪఄࢯঢ়ෛضЃཐཥڬٸᩊᧈЂ൛ ڌ័ܩරႇૅࢯ܅Ёਲݗܯᡨຨፀٴڂڌຨঢ়ᠢॐЂچஊ ঢ়ᙡڪ܅ЃܳذёݏڂዅᆎࣕजᦘॹᙡڪڲЂᐂර่ࣺኺݢक़ ዢᑢЂፅౠࠉၳఢၐഔצЁނٶᆎࣕ൚ഡ࠹ੑתज႖ފஐঢ়ݏᑄ חڂৡ᥉܉Ёܮࣥךёݏڂਏڬ᫈ڲ۸฿ঢ়ࣔᙫЁᓂঽቂᙡ 1 ଆ፣࿋ਢࢇݽᡐ᎐ᇄᏽࡣжфᜰ߽ޟЍኵМᝦȂଶᒃߡ༕(2003)ϞѴȂَήМଆ፣Ȅӵ МϽП७ȂࠌԤᒃߡ༕(2000, 2002)Ȅеᧆᛸжঢ়ዄၿЃڀெؘصଶᦰЁཋᘳᢢח்ॹؙරܳΪלٴ ؙဆડЁਔݹݏࢼᶲࠨڲරᩊЂൟࡏᙽ۱ЂۓٸЂފۣၳఢঢ়ර ่ᙡڪఄࢯЁࢼວኊڬ᫈ঢ়༌ጨЁࢬٶटޛފ؍༹חڂؙܳ࣍ঢ়༮܆ ᐂࢸࣺЃ2ڀெದلଶ࠱חڂᐂټिފঢ়ежٔፖЁ ీࣕຍסᐭ᥉ڬ᫈ৣᆺЂෞފࠦᐂᓂঢ়ڲଦຨፀ័ࢼঢ় ஊЁᚔᇁஊࡏৣᆺૅ࠻ЃۍٚܮݨټеܯᡨຨፀٴڂжᏡી઼Ꮜ ࢣࢰᚔᇁૃᘻࣗঢ়૾ᨘصЁټكݢᆌ᥉࠱᎒াٔፖঢ় ࣍ڀᓂঽঢ়ݏᑄןЃঢ়ᅊၬࢯ܅(traumatic events)Ёᙫၳݏᑄٴ ڂຮ۟ದٴڂᆌ᥉ঢ়ٸஊܮЃ༹ࢯ܅ᦐᖎৣᆺЁࢸڀெก ঢ়ᩊצഓႚᐂৣᆺ႔፸ວኊૅЂٚػຨᐂ࣍क़᧲ٴڂঢ়ᙡڪ ޛቈЁᄊނჀ۟࠱ᆌ᥉ᐂޕඛЃܳሉڂৣᆺЁ݁ݨ࣌ݢࠚᅫஊᙡ ڪޕඛ৯Ђٓၳৣᆺᗎঢ়ٴڂᆌ᥉Ёििྶॹර่ᙡڪఄࢯЃང ዄර่ঢ়ᙡڪლཌྷЁᚔᇁජᐂЂฮඛૅЂٚػᗎঢ়ݏᑄৡ᥉ᄤᒷ ܳౠᄠؙފࠦटޛЂྴ࠰ᆌቌЃ״ܮ݁ݨЁڀெݗර่ᆌ᥉ ঢ়౭ٔख़ኵ৯Ѓ
Πȃжфंـޟ྅܈ᇄ౩፣
ȞΙȟѮᢊࢇݽЅМϽंـᇄжфୈ࣏ޥོᏰޟϷݙ྅܈ ፅڬ᫈ํਔૅᐂٚػᗎঢ়ૉݢୀࡾЁ൴םًᓳࢻڲНࢌٚ ൄᖡОЁᇁًথࣕٴڂঢ়ܧЃ༹ࢰୀࡾ݁ঌൄᖡࣕךёݏڂૅ Ђٚػᗎಗكঢ়ৣᆺןصঢ়صঠЁ୬ཋෞᡆॷܳଶᦰ Нᧉ݁ٲ్ᘯ 1989: 90-94ІTien 1993[1989]: 95-96І୵ۑ 1994: 179-191Іᄿ ᓆ Ꮙ 1995: 9-11ІHood 1997: 62-64ІHughes 1997: 50-51ОЃ3חࢰୀࡾথᆌࣕݏᑄᘮ۟ᐂৡ᥉܉ܳሉౠૅلፅ ኺඛؙЁٌ࣍ܳךёݏڂਏᓂঽૅࠨᧈౠЁ࠶ᎉஊࢍޑ 2 ᜰܻএఄٱޟौશȂَᒃߡ༕Ȟ2000: 92ȂߒΙȟޟϷݙȄ 3 ڏϛΙٲζ፣ЅӰશȞЎڏငᔼีࡣ഼ώᇄϛޟُՓȟȂԃ Gold (1986: 90)ȃषݓғί(1994: 185-186)ȄН݁ Gold 1986: 93-94Іࡁ⨔ 1987: 90-108, 117, 122ОЁެ༹ࢰୀ ࡾ״ؘငෞٴڂሉආصগঢ়ᡆЃךёݏڂټࢼঢ়ૅၳఢዄၿؙЁ ٌ࣍ 1977 ݏؙࢯ܅Ђ1979 ݏᦉపࢯ܅ડЁلፅኺඛঢ়ᑲᘰ ৯ᐂٙહ৯ЁٸஊཋۍଶןЁଶᦰঢ়ᕀݗٸஊঢ়ৣᆺصঠЃެ ךёݏڂਏڬ᫈ڲ۸฿ડक़ᚷፅරۓ᧧໙ঢ়࠱ᐂޕඛЁࢯፀ ᓂঽࢼފؘܡଶᦰᐂ۱ྜྷ৯Ѓܳວኊ்༹ౠဆঢ়ຨჩౠЁෝথॹଶ ᦰܮؘપሉঢ়Ѓሉౠڲଶᦰן࠱රۓ᧧໙Ё࣍ᓳᄒܹ ᐂፖગᙫದЁؘॹۍଶᦰ৯НࢌٚൄᖡОЃ݁ঌෝথॹଶᦰЁ ࠦெၐরᗊሉኊ᧕༹ࢰຨჩЃࠦெۄᄶกٴڂИٌ࣍ٴڂ۸စᐂ ᖎ୍Иঢ়ࢍગЁڜصগךёݏڂਏᓂঽᚷঢ়ૅৣᆺࠨᧈᐂ࠻ ٸЁؕഔڌ໐ܩᙡڪዄၿঢ়ኊ᧕Ѓ ዄڜෝਜ൪ፅᐂןெݏ᧫ݢঢ়ڬ᫈ૅຨჩୀࡾЁ྿ၐࢻ ڲЁཋᄯؙܳټᄒػᖟૣٝরЁยൄןؘؙܡݏ᧫ᒷ৯ᐂૅݢ ঢ়ዅቂ᪙ЂፖગᐂޕНᧉ݁ Appleton 1970, 1973Іབྷቌછ 1978, 1991ІLiu 1979Іབྷٚਸ਼ 1983, 1994, 1997, 1998І୶Ђᛁᆱᇳ 1987Іᒑቌࣸ 1993, 1994Іݥܐ⚑ 1998Іߒכᓆ 1999Іབྷམᗁ 2000Іຼࡂ၉ 2002Іᛁස 2002ОЃ༹ࢰୀࡾঢ়ᡆܹܳᣂᐂૅ ᗎݢঢ়ۓᖲНᧉؘ݁ܡݏ᧫৯ঢ়࠷ޕᐂᛳៜ႔ঌঢ় ОЁ॔ዯဿێࢼૅᗎڝഔঢ়ٝܧНᧉؘ݁ܡݏ᧫৯ঢ়ૅ᧧ᐭܡ ঢ়ێࢼᓅᨨОЃፅ༹ࢰୀࡾނࢎЁݏ᧫ᐂॐЂᢙᆼႇܡ᧲ࣥ༢৯ঢ় ઈᫌৣᆺЁނਦ࣌ݢᙫၳৣᆺޕඛᔔഔঢ়ٸᫌᐭܡЃڸெথ ঢ়Ёؘ༌ॹ಄ࣺ۟ᄤ૰ঢ়ًᓳןᙽٸᐂޕඛЁؘܳॹยൄ ٴڂᆌ᥉݁ޢݗৣᆺૅঢ়ᚔᇁޕඛഔඛ(agency)ࢼᇙЁނ༹ࢰ ۍٚୀࡾࣣܧঢ়၎ᡆक़ܳЃܒ৯ЁᄒػᖟૣୀࡾЁࣼၑڝټ ۓዅঢ়ፖગЂޕᐂૅᗎڝഔঢ়ඛܧЁެ୍ၳঢ়ࢯ܅ᐂ ᒏದঢ়ৣᆺඛលЁििڌןᆌౝІፅॹ࣍ዄၿᐂᓅᨨЁټكፅުৣᆺ ًᓳެੑؙܳ࣍ၳޮ۠ঢ়்॔ןঢ়૾ඛЁ྿ٻکഔܳࢯડ ൟᇕЃፅॹᘻડٴڂܳךёݏڂڬ᫈ࠉؙঢ়ࢍޑЂٴڂᐭܡЁ ټكक़གྷྵঢ়ૅЂٚػᗎঢ়ୀࡾЁ࣍ॐᖲ߇᧲ݨЃ༹ܳᓸາॹ
ᄒػᖟૣঢ়ୀࡾࣣܧؙЁྵጉ June Edmunds ᐂ Bryan S. Turner ࣝݢ ૼࢌक़઼ڌঢ়ЁܳᙡڪЁঢ়ᅊၬࢯ܅ििླྀགྷםᙽঢ়ٴڂІ ټܯᨩঢ়ٝݐࢼᇃॆػ಄ঢ়ٴڂك࣍ܳৣᆺᗎؙঢ়ࢍޑЁུᗊ ሉঢ়(2002a: vii)Ѓ ፅךёݏڂਏஊࡏৣᆺૅ࠻ঢ়ᘻડٴڂݗ௵ঢ়ࢎᖡᐂޕඛЁ ًᓳٚᦤငݢኍᎼᜁЃᄿ᜴(Huang 1976)සॹሉౠፅڬ౬ᅨᐂЭ ᘮᣓᐪЮႇ૾ඛঢ়ජᐂᫌፄᐂ༢ᖗЁࢺםח்ދت٣ུኍᎼঢ় Ѓᠴၑᄿ᜴ټеݏᑄৡ᥉܉ж(young intellectuals)໙Ꮜ༹ࢰᘻડٴ ڂݗ௵Ёެፅٴڂঢ়ܧ࡞ݢᄊחࡍൄᖡᐂວᖡصগЃབྷጀঢ়ٚཡ (1982a, b, c; Chen 1982)ܳൄᖡךёݏڂૃᘻරۓ᧧໙ঢ়ᘻડٴڂݗ ௵ౠЁৠรټеᆱ۟חڂжᏌࣱЃڀټሉࢯןصൄᖡؙ࣍ಗكঢ়ٴ ڂ۸စᐂᖎ୍Ёႛડࢼঢ়ୀࡾ৯ܹक़เၳЃབྷጀঢ়ٚཡᠴၑ٦ᄿ ᜴ঢ়ୀࡾኴ࣌صগঢ়ཉصЁނٶথᆌࣕٴڂᐂڂᇚථᣞЁެ࣋৯ཋ ᅇᅇෞٴڂሉආ۠ᐫЁނਦصগঢ়ᇃॆЃڀெঢ়ୀࡾࣼၑࢺ ח்წਔᙡڪዄၿঢ়ኍໞᤰЁެડࢼঢ়ୀࡾ৯݁ᄊחࡍกٴڂ ࢍગยൄሉౠڬ᫈ૅᐂٚػᗎЁۄᄶܳວᖡصগܒڏټ ؾᏞᄊЃ4 ٴڂᄞऔݗሉڂৣᆺᘮঢ়ݢصগᇃॆЁۄᄶᡨڐॹ Karl Mannheimܳ 1920 ݏڂۏᄞॣॐঢ়ਛᕓᖡٚ(Mannheim 1952[1927])Ѓ ሉڂৣᆺᘮยൄᐂݏ᧫ݢঢ়ן݁ޢݗৣᆺᗎঢ়ഔඛ৯(agents) ౠЁMannheim ঢ়ᇃॆᐂວᖡЁةၑஊঢ়ൄᖡᡆ(Altbach and La-ufer 1972; LaLa-ufer and Bengtson 1974: 182; Kertzer 1983: 127; Hardy and Waite 1997: 1, 18; Turner 1998, 1999: 246; Edmunds and Turner 2002a: 7-8; Scott 2000: 356)ЃMannheim ᐭЁٴڂᇃॆܳصগঢ়ݢॐЁ ؘܳॹ઼ڌןெܳ۟ৎᘮঢ়ݏ᧫ח୬॔ସਔЁނܳॹᐱঀڀெ݁ޢ ܮ༌ॹܡחৣᆺঢ়಄ᙡڪዄၿЁቂᙡޫঢ়ৣᆺᗎצᄒЁܮݨ ѪѴΙ՝१ौ࿋ٱΡࢹέޟհ(1993)ȂԙਪܻΞɒԑфߑȂζ၏ಠकᓃ߳ഒၼଢ଼ࡣ Ѯσਮ༪ᇄȮσᏰᚕᇬȯ้ᏰҡᇄޣᜋӋυᢱؑ८ޟࣀଢ଼ႆแȂڏܒ፴խ༁ȃങ ڍΡϞհȄ 4
ܳ۟૾ቂ᪙ᐂلݢᏋঢ়ܑܡॐЁࢬࢸڀெາॹ࣍ڀٴڂЃח ןݏ᧫ସਔЁދܹکڀெܑܡৣᆺޕඛঢ়ۄஊ܅Ёނਦچص ܅ЃटٴڂஊٓၳৣᆺᗎЁؘᆺکܮ݄۟ॹܡחౠ২Ё ނۄᄶڀெၳఢחᏋ࣌ݢܑܡᆌ᥉ঢ়༽Ёټᙫၳڀெජᐂ ܑܡঢ়ࣺኺ(Hardy and Waite 1997: 4)Ѓ࣍ݧЁMannheim ઼ڌЁٴڂ ܮݗןெܑܡৣᆺޕඛঢ়᪕ႽසᢁЁቂܳৣᆺᗎࠢ༾॔ৣ ᆺૅඛលౠဆЃ༹ܳᏋᙡڪᄤ૰ฮඛৣᆺЂৡ᥉ᔖঢ়ػЁݏ ᑄঢ়ٴڂٌ࣍࠶ᎉஊࢍޑ(Mannheim 1952[1927]: 286-287)Ѓ ก Mannheim ঢ়ວᖡࢍગࢼ(1952[1927]: 297-298, 302-307)Ё ךёݏڂڬ᫈ঢ়ᘻડٴڂঀ᪕༌ॹܑܡٴڂеޛቈжНlocationЁ۹߇ ᧲ॹܡחᙡڪᐂٚػܲචЂڌ۟ॹܡחౠڂ৯ОЃࢣࢰदޜܳཋڽච ලИٌ࣍ړཉИނࣥዄ॔ۑܳรࣥෝټࢇঢ়ৡ᥉ਥݏЁ ዅࣥࣕሉౠঀ᪕ঢ়ૅৣᆺᗎঢ়ᖎЁټܦᏋؘܡٝݐᐂၿગ ᪙॔ජᐂםஊࡏૅৣᆺ࠻ᐂܯᡨᄎঢ়ᔖЁᆎ༹ࣥᏋᆱฏጨᏋ Ꮛ۸ঢ়צᄒЁܮݨڝټᐱڀெ፸ݗח்еፀ݄ٴڂж(a generation as an actuality; an actual generation)Ѓ༹ܳࢰཋڽঢ়ৡ᥉ਥݏؙक़ڌຨঢ় ᚔᇁ૾ᨘصЁݗฮඛૅৣᆺ࠻ᐂܯᡨᄎᔖঢ়ٸצЃڀெ ঢ়ૅЂٚػٸ߇ࢸؘܡЁ״ཋڌॹፅౠڂࠉঢ়ᚔᇁܯЁܮݨ ፸ݗ்༹ፀ݄ٴڂؙঢ়חࢰ౭ٔЁ۹߇ Mannheim क़ᛛঢ়еٴڂྎޛж (generation unit)НජࢌጥחОЃۍٚঢ়صগЁۑಗك 1971 ࣕ 1973 ݏ ڼڟח்಄ঢ়ፀ݄ٴڂЂ۹߇ܯᡨຨፀٴڂঢ়ᄞऔࠚݗЁټكؙ࣍ ࢰٴڂྎޛঢ়ᣕࠚЃ ܯᡨຨፀٴڂঢ়ᆌ᥉༽ᐂزܑޕඛЁޢؘټᄤЂଶᦰႇ සᢁЁނټݏ᧫ସਔঢ়ٴڂසᢁЈ5ྵᄤࢼᐱЁॹᏋᏋኣౝ ᐒᄯঢ়ፀᑪߦᥰЁࠦெؘఞॼยૣࢣࢰܯᡨຨፀٴڂঢ়ᄤڌ Ѓؘዄۣॹ༦ܹৣᆺٚػܮЁټكૅරۓ᧧ႤܦᏋݢеڼ ᅈжᅺঢ়ৡ᥉ᘮᐱᐂᢏЁᘻડڬ᫈ᙊނࢎЁח்ۓዅ 5 оήΙࢲޟଆ፣ȂΝӱᔖഋӋቷࢥཎَȄ๋ޱᙱԪཐᗂቷࢥΡϞΙޟ׳ຟȄ
