! ! !! ! Y17 2011.01.13
317 t (1) (2) :
Relationships among Rock Climbing Participants’ Traits of
Serious Leisure, Recreation Specialization and Flow experience
Abstract
The purpose is therefore to examine the relationships between serious leisure, recreation specialization and flow experience among climbers, and to discover the differences of serious leisure, recreation specialization, and flow experience on several demographical variables.
Purposive sampling and structural questionnaire will be used to collect data at several sport centers with artificial climbing structures in major cities in Taiwan. A total of 317 usable questionnaires were collected using purposive sampling and structural questionnaire on rock climbing participants. Results of this study using t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis indicate that (1)the multivariate variance of analysis showed that part of the climbers’ demographic have significant effects on the serious leisure, recreation specialization and flow experience of the climbers. It showed that the serious leisure, recreation specialization and flow experience will have a difference when participant's background is changed. (2)Serious leisure positively affect recreation specialization and flow experience and recreation specialization has a positive effect on flow experience. When the participants’ serious leisure traits to be higher, then the recreation specialization and flow experience degree is also higher. Managerial implications for rock climbing promoters and further research directions for academics will be also provided.
... I ... II ... III ... IV ... VI ... VIII ... 1 ... 1 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ... 7 ... 7 ... 9 ... 15 ... 27 ... 35 ... 38 ... 38 ... 39 ... 42 ... 43 ... 45 ... 47 ... 51
... 51 ... 54 ... 59 ... 76 .... 80 ... 86 ... 86 ... 89 ... 91 ... 91 ... 94 1 ... 100
1 ... 49 2 ... 49 3 ... 50 4 ... 53 5 ... 55 6 ... 57 7 ... 58 8 ... 62 8 ( 1) ... 63 8 ( 2) ... 64 8 ( 3) ... 65 8 ( 4) ... 66 8 ( 5) ... 67 9 ... 69 9 ( 1) ... 70 9 ( 2) ... 71 10 ... 73 10 ( 1) ... 74 10 ( 2) ... 75 11 ... 78 12 ... 79 13 ... 82 14 ... 84
1 ... 6 2 ... 17 3 ... 18 4 ... 19 5 2 ... 19 6 Little (1976) ... 29 7 ... 30 8 ... 38
2002 2005 15.48 % 2007 20.2 %( 2007) (Ferrans, 1996 2002)
( Ewert & Galloway, 2001; , 1994; , 2007) 1970
1983
(sport climbing)
( 2006)
(Csikszentmihalyi & Kleiber, 1991; Iso-Ahola, 1980) Stebbins (2001) (serious leisure)
( 2006)
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1997)
(flow) (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975; Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Webster, Trevino & Ryan, 1993)
Bryan (1977)
Scott and Shafer (2001)
Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi (1988)
1
1970 (mountaineering) ( 1997) ( 2002; 2005) (1997) (2003)
Ewert and Hollenhorst (1994) (2005) 255 (2008) (2006)
Stebbins (2001) 1982 (casual leisure
) (serious leisure )
Stebbins (1992b) serious
serious leisure
(amateur) (hobbyist) (career volunteer)
(Stebbins, 1982)
(Stebbins, 2001) Stebbins (1992a, 2001) ( ) (perseverance) ( ) (career) ( ) (personal effort) ( ) (long-lasting benefits) ( ) (subculture)
; ( ) (identification) Stebbins (1982) ( ) (amateur)
(Edgar & Thomas, 1999; Stebbins, 1982)
( ) (hobbyist)
(Stebbins, 1982)
( 2006) Stebbins
(2001)
1. (collectors)
2. (makers and tinkerers)
3. (activity participants)
4. (players of sports and games)
5. (the enthusiasts of
the liberal arts hobbies)
( ) (volunteer)
(altruism)
(delegated tasks)
Jones (2000) 1996 1997 21
Stebbins
Siegenthale and Gaonzalez (1997)
(2007)
(
2007)
Gibson, Willming & Holdnak (2002)
(2009)
Csikszentmihalyi (optimal
experience)
(Csikszentmihalyi 1993)
(flow theory) Csikszentmihalyi (1975) Csikszentmihalyi
