Development of a Process-Oriented English Writing Support System

(1)

Development of a Process-Oriented English Writing Support System

E09810014

100 7

(2)

i

(process-oriented)

(3)

ii

Abstract

Writing is to integrate all knowledge and thought and apply in article, in which the researching background and considerations shall be completely included in the content and more and more originality and wisdom will be inspired based on all the knowledge and thought. In a traditional practice, the mechanism, from setting up the structure of writing to completing the content, is not proceeded with a systematic integration; thus, the structure of article can not be worked out methodically and the content of article will therefore be loose and immethodical.

Therefore, this research develops one on-line English writing system which can be operate easily and used directly on web platform for the teaching of English writing.

Through the process-oriented writing mechanism, the whole system may guide student to use it according to its rules. There are five rhetorical forms included in this system; user may design the structure of article, confirm the element of paragraph, construct the whole structure of article and complete the writing simply through the guiding of system. This enables user to get used of it and use it efficiently; it may not only enhance the learning benefit of English writing but improve the deficiency of traditional writing.

In accordance with the analysis of relevant experimental results carried in this research, it proves that the writing mechanism and its functions may improve the learning benefit of middle grade and low grade students and enhance their performance in writing efficiently.

Keywords: rhetorical forms, writing instruction, process-oriented, essay structure

(4)

iii

(5)

iv

... i

Abstract ... ii

... iii

... vi

... vii

...1

1.1 ...1

1.2 ...1

1.3 ...2

1.4 ...3

...4

2.1 ...4

2.1.1 ...4

2.1.2 ...6

2.2 ...9

2.3 ...13

2.4 ...15

...16

3.1 ...17

3.2 ...18

3.3 ...19

3.4 ...20

3.5 ...21

3.5.1 biography ...21

3.5.2 cause and effect ...26

3.5.3 comparison and contrast ...31

3.5.4 description ...36

3.5.5 narration ...41

3.6 ...46

...47

4.1 ...48

4.1.1 ...48

4.1.2 ...48

4.2 ...50

4.3 ...58

4.4 ...59

4.4.1 ...59

4.4.2 (t ) ...61

4.4.3 ( ) ...64

4.4.4 ...65

(6)

v

4.5 ...67

4.5.1 ...67

4.6 ...70

...71

5.1 ...71

5.2 ...72

...73

A TAM ...75

B ...76

C ...77

(7)

vi

1-1 ...3

2-1 ...7

3-1 ... 18

3-2 ... 19

3-3 ... 19

3-4 ... 20

3-5 ... 20

3-6 ... 22

3-7 ... 22

3-8 ... 23

3-9 ... 24

3-10 ... 25

3-11 ... 26

3-12 ... 27

3-13 ... 28

3-14 ... 29

3-15 ... 30

3-16 ... 31

3-17 ... 32

3-18 ... 33

3-19 ... 34

3-20 ... 35

3-21 ... 36

3-22 ... 37

3-23 ... 38

3-24 ... 39

3-25 ... 40

3-26 ... 41

3-27 ... 42

3-28 ... 43

3-29 ... 44

3-30 ... 45

4-1 ... 49

4-2 ... 51

4-3 ... 59

4-4 ... 65

(8)

vii

2-1 ...5

2-2 ... 10

3-1 ... 18

3-2 ... 21

4-1 ... 49

4-2 ... 51

4-3 ... 52

4-4 ... 52

4-5 ... 53

4-6 ... 54

4-7 Scheffe ... 55

4-8 ... 56

4-9 ... 57

4-10 ... 60

4-11 ... 61

4-12 Cronbach's Alpha ... 61

4-13 ... 61

4-14 t ... 62

4-15 t ... 62

4-16 t ... 63

4-17 t ... 63

4-18 ... 64

4-19 ... 64

4-20 ... 64

4-21 ... 68

A-1 TAM ... 75

B-1 ... 76

C-1 ... 77

C-2 Scheffe ... 81

C-3 ... 89

C-4 1 ... 90

C-5 2 ... 90

C-6 3 ... 91

C-7 4 ... 91

C-8 5 ... 92

C-9 6 ... 92

C-10 7 ... 93

C-11 8 ... 93

C-12 9 ... 94

(9)

viii

C-13 10 ... 94

C-14 11 ... 95

C-15 12 ... 95

C-16 13 ... 96

C-17 Scheffe 4 ... 97

(10)

