R E V I E W
Open Access
Anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious effects of
Evodia rutaecarpa (Wuzhuyu) and its major
bioactive components
Jyh-Fei Liao
1, Wen-Fei Chiou
2, Yuh-Chiang Shen
2, Guei-Jane Wang
2, Chieh-Fu Chen
1,2*Abstract
This article reviews the anti-inflammatory relative and anti-infectious effects of Evodia rutaecarpa and its major
bioactive components and the involvement of the nitric oxide synthases, cyclooxygenase, NADPH oxidase, nuclear
factor kappa B, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, tumor necrosis factor,
LIGHT, amyloid protein and orexigenic neuropeptides. Their potential applications for the treatment of
endotoxaemia, obesity, diabetes, Alzheimer
’s disease and their uses as cardiovascular and gastrointestinal protective
agents, analgesics, anti-oxidant, anti-atherosclerosis agents, dermatological agents and anti-infectious agents are
highlighted. Stimulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide release may partially explain the analgesic,
cardiovascular and gastrointestinal protective, anti-obese activities of Evodia rutaecarpa and its major bioactive
components.
Introduction
Inflammation is a protective physiological response of
an organism to chemical, physical, infectious agents,
environmental toxins, ischemia or an antigen-antibody
interaction. However, prolonged or overactive
inflamma-tion may cause tissue damage. Inflammainflamma-tion is very
common manifested as body temperature change,
edema, itch and pain, occasionally as serious as septic
shock, tissue cirrhosis, necrosis or cancer. In the United
States, over 500,000 patients suffer from sepsis triggered
by severe systemic inflammation per year [1].
Various factors are involved in inflammation, such as
calcium homeostasis, histamine, bradykinin, serotonin
(5-HT), eicosanoids (prostaglandins, PG; thromboxanes,
TX; leukotrienes, LT), platelet-activating factor,
hor-mones (corticosterones), cytokines, interleukins (IL),
chemotaxics, cyclooxygenase (COX), adhesion
mole-cules, reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H
2O
2, O
2-), nitric
oxide (NO) and substance P. Cells taking part in
inflam-mation are erythrocytes, neutrophils, basophils,
eosino-phils, platelet, natural killer cells, lymphocytes, mast
cells, antigen presenting cells and dendritic cells [2].
Diseases and syndromes, such as arthritis,
atherosclero-sis, atopic dermatitis, brain or heart stroke, cancer,
cat-aract, diabetes, neurodegeneration, pain, rhinitis and
septic shock, are all related to inflammation.
Natural products may still be the most abundant sources
for new drug development. Aspirin and corticosterone are
two well known examples for anti-inflammatory products
derived from Nature. Favonoids are potential therapeutic
agents for the treatment of inflammation, heart disease
and cancer [3]. This article reviews the anti-inflammatory
relative and anti-infectious effects of Evodia rutaecarpa
(Wuzhuyu) and its major bioactive components such
as dehydroevodiamine (DeHE), evodiamine (Evo) and
rutaecarpine (Rut).
Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory relative effects of
Evodia rutaecarpa
and its bioactive components are
summarized in Additional file 1.
Effects on nitric oxide (NO) system and nitric oxide
synthase (NOS)
While NO is involved in the blood pressure regulation,
smooth muscle relaxation, platelet aggregation,
neuro-transmission, long-term potentiation, penile erection,
apoptosis and immune response, over-expression of
inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) plays an
impor-tant role in systemic or local, acute or chronic
* Correspondence: [email protected]
1
Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, No 155, Sec 2, Linong Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© 2011 Liao et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
inflammation such as septic shock and rheumatoid
arthritis [4,5].
A study on the cardiovascular effects of DeHE, Evo and
Rut found that Rut produced a full NO-dependent
vasodi-latation whereas Evo and DeHE produced a partially
endothelium-dependent effect at 50% and 10% respectively
[6]. Apart from endothelium dependence, alpha
1-adreno-ceptor blockade, K
+channel activation and Ca
2+channel
blockade were also involved in the vasorelaxant effect of
DeHE [7]. Coupled with influx of extracellular calcium,
Rut produced the endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant
effect by activation of endothelium NOS and release of
NO without pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi protein and other
G proteins or phospholipase C activation being involved
[8]. Another study using the whole-cell patch-clamp
method found that Rut inhibited the L-type
voltage-dependent calcium channels of rat vascular smooth
muscle cells and increased NO release through opening
of non-voltage-dependent calcium channels in the
endothelial cells [9,10].
