建構兆位元紀元的光電科技---子計畫二：下世代光通訊與光儲存技術(IV)

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Explanation for the Form of the Annual/Midterm/Final Report “Program for

Promoting Academic Excellence of Universities（Phase II）”

※ The Annual/Midterm/Final Report contains the following sections:

I COVER 1

II FORM1 BASIC INFORMATION OF THE PROGRAM 2

III FORM2 LIST OF WORKS,EXPENDITURES,MANPOWER, AND MATCHING SUPPORTS FROM THE

PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES（REALITY）. 3

IV FORM3 STATISTICS ON RESEARCH OUTCOMES OF THIS PROGRAM 4

V FORM4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON RESEARCH OUTCOMES OF THIS PROGRAM 5

VI APPENDIX I MINUTES FROM PROGRAMDISCUSSION MEETINGS 32

VII APPENDIX II

1. PUBLICATION LIST (CONFERENCES,JOURNALS,BOOKS,BOOK CHAPTERS,etc.） 2. PATENT LIST

3. INVENTION LIST

4. LIST OF WORKSHOPS/CONFERENCES HOSTED BY THE PROGRAM 5. LIST OF PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE PIS

6. LIST OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS 7. LIST OF TECHNOLOGY SERVICES

32

VIII APPENDIX III LIST OF PUBLICATIONS IN “TOP”JOURNALS AND CONFERENCES 49

IX APPENDIX IV SLIDES ON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY BREAKTHROUGHS (TWO SLIDES FOR EACH

BREAKTHROUGH) 54

X APPENDIX V SELF-ASSESSMENT 63

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Program for Promoting Academic Excellence of Universities（Phase II）

Final Report

下世代光通訊與儲存

Next Generation Optical Communication and Optical Storage Technologies

NSC93-2752-E009-009-PAE NSC94-2752-E009-009-PAE NSC95-2752-E009-009-PAE NSC96-2752-E009-009-PAE

Overall Duration: Month 4 Year 2004 - Month 3 Year 2008 Report Duration: Month 4 Year 2004 - Month 3 Year 2008

National Chiao Tung University

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Project Title:Next Generation Optical Communication and Optical Storage Technologies Serial No.: NSC96-2752-E009-009-PAE Affiliation National Chiao Tung University

國立交通大學

Name Yin- Chieh Lai Name Grace Tsui

崔怡芬 Tel: 03-5712121-31746 Tel: (03)5712121-56333 Fax: 03-5716631 Fax: 03-5716631 Princ ipal I n ves tigator

E-mail [email protected] Project Coo

rdinator

E-mail grace@[email protected] Expenditures1_{(in NT$1,000)} _Manpower2_:_{Full time/Part time(Person-Months)}

Projected Actual Projected Actual

FY2004 10,224 10,224 30 30

FY2005 11,231 11,231 30 30

FY2006 10,352.3 10,352.3 30 30

FY2007 10,756.5 10,756.5 30 28.5

Overall 42,563.8 42,563.8 120 118.5

Notes: 1,2 _{Please explain large differences between projected and actual figures.}

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NSC96-2752-E-009-009-PAE 下世代光通訊與儲存技術

Expenditures (in NT$1,000) Manpower (person-month)

Research Item (Include sub projects) Major tasks and objectives Salary Seminar/ Conferenc e-related expenses Project- related expenses Cost for Hardwar e & Software

Total _{Investigators}Principal Consultants Research/ Teaching Personnel

Supporting

Staff Total

Matching Supports from the Participating Institutes

(in English & Chinese)

Optical Communca -tion Develop Optical Communi-cation Technolog -ies 7,600 1,655 6,628.5 10,000 25,883.5 16 0 0 52 68 Optical Storage Develop Optical Storage Technolog -ies 7,601.5 825 6,618.5 0.0 15,045 12 0 0 38.5 50.5 SUM(不含管理費) 15,201.5 2,480 13,247 10,000 40,928.5 28 0 0 90.5 118.5

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IV.(FORM 3)STATISTICS ON RESEARCH OUTCOME OF THIS PROGRAM-II

LISTING TOTAL DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL SIGNIFICANT1 CITATIONS2 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