(flow)
(skill) (challenge)
(Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1988; Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989) Csikszentmihalyi (1990)
(Jackson & Csikszentmihalyi, 1999)
Maneta and Csikszentmihalyi (1996)
Csikszentmihalyi (1975)
(
, 1993) 1975
( ) original flow model
Csikszentmihalyi (1975) , (boredom) (anxiety) (challenge-skill balance) Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi (1988)
2 (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975)
( ) four channel flow model
Csikszentmihalyi and Csikszentmihalyi (1988) (experience sampling method ESM)
(apathy)
( 2)(Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1988; Ellis, Voelkl, & Morris, 1994; Massimini & Carli, 1988)
( ) (eight channel flow model) Massimini and Carli (1988)
(arousal) (flow) (control) (boredom) (relaxation) (apathy) (worry) (anxiety)
(Voelkl, 1990)
Novak and Hoffman (1997)
45
+ (
) + (skills plus challenges) –
( skills minus challenges ) ( )
+
-5 2 (Novak & Hoffman, 1997) 4 (Massimini & Carli, 1988)
Csikszentmihalyi (1975)
Csikszentmihalyi (1975)
Mannell, Zuzanek and Larson (1988)
Berger (1996)
Csikszentmihalyi (1990) Jackson and Csikszentmihalyi (1999)
:
( ) (challenge-skill balance)
Csikszentmihalyi … ( ) (clear goals) ( ) (unambiguous feedback) Csikszentmihalyi (1990) —
( ) (concentration on the task at hand)
Csikszentmihalyi (1990)
Csikszentmihalyi 1990
(Jackson & Marsh, 1996)
( ) - (the loss of self-consciousness)
Csikszentmihalyi (1990)
;
( ) (altered sense of time)
;
( ) (the autotelic experience) Csikszentmihalyi (1990)
Jackson and Csikszentmihalyi (1999)
Novak and Hoffman (1997) (
) (antecedent condition) : ( ) (characteristic ) : ( consequences of experience ) : Csikszentmihalyi (1997) ( )
Novak and Hoffman (1997)
1. (narrative survey)
2. (active survey)
3. (experience sampling method ESM) Csikszentmihalyi 1970
(self-report form)
ESM
ESM (Csikzentmihalyi &
Csikzentmihalyi, 1988)
30-50 40
1200-2000
Csikszentmihalyi and Larson (1987) ESM
(Clarke & Haworth, 1994; 2006)
( )
Jackson (1999)
Voelkl and Ellis (1998)
1. 2. 3.
Voelkl and Ellis (1998)
Jackson (1995) 28
Jackson, Kimiecik, Ford and Marsh (1998)
Novak and Hoffman (1997)
(2007)
Clarke and Haworth (1994)
(autotelic personality) (2006) A A (2007) ( 2003 2006 2007)
Bryan(1977) (recreation specialization)
Bryan
( )
: (occasional fishermen) (generalists) (technique specialists)
(technique-seetting specialists) : ( )
( )
( )
( )
Ditton, Loomis and Choi (1992) (leisure social world)
Bryan Ditton, et al.(1992)
( )
( ) (
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Bryan Bryan (1977) ( 2007) Bryan ( ) ( ) Bryan
(McIntyre & Pigram, 1992)
Little (1976) (specialist)
Little (cognitive system) (behavioral system) (affective system) (specialization loop) ( 6)
McIntyre and Pigram (1992)
( 7)
(setting attributes) (knowledge) (skills) (prior experience)
(familiarity)
(importance) (enjoyment): (self-expression) (centrality)
(McFarlane, 2004)
McIntyre and Pigram
(Needham, Vaske, Donnelly, &
Manfredo, 2007) Lee and
Scoot (2004) ( ) ( ) ( ) (personal commitment) (behavioral commitment) McFarlane (2004) ( ) ( ) ( ) (2007)
Kerstetter, Confer and Graefe (2001) / 7 (Mclntyre &Pigram, 1992)
Weekley (2002)
Lee, Graefe
and Li (2007) /
(Scott & Shafer, 2001)
:
( )
(additive index) Virden and Schreyer (1988)
13 Z
Lee, et al. (2007)
( )
Z
” ”
(Bricker & Kerstetter, 2000; Kerstetter, et al., 2001; Miller & Graefe, 2000)
Kuentzel and McDonald (1992)
( )
Kuentzel
and McDonal (1992) (multidimensional
index) Z
McIntyre and
Pigram(1992) Kuentzl and Heberlein
(1992) 17
Lee and Scott (2004) (structural equation model)
McIntyre and Pigram (1992)
( )
Vaske, Dyar and Timmons (2004)
(self-defined)
(self-classification) (casual) (active) (committed)
Scott, et al.