In other smooth muscles, Evo was shown to possess a
potent corporal relaxing effect attributed to
endothe-lium-independent properties and was tested as a
poten-tial agent for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in
aged animals [11].
DeHE was found to inhibit NO production by
interfer-ing not only with the priminterfer-ing signal initiated by
inter-feron-gamma but also with iNOS synthesis while Evo
affected the former only [12]. Ethanol extract of Evodia
rutaecarpa
dose-dependently prevented the circulation
failure, vascular hyporeactivity to phenylephrine, liver
dysfunction and reduced the NO over-production in
plasma in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced
endotoxae-mic rats [13]. Evodia rutaecarpa ethanol extract
exhib-ited potent antioxidative effects in neutrophils and that
in microglial cells Evodia rutaecarpa ethanol extract,
DeHE, Evo and Rut all inhibited the LPS-induced NO
production and iNOS expression [14].
Effects on nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B),
cyclooxygenase (COX), 5-lipoxygenase(5-LO),
prostaglandins (PG), serotonin (5-HT), interleukins (IL),
tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and LIGHT
COX and LO are enzynes involved in the metabolism
arachidonic acid, thus formation of PG, IL, and other
metabolites which related to inflammation [2].
A study found that Evo and Rut strongly inhibited
PGE
2synthesis in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells and that
Evo but not Rut inhibited COX-2 induction and
NF-kappa B activation. Goshuyuamide ||, another Evodia
rutaecarpa
active component, inhibited 5-LO, thereby
reducing leukotriene (LT) synthesis; however, these
three compounds did not inhibit iNOS mediated NO
production from cells up to 50
μM [15]. Another study
reported that DeHE inhibited LPS-induced iNOS and
COX-2 and their mRNAs expression in RAW 264.7
cells, probably through the suppression of NF-kappa B
activation in the transcriptional level [16]. Evo was
found to inhibit hypoxia-induced inflammatory response
by repressing not only COX-2, COX-2 mRNA and
iNOS expression but also PGE
2release in a
concentra-tion-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells under
hypoxia condition, mediated via dephosphorylation of
the serine/threonine kinases Akt and p70S6 kinase
regu-lating the translation process of hypoxia-inducible
fac-tor-1 alpha by Evo [17]. A study demonstrated that Rut
is a new class of COX-2 inhibitor partially contributing
its in vivo anti-inflammatory activities on
lamda-carra-geenan induced paw edema in rats [18].
Wuzhuyu Tang (WT), a Chinese medicine formula for
migraine treatment, is composed of Evodia fruit, Ginger,
Ginseng, and Jujube. A study on WT reported
regula-tory effects of various components in WT on
trypto-phan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2, the rate limiting enzyme for
5-HT biosynthesis in brain) promoter, suggesting that
the effects of WT on migraine could be due to its
sti-mulating effects on TPH2 promoter and promotion of
the 5-HT synthesis and release in the brain [19].
In human mononuclear cells, 10% to 30% of Evodia
rutaecarpa
extracts were found to stimulate the secretion
of IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-a and granulocyte-macrophage
colony-stimulating factor; however, more than 40%
of Evodia rutaecarpa extract lost its stimulating effect.
Evodia rutaecarpa
extract showed better stimulating
effect when reacted with mononuclear cell for 18 or
24 hours than one or three hours [20,21].
Homologous to Lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible
expression, competes with Herpes Simplex Virus
Glyco-protein D for binding to Herpes Virus entry Mediator
(HVEM), a receptor on T lymphocytes (LIGHT) showed
inducible expression and acted as a new player in the
atherogenesis [22]. Evo and Rut decreased
LIGHT-induced production of ROS, IL-8, monocyte
chemoat-tractant protein-1, TNF-a, IL-6, and the expression of
chemokine receptor (CCR) 1, CCR2 and intracellular
adhesion molecule 1 and the phosphorylation of
extra-cellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 and p38
mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) via decreasing
ROS production and NADPH oxidase activation. Evo
and Rut were considered as potential
anti-atherosclero-sis agents [23].