1

1.1

(process-oriented)

1.2

(11)

2

1.3

(12)

3

1.4

1-1



1-1

(13)

4

2.1 2.2 2.3

2.4

2.1

( 81)

( 87)

2.1.1

( 91;

Humes, 1983) 2-1

(14)

5

2-1

Rohman (1965) Applebee (1979)

King (1978)

prewriting writing rewriting

Elbow (1974)

figure out your meaning put into language

Britton (1978)

preparation incubation

articulation Legum & Krashen (1972)

Draper (1979)

prewriting formulating

transcribing reformulating

editing ( 68)

( 74)

( 75)

( 77)

( 81)

(15)

6

(activities)

( 85) Flower and Hays (1981)

(recursive model)

2.1.2

(thinking aloud) Flower and Hayes (1981) Flower and Hayes

( 81)

(1) the task environment

:

(2) the writer’s long-term memory

(3) the writing process

Flower and Hayes

2-1-1

(16)

7

2-1 (Flower and Hayes, 1981, p. 370)

(1) (goal setting) (idea generation)

(idea organization)

( 81)

(2)

( 81)

(3)

(17)

8

Flower and Hayes

(Bartlett, 1981; 1982; Brufee, 1972; Clifford, 1981; Hull, 1984)

( 99)

( 96)

Topic sentence Controlling idea Supporting detail

(biography) (cause and effect)

(comparison and contrast) (description) (narration)

Topic sentence Controlling idea Supporting detail

(18)

9

2.2

( 93)

( 95)

(process-oriented)

(audience) (Translating) (Drafting), (Reviewing) (monitoring) (Revising)

(Peer Feedback) (Teacher Feedback)

91

Applebee (1986) ( 81)



(2002 ) Calkins (1979)

2-2 ( 99)

(19)

10

2-2

(20)

11

(21)

12

(22)

13

2.3

(scaffolding) (Wood et al., 1976)

L.S.Vygotsky zone of

proximal development, ZPD Vygotsky (1960, 1981)

Vygotsky mediated Vygotsky

Vygotsky

(real level of development) (potential level of

development) (1)

(2) ( )

(3)

(1997) (1)

(2)

(3)

(23)

14

( 1997)

( 1998)

(24)

15

2.4

(25)

16

(process-oriented)

3.1 3.2

3.3 3.5 3.6

(26)

17

3.1

CSS XHTML W3C

(client) (server)

JavaScript JSP (Java Server Page) MySQL

Apache Jakarta Tomcat JSP

SUN MySQL W3C

Microsoft IE 7.0

 JSP

JSP

JSP (java server page) (server-side) (cross-platform)

Sun Microsystems

JSP JAVA HTML XML

JSP (open source) JSP

 JavaScript

JavaScript Netscape JavaScript

JavaScript

 MySQL

(27)

18

MySQL Open Source

3.2

(Client Server Model)

3-1

3-2 3-1

3-1

Server Client

(28)

19

3-2

3.3

3-3

3-3

(29)

20

3.4

3-4

3-4

Read to Write (Gillie, Ingle, & Mumford, 2001)

(biography) (cause and effect)

(comparison and contrast) (description) (narration)

3-5

3-5

(30)

21

3.5

3-2

3-2

3.5.1 biography

Time ( ) Event ( )

1995 1995

Time Event

title 3-6

(31)

22

3-6

 Next

3-7

 Add Time ( ) Event ( )

 Delete Time ( ) Event ( )

 Previous

 Next



(32)

23

3-8

3-8

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



(33)

24

3-9

 Modify

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

(34)

25

 Next



Controlling idea Topic sentence Supporting detail Supporting

detail Explain Describe

3-10

 Summary of Time and Event

 Show elements

(35)

26

3-10 Introduction Show elements

 Previous

 Submit

 Summary of Time and Event

Submit

3.5.2 cause and effect

title Cause ( ) Effect ( ) 3-11

3-11

 Add Cause ( ) Effect ( )

 Delete Cause ( ) Effect ( )

 Next

27

3-12

3-12

 Organizational style

1.

2.

3.

4.

