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台灣半導體業海外直接投資之整合模型

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國 立 交 通 大 學

科技管理研究所

博 士 論 文

台灣半導體業海外直接投資之整合模型

An integrated FDI model for Taiwan’s IC industry

研 究 生:江怡慧

指導教授:洪志洋 博士

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台灣半導體業海外直接投資之整合模型

An integrated FDI model for Taiwan’s IC industry

研 究 生:江怡慧 Student:Yi-Hui Chiang

指導教授:洪志洋 Advisor:Chih-Yong Hung

國 立 交 通 大 學

科 技 管 理 研 究 所

博 士 論 文

A dissertation

Submitted to Institute of Management of Technology National Chiao Tung University

in partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Doctor in

Institute of Management of Technology

September 2009

Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China

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台灣半導體業海外直接投資之整合模型

研究生:江怡慧 指導教授:洪志洋 教授

國立交通大學科技管理研究所

摘要

影響廠商進行海外直接投資 (Foreign Direct Investment;簡稱 FDI) 資金外 流的因素有很多。其中,母國政策可能是個重要的影響因素但未曾被重視和討論 過。本論文建構一個整合的模型,來研究台灣廠商赴中國投資時所考量的整體因 素,其主要目的是要回答下面問題:「台灣政府的投資上限政策,是否會影響廠 商赴中國投資決策?」藉由淨最小平方法 (Partial Least Squares;簡稱 PLS) 和 路徑分析模型的建構,我們提出幾個相關假設進行檢定,並輔以 1998~2007 年台 灣 IC 產業的季資料進行研究。此一模型整合了母國投資上限政策、母國總體環 境、地主國總體環境、比較利益因素和廠商特定因素等五方面,涵蓋了影響 FDI 資金流動的可能因素。根據實證結果顯示,沒有顯著的證據支持母國投資上限政 策的有效性。在五個影響台灣 IC 廠商赴中國投資的因素中,以廠商特定因素的 影響最大,其次是地主國的總體環境因素。以往的文獻大多著重地主國觀點來討 論 FDI,本論文提供的整合性觀點,可提供政府相關單位和業者作為參考。 關鍵字:海外直接投資、投資上限、路徑分析、淨最小平方法、台灣

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An integrated FDI model for Taiwan’s IC industry

Student: Yi-Hui Chiang Advisor: Prof. Chih-Young Hung

Institute of Management of Technology, National Chiao Tung University

Abstract

The determinants affecting outward foreign direct investment (FDI) are varied. The crucial role of the parent country’s policy has been less well considered but is likely to be an important determinant. In this dissertation, we develop an integrated model to study the determinant of Taiwan’s industry on investment in China. The main purpose of the dissertation is to answer the question, “Has the Taiwanese government’s upper limit on investments interfered with Taiwanese firms’ decisions about whether to make FDI in China?” Hypotheses regarding the effects of the Taiwanese government’s FDI policy on firms’ investment decisions are then developed and tested, by using partial least squares (PLS) path method. Using industry data from the Taiwanese high-tech industry for the years 1998 to 2007, the effectiveness of Taiwan’s upper limit regulations on outward FDI into China is investigated. The dissertation reflects an integrated perspective on the FDI literature by including the host country, the parent country, and firm-specific factors as determinants of FDI. According to the empirical result, we found no significant evidence supporting the effectiveness of the upper limit. The most influential of the model’s five determinants of Taiwan’s FDI in China are factors specific to individual firms. The second most influential is the macroeconomic environment of the host country. Previous studies have paid little attention to the parent country when analyzing FDI, a deficiency we remedied in the present study.

Keywords: Foreign direct investment (FDI), Upper Limit, Taiwan, Path analysis,

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誌謝

1995年於政大畢業後,即開始了教職的工作。10年後的我在2005年展開博士 班生涯,重回校園當學生。這個決定對於一個職業婦女而言,是個蠟燭三頭燒、 艱辛挑戰歲月的開始!但不入虎穴,焉得虎子。沒有放手一試,怎知自己行不行? 博一修課期間,算是最單純的一段日子。只要按時出現即可,課堂中把腦袋 淨空,即可注入一些新東西。財金系承立平教授講授的『兩岸經濟』課程,正是 啟發我想進一步研究 FDI 議題的動力,是重要的種子課程。幸好,每學期最不 喜歡的晚課及連續 3 學期的暑修,也在同學英儀和立翰的陪伴和互勉中完成。 至於博二上學期資格考的驚險刺激,是候選人必須經歷的重要階段!本班同學發 揮了 7 個小矮人的團結力量大-分科閱讀找重點,大都也過關了! 之後,就是訂立自己研究主題的開始。有鑑於出席國際研討會發表論文是博 士生必備的學習階段,瑞士日內瓦大學和澳洲墨爾本大學的兩次發表經驗,的確 讓我親身體驗到真正的國際視野,也了解到自己研究的 FDI 議題的確受到不少 學者們的重視。這得感謝當年電信系李義明教授給我的悉心指教與建議。 有了一些正向的肯定後,就可以專注在期刊發表上。很感謝指導教授洪志洋 老師一直以來都給我極大的空間,以及在論文寫作上的指導。從計劃書口試、全 文完成及期刊投稿、修改到接受發表,歷經1年左右,算是十分順利。論文口試 時,曾國雄教授、陳育成教授、林建榮教授、虞教成教授和袁建中教授都給予了 許多寶貴的建議,這些都能讓我的文章品質更加提昇,也是日後論文撰寫上的重 要資產。明新科大外語系的 Stephen Hoover 老師和中華大學外文系的 Paul Tensey 老師的幫忙修改英文,大華同事右婷主任、慧文主任、偉文老師和焯然 老師等的支持與協助,亦一併在此致謝。 從清大經濟、政大國貿所到交大科管所,一路走來。我才發現,原來,經濟 背景的我,一直害怕的數學及方程式,到了碩士班僥倖逃脫了,卻在博士班時重 新拾起!人生,該面對的功課躲也躲不掉;與其消極逃避,不如積極面對。正因 當年遇到了恩師清大蔡攀龍教授在國際經濟學上的啟蒙,才讓我想繼續念國經, 沒想到後來在科管所的博士論文中集大成。感謝蔡老師當年幫我寫推薦信,又在 口試前幫忙寫聲明書,師恩浩蕩,無以回報。回首來時路,我拿了不少好人牌! 最後,要感謝的是一直在背後默默支持我的家人-先生兆慶及女兒宜珈。這 個學位屬於我們一起努力的,也是最好的生日禮物!雖然我是家中最後一個拿到 博士學位的,但三缺一不可;現在,四大天王集滿,鐵枝到位了,也獻給我親愛 的爸媽!謝謝您們!感謝有這段旅程,才會讓我的人生有了成長與充實的機會, 要謝的人實在太多,就謝天吧! 江怡慧謹致 交通大學科技管理研究所 98年9月29日