Capsaicin-like effects
Used as an analgesic, capsaicin, the major bioactive
com-ponent of Capsicum frutescens L., is a vanilloid receptor
agonist [24]. Capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons are
nociceptive neurons that release calcitonin gene-related
peptide (CGRP) on activation. Capsaicin-sensitive sensory
neurons are rich in transient receptor potential channel
vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) which plays a fundamental role in
pain and involves in the protective effects on cardiovascular
and gastrointestinal systems. A study found that TRPV1
could be activated by endogenous cannabinoids
(ananda-mide, N-archidonoyl dopamine, N-oleoyldopamine) or by
exogenous agonists such as capsaicin, Evo and Rut which
in turn stimulated the CGRP relaease [25].
An earlier study found that oral administration of
ethanol extract of Evodia rutaecarpa to mice reduced
the acetic acid induced abdominal stretch [26]. Another
study confirmed that Evo and Rut were partially
respon-sible for the analgesic effects [27]. Limonin from Evodia
rutaecarpa
was also found to be analgesic [28].
Evo possesses vanilloid receptor agonistic activities
comparable to capsaicin in guinea-pig isolated bronchus
[29] and atria [30], and suppresses acetic acid-induced
writhing by desensitizing visceral sensory nerves [31].
A study found that Evo was an agonist for the vanilloid
receptor TRPV1 in rat, about 3-19 fold less potent than
capsaicin [32]. Moreover, Evo was found to protect
bovine serum albumin induced guinea-pig cardiac
ana-phylaxis by stimulation of CGRP release [33] and exert
protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion
injury in rats by activation of vanilloid receptors to
sti-mulate the CGRP release [34].
Rut did not demonstrate bronchoconstrictive effects in
guinea-pig isolated bronchus [29]. Rut increased the
CGRP and decreased TNF-a with significant
improve-ment of cardiac function and inhibition of the sinus
tachycardia in antigen induced cardiac anaphylactic
injury of guinea-pig hearts [35]. Rut was also found
to release CGRP to inhibit vasoconstriction induced
by anaphylaxis in guinea-pigs [36]. Similarly, the
cardio-protective effect of Rut on myocardial
ischemia-reperfusion injury was caused by vanilloid receptor
activation to evoke CGRP release in normal [37] or
spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) [38]. Rut
inhib-ited hypoxia/reoxygenation induced apoptosis in primary
rat hippocampal neurons via TRPV1-(Ca
2+)
i-dependent
and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling
pathway [39]. Furthermore, the protective effects of Rut
on acetylsalicylic acid and stress-induced gastric mucosa
injury were related to stimulation of endogenous CGRP
release via activation of vanilloid receptor [40]. Rut also
protected the gastric mucosa against injury induced by
ethanol via stimulating the release of CGRP to attenuate
ethanol-induced elevation of asymmetric
dimethylargi-nine levels [41].
A review article reported that CGRP played an
impor-tant role in the initiation, progression and maintenance
of hypertension and that in contrast the increase in
CGRP levels or the enhancement of vascular sensitivity
response to CGRP served as a beneficial compensatory
depressor role in the development of hypertension [42].
Furthermore, there are therapeutic possibilities of CGRP
in hypertension [43]. Effects of Rut on cardiovascular
system were reported to act through the release of
CGRP, including the depressor and vasodilator [44], the
hypotensive effects in the phenol-induced hypertensive
rats [45], the hypotensive effects and reduction of
mesenteric artery hypertrophy in removascular
hyper-tensive rats [46] and the hypohyper-tensive and anti-platelet
effects (inhibits the relaease of platelet-derived tissue
factor) in SHR [47]. Effects of Rut to lower systolic
blood pressure and reverse mesenteric artery
remodel-ing were found to be related to increased expression of
prolylcarboxypeptidase in the circulation and small
arteries in renovascular hypertensive rats [48].
How-ever, Rut inhibited platelet aggregation in human
plate-let-rich plasma by inhibiting TXA
2formation,
phosphoinositide breakdown and phospholipase C
[49-51]. CGRP could work as an endogenous
protec-tive substance to counteract endothelial progenitor
cells senescence in hypertension and the accelerated
endothelial progenitor cells senescence in hypertension
is related to the reduction of CGRP while Rut could
reverse endothelial progenitor cell senescence along
with an elevation in CGRP production in SHR and
reverse angiotensin II-induced CGRP mRNA
expres-sion in endothelial progenitor cells [52].
Rut solid dispersion significantly increased the blood
concentration, accompanied by significant hypotensive
effects in SHR in a dose-dependent manner [53]. The
14-N atom of Rut might be the key site for the activity
and simple substitute in indole-ring or quinazoline-ring
would not enhance the vasodilator effects unless in a
proper position and with a proper group [54].