3-12 3

 Previous

 Next



28

3-13

3-13

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



(38)

29

3-14

 Modify

 Add

 Delete

(39)

30

 Previous

 Next



3-15

 Summary of Causes and Effects

(40)

31

 Organizational style 3-15

 Show elements

 Previous

 Submit

 Summary of Causes and Effects Organizational style

Submit

3.5.3 comparison and contrast

title Subject 3-16

3-16

 Add Subject A Subject B

 Delete Subject A Subject B

(41)

32

 Next

3-17 Subject

3-17

 Organizational style

1. All A, All B Subject A Subject B

2. AB/AB/AB Subject A Subject B

3-17 All A, All B

 Previous

 Next



33

3-18

3-18

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



(43)

34

3-19

 Modify

 Add

(44)

35

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



3-20

(45)

36

 Summary of Subject and Description Subject

 Organizational style Subject

A Subject B

 Show elements 3-20

 Previous

 Submit

 Summary of Subject and Description Organizational style

Submit

3.5.4 description

title 3-21

3-21

 Next

(46)

37

(Smell) (See) (Taste) (Hear) (Feel(touch))

(Feel(emotion)) 3-22

3-22

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



(47)

38

3-23

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



(48)

39

3-24

 Modify

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



(49)

40

3-25

 Summary of Description

3-25

 Show elements

 Previous

(50)

41

 Submit

 Summary of Description

Submit

3.5.5 narration

title 3-26

3-26

 Next

(Background) (Conflict)

(Climax) (Resolution) 3-27

(51)

42

3-27

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



(52)

43

3-28

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



(53)

44

3-29

 Modify

(54)

45

 Add

 Delete

 Previous

 Next



3-30

(55)

46

 Summary of Background and Time

 Show elements

3-30 Introduction Show elements

 Previous

 Submit

 Summary of Background and Time

Submit

3.6

HTTP

(56)

47

TAM ( )

(57)

48

4.1

4.1.1

EFL (English as a Foreign Language) 99

53

4.1.2

4-1

(58)

49

4-1

4-1 30

30

4-1

Comparison and Contrast

30

Autobiography Biography 30

The xxx moment Narration 30

Comparison and Contrast

Biography

Narration

(59)

50

 Hook

 Topic sentence Thesis statement

 Topic sentence Last sentence

4.2

EFL

B B-1

100

4-2 0.910 p=0.000<0.05

41

4-2 40 14

40 50 13 50

14

(60)

51

4-2

( ) ( )

( ) Pearson 1 .910^**

( ) .000

41 41

( ) Pearson . 910^** 1

( ) .000

41 41

**. 0.01 ( )

4-2

(61)

52

4-3

( ) ( )

( ) Pearson 1 .911^**

( ) .000

41 41

( ) Pearson . 911^** 1

( ) .000

41 41

**. 0.01 ( )

4-3 0.911 p=0.000<0.05

4-4

( ) ( )

( ) Pearson 1 .720^**

( ) .000

41 41

( ) Pearson . 720^** 1

( ) .000

41 41

**. 0.01 ( )

4-4 0.720 p=0.000<0.05

(62)

53

4-5

( ) ( )

( ) Pearson 1 .839^**

( ) .000

41 41

( ) Pearson . 839^** 1

( ) .000

41 41

**. 0.01 ( )

4-5 0.839 p=0.000<0.05

(63)

54

4-6

ANOVA

F

7218.154 2 3609.077 76.263 .000^***

1798.321 38 47.324

9016.476 40

3151.270 2 1575.635 11.566 .000^***

5176.852 38 136.233

8328.122 40

502.153 2 251.077 1.523 .231

6264.298 38 164.850

6766.451 40

1172.290 2 586.145 4.038 .026^*

5515.710 38 145.150

6688.000 40

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

4-6 p=0.000<0.05

p=0.231>0.05 Autobiography p=0.026<0.05

(64)

55

4-7 Scheffe

(I) (J)

(I-J)