(Bryan, 1977)
(Bricker & Kerstetter, 2000) (McFarlane,
1994; 1994)
Ditton, Loomis and Choi (1992)
Martin (1997)
(Cole & Scott, 1999) McFarlane (1994)
(1994)
Bricker and Kerstetter (2000)
(2007)
;
( )
(Ditton et al., 1992; Martin, 1997; Cole & Scott, 1999)
(Kuentzel & Heberlein, 1992; Ewert & Hollenhorst, 1994)
Tsaur and Liang (2008)
( ) Ditton et al. (1992) (2007) (2009) ; ( 2009)
(2007)
(2007)
Voelkl and Ellis
(1998) Novak, Hoffman and Yung (1998)
(2004)
(2007) (cosplay)
(SEM)
(2008)
8 Stebbins (1982)
Voelkl and Ellis (1998)
Mclntyre and Pigram (1992)
Scott and Shafer (2001)
Ditton, Loomis and Choi(1992) (
)
(2007) 1
1
Scott and Shafer (2001)
(Lee, 2007) Csikszentmihalyi
Ewert and Hollenhorst (1994)
Ditton, et al. (1992)
(Csikszentmihalyi, 1990; Jackson, 1996; Trevino & Webster, 1992)
2
2
Clarke and Haworth (1994)
(Csikszentmihalyi & Csikszentmihalyi, 1988; Csikszentmihalyi & LeFevre, 1989; Ellis, et al., 1994)
3
3
Stebbins (1982)
Csikszentmihalyi (1977)
( ) Likert 5 4 3 2 1 1: ( ) Steebins (1982) (2007) 21 ( )
Voelkl and Ellis (1998) (2007)
14
( )
Kuentzel and McDonal (1992)
Weekley (2002) (2008)
( )
(2009) 58
( 2003)
(item analysis) (critical ratio) (descriptive statistics) (reliability analysis) (stability) (consistency) Cronbach α ( 2007) Cronbach α α 0.5~0.7 (validity analysis) ( 2007) (2007) Weekley (2002) (2008) (2007)
t (t-test)
(one-way analysis of variance, ANOVA) Pearson 1 1 0.70~0.99 0.40~0.69 0.10~0.39 0.10 ( 2007) (regression analysis)
99 2 1 2 28 115 7 108 9 0 ~500 1 501 ~3000 2 30001 ~6000 3 6001 ~20000 4 20001 5 10 ___ 0 1 1~5 2 6~30 3 31~80 4 81 5 11 ___ 1 ~ 2 ( )~ ( ) 3 ~ ( ) 4 5 (critical ratio CR ) 27 % 27 % t CR ( 2005) t ( 5 6 7 ) t
Cronbach α Croncach α ( 1994) α α 0.80 α 0.70 ( 2003) ( 5 6 7 ) Cronbach α 0.945 Cronbach α 0.887 0.881 0.882 0.793 0.853 0.859 Cronbach α 0.924 Cronbach α 0.844 0.937 0.819 Cronbach α 0.898 Cronbach α 0.746 0.881 0.834 Cronbach α 0.964 Cronbach α Cronbach α 0.90
1 CR(t ) Cronbach α SL1 9.329*** 0.877 SL2 8.864*** SL3 10.126*** SL4 12.965*** 0.881 SL5 13.286*** SL6 10.124*** SL7 8.843*** 0.882 SL8 8.866*** SL9 8.750*** SL10 10.739*** SL11 6.851*** SL12 3.569** SL13 11.343*** 0.793 SL14 8.890*** SL15 6.828*** SL16 5.430*** 0.853 SL17 7.864*** SL18 8.375*** SL19 6.225*** 0.759 SL20 6.820*** SL21 5.985*** Cronbach’s α=0. 945 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 2 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 CR(t ) Cronbach α RS1 9.123*** 0.844 RS2 8.829*** RS3 9.073*** RS4 10.518*** RS5 11.258*** 0.937 RS6 11.914*** RS7 11.500*** RS8 11.714*** RS9 9.353*** 0.819 RS10 9.773*** RS11 7.619*** Cronbach’s α=0. 924