ጥח Karl Mannheimᇃॆঢ়ڬ᫈חלךёݏڂঢ়ᘻડٴڂ ٺᄤᆌ᥉ঢ়ৣᆺЃ6༹ܳᏋផጨؙЁؘᏑ༹ࢰܯᡨຨፀঢ়ݏᑄৡ᥉ ܉ۍঢ়ᄤص݁ޢЁڀெ࡞ݢټᄤᆌ᥉ၳఢ༽ᆎЂଣދػ ޕඛЁ୬ؘᥰວኊЃދॹ่ٝЁחࢰݜဆୀࡾ઼ڌЁᠴၑ ڬ᫈ذёЂךёݏڂ۸ঢ়ۍЂڲଶᦰෝ۟Н״ڑીൻؙ۟Оঢ়ৣ ᆺ۸िፅჩঀ᪕ॹᐂފ؍ସܡଶᦰ৯Ёެڀெፅॹ༦ܹૅᧈ ᣞঢ়لభາᇁ؇Нᧉ݁ Appleton 1970: 56; 1973: 759Ёმ 12ОЃ༹ ᪕ۮݏᑄٴڂݗਛॹᘻડڬ᫈ସܡផጨঢ়ޫ۟૾ቂ᪙ЁܳᏋၿ ગဳޱଶᦰభາЃݏᑄٴڂܳૅঢ়ସਔلЁٌ࣍لૌරۓ᧧ ॹර่ᐭܡঢ়ᘮ౬ࢇᐂৣᆺػЁݢସሉঀ᪕ঢ়ܡػঌЃႉ৯ ੇঢ়ୀࡾ״઼ڌЁټۍଶᦰᘻડٴڂٸঢ়ךёݏڂ᧧ڲןЁ߇ о഼ώ࣏ٽȂΙٲМᝦᇄंـࡾюȂώཾפഀีȃ൷ཾᐠོᐭቨޟϲɒԑфՍ ϬȂѮᢊ഼ώޟ഼ଢ଼ཎᜋࣺ࿋ཌ৵Ȟឋԃ྆ߧᡫ 1977ȇGold 1986: 89ȇGates 1992: 176, 183ȇMarsh 1996: 38, 242-244ȟȄ 6
ࢸᦐპ࠱රۓ᧧໙Ёެڀெدػؙරۓ่ٸቌঢ়ᙡڪఄࢯЁټؙ රןঢ়ٸޛቈતށଶᦰථᣞЁፅۍЂڲଶןഔࣵᛗସ༌Ёچ᎔ဆઝ Нᛁਟᅓ 2003: 225ОЃྵጉ༦ܹۓ่ٸቌୀࡾ઼ڌঢ়Ёຨڂᘮ౬ۑݐ ࢇፅᅫགྷර่ᐭܡஊЃกמΪٴਏຨڂؙරۓ่ٸቌၳൕ ټࢼЁፅᇯམౠဆঢ়ඛលؘ݈Ёڬ᫈ঢ়ᘻડٴڂරۓ᧧ഔܳৣᆺ ៃ፶ᤥटؙЁངዄᘮ౬ۑݐࢇچصػ࣍टٸࢍગঢ়ؙරර่ ᐭܡঢ়חڂןЃፅۍଶᦰᘻડٴڂނࢎЁ༹ࢸڀெசາॹݗਛॹٞ ۍဣۓౠဆঢ়٬ೞЃ7ፅڲଶᦰঢ়ᘻડٴڂࢼᐱЁ༹״ࢸڀெາॹݗ ਛॹᘻᅂؙঢ়ᗄЃܯᡨຨፀٴڂლךёݏڂਏڬ᫈ፅঢ়ࠉ ර่ঢ়ܞᥰЁྵݨނࢎЁࢸڀெܳࠉؙຮܑ۟ܡ༽ᆎঢ়ུٸஊ සᢁЁڀெཋܳᘻડࣥරۓ᧧ࣗࢇЁᒮᔡॹؙරۓ่ٸቌᙡڪ ఄࢯЁܮނ࣌ݢᠾঀঢ়ؙරර่ᐭܡᆎЃᢍࢎЁᘻડڬ᫈۟૾ᐂ ࢇቂ᪙ፅݏᑄחڂঢ়ܡػЁࢸڀெᐂחڂݢक़భ჻Ѓ༹Ꮛᄯঢ়ٴ ڂᖲЁࢸܯᡨຨፀٴڂঢ়ᆌ᥉༽ᐂزܑޕඛټٴڂසᢁ ঢ়ஊܮЃ݁ٚൄᖡक़᪕ۮঢ়ЁܳৣᆺૅᒏؙЁᘻડٴڂل તފࠦঢ়༌ጨᐂࢍޑЁፅ༹ᏋٴڂభາஹڏแᆎЃ ȞΠȟ༌ฮٱӇᇄឈਂంᇌȂжфཎᜋᇄᐣѬఄٱ Mannheimܳ 1927 ݏડЁؘငܒऻᨇٴڂঢ়ൄᖡЃৣᆺᘮວᖡ ၳఢٔܳמݧٴଦᘻડกᔇᢻ້ࣕරЁނחৠࣕذёݏڂ ਏދךёݏڂਏЁර،ᆼৣᆺၳఢٓᏋᏋථᣞᐂ༡ᓿਥݏᘮ۟ ࠨᧈኺඛЁؕਲࢸחࢰୀࡾ৯ኺ۠ޫ Mannheim ঢ়ٴڂᇃॆࢼยൄ ସථᣞЁٌ࣍ᚔᇁޕඛঢ়ًᓳਥݏ܉ፅܡחݏ᧫ᒷټكፅৣᆺ ঢ় ᓂ ঽ ᓅ ᨨЃၑ ނ ༹ ൄ ᖡ ঢ় ᇃ ॆ ኺ ۠ ༻ ସ ሉ ᒴ ᣪЁ ٺ ጉ Mannheim ঢ়ᆔໞᕛЃ݁ݨঢ়ၳఢ᠋ᅔЁཀ᎘ٓټᄒػࣣܧୀࡾ ןހػᐂݏ᧫ጤঢ়ৣᆺᘮచᤂᎶᐂؘ᎔Ѓؘዄྵጉ Robert S. Lauferᐂ Vern L. Bengtson ܳךёݏڂؙဆ઼ڌঢ়Ё༹ࢰᦵঢ়ᄒػ
7 1952ԑюҡޟ֔܈ઍܚᏲᅋޟՌ༈ܒႫኇȶӻȷȞ1994 ԑΰࢎȟȂᙤЮᒑȞӻ ȟᇄυτޟፐएȂජቸᆍਖ਼Ѕఊᇯӣޟжфᜰ߽Ȃࢋҡଢ଼άړȄ
ࣣܧঢ়ৣᆺᘮୀࡾЁዅ᠕ᄞ Mannheim ٴڂᇃॆؙॹৣᆺᗎ ঢ়ഔඛ(agency-of-social-change)ঢ়ᆌຈЁॷ࣍ᚔᇁঢ়ૅᆌቌЁނ ጥෞٴڂޛቈሉආח்ޫॐЂᏋ่Ђ॔ञਪ܇ঢ়ৣᆺᕐᤝࢼ༌ ວ(Laufer and Bengtson 1974: 182-185)ЃNorman B. Ryder ঢ়еڌ۟ ܩж(birth cohort) (1965)ᐂ Matilda White Riley ႇןঢ়еݏ᧫ᄤᒷػж (age stratification) (Riley et al. 1972)Ёۑڂਐৣᆺᘮ༹ܳٝঢ়ၳఢЃ ༹ࢰৣᆺᘮؙॹؘܡܩݗᔡހػঢ়ৣᆺዄၿᐂৣᆺ႔፸ᗎ ঢ়તށЁ୬ཋڝټסડࢼټ Glen H. Elder Jr.ٸक़ၳఢঢ়е۟ ࣺᙡၿж(life course)ୀࡾᐂວᖡ(Elder 1974; Giele and Elder 1998; Hardy and Waite 1997: 7-8; Edmunds and Turner 2002b: 2)Ѓފ Ryder ټࢼЁ்༹ࣣܧথटܩᙊݗᔡހػঢ়ৣᆺᓿݐЁܮݨፅट ݏ᧫ᒷןؙ༻ࢬਦުܹᓳঢ়ᆌ᥉ࠚፖጤᐂᚔᇁ૾ᨘ܉И۹ ߇ Mannheim क़ᛛঢ়ٴڂྎޛИؘᆎᚷᖶЁܡౠ״ኴิ൴ Mannheim Ⴝޮ౭ٔঢ়ৣᆺᖎ୍ວᖡᫌᡆ(Laufer and Bengtson 1974: 185)Ѓ
ڨחᏋᇃॆػٴڂঢ়ࣣܧЁ״থटݏ᧫ᒷঢ়ןЁެۣॹ ᖟ༌ॹ಄ᙡڪౠဆঢ়ןெЁ࣍ٴڂᇃॆििຈᐎᕐྚᓂঽނؘᅇ ॹྎחঢ়ݏ᧫ܩЃก்༹ᫌᡆڌၳঢ়ୀࡾ৯Ёቂټᙡڪࢯ ܅ࢼଦटٴڂЁނୀࡾঢ়ፅჩििྵຍ༹ࣥࢰࢯ܅ᓅᨨঢ়ݏᑄ ןЃঀᕀܲᐱЁ்༹ࣣܧกٴڂঢ়ٚػᐂૅঢ়ڌຨࢼວኊ಄ ٴڂঢ়ৣᆺࠚݗЁࢬٶยൄ༹Ꮛٚػᐂᆌ᥉ঢ়ᅆᑌᐂᗎЃࠚᅫٴڂ ٚػᐂૅঢ়಄ᙡڪផጨЁஊ٦ח்ܩঢ়ڌ۟ౠᄠᐂݏ᧫ஊ (Kertzer 1983: 127; Edmunds and Turner 2002a: 6-7; Eyerman 2002: 52)Ѓ்༹ࣣܧЁዅࢌॹᙡڪᘮୀࡾؙНᧉ݁Tannenbaum 1976; Wohl 1979ОЃܳৣᆺᘮؙЁᠴၑ Mannheim กৡ᥉ৣᆺᘮڌၳঢ়ٴڂວᖡ ෞ்༹ࣣܧආໞᕛঢ়ၳఢЁެܳڀડЁᇁًݢৣᆺᘮ৯ൟᜋЃ ፅ༦ܹৣᆺᘮచނࢎЁMannheim ঢ়ວᖡ࡞ݢࢺٴڂຨჩঢ়ቂ᪙ୀ ࡾᇣЃழЁܳᖗࣕח்ٴڂޛቈݗ௵ᢻػፀ݄ٴڂЂଣދٴڂ ྎޛౠЁᠴၑ Mannheim ༹ࣕቂၳ۟ܳৣᆺᗎࠢ༾॔ૅඛល ౠဆঢ়ݏᑄٴڂЁެ்ןፀຨ༹Ꮛᢻঢ়ᙞࣗإᒂЁܳ࣍ວᖡ
ؙ࡞ݢᄊחࡍᐱঀЃ࣍ݧЁMannheim ວᖡঢ়ڨڲח்ᠢཉصЁ۹ ߇ࠚݗח்ፀ݄ٴڂक़ۄᑭঢ়ٴڂᆌ᥉Ёܳቂ᪙ኣౝصগࡾར઼إ ᒂЁ״ؘᆽ(Pilcher 1994: 492)Ѓ
ፅחࢰৣᆺᘮచࢼᐱЁۑۣॹ Mannheim ܳ័ٴڂᐂৣᆺᗎ ࣋৯ঢ়Ёᖟܑܡᆌ᥉ঢ়ஊॐЁلނࢸڀঢ়ٴڂᇃॆᥰټݗ еഔᗊܩॹᘮٝরঢ়ח்ൿຏਹቡঢ়صগ،࣌ж(Hardy and Waite 1997: 5)Ѓذёݏڂؙ Ryder ܳټڌ۟ܩᇃॆࣣڂ Mannheim ঢ়ٴڂ ᇃॆౠЁঀۧ॥࣍ٴڂޛቈᐂፀ݄ٴڂঢ়චصЁټك࣍ٴڂᆌ᥉ঢ় ᇃॆЁᐭܳሉڂৣᆺؙЁજᥰᐱח்ܩᙊݢक़ᛛঢ়ܑܡᆌ᥉Ѓ ެ߇ࢸ݁ݨЁڀ״ख़ᐭܳยൄࢣࢰ༌ॹܡౠڂނ࠷ॹᤸ༘ኺඛЂૅ ኺඛႇঢ়ًᓳౠЁܑܡঢ়ٴڂᆌ᥉ك࣍क़ᙫၳঢ়༽ᆎЁח ்ڝټеࢼᢲྰݗঢ়ඃ༧ж(Ryder 1965: 855)Ѓၑނ܆ޢஊख़ᦵ Mannheimصগࣣܧঢ়ୀࡾ৯Ёཋۄᄶፅቂ᪙ୀࡾᇣঢ়ථᣞЃ חЂMannheim ວᖡঢ়౭ٔථᣞЁכٴڂ݁ޢܮܑࢲቂ᪙ᐂܑܡٴ ଦᫌঢ়ಘຨނࠚݗৣᆺ༽ᐂᚔᇁঢ়ޕඛᆌ᥉ЃMolly Andrews Paulo Freireፅ༲୳ٚয়॔ࣥᝄஜ৯ঢ়ࢇᘮ॔ᘮٝর(pedagogy)ວ ᖡؙঢ়еᧆీเᐊж॔еᧆᛸж(conscientization)ᇃॆ઼ڌЁח்ٴڂ ޛቈݗ௵ஊᢻػፀ݄ٴڂЂଣދٴڂྎޛЁۄᄶቂᙡחᏋᧆీเᐊ ঢ়ዄၿЁ۹߇்ןกේࣺܲᐭၐর࠻۟૾ຨЂچ᎔ၐצᆎЁᢻ ུ࣌ݢ࠱ᆌ᥉ЁᧆഔᚔᇁݢצܲતށຨЂፅຨาࣣ ޕඛЁނٶกৣᆺঢ়ᩊצഓႚᐂৣᆺ႔፸ࢼວኊຨЃࠢ༾ৣᆺ ᗎࣼၑᆺਲࢸٴڂޛቈݗ௵ᢻፀ݄ٴڂЁެᧆీเᐊؕፀຨ ༹Ꮛᢻঢ়ᙞࣗ(Andrews 2002: 78-80)Ѓᐂፀ݄ٴڂঢ়ٴڂᆌ᥉ࠚݗ ݢঢ়ᒏದৣᆺᗎЁििᘻЂدᅂЂႇᙡڪڃןᅊၬঢ় ࢯ܅Ѓ༹ࢰࢯ܅ࢸןெຮ۟ౠᄠᡜთ॔ᙡڪص٩ᝎঢ়ᆎᧆЁᧆ ៛ܑܡঢ়ށ᪙(Wyatt 1993: 2)Ѓ᧲ॹ಄ٴڂޛቈঢ়்ןᗍዂ ᅊၬࢯ܅ނቂᙡᧆᛸዄၿЁؕࢸڀெۣಏᇁঢ়еފܳٴڂж(generation in-itself)Ёᢻᚔᇁঢ়еފٴڂж(generation for-itself)Ѓח்ފᧆ ނᚔᇁঢ়ፀ݄ٴڂЁ॔৯ Richard G. Braungart क़ᛛঢ়еᙡڪٴڂж