95%

-14.6071^* 2.6496 .000^*** -21.357 -7.857 -32.0714^* 2.6001 .000^*** -38.695 -25.448 14.6071^* 2.6496 .000^*** 7.857 21.357 -17.4643^* 2.6496 .000^*** -24.214 -10.714 32.0714^* 2.6001 .000^*** 25.448 38.695 17.4643^* 2.6496 .000^*** 10.714 24.214 -10.2802 4.4956 .086 -21.733 1.172 -21.2143^* 4.4116 .000^*** -32.453 -9.976 10.2802 4.4956 .086 -1.172 21.733 -10.9341 4.4956 .064 -22.386 .518 21.2143^* 4.4116 .000^*** 9.976 32.453 10.9341 4.4956 .064 -.518 22.386 -5.8269 4.9453 .506 -18.425 6.771 -8.2500 4.8528 .248 -20.612 4.112 5.8269 4.9453 .506 -6.771 18.425 -2.4231 4.9453 .887 -15.021 10.175 8.2500 4.8528 .248 -4.112 20.612 2.4231 4.9453 .887 -10.175 15.021 -2.2033 4.6404 .894 -14.025 9.618 -12.1786^* 4.5537 .038^* -23.779 -.578 2.2033 4.6404 .894 -9.618 14.025 -9.9753 4.6404 .113 -21.797 1.846 12.1786^* 4.5537 .038^* .578 23.779 9.9753 4.6404 .113 -1.846 21.797

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

4-7 p=0.064>0.05

p=0.086>0.05

p=0.887>0.05 p=0.506>0.05

p=0.248>0.05

(65)

56

p=0.113>0.05 p=0.894>0.05

p=0.038<0.05

4-8

No.

1 Contains a thesis. .000^*** .003^** .603 .553

2 Captures the reader's attention

.000^*** .029^* .198 .177

3 Each paragraph relates to the thesis

.000^*** .002^** .477 .138

4 Transitions are used effectively

.000^*** .000^*** .839 .021^*

>

5 Contains supportive

details:examples, statistics, quotes, etc.

.000^*** .001^** .316 .209

6 Information covers the topic

.000^*** .001^** .159 .324

7 Word usage is correct (no slang)Writing is:

.000^*** .000^*** .014^* .001^**

8 Concise .000^*** .004^** .392 .020^*

9 Clear (clarity) .000^*** .001^** .500 .010^*

10 Grammatically correct .005^** .002^** .004^** .001^**

11 Punctuated correctly .002^** .000^*** .023^* .008^**

12 Checked for spelling .000^*** .013^* .405 .002^**

13 Conclusions are correctly drawn from the body of the paper

.000^*** .002^** .747 .102

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

6

13 4-8 C C-1 C-2

(66)

57

4-8

6 13

4-9

No.

1 Contains a thesis. .000^*** .056 .071 .300

2 Captures the reader's attention

.000^*** .025^* .085 .741

3 Each paragraph relates to the thesis

.000^*** .099 .333 .444

4 Transitions are used effectively

.000^*** .003^** .822 .026^*

>

5 Contains supportive

details:examples, statistics, quotes, etc.

.000^*** .002^** .134 .084

6 Information covers the topic

.000^*** .002^** .160 .225

7 Word usage is correct (no slang)Writing is:

.000^*** .000^*** .012^* .092

8 Concise .000^*** .011^* .311 .085

9 Clear (clarity) .000^*** .006^** .372 .029^*

10 Grammatically correct .000^*** .000^*** .006^** .049^*

11 Punctuated correctly .000^*** .000^*** .019^* .004^**

12 Checked for spelling .000^*** .127 .894 .082

13 Conclusions are correctly drawn from the body of the paper

.000^*** .009^** .911 .150

(67)

58

4-8

4-9

C C-3

6 13 4-9 C C-4

C-17 4-9 1 3

6 13

Autobiography

6 13 4

30

9 11 7 8 12

6 13

4.3

(68)

59

4.4

A

4.4.1

Davis (1989) (Technology

Acceptance Model, TAM)

(TAM) (

4-3 ) (Perceived Usefulness) (Perceived Ease

of Use) (Attitude

Towards) (Behavioral Intention to Use)

4-3

4-3

(69)

60

1.

2.

3.

4.