3 Cronbach’s α=0. 898 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 CR(t ) Cronbach α FE1 2.471* 0.746 FE2 4.718*** FE3 9.258*** FE4 6.282*** FE5 5.690*** FE6 10.033*** FE7 9.949*** 0.881 FE8 9.298*** FE9 10.429*** FE10 8.457*** FE11 11.208*** 0. 834 FE12 5.748*** FE13 8.466*** FE14 9.521*** FE15 5.809***
334 317 94.91 % 4 ( ) 65.3 % 34.7 % (2005) (2008) (2003) ( ) 21 30 50.5 % 31 40 29.3% (2005) (2003) ( )
62.5 % ( ) 27.8 % (2005) (2008) (2003) ( ) 20,001 40,000 29.3 % 40001~60000 23 % 22.7% ( ) 29 % 17 % 14.5 % 13.9 % (2005) (2003) ( ) 71.2 % 18.6 % (2005) ( ) 59.3 % 28.7 % ( ) 59.3 % 40.7 % (2006) 21~40
4 (%) 207 65.3 110 34.7 20( ) 16 5.0 21-30 160 50.5 31-40 93 29.3 41-50 37 11.7 51-60 11 3.5 9 2.8 22 6.9 / 198 62.5 ( ) 88 27.8 229 72.2 59 18.6 26 8.2 3 0.9 72 22.7 20000 ( ) 50 15.8 20001 -40000 93 29.3 40001 -60000 73 23.0 60001 ( ) 29 9.1 46 14.5 28 8.8 54 17.0 2 0.6 44 13.9 19 6.0 92 29.0 32 10.1 15 4.7 23 7.3 91 28.7 188 59.3 129 40.7 188 59.3
3.84 4.05 3.93 4.20 3.48 5
5 3.70 1. 3.73 0.837 2. 3.55 0.901 3. 3.73 0.837 3.93 4. 3.55 0.901 5. 3.82 0.866 6. 3.83 0.929 4.05 7. 3.80 0.934 8. 3.89 0.790 9. 4.02 0.757 10. 4.09 0.724 11. 4.20 0.723 12. 4.18 0.748 3.72 13. 3.85 0.862 14. 3.80 0.797 15. 3.51 0.960 3.78 16. 3.77 0.867 17. 3.83 0.887 18. 3.74 0.879 3.86 19. 3.67 1.017 20. 3.94 0.781 21. 3.98 0.765 3.84
3.31 3.52 3.50 2.92 3.72 2.67 6 4.26 4.36 4.21 4.21 4.60 3.92 7 0.50~1.20 1
6 3.50 1. 3.56 0.968 2. 3.72 0.834 3. 3.56 0.988 4. 3.16 0.982 2.92 5. 3.24 0.996 6. 2.97 1.012 7. 2.67 1.013 8. 2.81 1.053 3.52 9. _____________ 3.52 1.190 10. ____ 3.55 1.097 11. _____________ 3.48 1.042 3.31
7 4.21 1. 4.13 0.697 2. 4.38 0.617 3. 4.21 0.642 4. 4.19 0.698 5. 4.09 0.745 6. 4.30 0.676 4.36 7. 4.37 0.616 8. 4.38 0.653 9. 4.36 0.630 10. 4.32 0.644 4.21 11. 4.18 0.719 12. 3.92 0.875 13. 4.19 0.694 14. ( ) 4.16 0.738 15. 4.60 0.569 4.26
t __ 1 ~ 2 ( )~ ( ) 3 ~ ( ) 4 5 ( ) Scheffe ( ) t ( 8 ) ~ ( ) ( ) 8
( ) 8 ( ) 8 41~50 21~30 20 ( ) 8 Scheffe 41~50 21~30 20 40001~60000 60000 ( )
( ) 8 Scheffe 40001~60000 60000 ( )
8 n=317 t /F Scheffe 207 3.812 0.718 3.497*** 110 3.500 0.826 207 3.999 0.705 1.983* 110 3.809 0.861 207 4.082 0.556 1.175 110 4.003 0.600 207 3.812 0.684 3.057** 110 3.546 0.767 207 3.842 0.751 1.862 110 3.673 0.812 207 3.919 0.700 1.896 110 3.761 0.723 20 16 3.463 0.715 1.470 21~30 160 3.642 0.774 31~40 93 3.835 0.789 41~50 37 3.775 0.725 51 11 3.667 0.715 20 16 3.778 0.758 0.421 21~30 160 3.925 0.792 31~40 93 3.943 0.769 41~50 37 3.955 0.712 51 11 4.152 0.603 20 16 4.176 0.617 1.859 21~30 160 4.013 0.561 31~40 93 4.011 0.544 41~50 37 4.212 0.595 51 11 4.318 0.713 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