Effects on Alzheimer
’s disease
Alzheimer
’s disease, impairment of memory and
cogni-tive ability caused by the loss of hippocampal and
corti-cal neurons, is related to accumulations of beta-amyloid
[55] and disproportionate deficiency of acetylcholine
[56]. Treatment for Alzheimer
’s disease includes
trans-mitter replacement therapies, anti-oxidants, neuronal
calcium channel blockers, apoptotic agents,
anti-inflammatory agents, estrogens, nerve growth factors
and drugs that inhibit secretase activity and prevent or
block beta-amyloid formation in the brain [57,58].
DeHE HCl was found to increase the cerebral blood
flow in anesthetized cats [59]. In a screening of 29
nat-ural products, Evodia rutaecarpa demonstrated a strong
inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase in vitro and an
anti-amnesic effect in vivo. The active component of
Evodia rutaecarpa
was identified as DeHE HCl [60].
A study suggested that DeHE HCl might be an effective
drug not only for the Alzheimer
’s disease type but also
for the vascular type of dementia [61]. Our study
reported that DeHE pretreatment attenuated
intracereb-roventricular administration of beta-amyloid peptide
(25-35) and intraperitoneal administration of scopolamine
induced amnesia in mice [62]. Furthermore,
pre-adminis-tration of DeHE via vena caudalis for one week
effec-tively improved the Wortmannin and GF-109 203X
(WT/GFX) induced spatial memory retention
impair-ment of rats, antagonized tau hyperphosphorylation at
multiple Alzheimer
’s disease site and arrested the
overac-tivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 induced by WT/
GFX [63]. DeHE did not cause any serious adverse effects
at the dose levels in the experimental animals [64]. Some
novel inhibitors of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase
derived from DeHE and Rut were also reported [65].
DeHE HCl could provide long-lasting facilitation of
synaptic transmission that depended on the activation of
both the muscarinic and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors
in the Cornu Ammonis area 1 region of rat hippocampal
slices on the electrical stimulation evoked field
excita-tory postsynaptic potentials [66]; however, chronic
expo-sure to DeHE concentration-dependently inhibited
glutamate uptake and release in the cultured cerebellar
cells [67]. In rat brain slices, DeHE attenuated calyculin
A, a protein phosphatase (PP)-2A and PP-1inhibitor,
and induced Alzheimer’s disease-like tau
hyperpho-sphorylation [68]. Evodia officinalis extract
demon-strated the most protective effects among 10 kinds of
plant extracts against the carboxy-terminal 105 amino
acid fragments of amyloid precursor protein induced
neurotoxicity [69].
Themoregulative effects, anti-obese, anti-adipogenic and
anti-diabetic effects
Among the Evodia fruit alkaloids(hydroxy-Evo, Evo, Rut
and evocarpine), Evo prevented the chlorpromazine
induced decrease of body temperature in rats [70];
how-ever, intraperitoneal injection of DeHE or Evo caused a
dose-related hypothermia in afebrile rats at 20°C.
More-over, both DeHE and Evo attenuated the febrile
response induced by intrahypothalamic injection of
exo-genous pyrogen in rats [71].
Evo was found to mimic the capsaicin-like anti-obese
activities [72]; however, in uncoupling protein-1
(UCP1)-knockout mice, Evo triggered a UCP1-independent
mechanism to prevent diet-induced obesity [73].
Further-more, the anti-adipogenic effects of Evo were not blocked
by the specific TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine in 3T3-L1
preadipocytes whereas Evo stimulated the
phosphoryla-tion of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), protein
kinase C alpha and ERK, all of which were reduced by
EGFR inhibitor [74]. Evo inhibited human white
preadi-pocyte differentiation accompanied by up-regulation of
both GATA binding protein 2 and 3 mRNA and protein
expression [75]. Evo also inhibited the adipocyte
differen-tiation of 3T3-21 and C3H1OT1/2 cells and inhibited the
obesity in db/db mice. Evo improved the undesirable
effects of rosiglitazone, including adipogenesis, body
weight gain and hepatotoxicity, while preserving its
blood-glucose-lowering effects [76].
Orexin [77] and melanin-concentrating hormone
(MCH) [78] regulate food intake, arousal and motivated
behavior in lateral hypothalamic area. In fed and in
hyperinsulinemic obese mice, insulin signaling led to
nuclear exclusion of forkhead transcription factor Foxa2
and reduces expression of MCH and orexin [79]. As
constitutive and conditional activation of Foxa2 in the
brain increased neuronal MCH and orexin expression, it
was suggested that pharmacological inhibition of Foxa2
phosphorylation might improve levels of physical
activ-ity, overall health and longevity [80].