A 4-10

4-10

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9 10

11 12 13 14 15

16 17 18 19 20

(70)

61

4.4.2 (t )

22 20 5 4

3 2 1 5

1 SPSS 17.0

Microsoft Excel

Cronbach's α 0.966

4-11 4-11

Cronbach's Alpha

.966 20

4-12

4-12 Cronbach's Alpha

Cronbach's Alpha

.879 5

.856 5

.906 5

.939 5

4-13

4-13

3.12 3.18 3.02 3.09

(71)

62



4-14 t-test

Word

4-14 t

= 3

t ( )

95%

.754 19 .460 .1200 -.213 .453



4-15 t-test

4-15 t

= 3

t ( )

95%

1.316 19 .204 .1800 -.106 .406

(72)

63



4-16

t-test Word

4-16 t

= 3

t ( )

95%

.137 19 .893 .0200 -.287 .327



4-15 t-test

4-17 t

= 3

t ( )

95%

.520 19 .609 .0900 -2.72 .452

(73)

64

4.4.3 ( )

4-18 4-20 4-18 0.000<0.05

4-19 0.009<0.05

0.975>0.05 4-20

0.031<0.05

0.001<0.05

4-18

B t

1 ( ) .845 .318 2.656 .016

.748 .100 .871 7.518 .000***

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 4-19

B t

1 ( ) .644 .475 1.354 .193

.752 .256 .818 2.933 .009**

.009 .298 .009 .031 .975

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001 4-20

B t

1 ( ) -.509 .453 -1.122 .277

.462 .197 .365 2.348 .031*

.705 .184 .596 3.836 .001**

* p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001

(74)

65 0.871 ***

0.818**

0.009

0.596**

0.365*

4-18 4-20 4-4

(TAM)

=0.871

=0.818 + 0.009

=0.365 + 0.596

4-4

4.4.4

1.

0.871

2.

0.818

3.

0.009

4.

0.365

(75)

66

5.

0.596

t 3 3

t

Word

(76)

67

4.5

4.5.1



Kahn & Cannell (1957) (conversation with purpose)

Patton(1990) (1) (informal

conversational interview) (2) (general interview guide approach)

(3) (standardized open-end interview)



(77)

68

(General Interview Guide Approach) (2010)

4-21

4-21

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16. ?

17.



1.

2.

(78)

69

3.

4.

Word 5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Thesis Statement Topic sentence 10.

11.

12.

13.

(79)

70

14.

15.

16.

Word

17.

Word

4.6

(80)

71

5.1

(81)

72

5.2



 Word



(82)

73

[1] ( 97) " "

[2] ( 99) "

"

[3] ( 91) " "

[4] ( 77) " "

[5] ( 86) " "

[6] ( 99) " "

[7] ( 75) " "

[8] ( 93) "

"

[9] ( 91) " "

[10] ( 95) " "

51(1) 23-39

[11] ( 91) " "

[12] ( 91) " "

[13] ( 96) " "

[14] Applebee, A. N. (1981). Writing in the secondary school: English and the content areas. (Research Report No.21). Urbana, IL National Council of Teachers of English [15] Bartlett, E. J. (1981). Learning to write: Some cognitive and linguistic component.

Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.

[16] Bartlett, E. J (1982). Learning to revise: Some component processes. In M. Nystrand

(83)

74

(Ed.), What writers know. New York: Academic Press.

[17] Britton, J. (1978). The composing process and the functions of writing. In C. R.

Copper & L. Odell (Eds.), Research on composing: Points of departure. Urbana, IL:

National Council of Teachers of English.

[18] Brufee, L. (1972). The way out. College English, 33, 457-470.

[19] Calkins, L.M. (1979). Andrea learns to make writing hard. Language Arts, 56, 569-576.

[20] Clifford, J. (1981). Composing in stages: The effects of a collaborative pedagogy.

Research in the Teaching of English, 15, 27-53.

[21] Cohen, Bartlett, and De Geus (1985): Impact of metarules in a rule-based expert system for gate level optimization in Proc. of the IEEE Int'l Symp. on Circuits and Systems.

[22] Draper, V. (1979). Formative writing: Writing to assist learning in all subject area (Curriculum Publication No.3). Berkeley: Bay Area Writing Project, University of California.

[23] Elbow, P. (1973). Writing without teachers. New York: Oxford University Press.

[24] Flower, L., & Hayes, J. R. (1981). A cognitive process of writing. College Composition and communication, 32 (4), 365-387.