(historical generation)ЂTurner क़ ᛛ ঢ়еႈ ຯ ٴ ڂж(strategic gener-ation)ЁࢬਦಏᇁรࣥૉݢٚػЁނܳઈᫌݢផጨЁഔླྀགྷڌ ټࢼৣᆺᗎঢ়ದٴڂᆌ᥉॔ૅᗎວॆЃڀெঢ়ૅᐂ ٚػວॆᐂፀᖸЁिि༧टםડᨇٴڂܳતށᐂޕඛঢ়ජށ፸ᐂ ࣗ܅(Braungart 1984: 113-114; Turner 2002: 16)Ёྵጉܯᡨຨፀٴ ڂፅํਔڬ᫈ૅЂٚػۍػЂڬ᫈ػঢ়ᓅᨨחᓸЃךёݏڂਏᘻ ડٴڂঢ়ዅࡏЁํਔ்༹ၳఢਛᑇНᠴਦৠรОঢ়ᇙЃ מЂ᧲ॹ಄ٴڂޛቈঢ়்ןܮၬ୳ࢯ܅ނᧆీเᐊЁिि ᐂڀெঀ᪕ᚔᇁܲෞފ؍टޛܳח்ਛᑇঢ়ᙡڪዄၿؙঢ়ᢻෛضସ Ѓ்ןፅॹٴڂޛቈঢ়ފᧆЁټكޠᜋނࢼঢ়ৣᆺૅޕඛٸЁ ༻ۄᄶᢢႽᐱࢯ॔ఄࢯ(narrative)ঢ়ٝݐਐኾڌࢼЃกеఄࢯᐭ ܡж(narrative identity)ঢ়ວᖡࢍગࢼ(Somers and Gibson 1994: 64-73; Ringmar 1996: 73-78; Hinchman and Hinchman 1997: xix; Whitebrook 2001: 4, 9-10)Ёןெक़ქᐱॹڀெފ؍ࣺ۟ঢ়ࢯᐂ࣍ᐭܡෛضସ Ё࣋৯ᄠସء፸ݗЂूݨઘ፸Ѓ༹ࢰࢯ༻᪕ۮڀெ݁ޢܯႌ еࠦНெОᖠЈжЂеࠦНெОஊݗધᓸঢ়ןЈжЂеإᒂݢ ᆌቌ۟૾ЈжЂеࠦНெОኌધᓸൟࡏ༹Ꮛ۟૾ЈжЂеࠦНெО ঢ়۟૾۪ঢ়ᐂೇޢܳЈжႇח༽ޙᐂފ݄ࠦܳЂފࠦፀຨݢঢ়ථ ᣞЃᢢႽქᐱࢣࢰॹࣺ۟ঢ়ࢯЂፀᖸࢯؙঢ়ᆲۮᐂဆ๔Ёןெ ཀ᎘ݗڀெડࢼक़ߓຨঢ়ᓸЃؘዄ்ןݢފࣺࠦ۟ঢ়ࢯЁ༻ ྶॹঢ়ЂॹᏋᄯঢ়زܑఄࢯЁกડ৯ࣣٸஊঢ়ජށ ፸(Somers and Gibson 1994: 62, 74; Hinchman and Hinchman 1997: xxii-xxiii; Whitebrook 2001: 4, 6; Andrews 2002: 80, 84)Ѓఄࢯࠚᅫם ٴڂᐭܡЁኔ݁ Andrews क़ࢎЇ
ܚԤҡࣀӵΙএ੫ۡਢړޟΡঈࢋ࡚ᄺ࢈ٱȂζೝ࢈ٱܚ࡚ ᄺȄӣਢȂ࢈ٱΙфΙф༈ήўȇѺঈМϽᇯӣޟஅҏौ શȂՄרঈܛՌࠉΡȃࢺ༈ࡣфޟȂ൷ᆍஅҏौ શȄএΡୈ࣏ΙএжфޟԙষȂആႆٲ࢈ٱȂϗӵᐣ
Ѭႆแϛۡ՝ՌϏȂՄቄୈȂএΡϗഺഅΙএ࢜ᄺȂএ ࢜ᄺٺтঈшϷีථ௰ଢ଼ઍғᡐޟΨȂԤΟശσޟџ ܒȄ(Andrews 2002: 85) ਔ்࣋ٴټࢼЁۣॹຨڂۓ่ٸቌᐂۓ่රచ໙ᓿݐܳٴଦ ܦܲঢ়ᅆᓪᐂᗭࣼЁࢸරచݗሉڂৣᆺᄯزܑఄࢯঢ়ٸஊࢺ ৯ЃངዄۑݐࢇᐂܦᏋৣᆺػᏑኼᅆھঢ়ර่ᙡڪఄࢯЁܳሉڂ ןெᄯᐭܡઘ፸ؙ࠶ᎉஊࢍޑЃټڬ᫈ࢼᐱЁךёݏڂᘻડٴڂ ܮཐཥڬࢯ܅Ђڬ᫈൛ڌ័ܩරႇᅊၬࢯ܅ނᙫၳದঢ়ٴڂᆌ ᥉Ёނ࣍ٴڂᆌ᥉ঢ়ٸஊජށ፸Ёח்ټؙරۓ่ٸቌٸЂ ॹਔݹݏࢼؙරර่ࣺኺঢ়ᙡڪఄࢯЃךёݏڂᘻડٴڂؘصଶᦰঢ় ٴڂᆌ᥉Ёངዄර่ᐭܡނᅆᑌЂᄞఢЃ࣍ٴڂᐭܡྶܳර่ፅዄ ڜЂຨܳЂᐂێࢼঢ়ఄࢯؙЁܳර่ࢺঢ়ᙡڪఄࢯؙ࣌ݗࠚЁ ނ࣍ஊසᢁᘻડዅނସሉݗڐঢ়ර่ࢇᐂػЃеܯᡨຨ ፀжঢ়ٴڂЁࢬਦފၑڌຨނݗૅᐂٚػၳఢঢ়ஊख़ኵ৯Ёނ ܳර่ᙡڪఄࢯؙटޛފࠦЂྴࡏ݄ܳᆌቌނᚔᇁፀᖸঢ়႔ঌЃۍ ٚصগঢ়၎ᡆ༛ර่ᙡڪఄࢯक़ࠚᅫঢ়ٴڂᐭܡޢᐂ݁ޢݗ टᄤ૰ஊᙡڪޕඛ৯ঢ়ٸஊඛצחЁ۹߇صগٴڂᆌ᥉݁ޢ टৣᆺᗎঢ়ຮৎЁނܡౠתݗᙫၳᄊחࡍৣᆺᗎঢ়ஊഔඛ חЃ ۓ่ٸቌЂۓ่රచЂර่ᐭܡঢ়ୀࡾЁᇁًৠรෞᡆॷܳٴ ڂЃ8ၑނΪלٴਏټࢼঢ়ٴଦڪЁܳඛល॔ᒏᙡڪᄤ૰ආ ৣᆺૅࣺॐᗎঢ়ഔඛ৯ঢ়ܹਥݏٴڂЁ྿ٻཋಗكۓ่ٸ ቌЁ״ᐂ࣍ٴڂᙽঢ়ြ๔كፅ٬ೞᗄঢ়ૃᘻݢЃ༹ࢰܳᠢౠ࣑ ಘຨঢ়ᙡڪٴڂ॔ႈຯٴڂЁििݗٞડර่ᆌ᥉ᐂॐ౽ঢ়ྦස৯ (Braungart 1984: 113-114; Edmunds and Turner: 2002a: 71-72)Ѓߒכᓆ င઼ڌЁྵૅلፅኺඛၳఢނࢎЁܳלёݏڂۏۑூΪᇏټ
৯Ёܳచఱ۟૾ঢ়ࡻᑲලፅۓᄊ᧧ঢ়ᐭܡЃڀᖟৣᆺᐂૅ صঠ᪕Ⴝౠဆ॔ૅЁ்ןܳزᑲලᙫػࠚݗঢ়ᆌ᥉ࠚፖ۱ྜྷЁޫ ٻ٦చఱৣᆺػᓅᨨ࣍ૅ᧧ᐭܡЃނڬ᫈е࣌ݢلࣗᆌ᥉ࠚፖঢ় ܐරॐلፅᅔצжЁڌຨॹךёݏڂ(1999: 55-56, 62, 78)Ѓ்༹ᄯ ॐᖲঢ়ૅາᧈᐂޕඛၳఢਏऔᄤ૰ঢ়ٸஊᑲᘰ৯ᐂൟᜋ৯Ёۑሉ ౠঢ়ᘻડٴڂЃࠦெڝټᐱЁךёЂעёݏڂلፅኺඛঢ়ᡕຍػЁ ᐂڀெ்ןᆌ᥉ࠚፖঢ়ᕀ۱ट੬ЁءସᙫលЂءܮঌঢ়Ѓ9 ࣕם לёݏڂټડЁڀெ؎ݗߒכᓆٚཡؙक़ᛛঢ়ؙൻݏ᧫ᒷЁ״ݗ ૅ᧧ᐭܡঢ়ஊᅆᑌ৯Ѓୀࡾ்༹ᠢٴڂঢ়ࢎᖡᐂ૾ඛЁፅॹםኊ ڬ᫈ৣᆺํਔঢ়ᙡڪᗎЁਦஊЃॹᕓྻᐂසॹථᣞᆌ᥉Ёۍ ٚᅇยൄ 1971 ދ 1973 ݏᄠเၳৣᆺૅາᧈᐂ࠻ஊࡏঢ়౭ٔᘻડ ٴڂݗ௵ك࣍ࢎޕЁނ၎ᡆܳॹصগ࣍ܯᡨຨፀວॆكፀᖸᐂᙡڪ ఄࢯЂٴڂᐭܡঢ়Ѓ10
έȃंـၥਟᇄПݲ
ۍٚक़ࢵᛤঢ়ٸஊୀࡾኣౝЁᜁذёݏڂЂךёݏڂਏସ ຨჩঢ়ڪౝЁڑીሉౠᐂડࢼڌৌঢ়ྠЂᣓᐪЂٚᄯЂᖡႽЂ౬ᅨ ᘮ۟ڎৎႇЃؙ࣍ፅۍٚථᣞᆌ᥉ᐂصগ၎ᡆུஊঢ়Ёࢣࢰᘻડ ٴڂਐኾፅފࠦЂৣᆺЂౠڂЂර่ك࣍᪙ᐂরঢ়ࢎᖡЃ ۍٚक़൪ፅঢ়ཐኺඛડ࣋ݏڼڟஊࡏৣᆺૅ࠻ঢ়ᚔᇁ૾ᨘص Ёᠴၑؘࠅܐॹڬ౬ᅨᐂЭᘮᣓᐪЮঢ়ᘮ۟ᐂৡ᥉܉Ёެ 9 дطܿෆࡾюȂȶᏽࡣюҡޟжфޟដܒࢇݽཎᜋȂϚႆўೝᔆޟᒑ٘ငᡛӵ Ѵӵ३ڙ၌ଶࡣޟ१ཱིਗ਼౪ȂՄཱིߖڥுޟᄘ࡙Ȅ։ٺᒑ٘ငᡛΠΠΤٱӇޟᏽ ࡣΙфȂ౪ӵܚڎԤޟដܒࢇݽཎᜋȂζϚڏႆўএΡᒑ٘ငᡛ҆ณॊҡޟ๖ ݎȄȷдطܿ፡ȂтঈӵΞɒԑфґޟដܒࢇݽཎᜋȂІᄇၼଢ଼ሴᏲޱᇄЛࡻ ޱϞߝϣଢ଼לԙޟཎᜋלᄘȂЎڏΤɒԑфϞࡣІᄇၼଢ଼ࡻ៉ࢅᏽܚഅԙޟ ᡝࢇݽཎᜋᙽϽޟ๖ݎ(1997: 254-255, 285)Ȅ 10 ኺޟϷݙȂஅܻڍԑӻϚϷࣸᝲޟᏽࡣжфԙষලႇีӱᘪ౪ᄂ౩܈Ȃ ٮᇄڏжфᇯӣϸࣺᜰޟٱᄂȂծؠԤ೩тঈӵڏтࢇݽȃМϽ้౩܈ׇӒΙमȂ ζٮҐ೩ 1973 ԑϞࡣޟᏽࡣжфӵࢇݽМϽкΰׇӒӣ፴ȄϚႆஅܻҏंـޟ୰ ᚠཎᜋȂٲ፴ܒȂϚҏМޟϷݙ१ᘈܚӵȄᄇܻڏ፴ܒȂΙএငலೝЕҢޟ ජक़࣏ࠒПਫ(1978)ޟفӖМണȄڀெ፸ݗ்༹ৣᆺצᄒঢ়႖ཉصЃܮݨൄᖡךёݏڂਏཉصЁۍٚ ٸஊྚᢑܳНެ״ؘॹОᐂڬ౬ᅨكЭᘮᣓᐪЮݢঢ়ڪౝЃ ܳۍٚาࣣঢ়ᖡصগ(discourse analysis)ٝরؙЁ༹ࢰኣౝ፸ݗٚۍ
(text)Ё۹߇ፅןெᇚ༻ޕඛঢ়ࢎᐫ॔ٚ݃ঢ়ᜁЃ11ໞෛኍᎼঢ়ٚۍ
ᙊວ،ޮЁᖡصগঢ়සᢁ(Fairclough 1995: 187; Barker and Ѓ Galasi ski 2001: 62) ፅॹеᖡжإᒂЁୀࡾ৯ፀၐܑ᥉Ѓۍٚาࣣৣᆺઘ፸ᖡঢ় ᖡصগ۱ྜྷЇࠦெࢎᖡঢ়ٝݐࢬਦؙ۱ܲلૌࠦெঢ়ٴଦЂᐭܡЂ ᐂৣᆺЁނܳླྀགྷᐂ࠻ڸெЁ࠶ᎉᚔᇁঢ়ࢍޑЃڭን ᐱЁᐫࢎؘکঢ়،࣌ᐂᇚ༻ঢ়ྪثН༹ᅆ໙রОЁނٶ ৣᆺፀᖸЂеחᏋආࢯฏঢ়ٝݐж(a way of doing things)Ѓৣᆺᐂٔ ວୀࡾ൪ፅঢ়ຨჩеܳᖡؙࢬངዄᖡނ፸ݗঢ়ж(constituted in and through discourse)Ѓࢎᖗؘᡜ፸ݗࠦெ۟૾ؙܳ࣍ঢ়ຨፀЁؘک ᢍྎلૌຨፀނ؎(Wood and Kroger 2000: 4; Philips and Jørgensen 2002: 1)Ѓؘዄࠦெۄᄶख़ᐭЁؘܳܡৣᆺᑲලᐂቂ᪙Ёᐫࢎ፸ݗЂ ླྀགྷЂ࠻ຨፀঢ়ޮ۠צؘႇЁ۹߇ݢସፅؘܲ᧲ॹᖡࠚݐނᥰټ ۠ᖡصগঢ়ৣᆺݗصНᧉ݁ቂ႔፸ОЃ12ެۍٚঢ়۪ঢ়ܳॹວኊ ᘻડٴڂ݁ޢᐭފࠦЂৣᆺЂౠڂЂර่ႇЁ۹߇ڀெފᐂڲܳ ផጨ݁ޢ༛ቂ᪙Ђ༛ਐຨЁټكᐂݨସঢ়ޕඛЁৣᆺઘ፸ᖡ ঢ়۱ྜྷᗊضঢ়Ѓ༹ࢰຨჩЁཋٻןெټࢎᐫٚ݃ᐂࢯৎكޕඛঢ় ჩᓇᒉூࢼླྀགྷᆌቌЃ ፅॹᖡصগ݁ޢᐒᄯኣౝᐂصগЁୀࡾ৯״ၐܑ᥉Ѓᖡص গঢ়ୀࡾ৯༻ෞ࣍ٝরᖡटޛܳኙ᧕ᘮঢ়(hermeneutic)ᅆ໙Ёނਦ صগঢ়Ђᎉঢ়(analytical-deductive)ᅆ໙Ёܮݨܳ࣍ኣౝᐒᄯᐂصগ ᄠЁၐᆽଦᕡ(Meyer 2001: 25)Ѓެၐᖡ݁ޢЁกኣౝᐒᄯᄞ औЁႉ৯ᐂܹᓳᖡصগ৯חᓸЁټޫ Barney G. Glaser ᐂ Anselm
11 ӵ፣क़ϷݙϛၶலَޟۡဎȄᜰܻШএ੭ႣܖቶᚬޟМҏۡဎЅڏցᄒȂџ َ Fairclough (1995: 4)ޟଆ፣Ȅ