Administration of Evo to juvenile rats decreased rate of
food intake and body weight increase, reduced orexigenic
neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-gene related protein
mRNA levels and NPY peptide level but increased the
circulating level of leptin [81]. In high-fat-diet-induced
(C57BL/6) and leptin-deficient (ob/ob) obese mice, Rut
ameliorated obesity by inhibiting food intake [82].
Aldose reductase inhibitors are potential drugs for
treating diabetic complications [83]. Rhetsinine from
Evodia rutaecarpa
inhibited aldose reductase activity
and was considered potentially useful in the treatment
of diabetic complications [84].
GI effects
One of the most important clinic application of Evodia
Fructus is treatment of discomfort or chill of stomach.
Water extract of Evodia rutaecarpa inhibited the
intestinal transit (anti-transit effect) and castor
oil-induced diarrhea in mice [85]; however, the water
extract of Evodia rutaecarpa protected the
ethanol-induced rat gastric lesions [86,87]. As mentioned earlier,
the protective effects of Rut on acetylsalicylic acid, stress
and ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury were related
to stimulation of endogenous CGRP release via
activa-tion of vanilloid receptor [40,41].
Evo inhibited both gastric emptying and
gastrointest-inal transit in male rats via a mechanism involving
cho-lecystokinin (CCK) release and CCK
1receptor activation
[88]. DeHE HCl also exhibited anti-transit effect [64].
Anti-emetic effects of the ethanol extracts of WT were
demonstrated via 5-HT and histamine receptors [89].
Dermatological applications
Among 100 herbal extracts screened for anti-oxidant
activity and free radical scavenging activity, Evodia
officinalis
was one of the 14 potential sources of
anti-oxidants [90].
Evodia rutaecarpa, Evo and Rut inhibited
immunoglo-bulin E (IgE)-antigen complex-induced passive cutaneous
anaphylaxis reaction and compound 48/80-induced
scratching behaviors in mice. Evo and Rut inhibited
IgE-antigen complex-induced TNF-a and IL-4 protein
expression in RB2-2H3 cells, suggesting that Evo and Rut
could be used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis and
rhinitis [91].
Extract of Evodia officinalis showed a potent
inhibi-tory effect on ultraviolet B (UVB) induced matrix
metal-loproteinase (MMP)-1 production in human skin
fibroblasts [92]. A defined mixture composed of Rut,
DeHE and evodin was shown to inhibit UVB-induced
PGE
2released by keratinocytes in vitro and methyl
nico-tinate-induced erythema in human skin [93]. Rut also
inhibited ultraviolet A (UVA) induced ROS generation
and suppressed UVA or H
2O
2-induced increase in the
expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in HaCaT human
keratinocytes [94].
Anti-anoxic effects
Extract of Evodia rutaecarpa exerted an antianoxic
effect in the KCN-induced anoxia model in mice [95].
Cholinergic mechanism was found to be involved in the
antianoxic action of Evo which is an active component
of Evodia rutaecarpa [96].
Anti-infectious effects
Anti-infectious, or chemotherapeutic, agents for the
treatment of protozoal, helminth, and microbial diseases
are not anti-inflammatory agents and different from the
pharmacodynamic agents which affected the
physiologi-cal, biochemiphysiologi-cal, or immunological function of host.
The need to develop new chemotherapeutic agent for
the widespred antibiotic-resistant pathogens are very
important but less success.
Among 300 herbal extracts screened for the
anti-hepa-titis B surface antigen capability, Evodia rutaecarpa was
one of the ten effective herbs [97]. Atanine
(3-dimethy-lallyl-4-methoxy-2-quinolone) was found as an active
anthelmintic compound in Evodia rutaecarpa [98].