[25] Humes, A. (1983). Research on the composing process. Review of Educational Research, 53(2), 201-216.

[26] Hull, G. (1984). The editing process in writing: a performance study of experts and novices. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, PA.

[27] Marshall, C. C. (1997). Annotation: From paper books to the digital library.

roceedings of the second ACM conference on digital libraries, 131-140.

[28] Rohman, D. G. (1965). Pre-writing: The stages of discovery in the writing process.

College Composition and Communication, 16, 106-112.

(84)

75

A

A-1 TAM

非常不同意

不同意

普

通同

意非常同意

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

□

□ 6.

7.

8. Topic Sentence

Controlling Idea Supporting details 9.

10.

□

□ 11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

□

□ 16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

□

(85)

76

B

B-1

INTRODUCTION Unsatisfactory Marginal Satisfactory Good Excellent 1. Contains a thesis.

2. Captures the reader’s attention

2 2

4 4

6 6

8 8

10 10 BODY

3. Each paragraph relates to the thesis

4. Transitions are used effectively 5. Contains supportive details:

examples, statistics, quotes, etc.

6. Information covers the topic 7. Word usage is correct (no slang)

Writing is:

8. Concise 9. Clear (clarity)

10. Grammatically correct 11. Punctuated correctly 12. Checked for spelling

2

1 2

1 1

2 2 2 1 1

4

2 4

2 2

3 3 3 2 2

6

3 6

3 3

6 6 6 3 3

8

4 8

4 4

8 8 8 4 4

10

5 10

5 5

10 10 10 5 5 CONCLUSION

13. Conclusions are correctly drawn from the body of the paper

1 2 3 4 5

(86)

77

C

C-1

ANOVA

F

-1 42.675 2 21.338 10.757 .000

75.374 38 1.984

118.049 40

-2 32.220 2 16.110 9.369 .000

65.341 38 1.719

97.561 40

-3 146.307 2 73.154 48.844 .000

56.912 38 1.498

203.220 40

-4 13.585 2 6.793 30.323 .000

8.512 38 .224

22.098 40

-5 126.421 2 63.210 41.021 .000

58.555 38 1.541

184.976 40

-6 29.534 2 14.767 47.919 .000

11.710 38 .308

41.244 40

-7 13.311 2 6.656 26.777 .000

9.445 38 .249

22.756 40

-8 85.739 2 42.870 42.041 .000

38.749 38 1.020

124.488 40

-9 152.511 2 76.255 72.440 .000

40.001 38 1.053

192.512 40

-10 28.192 2 14.096 6.134 .005

87.320 38 2.298

115.512 40

-11 10.310 2 5.155 7.684 .002

25.495 38 .671

35.805 40

(87)

78

-12 13.202 2 6.601 15.890 .000

15.786 38 .415

28.988 40

-13 24.546 2 12.273 25.611 .000

18.210 38 .479

42.756 40

-1 38.000 2 19.000 6.862 .003

105.220 38 2.769

143.220 40

-2 13.054 2 6.527 3.910 .029

63.434 38 1.669

76.488 40

-3 44.606 2 22.303 7.506 .002

112.907 38 2.971

157.512 40

-4 8.246 2 4.123 13.441 .000

11.657 38 .307

19.902 40

-5 54.510 2 27.255 9.118 .001

113.588 38 2.989

168.098 40

-6 9.279 2 4.639 8.071 .001

21.843 38 .575

31.122 40

-7 6.687 2 3.343 11.736 .000

10.826 38 .285

17.512 40

-8 23.385 2 11.693 6.499 .004

68.371 38 1.799

91.756 40

-9 46.705 2 23.352 8.948 .001

99.173 38 2.610

145.878 40

-10 23.679 2 11.840 7.708 .002

58.370 38 1.536

82.049 40

-11 10.260 2 5.130 14.213 .000

13.716 38 .361

23.976 40

-12 4.354 2 2.177 4.842 .013

(88)