8 ( 1) n=317 t /F Scheffe 20 (A) 16 3.352 0.709 5.830*** D>A D>B 21~30 (B) 160 3.608 0.732 31~40 (C) 93 3.792 0.670 41~50 (D) 37 4.081 0.631 51 (E) 11 4.121 0.750 20 (A) 16 3.407 0.797 3.990** D>A,B 21~30 (B) 160 3.696 0.768 31~40 (C) 93 3.839 0.642 41~50 (D) 37 4.126 0.840 51 (E) 11 4.061 1.182 20 16 3.63 0.722 2.962* 21~30 160 3.792 0.688 31~40 93 3.907 0.671 N.S 41~50 37 4.036 0.808 51 11 4.364 0.752 9 4.000 0.797 1.464 22 3.470 0.631 198 3.682 0.772 88 3.761 0.788 9 4.292 0.967 2.454 22 3.636 0.689 198 3.913 0.759 88 4.011 0.769 9 4.354 0.620 2.008 22 3.977 0.635 198 4.074 0.592 88 3.979 0.485 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
8 ( 2) n=317 t /F Scheffe 9 4.000 0.713 1.648 22 3.682 0.780 198 3.754 0.704 88 3.617 0.740 9 3.833 1.055 2.809* N.S 22 3.818 0.672 198 3.859 0.769 88 3.583 0.752 9 3.917 0.904 1.383 22 3.818 0.672 198 3.913 0.732 88 3.742 0.635 ( ) 72 3.514 0.830 1.922 20000( ) 50 3.673 0.745 20001~40000 93 3.731 0.809 40001~60000 73 3.836 0.690 60001 29 3.828 0.658 ( ) 72 3.842 0.828 1.284 20000( ) 50 3.807 0.820 20001~40000 93 3.946 0.746 40001~60000 73 4.078 0.704 60001 29 3.977 0.707 ( ) 72 4.000 0.542 0.705 20000 50 4.103 0.590 20000~40000 93 4.023 0.608 40000~60000 73 4.066 0.519 60001 29 4.184 0.630 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
8 ( 3) n=317 t /F Scheffe ( ) 72 3.514 0.642 2.973** 20000( ) 50 3.647 0.812 20001~40000 93 3.752 0.677 N.S 40001~60000 73 3.858 0.728 60001 29 3.920 0.795 ( ) (A) 72 3.514 0.641 4.693*** 20000( ) (B) 50 3.607 0.810 20001~40000(C) 93 3.814 0.649 D, E >A 40001~60000(D) 73 3.954 0.748 60001 (E) 29 4.126 0.932 ( ) (A) 72 3.626 0.728 4.867*** 20000( ) (B) 50 3.793 0.676 20001~40000(C) 93 3.885 0.698 D, E >A 40001~60000(D) 73 3.982 0.664 60001 (E) 29 4.230 0.696 15 3.667 0.817 1.398 23 3.493 0.828 91 3.630 0.668 188 3.771 0.802 (A) 15 3.822 0.825 7.969*** D>B,C (B) 23 3.467 0.861 (C) 91 3.755 0.670 (D) 188 4.090 0.753 (A) 15 3.867 0.497 3.512** D>B (B) 23 3.767 0.704 (C) 91 4.037 0.546 (D) 188 4.117 0.559 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
8 ( 4) n=317 t /F Scheffe (A) 15 3.757 0.672 2.865* D>B (B) 23 3.320 0.785 (C) 91 3.729 0.653 (D) 188 3.766 0.741 (A) 15 3.222 0.813 4.757** C,D>A (B) 23 3.467 0.938 (C) 91 3.817 0.684 (D) 188 3.855 0.769 (A) 15 3.511 0.517 4.132** D>B (B) 23 3.533 0.770 (C) 91 3.835 0.702 (D) 188 3.950 0.702 129 3.868 0.740 3.290*** 188 3.593 0.772 129 4.090 0.765 3.060** 188 3.826 0.751 129 4.137 0.569 2.125* 188 3.999 0.568 129 3.837 0.737 2.402* 188 3.640 0.705 129 3.897 0.869 2.068* 188 3.707 0.697 129 3.979 0.735 2.403* 188 3.786 0.685 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