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Contents

摘要………iii

Abstract………iv

誌謝………v

Contents………vi

List of Tables ………ix

List of Figures ………x

1. Introduction 1.1 Background and motivation ………1

1.2 Purpose ………4

1.3 Methodologies and Scope………5

1.4 Contribution………6

1.5 Structure ………6

2. Literature review on FDI model and hypothesis development 2.1 A summary of FDI………9

2.1.1 Capital flow and definition of FDI ………9

2.1.2 Features of FDI………11

2.1.3 Modes of FDI………14

2.1.4 Theories of FDI ………16

2.1.5 Knowledge; technology diffusion and FDI………19

2.1.6 The econometrics models of FDI………23

2.1.7 Domestic investment and FDI ………25

2.1.8 Economic growth and FDI ………27

2.2 The determinants on FDI ………32

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3.1.1 Principle………35

3.1.2 Features………36

3.1.3 Assumptions ………37

3.1.4 Models ………38

3.2 An overview of Path analysis………38

3.2.1 Principles ………38

3.2.2 Assumptions ………39

3.2.3 Limitations of path analysis ………40

3.3 The PLS path modeling ………41

3.3.1 Features ……….41

3.3.2 Applications ………42

3.3.3 Contents ……… 42

3.4 Hypothesis development ………45

4. An empirical case of Taiwan 4.1 Background description ………49

4.2 Descriptive statistics ………50

4.3 Results for the PLS path model ………53

4.3.1 AVE, CR, and R2 ………53

4.3.2 Structural model ………55

4.3.3 Measurement model ………55

4.4 Discussions ………56

5. A empirical result by a combined PLS path and MCDM model 5.1 Background description ………61

5.2 PLS model………64

5.2.1 Hypothesis of PLS model………64

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5.2.3 Results for the PLS path model………67

5.3 MCDM model………70

5.3.1 Analytic hierarchy process………71

5.3.2 Results for AHP method………72

5.4 Discussions………73

6. Does The Investment Upper Limit Regulation Matter? 6.1 Background description ………75

6.2. Hypotheses and model………78

6.3 Data and results………81

6.3.1 Data description………81

6.3.2 Results for the measurement (outer) model………83

6.3.3 Results for the structural (inner) model………85

6.4 Discussions………87

7. Conclusions and remarks ………89

References ………91

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List of Tables

Table 2-1. A summary of the determinants on FDI………34

Table 4-1. Characteristics of the sample firms………50

Table 4-2. Definitions of the manifest variables………52

Table 4-3. Summary of descriptive statistics………53

Table 4-4. Latent variable correlations………54

Table 4-5. AVE, CR, and R2………55

Table 4-6. Path coefficients (Mean, Standard deviation, t) ………56

Table 4-7. Weights for the structural model (Mean, Standard Deviation , t) ………57

Table 4-8. The aggregate results for the model………57

Table 4-9. Structural Relationships from the Proposed Model………57

Table 5-1. The characteristics of sample firms………66

Table 5-2. Definition of manifest variables………67

Table 5-3. Summary of descriptive statistics………67

Table 5-4. AVE, CR and the R squarevalues………68

Table 5-5. Latent Variable Correlations………68

Table 5-6. Path Coefficients (Mean, STDEV, t) ………68

Table 5-7. Outer Weights (Mean, STDEV, t) ………69

Table 5-8. Structural relationships of the proposed model………70

Table 5-9. Weights obtained by the AHP method for each expert………72

Table 5-10. The result of outward FDI MCDM model………73

Table 6-1. The characteristics of sample firms………82

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List of Figures

Figure 1-1. The comprehensive perspective on firm’s financial structure…………7

Figure 1-2. The research structure and organization of the dissertation………8

Figure 3-1. A research flow for outward FDI PLS path methodology………44

Figure 3-2. The dissertation’s conceptual framework ………48

Figure 4-1. Results for the PLS path model: path coefficients for the structural model and weights for the measurement model………54

Figure 5-1. The PLS path model of outward FDI………65

Figure 5-2. The result of the proposed PLS path model………70

Figure 5-3. The MCDM model of Taiwan’s outward FDI to China………71

Figure 6-1. The conceptual framework………81

參考文獻

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