L. Straussᄞเঢ়ວᖡ(grounded theory)ٝরᄊޕЇኣౝᐒᄯێۄ ܳصগᄞऔੇྵ႔ࡀЁނᐒᄯਏࡍኣౝડᄊޕਏࡍصগЁྴ࠰ ಄ᇃॆঢ়ቂ᪙ॐ઼ᓽЂᡕچᇃॆނݗᕐᤝ(category)Іࢵᙁ༹ࢰਏࡍ႔ ঌЁᐒᄯᄊחࡍኣౝЁ݁ݨلܳኣౝᐂᇃॆЂᕐᤝᄠءସᝬ᥊٦ኴ Нޫеວᖡॐ२ᓸжХtheoretical samplingЦঢ়ආরО (Meyer 2001: 23-24)Ѓе॔᎒াٔፖжЂеᅊၬࢯ܅жЂеᧆీเᐊжЂеٴ ڂᐭܡжЂеᙡڪఄࢯжЂכދॹеܯᡨຨፀٴڂжႇЁཋۍୀࡾ ٦ኴᙊວٚۍߓຨঢ়ᣓቂ᪙ຨჩނෞ࣍ᕐᤝػ(categorizing)क़Ё ॔ފૉݢٚᦤނ࣌ݢصগޮ۠ঢ়ஊᇃॆᕐᤝЃ صগٚۍঢ়ዄၿЁᡆܳॹᣂ࣍ڝഔ᪕ຨঢ়ᖗᖡटࢯৎ ঢ়༡ػᖡЃެᖡصগঢ়۪ঢ়ؘ٣ॹݨЁނܳॹᣂࢣࢰࠚ ᅫᖡЂܮނଦटЂઘ፸Ђᐂᐥགྷןெৡ᥉ፅჩঢ়ᙡڪЂٚػЂૅ ႇצᄒЃᄊחࡍނࢎЁᖡصগ၎ᡆ״ܳॹৣᆺٚػႇഓႚؙସءᇚ ski ༻ঢ়ᐫࢎࢸ۠৯क़ኾݗ॔क़ኾݗঢ়ৣᆺޕඛ(Barker and Galasi 2001: 63)ЃۍୀࡾۑፅذёݏڂЂךёݏڂਏڬ᫈ᘻડٴڂۍঢ় ٴڂᖡИٌ࣍ךёݏڂਏঢ়ܯᡨຨፀٴڂᖡЂࠚᅫ࣍ᖡঢ় צᄒЂټك࣍ৣᆺޕඛᆌຈঢ়صগЁނᡆٌܳॹර่ᙡڪఄࢯИ ආټዄڜЂຨܳЂێࢼঢ়ࠓܔࢼઘ፸ౠࠉࢯ܅ᆌቌঢ়ᖡࠚݐ Иᐂٴڂᖡঢ়۸ءޮ۠Ѓ
ѲȃϲɒԑфޟᏽࡣжфȈ
ؕᓶੑྃޟΙф
ยൄךёݏڂܯᡨຨፀٴڂঢ়ڌຨك࣍ॐᖲЁۄᄶວኊذёݏ ڂᘻડٴڂঢ়חടฏࠚЁٌ࣍࣌ݢزܑᤂঢ়ݏᑄৡ᥉܉ܳሉౠ ঢ়ݗਛቂ᪙ᐂᆎࣥЃᘻડᆱ۟ڂןঢ়ᄒᒦਛЁټكൻႇࢇঢ়ࠢ ༾ၳఢЁܳذёݏڂИડږቦИཀ᎘ڌຨঀ᪕ঢ়ৣᆺડ ঌЃᄒรࣥൻႇࢇঢ়ݏᑄৡ᥉ᄤᒷঢ়ڌຨЁؘᏑᘮ۟॔ࡍסৣ ᆺঢ়ਥݏЁཋཀ᎘ٓૅसᐂৣᆺঢ়۪ᐂൄᖡЃذёݏڂؙဆડЁڬ᫈ৣᆺॹןᚵႪЂڂᇚථᣞЂًݏۙቊЂਥݏྵᆼЂ ᘮථᣞЂןؕڲႇঢ়᠔ᖡཀ᎘ڌຨЃ༹ࢰཋ᪕ۮᘻડٴڂןঢ়ݗ ᔡᐂᆱחڂৡ᥉ᄤᒷڌຨঢ়Ѓ ȞΙȟࢇݽᅿȃᡝڙϽఀىȃᇄੑྃؕᓶޟΙф ܳزܑࢎᖡᒷݧЁذёݏڂঢ়ᘻડٴڂፅފ؍༹חڂक़ፅ ಄ථᣞঢ়ൄᖡЁח்ኴݜঢ়᪕ࢻЁ 1961 ݏЁᦰ༯نૹঢ়ૅ ᘮᆱࡿٸ܆ٲᄗܳЭފۣਥݏЮᣓᐪၳਐб݁ޢࢸਥݏร༹ח ဓвЃؙٚৠབྷᘮັᆼ৯ྵᆼߦᥰЁܹᓳਥݏחٔکᆏࣕරЁނ ૅसૉٺᑂᘰЁৣᆺݗݏן״ًݢ।Ёеؘ۸ဓжНٲᄗ 1961: 7ОЃ༹ᕓٚཡٓᓂঽঢ়ܯൄᖡЁؙ࣍ڑીሉౠ 26 ᇏЂັ ᆼॹڬ᫈ᘮᙡڪࡿނกዯஔठࠜ൛܀ঢ়ࡁक़ᒶঢ়бހݏןࣵ ဓвЁڎኵॹܡݏहঢ়ЭٚЮᣓᐪЃዢݏਏܳЭٚЮၳਐ ח༽ޙٚཡނٓक़ᛛеؙޗٚػᖡᘻжঢ়ࡁЁ༹ܳᕓڀ࠷ႛЭٚ Юঢ়חᕓޮؙٓቂᙁ࣎ЁঽᖡހݏןᏮᨔᢙޛᐂೇЂਠᤢݏ ᑄןܧඛঢ়݆ٔፖЃڀూၑܲઅᏌЇеࠦெؘࠒࢀኅ؎ቂᏹ ݣڲᅭᒷᆱ᎖ঢ়ဓЃИࠦெݜ؎ިڌםᣔٗЁངዄࡓ࿌ঢ়২ ಇЁُُܲႇઝޯெᑌႛࠦெחೋۑፇᆱঢ়ဓЉжНࡁ 1961: 9ОЃٲᄗᐂࡁঢ়ٚཡЁᜋડܳחࢰڎৎᐂྠٓܯᐂൄ ᖡЁެ୬ܳ྿்٠د״ྵཀ᎘ಏᇎЃ ᘻડٴڂᄠЁڨח்ᐂৣᆺزܑᧈᣞସঢ়ᔣದزᄞൄᖡЁၳ ۟ܳٴڂᐂеรဓжථᣞൄᖡડؘࣕ࣋ݏЃ1963 ݏ 5 ٠Ёחޛ රࢼڬᘮ۟ᐂחޛڬ᫈ᘮޗᓆঢ়ᘮ৯ܳྠᏐᓣٚ࠱ოؙරৣᆺЁ ᙫࢸڬ᫈ᘮᘮ۟ၳеފᧆኺඛжЁࣱਥݏൻزᓆٔЂފ ࡻНٷߕႇ 1979: 333-385Іߒරဎ 1979[Ј]ОЃ༹ᄴޕඛនړཉ ༦ܹෝ൯౬ᐂؙᘮঢ়ᨨЁ᧧ឈЭؙڳٞྠЮຣټৣᖡٙહЁނ ࣍ڀྠཡᣓᐪ״ڌຨᔣದൄᖡЁެୖח்٠ડ״ྵཀ᎘ڿాЃ ྵጉٴڂᐂรဓථᣞঢ়ൄᖡחᓸЁފᧆኺඛߓຨᘻડٴڂঢ়ٴڂ ᆌ᥉Ѓ༹กኺඛؙеؘᙡڪოࠦெᒾފࡻঢ়חڂЉжᐂеࠦ
ெૉؘᓘણঢ়חڂЁ״ؘڴቡঢ়חڂЁؘᒾঢ়חڂЁࠦெ ቘᖻፀܲঢ়חڂЉᛸࡘঢ়חڂЉжႇᓽᐫቲНಆᚕ 1979[Ј]: 362, 363ОЁڝټᆽلૌڌࢼЃܡౠٴڂكรဓථᣞൄᖡЁᐂފᧆ ኺඛޫЁ࣋৯ಗكঢ়ٴڂᆌ᥉ཋᐂර่ఄࢯᐂᐭܡෛؘڝصЃٲ ᄗൄᖡਥݏ݁ޢรဓЁۑෞ்༹ථᣞᐂل࠼࿆රঢ়༮܆ସݘ༽ Нٲᄗ 1961: 7ОЃދॹࡁЁᠴၑбހݏןࣵဓвחٚޫঽ ᖡЁެܳחݏܹડܯᨩኌٚᐂડᨇܳЭٚЮၳਐٚཡक़ٓঢ়ܯ ᐂᖡᘻౠЁڀटܲઅᏌЁе൚ڴחڂঢ়ਥݏןۄෞܯᡨࣕᓘણঢ় חڂжІеڀெঢ়ᢻݗڐٞЁྵؙරঢ়ੇᄞ౫ౠЃරઘ රݹݏЁڀெঢ়܌ؘ༹ܳᓄװ؇పЁڀெঢ়܌ܳ܌࿆ མડжНࡁ 1963: 11ОЃދॹܳފᧆኺඛؙЁᘮ۟ܳڬ౬ᅨ წঢ়زᄞਪЁᙫඛܲઅᏌеࠦெᆌࣕࠦெ༹חڂᥳ్ؘᅛЈ ЋЋࠦெᖠؘᆏݢח்ඈܐঢ়ৣᆺЁࠦெᖠؘᆏ७७ᐱח៎Ї йؙࠦරןЉкܡᘮெஊ᪗ᛸފᧆߠЉжЁټكеࠦெةؘഔຍત ຟଶЁࢣᒂ੫آݏײঢ়ؙႺۓ่Ёྵೋঢ়࡞ݢࠒ๔םжНಆᚕ 1979[Ј]: 362ОЃ༹Ꮛٴڂᐭܡكފᧆᐂර่ఄࢯكᐭܡၐরصᄞঢ় ฏࠚЁلૌܳડࢼኺඛঢ়ܨᏌᎉݗеؙරਥݏފᧆኺඛжЁނ༛ ࠚఞеႽۓ่ٸቌޑঢ়ኼᓆኺඛжНߒරဎ 1979[Ј]: 42, 44ОЃ ᐂךёݏڂࣥරᑪڲ۸࠵ᙫၳঢ়ݏᑄןঢ়ٴڂᆌ᥉ᐂޕඛঢ়ᢻ ٦ኴЁذёݏڂᘻડٴڂፅފߦጨᐂৣᆺزܑᧈᣞঢ়زᄞൄ ᖡЁ٦ኴ்ןঢ়Ђያނၹᓵঢ়Ёێငᙫၳ்༹ٴڂኴዅঢ়ૅ ৣᆺޕඛЃ߇ࢸ݁ފᧆኺඛჸჷًᓳ்ןࢎᖡᒷݧЁ࣌ݢފၳঢ়ᄯ ޕඛॐᖲЁ״྿ٻێಗكૅৣᆺᧈᣞЁؘငૃᘻૉݢૅЂৣᆺ ࣗЃڸܳۍᖲ״کॹеټ்ןፀᖸۍঢ়Ёڿڿױױঢ়Ёؘ ᨚᨚದದঢ়Ёஊࡏঢ়்ןᅫགྷފ؍жঢ়ኼᓆኺඛНߒරဎ 1979[Ј]: 44ОЃྵૅৣᆺᧈᣞঢ়ࢎᖡᤂᐂޕඛජᐂނࢎЁସኴॹךёݏڂ ঢ়ܯᡨຨፀٴڂЁذёݏڂঢ়ᘻડٴڂ٥ጽח்ସሉಏᇁঢ়ފܳٴ ڂЃགྷݗ༹Ꮛಏᇁঢ়ུٸஊ௦ܮЁᘻડරۓ᧧ંᩊ໙ፅৣᆺঢ়ᦐ
ෛᎽฟЃፅᘻડٴڂݗਛঢ়ৠรቂ᪙ஊঢ়Ёંᩊ໙ঢ়ৣᆺ Ꮍฟངዄᘰࢇނຍס౬ᅨЃ༦ܹضৣᆺૅᧈᣞঢ়ᘻડٴڂݗ ௵Ёกؙᘮᄤ૰ྵ᪙ࣕחᏋᝄࣗঢ়ौಇণЃ13ᦐෛঢ়౬ᅨᎽฟЁ ڏᦐ౽ࣗػࢇЁٌ࣍ 1968 ݏୋፀૈלݏරۓቌࢇੇЁ กؾᘮਏؙྵᄞऔঢ়ށЂኂࢇЁཋᘻડٴڂዅچ᎔࠹ࡓ ࿌ঢ়ᆎࣥЃ14 ܳସሉᝄ࠹ঢ়ૅฟࣗᐂࣗࢇЁ൴ם࿇ႽחടᏑኼؾᘮྵ ᆼЁ॔৯ݗࡁक़ᐱঢ়еوᘮ۟жڲНࡁ 1961: 9ОЁڌර ᘮЁᄊނᛕᢙटदЁᘻડٴڂ۟ၳఢঢ়ח்ஊڌክЃ15ྵጉފ ᧆኺඛؙᘻડٴڂঢ়ފࠦ࠱क़᪕ۮЁذёݏڂࣕךёݏڂਏܳزܑ ࢎᖡЁچ᎔םፅᘻડٴڂе୳࿌жЂеಏᇁжЂеފࡻжЂеࡓ ᜴жЂе࡞ݢᔣฏжЂеຨፀނၐວᆏжЂکൟࡏ்ןݗྵނፅৣ ᆺЂරచႇزܑᧈᣞٺᚷᖶঢ়ࠚఞᐂؘ᎔Ѓٌ࣍ຼޕঢ়ڌර ᘮறಇЁ༛ሉݗᘻડٴڂᓇঢ়ਐຨЃ༹Ꮛࠚఞᐂؘ᎔Ёܡ ౠڌॹᘻડٴڂঢ়ފࠦ࠱ᐂݏਛٴڂঢ়઼༮Нᧉ݁བྷᙌ 1968І ቦ۟ 1968Іࡁໆঙ 1968Іቦᓂಓ 1968Іٚጮ 1968Іࡿර 1969: 11Іٲᙌম 1969: 15Іޢࡼᇳ 1970: 15Іࡁᘮ〤 1970: 1Іٲൻ 1970: 1Іᇄරᓼ 1972: 11Іఖᗨ 1972: 40Іٚ፶܌ 1972: 224-225ОЃ16 ȞΠȟฒਲ਼ѶဣȃࢺιЖᄘȃᇄఊఄٱ ၑނᘻડٴڂ࠹୳࿌ঢ়ዅᆎࣥЁח்ᓂঢ়ວۣЁරܑ ፅએආеފؙۣරжঢ়ڬ᫈ૅੇێשЂࣺኺᦘṷЁࢸ࣌ݢز ܑᤂঢ়ৡ᥉ᄤᒷዅݢחᏋؘৡिޢ༌ڜЂၐक़ࢵᡨঢ়ದᆎᧆЃ ךёݏڂਏฮඛڬᘮ۟ཐኺඛঢ়ٸஊןৎחঢ়ٲᙌমડࢼܯᨩ ᡨڀெሉౠঢ়ᆎࣥеઈᫌ࡞ݢڌክЁٸᫌતᆏ୳࿌жНٲᙌ 13 ឋԃങᅊҡ(1971: 33)ȃങჂᔖ(1971: 6)ܚඪڗޟငᡛȄ 14 ឋԃݓҏό(1969: 25)ȃቓৠറ(1969: 23-24)ܚජक़ޟཐڧȄ 15 ឋԃݓҏό(1969: 25)ȃࠔၾЉ(1972: 84-85)ܚජक़ޟငᡛȄ 16 ԞΙٲоѴМюގޟंـȂෆԤᙏޟխජक़Ȃԃ Israel (1963: 10)ȃMei (1963: 71-73)ȃAppleton (1970: 55-56, 1973: 759-760)ȃGold (1986: 90-91)Ȅ