8 ( 5) n=317 t /F Scheffe (A) 16 2.750 0.775 12.81*** E>A D>B,C>A ~ (B) 32 3.458 0.632 ~ ( ) (C) 106 3.569 0.702 ~ ( ) (D) 111 3.934 0.733 (E) 52 3.904 0.745 (A) 16 2.938 0.809 17.00*** B,C,D,E>A ~ (B) 32 3.615 0.758 ~ ( ) (C) 106 3.786 0.728 ~ ( ) (D) 111 4.132 0.685 (E) 52 4.314 0.596 (A) 16 3.823 0.457 7.256*** C,D,E>B ~ (B) 32 3.672 0.531 ~ ( ) (C) 106 4.035 0.555 ~ ( ) (D) 111 4.095 0.538 (E) 52 4.295 0.596 (A) 16 2.958 0.619 9.492*** B,C,D,E>A E>C ~ (B) 32 3.625 0.697 ~ ( ) (C) 106 3.582 0.704 ~ ( ) (D) 111 3.862 0.640 (E) 52 4.000 0.758 (A) 16 2.875 0.824 12.67*** C,D>A E>A,B,C ~ (B) 32 3.510 0.733 ~ ( ) (C) 106 3.695 0.643 ~ ( ) (D) 111 3.880 0.736 (E) 52 4.199 0.804 (A) 16 3.167 0.750 11.72*** D>A,C E>A,B,C ~ (B) 32 3.625 0.638 ~ ( ) (C) 106 3.708 0.674 ~ ( ) (D) 111 4.021 0.630 (E) 52 4.199 0.712 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
( ) 9 ( ) 9 51 20 ( ) 9 51 40001~60000
9 n=317 t /F Scheffe 207 3.579 0.760 2.537* 110 3.352 0.755 207 3.078 0.918 4.172*** 110 2.6409 0.831 207 3.689 0.871 4.968*** 110 3.167 0.932 20 16 3.347 0.772 0.737 21~30 160 3.464 0.822 31~40 93 3.519 0.679 41~50 37 3.628 0.758 51 11 3.705 0.600 20 (A) 16 2.500 0.899 3.509** 21~30 (B) 160 2.844 0.902 31~40 (C) 93 3.019 0.903 E>A 41~50 (D) 37 3.054 0.872 51 (E) 11 3.636 0.854 20 (A) 16 2.593 0.662 9.770*** B,C,D,E>A C>B>A 21~30 (B) 160 3.363 0.964 31~40 (C) 93 3.771 0.780 41~50 (D) 37 3.802 0.852 51 (E) 11 3.939 0.696 9 3.656 0.801 0.756 22 3.318 0.673 198 3.514 0.784 88 3.492 0.747 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
9 ( 1) n=317 t/F Scheffe 9 3.094 0.550 0.742 22 3.000 0.951 198 2.926 0.880 88 2.855 0.979 9 3.458 0.925 0.440 22 3.394 0.840 198 3.490 0.946 88 3.602 0.901 ( ) 72 3.372 0.841 1.237 20000( ) 50 3.415 0.825 20001~40000 93 3.548 0.763 40001~60000 73 3.565 0.677 60001 29 3.664 0.645 ( ) 72 2.770 0.991 1.781 20000( ) 50 2.900 0.977 20001~40000 93 2.863 0.716 40001~60000 73 3.093 0.917 60001 29 3.164 1.071 ( ) (A) 72 3.194 1.034 4.243** 20000( ) (B) 50 3.347 0.966 20001~40000(C) 93 3.581 0.825 D>A 40001~60000(D) 73 3.753 0.818 60001 (E) 29 3.747 0.894 (A) 15 3.383 0.604 5.348*** D>C (B) 23 3.261 0.676 (C) 91 3.294 0.682 (D) 188 3.640 0.799 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
9 ( 2) n=317 t/F Scheffe 15 .9471 2.821 2.516 23 .8958 2.684 91 .8460 2.764 188 .9295 3.036 (A) 15 1.0053 3.222 10.73*** D>B,C (B) 23 .7311 3.029 (C) 91 .8352 3.213 (D) 188 .9121 3.747 129 3.6434 0.802 2.774** 188 3.4039 0.725 129 3.0717 0.902 2.443* 188 2.8289 0.907 129 3.6718 0.897 2.505* 188 3.3982 0.930 (A) 16 2.484 0.722 23.63*** D,E>B,C>A ~ (B) 32 3.180 0.636 ~ ( ) (C) 106 3.259 0.685 ~ ( ) (D) 111 3.784 0.649 (E) 52 3.899 0.721 (A) 16 1.422 0.637 37.80*** E>D>B,C>A ~ (B) 32 2.578 0.620 ~ ( ) (C) 106 2.601 0.736 ~ ( ) (D) 111 3.216 0.772 (E) 52 3.620 0.844 (A) 16 1.500 0.558 136.3*** E>D>C>B>A ~ (B) 32 2.479 0.500 ~ ( ) (C) 106 3.226 0.585 ~ ( ) (D) 111 3.973 0.545 (E) 52 4.391 0.578 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