Six quinolone alkaloids (ie evocarpine,
2-[(4Z,7Z)-4,7-tridecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone,
1-methyl-2-[(6Z,9Z)-6.9-pentadecadienyl]-4(1H)-quinolone,
1-methyl-2-undecyl-4(1H)-quinolone, dihydroevocarpine
and 1-methyl-2-pentadecyl-4(1H)-quinolone) isolated
from Evodia rutaecarpa showed potent
anti-Helicobac-ter pylori
activity [99]. Two alkyl quinolone compounds,
namely 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-8-tridecenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone
and 1-methyl-2-[(Z)-7-tridecenyl]-4-(1H)-quinolone,
from Evodia rutaecarpa were anti-bacterial agents
highly selective in vitro against H. pylori and almost
non-active against other intestinal pathogens [100]. In
vivo
studies on H. pylori infected Mongolian gerbils
demonstrated that alkyl methyl quinolone compounds
from Evodia rutaecarpa decreased the number of
H. pylori
and inhibited the H. pylori respiration [101,102].
Three synthesized 2-alkenyl-4(1H)-quinolone
com-pounds, one of which is found in Evodia rutaecarpa
demonstrated vasodilating and antibacterial effects [103].
Evodia rutaecarpa
extract was reported to possess
bacteri-cidal activity against gram-positive cocci, P aeruginose and
C albicans
[104]. Similarly, extracts of Evodia elleryana
leaves, stem wood, stem bark, root wood, root bark and
petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate partition fractions
showed a broad spectrum of anti-bacterial activity [105].
Extract of Evodia elleryana bark also inhibited
Mycobac-terium tuberculosis
[106]. Ethyl acetate extract of Evodia
fatraina
stem bark showed moderate in vitro anti-malarial
activity against Plasmodium falciparum while the ethanol
extract exhibited 65% suppression of Plasmodium berghei
in mice [107].
Conclusion
Stimulation of CGRP release may partially explain the
analgesic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal protective,
anti-obese activities of Evodia rutaecarpa and its major
bioactive components. Other direct actions by the active
components of Evodia rutaecarpa on different targets
may account for various pharmacological effects of
Evo-dia rutaecarpa.
Additional material
Additional file 1: Mechanisms of anti-inflammatory relative effects of Evodia rutaecarpa and its bioactive components with potential clinic applications. The known mechanisms for anti-inflammatory effects of Evodia rutaecarpa extracts and its bioactive components such as dehydroevodiamine (DeHE), evodiamine (Evo) and rutaecarpine (Rut) are summarized and their potential clinic applications are suggested in this file. Some reported pharmacological effects of Wuzhuyu Tang (composed of Evodia fruit, Ginger, Ginseng, and Jujube) are also listed. Please refer to the text for the detail and references.
Abbreviations
5-HT: 5-hydroxytryptamine, serotonin; 5-LO: 5-lipoxygenase; CCK: cholecystokinin; CCR: chemokine receptor; CGRP: calcitonin gene-related peptide; COX: cycloxygenase; DeHE: dehydroevodiamine; EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; ERK: extracellular-signal-regulated kinases; Evo: evodiamine; HSV: herpes simplex virus; IgE: immunoglobulin E; IL: interleukin; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; LIGHT: Homologous to Lymphotoxin, exhibits inducible expression, competes with Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D for binding to Herpes Virus entry Mediator (HVEM), a receptor on T lymphocytes; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; LT: leukotriene; MCH: melanin-concentrating hormone; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; NF-kappa B: nuclear factor kappa B; NO: nitric oxide; NOS: nitric oxide synthase; NPY: neuropeptide Y; PG: prostaglandins; PP: protein phosphatase; ROS: reactive oxgen species; Rut: rutaecarpine; SHR: spontaneously hypertensive rats; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-alpha; TPH2: tryptophan hydroxylase 2; TRPV1: transient receptor potential channel vanilloid type 1; TX: thromboxanes; UCP1: uncoupling protein-1; UVA: ultraviolet A radiation; UVB: ultraviolet B radiation; WT: Wuzhuyu Tang; WT/GFX: Wortmannin and GF-109 203X
Author details
1Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, No 155, Sec 2,
Linong Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan.2National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No 155-1, Sec 2, Linong Road, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
Authors’ contributions
CFC proposed the review and wrote the manuscript. JFL searched the literature, compiled and reviewed the information and revised the manuscript. WFC reviewed the information on NO, NOS and endotoxaemic rats. YCS reviewed the information on neutrophils and microglial cells. GJW reviewed the information on vascular smooth muscle cell, endothelial cell and electropharmacology. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 9 September 2010 Accepted: 14 February 2011 Published: 14 February 2011
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doi:10.1186/1749-8546-6-6
Cite this article as: Liao et al.: Anti-inflammatory and anti-infectious effects of Evodia rutaecarpa (Wuzhuyu) and its major bioactive components. Chinese Medicine 2011 6:6.
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