ম 1979: 6ОЃ༹ᓸঢ়ࠚఞЁ઼ঢ়ٔৣᆺૅزܑࢯঢ়ৡ᥉܉ ܳૅંᩊ໙Ё࡞ݢزܑࢎᖡᐂޕඛፀᖸঢ়ފۣЃፅ༹חᘻડ ٴڂৡ᥉܉ނࢎЁۑ݁ٲᙌমक़ࢎЁڌරᘮᐂᛕᢙटदЁࠛु ஊঢ়ኊНٲᙌম 1979: 6ОЃ 1954ݏᤩቋঢ়еؙܑܡࢧᚓୖжᠴၑࢧ٣ڬ᫈ঢ়ػЁެ״ ࣗරۓ᧧ஔᄣеل࠼མжঢ়ޕඛЃፅڲଶןނࢎЁ᪫పЁݢ చᡨؘЁᜋႽౠᄠঢ়ಏ༿Ёᧆ࿌Ѓٲᄗܳ 1957 ݏ 11 ٠Эٚ Юླྀڎቲঢ়חᕓၹؙٚЁ߇ৠࢎڬ᫈еᏞঢ়ޱಇᝄࢸؘࠦࣥ םжЁނеإᒂފؙۣරןۓܳᏞঢ়ޱಇᝄЈழஊᓳࣕןٔ ঢ়୳࿌Ђཪሐࣵ൞᠕ຨፀжНٲᄗ 1957: 24ОЃܳڨחᕓٚཡؙЁ ڀ۟ඛڲଶןܳڬЁဆઝل࠼མЁੑеۣဆઝࣕ၎દЁ ۣ၎દࣕڴ๔Ёۣڴ๔ࣕಏᇁжЁഡၑؘৡޢڜޢกঢ়ዅٔጨНٲ ᄗ 1963[Ј]: 14-15ОЃܳ۟૾ঢ়ಏᇁഡၑؙЁڲଶᦰᘻડٴڂ ঢ়ᘮЂᄊނ້ۓЁٌ࣍ੇिරЁቂݗ࣍٬ےᗄঢ়ෘൈक़ ܳЃ17ሉౠڲଶᦰݏᑄןۍፅ༹Ꮛຨჩঢ়࠱ًؘЃ18ذёݏڂܳ ঋಓᘮ܆ЂذΪ྿ᇏঢ়еᆱᘎచжחঢ়శ࿆ᫌЁ״ငؘඃᥛޑ ܲ࠱མࢼڬ৯ঢ়ဪ້ٔፖЁᐭ༹Ꮛٔፖඛםڬ᫈ዄગ ঢ়ᘮ້ۓறಇЁࢸᙊ்ৣᆺЁеཋټފ؍ঢ়࠘ঢ়חࠢЁח ፶жНశ࿆ᫌ 1971[1968]: 182-183ОЃחޛݏᑄןৠຣ࠱ოก མࢼڬ৯ۣॹᐂܑຮ᧧ർঢ়ၬڴ฿ቂ᪙Ёܮݨڀெеᠴၑܳڬ᫈ ൻඬםמΪܹݏঢ়ؙᚷᆼЁެؘؙུ࣌ᚷਪٔঢ়ڀெжЁܡౠ״ ࠒ๔࣍൞ᣒڬ᫈ЂᑇᣒૅਦЃڀᐭеמΪݏࢼঢ়ᘮᔣᔖ ྵ༹ࢰן᩿ࢼঢ়Ѓڀெڴ฿ٸቌ৯Ёࢬٶෞ࣍ڴ฿ٸቌঢ়ฏᏯ ᅆᓪႛڀெחڂжНབྷᎈ۟ 1971: 32ОЃ ༹ܳᏋරܑፅએЂࣥߦॹ؇పނੇ൚ഡؘटঢ়ٔວЁذёݏ 17 َѴࣸᝲޟϯڦȞȲȶӵՙПМϽഛኇήޟѮᢊȷ৴ፙོकᓃȳȂȮσᏰᚕᇬȯ 12: 23Ȃ1968 ԑ 12 Тȟȃ֖߸ط(1969: 4)ܚජक़ޟཐڧȄ 18 ឋԃဨࢹҡ(1976[1972]: 3)ȃঞీԃ(1977[1975]: 18)Ȅйႀޟ׳ຟࠌَȲȶσᏰҡᇄ σᏰఀىȷ৴ፙོकᓃȳȂȮσᏰᚕᇬȯȞ39: 9, 1971 ԑ 3 ТȟȄ
ڂঢ়ৡ᥉ᄤᒷዅ״ݢחᏋजᦘॹᙡڪڲЂፅॹౠࠉၳఢၐഔצ ঢ়ದᆎࣥЃ༹Ꮛᆎᧆঢ়ח்සۍ௦ܮරۓ᧧ঢ়ࣗݐᙡڪࢇᐂڌ ৌฟࣗЁঀ᪕ܲࢸڀெፅؙර॔ڬ᫈ዄڜঢ়ᙡڪସሉன۟ЃؘᖡۍЂ ڲଶᦰЁڀெחടکഔࢵᛤරۓ᧧ঢ়ࣼटᐱরࢼວኊዄڜЃܡౠᘻડ ٴڂፅॹټරٸঢ়ޗٝৡ᥉ᐂٚػঢ়ᡎिЁ״ସፅࢸڀெፅර่ ᙡڪᐂࣺኺຮ۟ዢᑢЃ19ڀெ״ፅފ؍क़۟ਛঢ়ڬ᫈ۍܲঢ়ዄڜସሉ ன۟Ѓࣵፅॹؙරঢ়ᙡڪחᓸЁڀெ״کഔࢵᛤරۓ᧧ঢ়ࣼटᐱᥛࢼ ວኊڬ᫈ঢ়ዄڜЃٞۍဣۓ໙ౠဆငቂൟᜋᦤහނජᐂеڬ᫈ᧈ ᆺ༧ቈᖚኺඛжЂеڬ᫈ٚػࣜᆺжႇ૾ඛঢ়ቦ፶᧖Ёܳذёݏڂ ငෝٔႽЁࠅݗםЭٞᙁڬ᫈ૅৣᆺኺඛڪЮЂЭٞᙁڬ᫈ ࢯݏਐЮЂЭڬ᫈ןৎጉЮႇஊႽޮЃڀঢ়ࣉቦਈਈડࢼܯ ᘷᐱЇ ٥ࢲϲΪԑфޟྑТȂרᗶณலᔓЮᒑשអȦᗃȧМገՄୈ ࣏ΙএޱȂᇄӣԑфޟ೨ӻԑሆΡؠԤڍኺȂ࿋ਢޟר Ж౩ΰ७ᄇՙПȂᄇ឴ܻՌϏޟᐣѬٮؠԤӻЍᑹ፸Ȅӱ དଔپȂՌϏᇯઍӴདौᕕுѮᢊޟᐣѬޣᜋȂതौᒶ۽Ս ᚔ৬ᔏ࢈໐ϞࡣΟȄȞဨߊߊ 2000: 11ȟ ݁ঌٞۍဣۓౠဆජᐂૅৣᆺኺඛঢ়ڬ᫈ૅႹঢ়ડڂतٶ ݁ݨЁࢣᒂڝټᆏࢌ߇ࢸۍଶᦰঢ়ᘻડٴڂЁחട״ፅڬ᫈ᙡڪସ ሉன۟ނٺᚷᖶЁᖡڲଶᦰ৯Ѓ20 जᦘॹᙡڪڲЂቈॹౠࠉຨፀၳఢᥜᕠނၐഔצЂၐڝई ޢঢ়ٔວЁ൴םࢸሉౠᘻડٴڂ༛ლ୳࿌ಏᇁЂފࡻࡓ᜴ڲЁڀ ெ״ዅᏌފ؍еၐঢ়חڂжЂеڴቡঢ়חڂжЂе൚ڴঢ়ח ڂжႇНᧉ݁ࡁໆঙ 1968ІࡅᏮঀ 1968: 6Іབྷًࠖ 1968: 4Іབྷᙌ 19 َѴࣸᝲޟஞЈ㘞(1978: 155-156)ȃҏࣸᝲޟങࢎઍ(1978: 174, 175)ȃങಈ(1979: 11)ޟՌרІࣸȄ 20 َف(1969: 11)ܚජक़ޟཐڧȄ
1968Іቦ۟ 1968Іབྷጀ 1978[1971]: 2І౫ 1972: 61ОЃᠴၑ༹ Ꮛዅᆎؘࣥॹڲଶᦰঢ়ᘻડٴڂݗ௵Ёެݢ݁Ё༹ᐂམࢼ ڬ৯ঢ়ቂ᪙ෛضସЃۍڲଶᦰޮచঢ়ࡿර߇င઼ڌЇ еၐڝᛔࢎЁ1945 ݏડᗎࢼڬ᫈ঢ়ןЁܳᄞऔౠၐরፅڬ᫈ઘ۱ᙦ ঢ়ᄎฏᆎЁٌ࣍ټৡ᥉܉ଣЃ༹ၐᎶၐᆎࣵڴቡᆎঢ়ח் ࢼᇙжНࡿර 1984[Ј]: 90ОЃ ၑނፅؙරᐂڬ᫈ᙡڪຨፀঢ়ன۟ዢᑢЁࢬਦᆌࣦႽᘻડٴڂ ٺеᙡڪᆎжЃ༹Ꮛፅᙡڪຨፀঢ়ன۟ዢᑢᆎЁᐂᘮފර่ఄࢯނ ၃۟ঢ়Ꮛದঢ়ᙡڪᆎࢬؘ݄ెЃྵڲଶᦰᘻડٴڂނࢎЁࢣࢰܳ ㍮ᖒؙᜋᛏן൞ᥰࢼڬ॔ܳڬڌ۟৯Ёڝټᐱࢬၐፀᑪঢ়ቂ᪙Ѓ ڀெᤂݢದၐڴቡᆎঢ়ٔፖЁٸஊࢼފచఱؙחڂঢ়ބ ସᅆЁټكᘻડࢇঢ়ර่ᙡڪఄࢯЃ༹Ꮛࢼފחڂᐂර่ఄࢯ ػঢ়ຍᆎЁڝټᏌחᏋеᝡٔፖж॔еᝡ᎒াٔ ፖжЃךёݏڂؙחޛᘮ۟ܳ౬ڎᖗࣕ٬ےе݄ٔ᎓ৣᕊЁጰᆏ ᢝచ؊жፅ݀ᓅᨨຍ࣑Ёࢸ݀ፙеឝႽص᥊ঢ়ᦰ༯ᦎႽᤂ ᄎжІ࡞ڜዄᄎЁеᇯᓸڝټйᄎᆒڰкඬݢঔݢжЃ݀ ᐱЇеࠦெؘ᠗ܳႇႽل࠼ঢ়ቲࢍחᨨЁྵஊᣒᄞ்༹ᓵౠᇎቘঢ় ܲٝᅛЈжН݁ 1977[1975]: 19О༹ࣵޛޮ৯ݏସۻঢ়ٲ࿆ᧁЁ ܳךёݏڂᘮ۟ཐኺඛડڬ౬ᅨฮඛৣᆺૅ࠻ؙЁஊᘮ ۟ᑲᘰ৯חЁ״еৣᆺআጤжٸஊၳןЃڀ״ငܳರڎ ᨧ༹Ꮛᝡ॔ᝡ᎒াঢ়ᆎࣥЁᆎጚеؘင፣ዄᄎঢ়ܲЁؘငࢌ ዄᄎঢ়ᢠنЁؘငܪዄᄎঢ়ۧݻЁکഔกܲጥڜᤂॆЁกᓅٮ ڜતжঢ়࿋Нٲ࿆ᧁ 1990[?]: 63ОЃ ދॹۍଶᦰᘻડٴڂ״ؘݢঢ়ࢣᏋచරያЂ൚ഡฑดঢ়ᆎ ࣥЁٸஊدػᘻડࢇঢ়ර่ᙡڪఄࢯঢ়႔ঌЃۣॹۍଶᦰݏᑄ חڂ࡞ݢחڂןᣒ᠕ᥰЂာಓࢼڬঢ়ፀᑪቂ᪙Ёڀெঢ়༹Ꮛᆎ ࣥڝᏌеږᝡٔፖж॔еږᝡ᎒াٔፖжЃᐂڲଶᦰ৯٦ ኴЁڀெঢ়ٔፖٺፀᑪቂ᪙සᢁЃؘᏑۍЂڲଶᦰЁፅᘻડٴ ڂނࢎЁٔፖཋಗكፅॹटᙡڪఄࢯঢ়รࣥЃۍଶᦰঢ়ਸ਼ࠇ
ငቂܯᨩڀெक़ࣥঢ়ࢇЁཋػڀெஊආеآݏᙡڪঢ়ख़ᦵ৯ж ᐂеחחݹሰڿٝزࢦරঢ়क़ݢ৯жЁނеਔڂڪঢ়ࢇߗქڀ ெᑭஊબ࿆රؕഔཟహЁڀெ״ဆઝ༹ࢰ๔ঢ়ፀຨЋЋжН ຈ 1975: 10ОЃךёݏڂؙמΪ྿ᇏЂྵᩜॹڬૅᘮୀࡾक़Ꮖ ರނ༛ლ᧲ॹරۓ᧧е᧧دঢ়ᇡࣵ࠻ክᕡжঢ়ݥᄲ᎓Нࠆරኔ 1978: 2ОЁلଶڀெࢣחڂܳ័ށᝄצЁᙡڪৡ᥉ঢ়รࣥ༛ඛ ঢ়Іڀெॹؙරဇڂᅂ࿇ផЂڲਸدᅂঢ়ਔݹݏЂᘻડරܑدᘻ ᐂዢಓፅએႇঢ়ᙡڪᆌ᥉Ёؙۣ؇ᘮ໙ח౨ᗲڌࢼЁеঌ ᠴێۄח୬Ёެၐࠚؙঢ়ᓅᨨצੑᥰټޣжНݥᄲ᎓ 1977: 181-182ОЃ Ȟέȟ۞ᐿᇄवඎȂӈᇄ౩ད ذёݏڂঢ়ᘻડٴڂৡ᥉ᄤᒷᦘॹᙡڪڲঢ়ज႖ٔፖЁתᐂ ሉౠޕঢ়ޗٝৡ᥉ٚػݢᏋඉዂঢ়ੴܩЁܮނᒦڀெঢ়༹Ꮛ ᆎࣥЃࡿරܳلଶሉౠငޕঢ়᪐᛬ፀ᥊ᖡЂ݄ܳٸቌᐂ࣍ܦފঢ় ञయᤱࣵࡑፅڀࢣחڂןঢ়ᓅᨨౠᐱኼЇе༹࣋તᆏًܹ॔॔ ཋߗქםࠦெЇৡ᥉صजᙽঢ়Ёނٶ᠗ኌټजᙽᅅжЂеࠦெ ًܹཋࣥࣕᤱ॔ࡑঢ়ᓅᨨЇࠦெ྇ᩋᖟৡ᥉܉ঢ়༮܆Ёࠦெ ྇ᩋᖟৡ᥉܉ঢ়ᩬᅅжНࡿර 1968: 14-15ОЃؘዄྵጉࡿර ܳܡחᕓٚཡक़઼ڌঢ়Ё༹ᏋܩႽजᙽᐂᩬᅅЂ୳࿌ᐂ༮܆ঢ়ᆎ ࣥЁؘᅇࢼފ಄ޗٝતᔖঢ়ػЁࢼފеؙරᅆ໙هᄤત ᆏжᖟеቂٴۓжঢ়ᓅᨨНࡿර 1968: 15ОЃذёݏڂ࣌ݢزܑ ᤂᐂ࠻ᆌ᥉ঢ়ৡ᥉܉Ёዅ࣌ݢ༹Ꮛज႖ࡓঢ়ފࠦࠚჩЃ21 ذёݏڂؙဆੇፅ࣌ݢزܑᤂᐂ࠻ᆌ᥉ঢ়ৡ᥉܉ຍ࣌ᓅ ᨨঢ়ЭފؙۣරЮᐂЭٚЮᣓᐪЁۑصڂਐеټޗٝᓽᇣжঢ় ૅ࠻ᐂٚػ࠻ວॆЃፅࢣࢰรࣥරۓ᧧ࢇނວኊؙරਔݹݏ රؘ่वࣺኺঢ়ᘻડٴڂݗ௵ࢼᐱЁፀᖸޗٝૅكٚػວॆᐂख़ᙈ 21 َΜɒԑфߑ߳ഒၼଢ଼ࡣඪȶܹᏰҡၼଢ଼ȷޟങჂᔖޟێυᄇтޟלৠȞቃ 1978: 197-198ȟȄ
ؙරᅆ໙ৡ᥉܉ঢ়ࢸࣺࢬޕؘెঢ়Ѓ1968 ݏح٠ླྀڎڌৌঢ়Э ᘮᣓᐪЮЁࢯፀۑऻᨇЭފؙۣරЮᐂЭٚЮຍࣥޗٝᓅᨨঢ়ૅ ࠻ᐂٚػ࠻ဆ๔Ёܡౠچصఢຨ࣌ݢزܑᤂᐂ࠻ᆌ᥉ঢ় ᘻડٴڂৡ᥉ᄤᒷЁټؙරᅆ໙ৡ᥉܉ঢ়ࢸࣺފဆނൟࡏޗٝૅ ᐂٚػວॆፀᖸঢ়ᔣฏЃЭᘮᣓᐪЮঢ়ླྀᛰ৯ᐂٸஊޮ৯ႇЁ྿ٻ ཋᘻડٴڂঢ়ৡ᥉ਥݏЃ ܳټݜဆЭᘮᣓᐪЮڂਐঢ়ذёݏڂۏᘻડٴڂৡ᥉܉ঢ় زܑᤂᐂ࠻ᆌ᥉ؙЁࠦெڝټࣕፅॹڀெފक़᧲ᄤᒷዅঢ় ज႖ٔፖЁ؎ቂڌຨחࢰ࠱Ѓྵጉذёݏڂᘻડٴڂፅފ؍༹ חڂঢ়ߦጨᐂৣᆺزܑᧈᣞزᄞൄᖡחᓸЁ༹ࢰࣱ៎ܳሉౠ״ያ ނၹᓵঢ়Ѓܳذёݏڂۏඉၑڌຨঢ়༹ࢰٮ૰لଶؙЁࠦெ؎ڝ ࣕཐኺඛડܯᡨຨፀٴڂঢ়៎Ѓؙܳ࣍Ёڀெፅފक़᧲ঢ়ৡ᥉ ᄤᒷዢ႖ॹᓂৣᆺᐂЁຍᆎᆚড়ЃፅڀெނࢎЁ،Ђኹႇ ঢ়۟૾ቂ᪙ЂᆎࣥЂᐂࣺኺЁஊ٦ڀெފྚᢑৡ᥉ނᄞఢঢ়חضࢼ ࣌ೋضЁ״ഔڂਐᓂৣᆺঢ়ೋፀᐺЁ۹߇໐ܩৣᆺঢ় еຨፀжЃڀெᐭЁ࠻ৣᆺފၑۄᄶწਔЂםኊ்༹ຨፀЃ ڭንᐱЁڀெঢ়ৣᆺૅ࠻ᆌ᥉Ёᐂеܯᡨຨፀжঢ়ፖગЁፀח ࣋Ѓፅॹڌ۟Ђݗਛॹڬ᫈ঢ়ᘻડٴڂЁؘᏑଶᦰޢЁڬ᫈ৣ ᆺڀெུৠรᔡจނڝວኊঢ়ຨፀЃެ༹Ꮛ༛ວኊঢ়ຨፀЁؘ ோފܳЂؘቡࢎኙঢ়ࢯৎЁނᘳᢢؙරර่ᙡڪఄࢯक़ঢ়ຨ ፀЁеؙරןжЂеؙරৡ᥉܉жक़ࣕЂ᧲ॹеؙරހݹकж ঢ়۟૾ቂ᪙ЂᆎࣥЂᐂࣺኺЃ22ก்༹ࢍગࢼЁࢣࢰ࣌ݢزܑᤂ ᐂ࠻ᆌ᥉ঢ়ᘻડٴڂৡ᥉ਥݏЁ٥ጽܳڬ᫈ྴ࠰ؙරॐ(Chi-neseness)Ѓ݁ݨঢ়܊ጥЁ״ྵ߄צܲෞފࠦᐂৣᆺЁك࣍ସءঢ় ័Ёסח்टᙡڪఄࢯࢼວኊঢ়ዄၿᐂ႔ঌЃ ൴םذёݏڂۏඉၑڌຨঢ়ያلଶڲЁᙊނࢎЁذё ݏڂ࣌ݢزܑᤂᐂ࠻ဆ๔ঢ়ᘻડٴڂৡ᥉܉Ёዅௗ࣌ದঢ় 22 ឋԃف(1968: 15)ᇄӵछᏰޟቓৠҡܻȮσᏰᚕᇬȯȞ7: 2Ȃ1968 ԑ 7 Тȟΰ ޟޱਪȄ