( ) 10 ( ) 60001 20001~40000 ( ) 10 60001 20001~40000 ( ) 10 41~50 21~30 40001~60000
10 n=317 t/F Scheffe 206 4.259 0.489 2.203* 110 4.130 0.510 206 4.380 0.546 0.992 110 4.316 0.562 206 4.235 0.576 1.079 110 4.162 0.567 20 (A) 16 4.177 0.492 4.415** N.S 21~30 (B) 160 4.125 0.461 31~40 (C) 93 4.260 0.491 41~50 (D) 37 4.392 0.580 51 (E) 11 4.591 0.534 20 (A) 16 4.438 0.602 2.456* 21~30 (B) 160 4.298 0.534 31~40 (C) 93 4.339 0.571 E>A 41~50 (D) 37 4.541 0.515 51 (E) 11 4.659 0.539 20 (A) 16 4.275 0.606 3.719** 21~30 (B) 160 4.113 0.560 31~40 (C) 93 4.237 0.541 D>B 41~50 (D) 37 4.432 0.580 51 (E) 11 4.546 0.676 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
10 ( 1) n=317 t/F Scheffe (A) 9 4.722 0.464 4.206** A>C,D (B) 22 4.250 0.551 (C) 198 4.226 0.505 (D) 88 4.127 0.446 (A) 9 4.778 0.363 2.055 (B) 22 4.250 0.711 (C) 198 4.350 0.557 (D) 88 4.361 0.497 (A) 9 4.689 0.511 3.272* A>D (B) 22 4.164 0.686 (C) 198 4.237 0.581 (D) 88 4.109 0.506 ( ) (A) 72 4.146 0.399 3.415** 20000( ) (B) 50 4.200 0.568 20001~40000(C) 93 4.129 0.506 E>C 40001~60000(D) 73 4.306 0.508 60001 (E) 29 4.454 0.469 ( ) (A) 72 4.260 0.472 3.882** 20000( ) (B) 50 4.300 0.643 20001~40000(C) 93 4.277 0.580 N.S 40001~60000(D) 73 4.510 0.518 60001 (E) 29 4.578 0.434 ( ) 72 4.064 0.524 2.125 20000 50 4.176 0.615 20000~40000 93 4.224 0.581 40000~60000 73 4.318 0.532 60000 29 4.310 0.643 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
10 ( 2) n=317 t/F Scheffe (A) 15 4.100 0.392 2.862* N.S (B) 23 3.978 0.693 (C) 91 4.183 0.522 (D) 188 4.268 0.459 (A) 15 4.300 0.465 3.939** D>B (B) 23 4.065 0.645 (C) 91 4.289 0.546 (D) 188 4.432 0.535 15 4.093 0.427 1.974 23 3.957 0.706 91 4.218 0.552 188 4.246 0.571 129 4.326 0.488 3.334*** 188 4.138 0.494 129 4.494 0.497 3.714*** 188 4.265 0.569 129 4.309 0.588 2.572* 188 4.142 0.554 (A) 16 4.000 0.350 3.839 ** N.S ~ (B) 32 4.109 0.567 ~ ( ) (C) 106 4.123 0.474 ~ ( ) (D) 111 4.306 0.445 (E) 52 4.337 0.592 (A) 16 4.172 0.454 4.728 *** E> C ~ (B) 32 4.180 0.562 ~ ( ) (C) 106 4.255 0.572 ~ ( ) (D) 111 4.444 0.481 (E) 52 4.553 0.593 (A) 16 4.038 0.581 3.341 * N.S ~ (B) 32 4.050 0.493 ~ ( ) (C) 106 4.132 0.574 ~ ( ) (D) 111 4.261 0.556 (E) 52 4.408 0.599 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 N.S 0.05
(Pearson) 11 12 12 (p<0.001) Pearson 0.719 ( ) ( ) (p<0.001) Pearson 0.4 Pearson 0.7 11 12 12 (p<0.001) Pearson 0.681 ( ) ( ) (p<0.001) Pearson 0.4 Pearson 0.653 Pearson 0.611
11 12 12 (P<0.001) Pearson 0.392 ( ) ( ) (P<0.001) Pearson 0.488