79

17.085 38 .450

21.439 40

-13 7.532 2 3.766 7.246 .002

19.749 38 .520

27.280 40

-1 1.736 2 .868 .513 .603

64.264 38 1.691

66.000 40

-2 4.107 2 2.053 1.691 .198

46.137 38 1.214

50.244 40

-3 4.361 2 2.181 .755 .477

109.736 38 2.888

114.098 40

-4 .153 2 .076 .176 .839

16.445 38 .433

16.598 40

-5 7.406 2 3.703 1.186 .316

118.643 38 3.122

126.049 40

-6 2.865 2 1.433 1.927 .159

28.245 38 .743

31.110 40

-7 3.237 2 1.619 4.810 .014

12.787 38 .337

16.024 40

-8 5.167 2 2.584 .960 .392

102.272 38 2.691

107.439 40

-9 4.102 2 2.051 .705 .500

110.496 38 2.908

114.598 40

-10 20.581 2 10.291 6.255 .004

62.516 38 1.645

83.098 40

-11 3.782 2 1.891 4.197 .023

17.121 38 .451

20.902 40

-12 1.099 2 .549 .927 .405

(89)

80

22.523 38 .593

23.622 40

-13 .561 2 .281 .295 .747

36.195 38 .953

36.756 40

-1 2.307 2 1.154 .601 .553

72.912 38 1.919

75.220 40

-2 5.165 2 2.582 1.815 .177

54.055 38 1.422

59.220 40

-3 15.990 2 7.995 2.088 .138

145.522 38 3.830

161.512 40

-4 3.424 2 1.712 4.297 .021

15.137 38 .398

18.561 40

-5 13.270 2 6.635 1.634 .209

154.291 38 4.060

167.561 40

-6 2.098 2 1.049 1.160 .324

34.353 38 .904

36.451 40

-7 5.516 2 2.758 8.388 .001

12.496 38 .329

18.012 40

-8 16.635 2 8.317 4.362 .020

72.463 38 1.907

89.098 40

-9 19.728 2 9.864 5.239 .010

71.552 38 1.883

91.280 40

-10 8.150 2 4.075 9.203 .001

16.826 38 .443

24.976 40

-11 4.588 2 2.294 5.436 .008

16.034 38 .422

20.622 40

-12 5.868 2 2.934 7.160 .002

(90)

81

15.571 38 .410

21.439 40

-13 3.581 2 1.791 2.429 .102

28.016 38 .737

31.598 40

C-2 Scheffe

Scheffe

(I) (J)

(I-J)

95%

-1 -1.6099^* .5425 .019 -2.992 -.228

-2.4286^* .5323 .000 -3.785 -1.073

1.6099^* .5425 .019 .228 2.992

-.8187 .5425 .331 -2.201 .563

2.4286^* .5323 .000 1.073 3.785

.8187 .5425 .331 -.563 2.201

-2 -.9780 .5051 .167 -2.265 .309

-2.1429^* .4956 .000 -3.405 -.880

.9780 .5051 .167 -.309 2.265

-1.1648 .5051 .083 -2.451 .122

2.1429^* .4956 .000 .880 3.405

1.1648 .5051 .083 -.122 2.451

-3 -2.2363^* .4714 .000 -3.437 -1.035

-4.5714^* .4626 .000 -5.750 -3.393

2.2363^* .4714 .000 1.035 3.437

-2.3352^* .4714 .000 -3.536 -1.134

4.5714^* .4626 .000 3.393 5.750

2.3352^* .4714 .000 1.134 3.536

-4 -.7198^* .1823 .001 -1.184 -.255

-1.3929^* .1789 .000 -1.849 -.937

.7198^* .1823 .001 .255 1.184

-.6731^* .1823 .003 -1.137 -.209

1.3929^* .1789 .000 .937 1.849

.6731^* .1823 .003 .209 1.137

-5 -1.6209^* .4781 .007 -2.839 -.403

-4.2143^* .4692 .000 -5.410 -3.019

1.6209^* .4781 .007 .403 2.839

-2.5934^* .4781 .000 -3.811 -1.375

4.2143^* .4692 .000 3.019 5.410

2.5934^* .4781 .000 1.375 3.811

(91)