ज႖ᆎᐂࢸࣺᆎЃᡨࢼᐱЁڀெঢ়ज႖ᆎࢼފሉౠ಄ঢ়ᙡڪ ܅Ё۹߇රۓ᧧ંᩊ໙ፅ౬ᅨᐂৣᆺঢ়ᎽฟЁ྿ٻሯ႖܆ޢૃᘻ ࣗঢ়زܑජᐂЁࢸৡ᥉ᄤᒷٺፀᖸޕඛঢ়ᏑኼЁᐂସሉዢᣒЃ ༹Ꮛ༛ஜቈॹৣᆺૅزܑࢯڲঢ়ฏࠚЁڏߦद؇పЂੇ ൚ഡঢ়ᆎᧆЁټكፅؙරЂڬ᫈ᙡڪຨፀঢ়ସፅዢᑢЁཋࢸڀெᠴၑ ቈॹౠࠉؙЁެתݢႽᫌ৯ၐڝईޢঢ়ᎏٔፖЁࠛुजᦘॹ ᙡڪڲЃ࣍ݧЁ࣍ࢸࣺᆎࢼފؙරᅆ໙ঢ়ػЁټكచఱНٌ࣍ ڲଶᦰ৯О॔රۓ᧧ࢇፅؙරਔݹݏර่ࣺኺक़ᆎࣕঢ়රبచ ફЃࠦெڝټᐱЁፅࢣࢰ࣌ݢزܑᤂᐂ࠻ဆ๔ঢ়ᘻડٴڂৡ᥉܉ ࢼᐱЁ࣍ज႖ᆎᐂࢸࣺᆎፀח࣋Ё۹߇ᆓݢࢸࣺᆎЁܳሉౠ ផጨᆓᆎज႖Іᆓᆎज႖Ёᆓೇ࿋ᓘނࢸڀெᧆᦘঢ়ࢸࣺ ඇЃެ༹Ꮛܩঢ়ᆎᧆЁۣॹࠚ౽ᅔሯЁᡨࢸڀெಏᇁ୳࿌Ѓ23 ፅᇯذёݏڂޗٝЂכދॹٞۍႇܲঢ়ਥݏᘮ۟ኺඛЁټكךё ݏڂڬ᫈ঢ়ܯᡨຨፀٴڂЁࢣᒂذёݏڂڬ᫈ঢ়ᘻડٴڂक़ټח ்ସሉಏᇁঢ়ފܳٴڂЁٸஊ௦ܮכܳॹڀெеؘරచઘ༧ঢ়ᚔᇁ ජᐂ৯жЁе༛ᑇᑇܲዢᣒܳૅᐂৣᆺঢ়ٸᄃڲжНຈ 1969: 26Іབྷጀ 1978[1971]: 2ОЃ༹ᏋฏࠚЁؘॹڲଶᦰ৯Ѓ24ؘዄ݁ ݨಏᇁ࠹ঢ়ٴڂЁྵጉሉౠਚᦸසᖗࣕܳරঢ়ؙරৡ᥉܉ঢ়ज ᙽᆎᐂၐצᆎౠक़ᐱঢ়Ёᠴၑеઈᫌঢ়܅ܓםڀெঢ়ᔣฏᐂວ ᆏжЁެеڀெፅೞරঢ়ێࢼ״ًؘᑇᐂࠒ๔Ѓڀெکܳႇ ઝЁႇઝח்ૃᘻॐঢ়ᙞᆺжІе༹जᙽঢ়חಏᇁܲܳႇઝח் ኺᆺຮ۟Ёނێഔᚔᇁܲڜฮඛח்ᙡڪঢ়ኺᆺжНਚᦸස 1969: 5ОЃกࢯડܯᨩঢ়ᫌᡆࢼЁؘᏑፅঢ়Ђ॔ፅܳڬ᫈ঢ়ᘻ ડٴڂࢼᐱЁਚᦸසक़ᛛঢ়ח்еૃᘻॐঢ়ᙞᆺж॔еᙡڪঢ়ኺ ᆺжЁۑᜋડྵၳ۟ঢ়ཐኺඛᐂ൛ڌ័ܩරႇࢯ܅Ѓ༹ࢰࢯ܅ࢸ ڬ᫈ঢ়ᘻડٴڂกח்ಏᇁঢ়ފܳٴڂЁᢻᚔᇁঢ়ފٴڂЁނ ܳํਔΪݏঢ়ڬ᫈ૅЂٚػᗎؙ࠶ᎉஊࢍޑЃ 23 َѴࣸᝲޟဨࢹҡІࣸޟҡଢ଼ජक़(1971: 36)Ȅ 24 َѴࣸᝲޟف(1984[ȉ]: 90-91)ᇄቓσӈ(1970: 40)ޟІࣸཐნȄ
ϤȃΜɒԑфȶӱᘪ౪ᄂȷжфޟלԙ
1971ݏ 9 ٠Ёڬ᫈൛ڌ័ܩරੇЁחޛΪ྿ᇏঢ়ڲଶᦰᙡڪ ᘮ৯ཊ፶ᐿܳЭ័ܩྠЮၳਐбח்ᙡڪ،ޮ৯ፅౠࠉঢ়لଶвЁ ದ१ᘻડמΪ྿ݏෆૅሉࠉ્ॹڬ᫈دڲࠉᅔػނеټؘ ሰжঢ়ᐰЃࣕڬ᫈دཉঢ়ػౠЁڀᐱЇ ΠΪԑپȂΡοޟቨёڷࢺଢ଼ܒޟቨσȇώ୦ཾޟᖅᄸڷี ႀȇҕܚுޟඪଽڷҡࣀޟȇఀىޟලЅڷΡҕޣᜋ ЫྥޟඪଽȇᄇѴືܾޟᘗȃҺޟีႀڷσಀ༈ኬޟี ȇΡϗᎆюȃၥҏড়ޟю౪ȃཱིϛޟҡȇᄇछᄇ РޟߞИׇӒܹȂσ׳ᏰҡޟӱȂཱིࡦདཱིዘࢺޟږ ᐭȂڷࢇݽཎᜋޟԞዣȌȌ้้Ȅ٥ΙϚٱᄂӵȂ٥ ΙϚኇሉȊٲཱིีȂٲཱིޟᐣѬӰશȂӵӵᇳ ݂ΙএཱིޟᐣѬዘࢺϐငࣃՄپȂΙএཱིޟਢфϐင ҡȄȞഌᄸሁ 1971ȟȞۻጣ࣏নМޟ፡ȟ ࢯፀྵךёݏڂૅЂٚػᗎࢼᐱЁ்༹еᆱঢ়ౠڂж ঢ়ᖙ۟Ёؘᅇཊ፶ᐿक़ᖡܔঢ়ࢣࢰৣᆺ႔፸ॐػक़୬Ёܡ᧲ ח்ٴڂޛቈঢ়ݗ௵еᧆᛸжঢ়႔ঌЃ༹ࢰݗ௵ᗍཅڃןၬ୳Ђགྷݗ ຍ࣑ٔວླྀᅊঢ়ࢯ܅ડᧆీเᐊЁᄊނกח்टᙡڪఄࢯक़ᗚ བྷঢ়ౠᄠഓႚࢼວኊຨЂଦटފ؍ᐂक़᧲ٴڂঢ়ࢍޑЁࢬٶݢ क़ޕඛЃ ȞΙȟഒധѮٱӇᇄଝюᖒӫȃᏰҡᇄޣᜋӋυޟឈᒺ 1969ݏहડЁڬ᫈ᐂٞۍᄞऔၳ۟ཐཥڬܔᝍঢ়ٸᩊᧈЃᠴ ၑරۓ᧧ૅसᐂරد᠔ᖡؘᡜ៎ঀؙႺۓරૅसᘽݢኌܔᝍঢ়ٸᩊЁ ެ 1970 ݏ 9 ٠ЁٞۍڲଶۑݐઅᏌኌܔᝍঢ়ᑲݢᩊ᧲ಱЁނර߇ෞಱᡨ᠗ٞۍЁܮݨٞۍފၑᘽݢኌܔᝍঢ়ٸᩊЃܡౠЁ රර൯״ၳਐፅٞۍݢঢ়៎ঀЁ઼ڌኌܔᝍঢ়ٸᩊ᧲ॹٞۍЃ༹ חݏहЁתၳ۟ፄ।൴ཐཥڬܔᝍঢ়ؙႺۓරර፭Ђٞۍᐂ ಱૅसঢ়࢞᪐ܳኌܔᝍਡਔᨬཀڬ᫈Ꭱঢ়ࢯ܅Ѓ༹ܳဆᄠЁර د؎ݢරۓ᧧ૅसፅݨڲ۸ٸᩊঢ়ፖગዄॹᠲࠠ༸ళঢ়࠱ოЃ රঢ়ڬ᫈ᘮ۟״ܳݨౠᄞऔၳಓڲеᖍཐཥڬжኺඛЁᄊޕൄ ᖡЂઅᅆЂᅑЂᢏႇ૾ඛЁࢬॹ 1971 ݏ 1 ٠ᐂ 4 ٠ܳර྿் ੰڽៜޕۮંኻޕЃܳڬ᫈Ёࣕם 1971 ݏ 4 ٠Ёټړཉٸঢ় ᘮ۟Ё״ᄞऔᄯᆺలᖗЂ౬دኻޕЂ౨ૅसЂދЂٞࢸᜠࠨ ᧈႇཐঢ়ޕඛЃ༹ܳࢰޕඛؙ࠶ᎉٸஊࢍޑঢ়ᘮ۟Ёࢬٶܳ 6 ٠ ؙරᐂٞۍᤩቋ້ᢻಱНڑીཐཥڬܔᝍܳدОᏑ᠐ᩊٚ܅ঢ়ܡ חٞЁၳඛןڼڟঢ়౬ڲۮંኻޕЁࢬދЂٞࢸᜠᑌ۸ࠨᧈ ౨Ѓ࣍ڀܲٝঢ়྿क़ᘮᘮ۟Ё״ܡౠܳ౬دኻޕۮં॔ၳਐ౨ࠨ ᧈЃؘዄݨડᜋႽٞঢ়ᤩୖ؎टЁڬ᫈ᘮ۟ঢ়ཐኺඛ״ྵᗙ៎ඟ ኪЃ ၑނሉᘮ۟ঢ়ཐኺඛ഼ᇎౠЁڬ᫈תᜋ߇៛ᦐঢ়ڲ۸ ۆЃڬᘮ۟౬ڲۮંኻޕડᓳ٠دЁරරచ݈ܐࢯ߃ ວझ࢘ܟ࣋ગ༢ථړࢳН1971 ݏ 7 ٠ᐂ 10 ٠ОЁઅڹတៀ໙ෞ ॹݏ༢ථམЁᆲۮරෞۑݐख़ᐭؙႺןۓܑࣵරЃܡݏ 10 ٠ हЁ័ܩරᆺਐࡘ༻ዄؙႺןۓܑࣵරঢ়ڏסЁख़ᐭؙ࣍රᗷ័ ܩරঢ়ධחܩরڂਐЁࣣڂؙႺۓරঢ়మޛЃ1972 ݏ 2 ٠Ёڹတۑ ݐ༢ථམЁᐂؙܑᤩםеؙಓ័ܩزྠжЃܳزྠؙЁᣔٝ ઼ڌෞਲᄊ࣋රеۑػжЁނؙܑઅᏌеؙႺןۓܑࣵරૅ सؙරධחܩরૅसІڬؙ᫈රঢ়ח்ଶжЁеኊॷڬؙ᫈ර دૅЁරၐᩊؑಗжНٲᓆЂ 1989: 333ОЃรႽЁܳе ಓ័ܩزྠжၳਐડך்٠Ёٞۍᐂؙܑઘ۸Ёख़ᐭеؙႺןۓܑࣵ රؙරঢ়ධחܩরૅसжНٲᓆЂ 1989: 336ОЃ ᠴၑཐኺඛ்ܳ࣋٠ڼڟྵ؎ಏᇎЁެกၳ۟ཐཥڬࢯ܅ᄞ औЁټڬٸঢ়ਥݏᘮ۟ྵཀ᎘ضૅৣᆺ࠻ঢ়ᧈᣞЃڬᘮ
۟ፅ౬ᅨࢇЂৣᆺૅථᣞঢ়ᔣದᤂᐂൄᖡЁеཤ࣑ᄠกܓ ؙੁڌࢼжЁеགྷݗםמΪݏټࢼกێݢዄঢ়ᆱࠉжНབྷጀ 1972: 69Іབྷঀ௯ 1973[1972]: 73Іᄮ 1993: 56ОЃټЭڬর ࢎЮЂЭᘮᆱЮЂЭڂ័ᆺേЮႇٸঢ়ᘮ۟ڎৎЁټكټеڬ ᫈ᘮরᘮ൯ᘮ۟ڂਐᆺжНরڂᆺОЂеڬ᫈ᘮᘮ۟ڂਐ័ܩ ᆺжНڂ័ᆺОႇٸঢ়ᘮ۟ৣጤЁก 1971 ݏୋᄞऔၳਐࢎᖡ॔ᄊ ޕ૾ඛЁஊࡏ౬ᅨᐂৣᆺૅঢ়࠻ЃڨחٝЁ؎ቂၳޕݏঢ় ЭᘮᣓᐪЮܳ 1970 ݏहᄊޕ࠻Ёఞ 60 ྿ޛᘮ༘ЂૅЂ܊ᆼ ଦ࣌ݢৣᆺૅ࠻ᆌ᥉ঢ়ݏᑄחڂৣऍ௵Ѓ1971 ݏح٠Ё ЭᘮᣓᐪЮߓຨ࠻ડᚔᇁࣱ࠻ঢ়ᆱறᐺЃ்ܹ٠ડЁᜋ ߇ၳ۟ᘮ۟ঢ়ཐኺඛЃཐኺඛડڬ᫈ᗍࣥח༽ޙڲ۸࠵Ёןٔ ܞᎶؘ݈ঢ়࣋ݏڼڟဆᄠЁЭᘮᣓᐪЮݗڬ᫈ૅৣᆺ࠱Ђஊ ࡏ࠻ঢ়ࢎᖡؙٔЃᏡܩނࢎЁ༹࣋ݏဆᄠЁڬ᫈ৣᆺஊࡏৣᆺૅ ࠻ঢ়ٸஊצᄒࢼފڬ౬ᅨᐂЭᘮᣓᐪЮЁނ࣋৯ءସࣱЃ 1971ݏ 11 ٠ڼڟડЁڬஊࡏ࠻ঢ়ٸஊᘮ۟ᐂЭᘮᣓᐪЮ౭ ٔןঢ়ࢼिܩޮෛضЃ1972 ݏح٠ЁЭᘮᣓᐪЮמݧ࠻Ё 85ޛঢ়රدৣऍ௵ؙЁຈᐎآޛڬᘮ۟Ё߇ٲࡂᓈЂەໆЂབྷ ଟۛЂٲ࿆ᧁЂᐂᄮЃሉౠЭᘮᣓᐪЮৣਛབྷًࠖЂៀᕟ᛬ᇄ රᓼЂऍ௵॔ᕟ᛬ऍ௵བྷጀЂਸ਼ࠇЂ༦ਪ࢈ЂڑੳЂ ٚႇᐂᙈ܆রڂᆺٸమঢ়བྷଟۛᐂᙈ܆ڬরࢎৣਛঢ়ᄮႇן еिࢼៃЂෛضжЁеઘ۱ם۹ڇ۹قঢ়ᛏෛжНᄮ 1993: 62, 137ОЃᄮငټڀފ؍ٸહঢ়ᘮ۟ڎৎࢻЁ઼ڌеЭ ᘮᣓᐪЮঢ়ٸࣵЭڬরࢎЮঢ়ࢎᖡЁ࣍ፀସءࣱঢ়жЁूݨ เۮᐂጀᐄፅٝНᄮ 1993: 138ОЃሉౠݏᑄחڂۍଶᦰঢ়ۓᆌڂ ਐᄿਪثᐂ෴ጽໆक़ᑲᘰঢ়е᧧ڲжلፅૅኺඛЁत༌ॹऔᄤ ૰Ѓᙫၳڬ᫈ৣᆺ࠻ᔣ๔ঢ়ٔЁ٥ጽܳྚᢑॹЭᘮᣓᐪЮঢ় ᘮ۟ᐂৡ᥉܉Ѓ