11 1 0.740*** 1 0.509*** 0.606*** 1 0.577*** 0.598*** 0.482*** 1 0.497*** 0.477*** 0.512*** 0.613*** 1 0.552*** 0.595*** 0.514*** 0.561*** 0.625*** 1 0.617*** 0.778*** 0.523*** 0.556*** 0.466*** 0.630*** 1 0.491*** 0.535*** 0.306*** 0.519*** 0.391*** 0.417*** 0.591*** 1 0.524*** 0.586*** 0.315*** 0.472*** 0.395*** 0.430*** 0.617*** 0.639*** 1 0.367*** 0.376*** 0.487*** 0.489*** 0.372*** 0.437*** 0.303*** 0.244*** 0.253*** 1 0.495*** 0.552*** 0.611*** 0.467*** 0.413*** 0.505*** 0.488*** 0.243*** 0.309*** 0.648*** 1 0.402*** 0.461*** 0.653*** 0.525*** 0.518*** 0.451*** 0.402*** 0.253*** 0.197*** 0.599*** 0.653*** 1 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05
12 1 0.719*** 1 0.681*** 0.392*** 1 ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 ( 2007) ( 0.306~0.778) ( 0.367~0.653) ( 0.179~0.488)
13 (F=52.021) 33.3% (R2=0.333) (F=83.701) 44.5 % (R2=0.445) (F=102.708) 49.6 % (R2=0.496) 54.6
% (R2=0.546)
( )
13 R 0.577 0.667 0.704 0.739 R2 0.333 0.445 0.496 0.546 R2 0.326 0.440 0.491 0.542 F 52.021*** 83.701*** 102.708*** 125.574*** β t β 0.206 t 3.545*** β 0.284 0.394 0.479 0.477 t 5.083*** 7.222*** 9.935*** 10.351*** β 0.275 0.203 0.256 t 4.741*** 3.882*** 5.359*** β 0.148 t 2.769** β 0.137 0.180 0.146 t 2.311* 3.328*** 2.982** ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05 14 (F=290.169) 64.9% (R2=0.649) (F=83.991) 34.9 % (R2=0.349)
(F=62.954) 37.6 % (R2=0.376)
58% (R2=0.58)
Scott and Shafer (2001)
14 R 0.806 0.590 0.613 0.762 R2 0.649 0.349 0.376 0.580 R2 0.647 0.344 0.370 0.575 F 290.169*** 83.991*** 62.954*** 107.783*** β 0.155 0.113 t 2.255* 1.980* β 0.624 0.350 0.377 0.454 t 14.996*** 6.158*** 5.399*** 7.669*** β t β 0.310 0.158 0.190 t 5.462*** 2.747** 3.849*** β t β 0.259 0.122 t 6.223*** 2.505* ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05
15 F 31.737 98.671 60.883 9.3 % 23.9 % 16.2 % 21.3 % (R2=0.213) 15 R 0.303 0.488 0.402 0.461 R2 0.092 0.239 0.162 0.213 R2 0.089 0.236 0.159 0.210 F 31.737*** 98.671*** 60.883*** 85.035*** β 0.303 0.488 0.402 0.461 t 5.634*** 9.933*** 7.803*** 9.221*** β t β t ***p<.001 **p<.01 *p<.05
( =3.84) ( =3.31) ( =4.26)
41~50 30 51 40001 ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) (SEM)
( )
(
(2004) http://climbing.org.tw/07court/index.htm (2008) (2003) (2006) (1997) (2009) (2008) (1994) -7(3) 39-62 (2008) (2003) (2009)
--(2002) 132 (2006) 2(1) 78-88 (2009) (2007) (2004) : 17(3) 51-79 (2007) SPSS (2007) (1997) http://www.hkscu.org/ ( )(1993) Csikszentmihalyi (2006) (2007) 20(3) 1-24 (2007) (2008) (2007)
(2008) (2009) : 15(2) 113-140 (2007) ─ 2(4) 1-20 (2002) (2003) (2006) (2004) -(2006) (2007) 20(1) 69-94 (2005) (2007) (2006) 19(1) 51-75
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