82

-6 -.7747^* .2138 .004 -1.319 -.230

-2.0357^* .2098 .000 -2.570 -1.501

.7747^* .2138 .004 .230 1.319

-1.2610^* .2138 .000 -1.806 -.716

2.0357^* .2098 .000 1.501 2.570

1.2610^* .2138 .000 .716 1.806

-7 -.8956^* .1920 .000 -1.385 -.406

-1.3571^* .1884 .000 -1.837 -.877

.8956^* .1920 .000 .406 1.385

-.4615 .1920 .068 -.951 .028

1.3571^* .1884 .000 .877 1.837

.4615 .1920 .068 -.028 .951

-8 -.6813 .3889 .229 -1.672 .309

-3.3214^* .3817 .000 -4.294 -2.349

.6813 .3889 .229 -.309 1.672

-2.6401^* .3889 .000 -3.631 -1.649

3.3214^* .3817 .000 2.349 4.294

2.6401^* .3889 .000 1.649 3.631

-9 -1.0220^* .3952 .046 -2.029 -.015

-4.4643^* .3878 .000 -5.452 -3.476

1.0220^* .3952 .046 .015 2.029

-3.4423^* .3952 .000 -4.449 -2.436

4.4643^* .3878 .000 3.476 5.452

3.4423^* .3952 .000 2.436 4.449

-10 -1.5385^* .5839 .041 -3.026 -.051

-1.8929^* .5729 .008 -3.352 -.433

1.5385^* .5839 .041 .051 3.026

-.3544 .5839 .832 -1.842 1.133

1.8929^* .5729 .008 .433 3.352

.3544 .5839 .832 -1.133 1.842

-11 -.9341^* .3155 .019 -1.738 -.130

-1.1429^* .3096 .003 -1.932 -.354

.9341^* .3155 .019 .130 1.738

-.2088 .3155 .804 -1.012 .595

1.1429^* .3096 .003 .354 1.932

.2088 .3155 .804 -.595 1.012

-12 -1.0714^* .2482 .001 -1.704 -.439

-1.2857^* .2436 .000 -1.906 -.665

1.0714^* .2482 .001 .439 1.704

-.2143 .2482 .691 -.847 .418

1.2857^* .2436 .000 .665 1.906

.2143 .2482 .691 -.418 .847

-13 -.5247 .2666 .158 -1.204 .155

(92)

83

-1.8214^* .2616 .000 -2.488 -1.155

.5247 .2666 .158 -.155 1.204

-1.2967^* .2666 .000 -1.976 -.617

1.8214^* .2616 .000 1.155 2.488

1.2967^* .2666 .000 .617 1.976

-1 -1.5440 .6409 .067 -3.177 .089

-2.2857^* .6289 .003 -3.888 -.684

1.5440 .6409 .067 -.089 3.177

-.7418 .6409 .518 -2.374 .891

2.2857^* .6289 .003 .684 3.888

.7418 .6409 .518 -.891 2.374

-2 -.8132 .4976 .275 -2.081 .455

-1.3571^* .4883 .030 -2.601 -.113

.8132 .4976 .275 -.455 2.081

-.5440 .4976 .555 -1.812 .724

1.3571^* .4883 .030 .113 2.601

.5440 .4976 .555 -.724 1.812

-3 -.9396 .6639 .377 -2.631 .752

-2.5000^* .6515 .002 -4.160 -.840

.9396 .6639 .377 -.752 2.631

-1.5604 .6639 .076 -3.252 .131

2.5000^* .6515 .002 .840 4.160

1.5604 .6639 .076 -.131 3.252

-4 -.3819 .2133 .215 -.925 .162

-1.0714^* .2093 .000 -1.605 -.538

.3819 .2133 .215 -.162 .925

-.6896^* .2133 .010 -1.233 -.146

1.0714^* .2093 .000 .538 1.605

.6896^* .2133 .010 .146 1.233

-5 -1.5385 .6659 .082 -3.235 .158

-2.7857^* .6535 .001 -4.450 -1.121

1.5385 .6659 .082 -.158 3.235

-1.2473 .6659 .187 -2.944 .449

2.7857^* .6535 .001 1.121 4.450

1.2473 .6659 .187 -.449 2.944

-6 -.4478 .2920 .320 -1.192 .296

-1.1429^* .2866 .001 -1.873 -.413

.4478 .2920 .320 -.296 1.192

-.6951 .2920 .071 -1.439 .049

1.1429^* .2866 .001 .413 1.873

.6951 .2920 .071 -.049 1.439

-7 -.6236^* .2056 .016 -1.147 -.100

-.9643^* .2017 .000 -1.478 -.450