ȞΠȟࣸᝲᇄޥོࢇݽ८ौؑ 1971ࣕ 1972 ঢ়࣋ݏڼڟЁڬ౬ᅨدᘮ۟ڎৎᐂৣጤॹ౬ ᅨ࠻ٝЁ୬ܳ१ࢬࣱ࠻ᘰయࣗગЂᖜᡆܨ༡टЂᘰ ᏑວࢇЂᘮ۟ڎৎᒵᕆᛰরႇЃ༹ࢰஊࡏЁཋྚᢑܳеࢇᙽ۱ж ᐂеᘮۓٸػж்࣋ٸᣞᕐྚНᄮ 1993: 60-61, 83-90ОЃ൴ݨ ڲЁڀெៜᛰеࢎᖡފۣܳڬжలᖗᆺН1971 ݏ 10 ٠ 15 ٞОЂеۓٸ۟૾ܳڬжలᖗᆺН1971 ݏ 11 ٠ 25 ٞОЂеؙڳۓ ᆌڂਐߍܐ࠻ᛳжᨛᖡᆺН1971 ݏ 12 ٠ 7 ٞОႇ૾ඛЁࢬၳਐ ସঢ়ٙહࢎᖡЃก 1971 ݏ 10 ٠ؙݞދ 12 ٠ؙݞ்࣋٠ᄠЁܦᄴ ੬ঢ়රࢯలᖗᆺ߇ܹኾחЂמΪ்Нབྷጀ 1972: 69ОЃЭᘮᣓ ᐪЮঢ়ஊݗ௵ཋငජᐂ༹ࢰ૾ඛЁނڸெ״ჸჷ౬ᅨЁৠรૃᘻර ۓ᧧໙ࣗނڌٸЃދॹܳЭᘮᣓᐪЮٝЁ༹ဆ ᄠ൴םۣݗ௵்ןၳਐঢ়ࢎᖡڲЁࢬٶམᨇڎڌۣڀெ័ܨၳਐ ঢ়бႛᕻቂර۟ঢ়ਪвЂбڬ᫈ৣᆺצঢ়صগвЂбරᖢࢎ†бරלᖡвႇЁࣱරۓ᧧ૅसᄊޕྻ࠻Ѓ ᚔᇁஊࡏ࠻ঢ়ᘮ۟ᐂৡ᥉܉ЁຈᐎۍЂڲଶᦰЃเၳך ёݏڂৣᆺૅ࠻צᄒঢ়ᘮ۟ཐኺඛЁ࣍౭ٔฮඛ৯ྵڑીؘܡ ଶᦰЃټؙ࣍࠶ᎉٸஊࢍޑঢ়ڬᘮ۟ࢻЁ1971 ݏ 4 ٠ 20 ٞ ݗ۱ঢ়еර۱ڬ᫈ᘮᘮ۟ᖍཐཥڬऍ௵ᆺжঢ় 15 ޛऍ௵Ё25 ټكኌऍ௵ᆺܳذ٠ؙၳඛঢ়౬ڲۮંኻޕНеذחךۮંኻޕжО ઼ᐂ،ޮᆄཉЁ26ཋܡౠڑીۍЂڲଶᦰᘮ۟Ѓתᧉ݁ڬ᫈൛ڌ័ ܩරડЁᜋ߇ܳЭᘮᣓᐪЮ័ܩၳਐб༹ᧆᛸঢ়ౠםвחٚঢ় 15ޛۍЂڲଶᦰৡ᥉ਥݏЁ27ஊࡏૅसеټᄞঀكࣵঢ়ፖગᐂݹक 25 ڏϛਣ࠲ȃࢹέȃങҳȃݓྣ၉ȃᓆҡ้ҏࣸᝲȂՄσᆰȃങؘȃᓀ җಈȃѮȃா้ѴࣸᝲȄ၎ۏষོԙҳϞࠉඁРȂҥਮПӫᏰҡੲфߒ ᇄޥღ॒ΡܚѢޟ߳ഒ৴ፙོϛȂᐭ੨ีِкԙҳ߳ഒၼଢ଼ಢᙑޟᏰҡȂ։ѓ ࢂҏࣸᝲޟࢹέȃѴࣸᝲޟᓀҗಈȃдᐎݰȞࢹέ 1993: 10-14ȟȄԩޟོȂ ޢߴԙ၎ۏষོޟԙҳȄ 26 ڏϛങҳȃࢹέ้ҏࣸᝲȂՄѮȃᓀҗಈȃүϯཱིȃாȃдᐎݰȃ σᆰ้ѴࣸᝲȄ 27 ڏϛࢹέȃд₀δȞдܥȟ้ҏࣸᝲȂՄдኊȃдඈឃȃᓀҗಈȃдᐎݰȃߙ ҳҏȃݓωᝉ้ѴࣸᝲȄ
ܑ۞୳ܡงᥰжЁеټ᨟Ⴅٗ૰Ёࣗ٣ኣਚڲ൞Ёᦐᤁ༱ठݲܠжЁ ࢬࣱৡ᥉ਥݏеᐂחڰݹሰܡ୩ܑ݄ܡ۟ݩжНٲࡂᓈႇ 1971: 23ОЃܡݏ 12 ٠ਏЁ23 ޛڬЂૅᘮЂయᕐᘮᘮ۟ৣጤஐ༮ ןܳڬړྠᏐၳਐбࠦெঢ়ࣱвחٚЁࣱਥݏᧆᛸފЂܐۓජ ᐂૅЁࢬஊࡏૅस࠻ޕૅЂᏮᨔරᩊᙽ۱ࠅᙊЃ༹ࢰᘮ۟״ܡౠ ڑીۍЂڲଶᦰЃ28ڨڲЁЭᘮᣓᐪЮᓳΪޛৣऍ௵௦ۍ߇ຈᐎ ؘܡଶᦰЁؙ࣍౭ٔঢ়ऍᐂᕟऍ߇ߓຨ༹ᏋޑЃ29ټеઘරذΪ ᄈݏॆжܨܳڬ᫈൛ڌ័ܩරੇၳਐܳኌᣓᐪঢ়бරᖢࢎв חٚЁܑܡቋܨঢ় 15 ޛןЁ30ټك 1972 ݏح٠ၳਐঢ়бරלᖡв क़ቋܨঢ় 19 ޛןႇЁ31״݁ݨЃ ࢯፀЁกذёࣕךёݏڂᘻડٴڂঢ়ৣᆺૅ࠱ოЁᙊނ ࢎЁؘᏑذёݏڂኴያඉࢌঢ়Ё॔ךёݏڂସሉዅࢌ৯Ё ؙ࣍ڲଶᦰᘻડٴڂፅරۓ᧧໙ঢ়࠱Ё࣍ࢎᒕޑ॔ᒙᛜ♶♿Ё ࢬؘࢱॹۍଶᦰ৯ЁଣދݢዄނၐؘكЃ༹ᏋฏࠚЁ८ۣॹڀெ ݢႽۍଶᦰᘻડٴڂक़࡞ݢঢ়చఱቂ᪙Ѓڲଶᦰᘻડٴڂຍࣥחڂ ᣒᄎؠЂ᎒াာಓঢ়ၬቂ᪙ᓅᨨЁނݢႽضঢ়රبచફᆎ ࣥЃกڨח்ࢍગࢼЁ༹୬״ۣॹۍଶᦰᘻડٴڂঢ়රᐫٚኺ۠ ഔצחടނࢎतؘكڲଶᦰ৯Ёނሉౠঢ়زܑࢎᖡᐂྪ״ٸஊڲ ଶןᘼྜྷঢ়نܲЃ32ذёݏڂழᄞᘻડٴڂፅފߦጨঢ়زᄞൄ ᖡނ࠶ᎉஊࢍޑঢ়ٲᄗЂࡁႇןЁۑཋڲଶᦰݏᑄחڂЃڀ 28 ڏϛࢹέȃ༁ኊᙴȃ֔ᕌᎃȃങኈ้ҏࣸᝲȂՄдኊȃдඈឃȃኊȃ Ҝȃ़Ξȃӎٳȃ᎒Ԋȃᓀҗಈ้ѴࣸᝲȄ 29 ڏϛങЍטȃങႀ҄ȃ߸ȃᖸҝȃᛳ༈ӴȃങჂᔖҏࣸᝲȂՄйႀȃդ؏ ғȃݓܲүȃಝМȃ྆ኾȃف้ѴࣸᝲȄ 30 ڏϛශొȞ߸ȟȃങჂᔖȃ೨ϦઍȞ೨߬يȟȃങЍטȃឃ߸ҏࣸᝲȂՄ ଽྥȃѓߧЈȞѓ࠵ࢹȟȃ྆ኾȃйႀȃ֖߸طȃ֔σϛȃߜડ߳ȃᎪȃۦ ኈȃಝМѴࣸᝲȄ 31 ڏϛݓғ҄ȃങЍטȃങኈȃങჂᔖȃශొȞ߸ȟȃ೨߬ي้ҏࣸᝲȂՄ дМᑹȃѓߧЈȞѓ࠵ࢹȟȃ֖߸طȃ֔σϛȃߜડ߳ȃଽྥȃۦኈȃಝМȃ ዜਪȃ྆ኾ้ѴࣸᝲȄ 32 1977ԑਢᐊӈҳݲۏষޟஶჿಈ߸ޟȮרޟؕࡦᇄᏭାșڍνএྫྷዤޟР υȯΙਪቸוਢȂо߸࣏ٽȂፙڗȶרঈޟυךάငႆέΪԑޟȺҕఊଋጛȻȂ ᇭᇳுШѴࣸΡྥȂМണቸுШѴࣸΡᆠ៦ȂࡩϚᡱരྃٚሖฮवޟЮщȂཐڗ ᠮ༇ڷഠ៚ڹȉȷȞஶჿಈ 1977: 9ȟȄஶჿಈ੫տඪюᘈȂІࢎޟғΜɒԑфϞ ࠉҏࣸᝲԑሆΙфޟᇭМΨޟ३ڙȄ
ெܳلଶފߦጨౠक़ਐኾፅॹחڂঢ়ؘ᎔Ёࢯፀ״لૌڀெፅ රۓ᧧ૅᩊঢ়ࠨᧈЁܮ்༹ૅᩊڂਐחڂᙡڪቂ᪙ᐂᒉூᫌЁࢬ ٶᅫགྷڀெ༹חڂঢ়ݗਛផጨЃก்༹ࢍગࢼЁذёݏڂᘻડ ٴڂፅފߦጨঢ়زᄞൄᖡЁٸஊلૌঢ়Ёڲଶןدཉঢ়ٴڂᖎ ୍Ѓࡁॹၳਐбހݏןࣵဓвחٚঢ়חݏܹડЁܳڨחᕓފ ॐٚཡбΪݏࣵΪ٠вؙܯᨩ 14 ᇏࢼڬડ 13 ݏঢ়ݗਛᙡၿౠЁ ߇ेेܲᖟڀፅחڂঢ়क़ޮक़؎еڴ๔ངལжЁނݏᑄחڂঢ় еٺឈᗲᐂಇᘃжᘻᅂᣒঢ়ડঌЁۄᄶۣڴ฿ঢ়חڂࢼஐ ༮ЃፅࡁࢼᐱЁ༹חڂਥݏןݢފ؍ঢ়ᑇࣵ॰ஐЁеݢڀெຨڂ ػؙරঢ়ᢠጥжНࡁ 1963: 10, 11ОЃ ڲଶןدཉঢ়༹Ꮛٴڂᖎ୍ЁᐂරܑدᘻЂරۓ᧧ૅᩊঢ়ࣺኺЂ ڲଶᦰᘻડٴڂঢ়ර่ᐭܡЁټكᘻડٴڂᢢර่ᙡڪఄࢯނፅފ؍ क़᧲ٴڂঢ়टޛෛضସЃ༹Ꮛᐂරبచફସঢ়ٴڂᖎ୍Ёፀؙ රמΪٴږቦᙡڪዄၿঢ়ח்႔ঌᐂЃٌ࣍ܳךёݏڂਏټ ࢼܞᎶؘ݈ঢ়ౠࠉؙЁڲଶݏᑄחڂݗ௵ݢႽกམࢼࣕ؇పЁ୵ ܒ൛ݨחࡍЁ߇ၐݩक़ঢ়ຍܞᙞᆎЃڬ᫈ח༽ޙঢ়ڲ۸࠵Ёፅڀ ெނࢎЁݢ݁ර่ᐂచ่ܒחݧ៛݄ࡘᨇЃፅॹႛחڂ ࿋ᗍዂЁࢸڀெ༹חڂ࠹ጾᩋЁނתܳݨౠࢸරۓᐊЂ߰ߦᆒ ੰঢ়ૅᩊЁڲଶᦰᘻડٴڂޫٻᥰټᠲࠠЃྵጉחޛ 30 ྿ᇏঢ়ڲ ଶਥݏЁފख़ 14 ᇏᜋૅसࢼڬЁеૅसתޢາॹח؍ޖள٬ےжЁ ܮݨܧࢼؘ࠱ოૅसЃެܳڬ᫈൛ڌ័ܩරડЁ״ᧆؘؘחܣ ࠢЁࣱеدૅۄᄶ۱߇ᆱЂܐᆱЁؘᆱؘټጥ݄ж Нࠇᑇ 1971: 18ОЃกٚঢ়ൄᖡ״ڝڌЁሉౠڲଶᦰᘻડٴڂ ፅౠࠉঢ়၎ᓊᐂ࠱රۓ᧧໙Ёࢬؘࢱॹۍଶᦰ৯Ѓ Ȟέȟឈਂంᇌȃжфᇯӣȃᇄఊఄٱ ก Mannheim ঢ়ᇃॆࢼЁᚔᇁஊࡏ࠻ঢ়ᘮ۟ᐂৡ᥉܉Ё กךёݏڂਏࣥࣕڬ᫈ૅࠉঢ়ᅊၬࢯ܅ᖎނแᗞܲݢक़ᧆీ เᐊঢ়ፀ݄ٴڂؙಘຨڌࢼঢ়ٴڂྎޛЃڀெᚔᇁܲፅৣᆺරచݢक़
ٸᐂޕඛЁᠴၑूݨঢ়ວॆێۄࠅܐସܡЁެཋח்ފٴڂঢ় ౭ٔݗ௵Ѓྵךёݏڂਏؘصଶᦰނዅڌঢ়࠻ࢎᖡࢼᐱЁᙫၳ ᘻડٴڂঢ়ஊࡏᐂᔣ๔ঢ়౭ٔஊЁᐂ࣍ර่ᐭܡෛؘڝصЂނٶ ኬჷଶᦰଦᕡঢ়ٴڂᐭܡЃ༹ᏋᧆᛸЁࢸڀெᡙذёݏڂᘻડٴڂ ঢ়ಏᇁ࠹Ђजᙽ୳࿌ЂᐂၐצᆎЁᄞऔᚔᇁܲกৣᆺঢ়ᩊצഓ ႚᐂৣᆺ႔፸ࢼວኊຨЁၳఢᠾঀঢ়࠱ᆌ᥉Ёᄊނፅຨาࣣޕ ඛЃ݁ܡੇЁᧆీเᐊނࢼঢ়࠱ᆌ᥉ЂٴڂᐭܡЂټكସঢ়ৣ ᆺૅޕඛٸЁििᐂ்༹ٴڂݗ௵ᚔᇁܲෞފ؍टޛܳח்ਛᑇ ঢ়ᙡڪዄၿؙঢ়ᢻෛضସЁ۹߇ᐂڀெ݁ޢܳח்ᙡڪఄࢯؙᚔ ᇁܲटޛފ؍क़᧲ঢ়ٴڂЂࢬᐂዄڜكێࢼସ༽ݢЃ33ڬ᫈൛ڌ័ ܩරડЁሉౠັᆼॹڬတᘮୀࡾक़ঢ়ٲࡂᓈЁފᐭહؙර౨ ۟ঢ়ᅆ໙Ё༹ܳࠐࠐڝܞౠЁၐরᡙፅచఱЂරచكןۓঢ়༮ ܆Ёܮݨॷ௦ࢼᘮරঢ়ၩНٲࡂᓈ 1971a: 57ОЃڀঢ়்༹ࡘ टЁငቂٓৣᆺସሉঢ়۪ᐂൄᖡЃחޛڬᘮ۟ᐭЁٲࡂᓈঢ় ᛳᙃеلૌሉڂڬ᫈ਥݏᘮ۟ঢ়ᙡڪ؎ᄞఢࣕח்ጐౠڂᄤ૰жЁނ ்༹ᄤ૰ЁۑثॹذёЂךёݏڂᄠЃڀᐭе༹חᏋᙡڪঢ়ᧆ ీЁᧆీࠦெފ؍ޮחᏋᙡڪঢ়ٸނܳᙡڪഓႚؙक़ުঢ়ޛቈЁ חᏋੇੇડડସ༽ঢ়ᧆీжНژᎫ 1973[1971]: 47-48ОЃ ᘻડٴڂܳᧆᛸؙᚔᇁटޛފ؍क़᧲ٴڂౠक़ᘳᢢঢ়ᙡڪࢯЁ ࣌ނࢎЁྵॹؙරਔݹݏࣺኺঢ়ර่ఄࢯЃྵጉذёݏڂรဓ ථᣞঢ়ൄᖡᐂފᧆኺඛؙٴڂᐭܡᐂර่ఄࢯكᐭܡᏥෛସ༽חᓸЁ ڀெෞފ؍क़᧲ঢ়ٴڂॷࣕח்ॹؙරਔݹݏࢼ࿋ࣺኺঢ়ර่ᙡ ڪࢯฏሻؙЁᆎࣥࢣݗරܑ่ܡঢ়܌፶ᐂปЁ״ీࣕފ؍ ঢ়༮܆ᐂࢸࣺЃڀெܳᧆీเᐊؙჀ۟ঢ়࠱ᆌ᥉Ёፀᐂ࣍ᚔᇁܲก ᓂঢ়ර่ᙡڪࢼતށຨᐂޕඛෛضସЁނ༹औॹཐཥڬٸᩊ ᧈࢯ܅ঢ়ᖎЁรႽۣॹڬ᫈൛ڌ័ܩරঢ়ᗨᙀЃܳ 1971 ݏ 6 ٠ᘮ۟ཐۮંኻޕؙၳঢ়бߗܐරܡ୩౨в݁ݨࣱЇ 33 َΙ՝ѮσᏰҡӵٜଟӴӱᔖҕឩᄇ࿋ਢᏰҡᇄޣᜋӋυ८׳րዥዘޟᅸាਢ ܚങक़ޟၗȞങ݂ 1973[1972]: 75ȟȄ
ΙԻΠΪԑپȂࡔкဎᄇϛޟ߭Ȃϐٺרঈభশฒ ోȄרঈζޣၾϚ၎শޟਢঐȂרঈ҆עోװܚԤ ޟ߭ޱᔞఁȂӎඈσചȂ१ᐌόݬȂϗרঈশಊ༁ഘޟ ਢঐȊȞलᅕ 1971: 25ȟ ЭᘮᣓᐪЮঢ়ᕟऍᆺᙫᓘ઼ܲڌЁٞࣜटෞཐཥڬܔᝍࢿ ܡಱపᏑ᠐ᩊ້ᢻႛٞۍЁеຨڂؙරঢ়ᦐڲਸжЃധ бߗܐරܡ୩౨вঢ়ڬ௯ᘮୀࡾक़ୀࡾ۟ٲᙌমᖗࣕڀெঢ়ᆎࣥ ౠᐱЇейරచкйۓ่кܳڿౠᧆࢣᒂᑋᑇࣵ২ૼঢ়ܨპЁੑ ܮཐཥڬࢯ܅ނࢼঢ়ח༽ޙරహЁࢸܡᘮெᧆйරచкйۓ่к ༹ᒂঢ়ᛏࣵࣵೋፀЃ༹රహЉжН୰᎓ 1971: 24ОЃሉౠྵᩜॹڬ রટࡿঢ়൹לЁડࢼܯᘷᐱеХཐЦኺඛறᄲီડЁරచ ܳਥݏؙ۪ٔྵݗݢޔݢކঢ়ፀЁؘܒ२ჩםЉжНٲာ 2002: 129ОЃЭڬਥݏЮؙঢ়חᕓٚཡᐱཐኺඛࢸڀெᐭࣕආ ؙරןЁၐक़൞ॹنܲᄠЁۄᄶख़ᙈۓ่ঢ়୳ᥰЁ״ీࣕڀெࢬ ؘеၐঢ়חڂжЁڀெঢ়еྵ்༹୳ᥰঢ়ؙරжЃ34ܳڬ᫈ ൛ڌ័ܩරੇડกஔؙ൛܀Ђۍଶᦰঢ়රۓ᧧௵ޢ్ٚЁᖗࣕሉ ౠڀᐂ༦ܹןঢ়ٔฏܳᇬ࿌ڲЁеᠲᠲୖୖཋݢח்ܑܡঢ়ߝྃ И࠻ފЁරॹܞᥰୋЉжНޢ్ٚ 1971: 25ОЃ ፅॹཐኺඛડټڬᘮ۟ٸЁᔣٔضૅৣᆺ࠻ঢ়ຨ ჩЁЭᘮᣓᐪЮৣਛབྷًࠖټЭڬরࢎЮе༹חڂᘮ۟ᧆᛸ ঢ়ᓽᐪжЁᐭ༹܉ᘮ۟ڎৎеख़ᦵםؙරৡ᥉܉ټن؍܆ঢ় ࢈ᅆ໙жНབྷًࠖ 1973: 2ОЃࠦெڝټᐱЁڬ᫈ڲ۸ঢ়༽ᨇ฿Ё ࢸךёݏڂݏᑄৡ᥉܉୍ټिፅؙරᐂڬ᫈ᙡڪຨፀঢ়ன۟ዢᑢ ᆎЃᛏቂᙡᙡڪࢯ܅क़གྷݗঢ়ضၬЁࢸڀெᇙފර่ఄࢯ ঢ়ᙡڪᐭৡᐂᐭܡЁၐ٦ೋضЃ 34 নМȲ࣏߳ፏഒധѮၼଢ଼ᇳඁѯၗȳȂࡣپѐܻȮσᏰᚕᇬȯ43: 28-31Ȟ1971 ԑ 7 ТȟȂЕМَڏϛ 31 ॲȄ
ȞѲȟжф৯ȃՌר㊰ᅈȃᇄҕк߬Ӊ ᧆᛸঢ়ᘻડٴڂৡ᥉܉ঢ়ᚔᇁॿፖЁঀ᪕ਐຨܳڀெଦट ފ؍क़᧲ٴڂᐂחڂభঢ়ٝݐЃፅᇯذёݏڂ྿ٻټڲଶᦰ ᘻડٴڂٸނፅ࣍חڂঢ়࠱ЁЭᘮᣓᐪЮܳ 1971 ݏ 7 ٠ᄞ औၳਐঢ়бڬ᫈ৣᆺצঢ়صগвЁ॔༦ᘻડፅۍଶᦰݏਛٴڂܳර ۓ᧧໙ٔፖུݜঢ়زᄞൄᖡЃ༹ᕓࢸරۓ᧧ሉࠉᐂৡ᥉ᄤᒷସሉ ᗨᙀঢ়ٚཡЁ݁ݨࠚఞۍଶᦰחڂঢ়ৡ᥉ᄤᒷЇ тঈޟԑឭσमӵϤΪϤྑоΰȂڧႆׇᐌޟРԒఀىȂҥ ܻ౪ᄂޥོЍԤтঈџоᅋޟُՓȂٺтঈತРҡࣀӵӱ ᏹϞϛȂᗶณୋՄζკᘐРҏϬРޟᖅȂณՄтঈԊӋ ԈϏՄԈݲȂԙ࣏ࢇۺΙတȶվᅑޟᢎಀȷȂѫԤ࿋ୋՄ᠙ ڗԤΡ׳ຟтঈڧȶѷϽఀىȷਢȂтঈϗོᐭଔฒӪޟ ࡥЬȂณࡣٞഀάᘪܻฒџۊդޟؕᓶȄтঈԤࣺ࿋يԁޟ Рҏᇭِୈ࣏ώڎȂծάϚҢѺپհтঈีِޟώڎȂҥ ܻۖತᓶᓶฒِȂтঈάԙΟೝᐌএޥོᒸןޟΙတȄȞѓ ߧЈ้ 1971a: 33-34ȟȞۻጣ࣏নМޟ፡ȟ ሉౠΪ྿ᇏЂڲଶᦰঢ়ൻᇣЁЭᘮᣓᐪЮбරᖢࢎв ঢ়ෆႉᐂ༽ቋןחНൻᇣ 1978: 5ОЃڀܳחᕓ፯ᖡڬ᫈ৣᆺᆱ ኼঢ়ਛ઼ؙٚڌЁеڬ᫈ৣᆺدཉঢ়සۍ۫жחᘻੇᐂᘻડݗ ਛ৯ᄠЁ۹߇еןᓳኴًঢ়ހؙڂᐂᓳᄒঢ়ਥ߳ڂᄠжঢ় еڂᄠ۫жЃᖗࣕڲଶᦰݢૅᩊצঢ়ݏਛٴڂౠᐱЇ ӵѮᢊȂΰΟԑकޟՂΙфȂЎڏ࿋᠌ࣂޟՂΙфȂ܁܁ ҥܻՌڼՂၥਿȃՂ८ڼȂՄھ[࢈]؏ՌࡌȂтঈޟࡦདᢎ ܈܁܁ϚծୄᅗӵϤΪԑфоࠉȂՄиᗙԤٲࣥՍୄӵΠΪ ԑфࣥՍΙΪԑфޟȂоमᇄֵߧфޟ܁܁ᜲܻྜȌȌՍ ܻσघѲΪϤྑՍϲΪϤྑϞޟϛΙфȂҥܻһԙߝܻϤ
ΪԑфߑоࠉȌȌᇄՂΙфᗶณζԤषϓҭࣽՄσमΰၶ ӫܯȄȌȌσघΠΪϤྑՍѲΪϤྑޟֵΙфЅΠΪϤྑ оήޟߧΙфࠌҥܻӓӣԙߝܻϤΪԑфоپޟѮᢊޥོȂ Մиάߨ࿋᠌ޱȂШၶΰޟฒၥҏޱȂܚоڏࡦད ᢎ܈൷ၶྜՄӓӣᇄՂȃϛфᄺԙΟࣺᄇޟҭࣽ७Ȅ Ȟଽྥ 1975a: 80ȟ ସፅॹחڂЁᧆᛸঢ়ᘻડٴڂৡ᥉܉᪕ᚔᇁᘫᄊЁނସሉ ފᧆܲஊݏਛۍଶᦰৡ᥉ᄤᒷঢ়ࡓ᜴ᫌЁ॔ݏਛڲଶᦰᩊצ ᄤᒷঢ়ފټЁټك࣋৯ܑܡঢ়ፅዄڜࡓ၆ഈᇠЃൻᇣᐭЁᘻ ડݗਛঢ়е߳ਥڂжЁټكًᓳеᫌॆഔᐂౠோᄊঢ়ހؙڂжЁеؘ ᖡйۍଶкйڲଶкЁתܑܡ፸ݗםદྴࡏኴܿጨଦঢ়ڨח்ܑܡ жНൻᇣ 1975a: 81ОЃ༹ᏋฏࠚЁ״ጉбڬ᫈ৣᆺצঢ়صগвޮ৯ ঢ়ᤰחᓸЃۣॹ۟ॹ݈टЁێቂᘻᅂЁڀெᐭފ؍क़᧲ঢ়༹חڂ ৡ᥉ਥݏе۪ၐᩊંඉጉЁٔၐ᧴ᆎжЁ٦חڂೋၐॱ ࡀЁނе༹Ꮛ்ॐ؎ਲࢸڀெದܲᅈܧॹൟࡏຨڂػᐂܩວػЃ༹ ༹ڂਥݏ᪷ٔঢ়සۍᓇжНڑਥنႇ 1971b: 14ОЃ ᙕኬᙊ்ךёݏڂЁܳࢣࢰᧆᛸᘫނټࢎᖡЂଣދޕඛૃᘻຨ Ђᚔᇁᤂૅৣᆺࢯঢ়ᘻડٴڂݗ௵ᄠЁچ᎔םޫ ፖॿঢ়ފࠦ㓮ᎆᐂဆ༦ЃፅڀெނࢎЁފ؍क़᧲ঢ়ٴڂؘެᐂ٬ے ᗄঢ়۟૾ቂᙡᐂᒉூᫌॆସሉؘܡЁе״ᐂؙරᙡڪ܆ޢחڂঢ়ਥ ݏசາжЃڀெᐭފ؍༹חڂਥݏؙරਔڂڪกێݢዄঢ়݈ट ផጨؙݗਛঢ়ᆱ۟ڂЁรࣥ٦חڂࠅᙊ࢈ܿঢ়ࢇЁеࡏᆱࡏ жЂеೋၐॱࡀжЂеഔފۣતށжЂеೋኔނፀᑪжЂеྰݢ ٴଦॐᫌॆжЂеݢબۂঢ়᥄ᐂ॰ஐжЂеຍࣥޗٝۓٸતᆏᓅ ᨨжЂеܧמΪחٴঢ়חڂжႇНᧉ݁ࡁًᒆЂབྷ݈ 1972: 57-58Іབྷጀ 1972: 70Іڬᘮᆱৣ 1972[?]a: 22Іਸ਼ࠇ 1977: 6-12І୦ݿ 1977: 56Іߒᢲ؊ 1978: 144, 158, 209Іᄿञٚ 1978: 7-8Іٝ౩ 1979: 2Іݥᄲ᎓ 1980[1979]: 423, 426ОЃ
༹ᓸח்ፅૅຨؘ᎔Ђዅૃᘻරۓ᧧໙ࣗঢ়ݏᑄٴ ڂЁරۓ᧧໙ࢇۍঢ়ຮৎЃᘻડঢ়රۓ᧧ૅᩊࢵਡॹ රЁઅᏌ᧲ॹᘻؙරक़ᑲᘰঢ়ފۣۓٸ൰ឈЃܳᘻડܦࢇد ఞؙЁॹފۣۓٸᒉூᐂૅࣗગঢ়ثᐂዴЁፅᘻડٴڂঢ়ৣ ᆺૅວॆ࣌ݢዅނຍ࣑ঢ়ᓅᨨЃбڬ᫈ৣᆺצঢ়صগвޮ৯ྵ઼ ڌЁеۣॹຨޕࢇࣗગঢ়دఞݢחཉ܉᧲ॹޗٝݐঢ়жЁڏ ܦᏋྪक़ࢌঢ়ޗٝٴଦЁࢸᓳঢ়ৡ᥉ਥݏܳࡍڌ౬ਜ ડЁеक़ࣕۍරঢ়חض࣎ཡࣗગᐂᏋᏋቡ܀ঢ়ຨፀࠚፖੑᐂڀெٔ ؙ۪ঢ়ວᆏࠅܐዢᑢЁدٔ㠰ࠚݗחኼᥰټᝒኂঢ়భ჻жНڑਥنႇ 1971b: 14ОЃབྷጀڀெࢣחڂݏᑄןঢ়ቂ᪙ౠᐱЇ ΠΪԑپᒲΟ٥ቄӻޟᏰਮȂٺЊӻޟߧԑڧଽ้ఀ ىȂఀىܚหтঈࣼڗޟׇछ൲၉ޟ౪фড়Ȃ఼ཇՄ ଽਝޟࢇۺȂၾኈڷғဎժޟޥོȂณՄтঈюΟਮߞ ፞ࡉоࡣܚࣼڗޟȂࠓᇄห७ຽᚔுႆ࡙ልሉޟ౪ᄂȄଶ ߨȶওȷఀىܚᛲᇧޟछᝋห७Ȃ֏ࠌѫԤȶওȷ౪ᄂ پ᎐൷ߧԑঈܚଡؑޟ౩དห७ȄȞങჂᔖ 1972: 68-69ȟ ፅᘻડٴڂݗ௵ࢼᐱЁ݈ܳटؙรࣥঢ়ފۣۓٸતᆏЁଣދڀ ெᐂחڂᖎ୍ঢ়౭ٔक़ܳЃࢣࢰஊࡏ౬ᅨᐂૅ࠻ঢ়ᘮ۟ᐭڀ ெފ؍ݗਛॹ݈टៃ፶ؙЁຍࣥޗٝۓٸતᆏᓅᨨЁዅஊࡏފ ۣᐂᙈሉ༮܆Іחڂ۟ॹᓍงЁၬ୳ঢ়ቂ᪙ࢸ࣍ፅފۣݢक़ ࠥٔЁނ༹еགྷݗמڂᄠུభ჻ঢ়௦ܮжНڬᘮᆱৣ 1972[?]a: 22ОЃ ۑසॹྎঢ়ۓٸਪ܇ނஊࡏފۣජᐂৣᆺૅزܑࢯ Ёࢸབྷጀܳ 1971 ݏ 11 ٠ڬᘮ۟ៜᛰঢ়еۓٸ۟૾ܳڬжల ᖗᆺؙЁؘડঌܲڌחᄴፅරۓ᧧໙ସሉแᆎঢ়ࣱЇеᄞॷ ᘮ۟ኺඛжЃፅڀނࢎЁеۓٸᏞܳॹঢ়ජᐂжЁᘮ۟ኺඛ еؘዄᆌࢌජᐂঢ়૾ඛжІૉފᧆኺඛЂᆱኺඛЁ״ᆐරኺ
ඛНབྷጀ 1972[1971]: 64, 67ОЃᏡᫌᙊ்ךёݏڂЁۓٸਪ܇ڀ ெଦटފ؍ٴڂޑঢ়ஊЁނ݁ݨঢ়ਪॆ״ݗڀெੋॹૃᘻ໙ ຨঢ়חඛצЃፅࢣࢰܳර่ᙡڪఄࢯؙᕀᐭފ؍݄۟ᆌቌނᘫ ஊࡏৣᆺૅ࠻ঢ়ݏᑄןނࢎЁൟࡏቡፀঢ়ۓٸࣗᐂ۟૾Ёૉ ༹חڂןঢ়Ђ״රచۓ่ၐቈᎶঢ়ޕඛ۪ᓽЃ݁ݨঀᕀঢ়ٴڂঢ় ᐂර่ঢ়ࢸࣺЁசາॹذёݏڂᘻડٴڂৡ᥉܉ঢ়ൻᦘЁނݢ ႽජᐂᙡڪЂ࠻གྷᙡڪঢ়ᚔᇁᆎЃᘻડරۓ᧧ࣗࢇچ᎔ૅঢ় ዻػᝄ࠹Ёެྵ࣍ᅆᓪۓٸວॆঢ়ࢇدఞࢼЁරۓ᧧ૅᩊၐາ ᗲםފ؍ঢ়ฦጩןЃނ༹ࢰฦጩןዅᛸᧆނᄞऔݢक़ޕඛЁྵܳ ךёݏڂЃ ȞϤȟ८ཱིȃҕкȃᇄӱᘪ౪ᄂ ךёݏڂᧆీเᐊঢ়еܯᡨຨፀٴڂжᐂذёݏڂݏᑄחڂৡ᥉ صڨڲח்ٸஊঢ়ؘܡЁದঢ়ܯᡨڬ᫈ৣᆺຨፀঢ়ວॆЃذё ݏڂঢ়ٴڂᐂรဓථᣞൄᖡᐂފᧆኺඛؙЁࢣࢰᔣضൄᖡފ؍༹חڂ ߦጨᐂସৣᆺزܑᧈᣞঢ়ᘻડٴڂݗ௵ঢ়ٴڂᆌ᥉Ёࣼၑᐂර่ఄ ࢯكᐭܡෛؘڝصЃڀெፅؙරਔݹݏරహঢ়ᙡڪᐭৡЁࠚᅫڀெፅ חڂঢ়ᖲᎶЂፅފ؍༹חڂঢ়࠱ᐂৣᆺ༮܆ঢ়टޛЃެᘻડٴ ڂፅؙරЂ״ፅڬ᫈ঢ়ᙡڪຨፀཋସሉዢᑢЁڏંᩊ໙Ђරܑፅ એЂᐂᘻঢ়ٴࠉЁࢸڀெݢႽजᦘॹᙡڪڲЂቈॹౠࠉຨፀၳ ఢᥜᕠঢ়ڴቡЂၐЂᐂၐצᆎЃၑނךёݏڂັར؎ؘܡॹذёݏ ڂЃᙡቂཐཥڬٸᩊᧈࢯ܅Ђරᐂؙܑঢ়قܿรᧇЂ൛ڌ័ܩර ႇᅊၬࢯ܅ડЁᘮ۟ᐂৡ᥉܉ஊࡏৣᆺૅ࠻ঢ়සۍᏞᐂ ڌၳᡆЁྵܯᡨڬ᫈ৣᆺຨፀЃټᘮ۟ނࢎЁ1971 ݏୋڬᘮ۟ᄞ औၳਐࢎᖡ॔ᄊޕ૾ඛౠЁᇣᛳڂ័ᆺٸమঢ়ٲ࿆ᧁࣱᘮ۟ еםኊᘮ౬ঢ়ޕૅЂሚਲᘮ౬ঢ়ޕૅжЁࢬٶеᓅᨨৣᆺЁ້றᢻ жНٲ࿆ᧁ 1973[1971]: 133ОЃরڂᆺٸమᄮࣱᘮ۟еፅ ᘮ౬ᄞפЁܧৣᆺᄊஔжЁеܳຨፀផጨؙڜ्ࣺຨЁڜࣣᆱ ಇჩжНᄮ 1973[1971]: 135-136ОЃ༹ࢰᘮ۟ٝܯᡨຨፀᏞ