JOURNALS 160 - 160 82 CONFERENCES 99 - 99 _- PUBLISHED ARTICLES TECHNOLOGY REPORTS 0 0 0 _- PENDING 2 1 1 - PATENTS GRANTED 36 20 16 _-

COPYRIGHTED INVENTIONS ITEM ITEM

WORKSHOPS/CONFERENCES3

PARTICIPANTS HOURS

TRAINING COURSES

（WORKSHOPS/CONFERENCES） _P_ARTICIPANTS

HONORS/AWARDS4 1 1 0

KEYNOTES GIVEN BY PIS

PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENTS

EDITOR FOR JOURNALS ITEM LICENSING FEE

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERS

ROYALTY

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V. (FORM4) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ON RESEARCH OUTCOMES OF THIS PROGRAM

(PLEASE STATE THE FOLLOWING CONCISELY AND CLEARLY)

1. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT:INCLUDING OBJECTIVES OF THE

PROJECT

(MAXIMUM 3 PAGES)

Subproject 2:

This sub-subject is focused on two important applications of photonic

technologies: optical communication and optical storage. The project descriptions

and research objectives are given below.

A. Next generation optical communication technologies

The aims of this part of researches are to develop new optical transmission and

photonic signal processing techniques and the required device, module, and

networking technologies which may play the key roles in next generation optical

communication systems. The conducted researches are mainly along the following

four directions: (1) Novel Optical Transmission & Processing; (2) Novel Optical

Network Architectures & Technologies; (3) Novel Fiber Devices and Laser Sources;

(4) Novel Theories & Applications. The research scopes and objectives for each

research direction can be briefly summarized below:

(1) Novel Optical Transmission & Processing: (Main investigators: J. Chen, S.

Chi)

High efficiency optical transmission through the use of new modulation

formats is expected to become more and more important in future optical

communication systems. In the past years we have focused on the efficient

generation and high-performance transmission of new modulation formats

including duo-binary, DPSK, DQPSK, and multilevel ASK signals. The

established fiber circulating loop testbed is utilized to experimentally verify the

developed idea and techniques. We have also developed a novel bidirectional

fiber transmission scheme based on a four-port DWDM wavelength interleaver.

By rerouting bidirectional transmission to unidirectional amplification,

backscattering noises in the fiber amplifiers are blocked and high optical

signal-to-noise-ratio is achieved. For next generation “intelligent” optical

networks, optical layer needs to provide the much needed new functionalities

with lower cost, smaller power consumption, or less occupied space. New

photonic signal processing techniques are thus needed to be developed for

implementing this ambitious vision. We have developed optical 2R schemes

based on the self-seeded Fabry-Perot laser diodes and tunable optical delay

modules based on VCSEL slow light devices.

(2) Novel Optical Network Architectures & Technologies: (Main investigators: J.

Chen, S. Chi)

We have developed novel light sources and architectures for optical

code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) and Radio-Over-Fiber (ROF)

networks, and have also developed several reliable architectures for various

optical access systems (i.e., PON). New hybrid fiber/wireless access

transmission and networking architectures have also been proposed and

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demonstrated. In particular, we have developed efficient methods capable of

generating Radio-Over-Fiber (ROF) signals by frequency

doubling/quadrupling techniques. This result is of great practical importance

since it allows one to generate modulated ROF signals at 60GHz or higher

with the present EO modulator technology.

(3) Novel Fiber Devices and Laser Sources: (Main investigators: Y. Lai, S. Chi)

We have developed advanced design and fabrication techniques for novel

all-fiber devices including fiber gratings and side-polished/fusion-tapered fiber

devices. These all-fiber devices have been utilized to build new types of fiber

amplifiers and fiber lasers (CW and modelocked). In particular, we have

achieved many excellent results on short-wavelength-pass fiber filters, S-band

amplifiers, S-band CW lasers, and modelocked fiber soliton lasers.

(4) Novel Theories & Applications: (Main investigators: Y. Lai, S. Chi)

We have investigated the advanced optical soliton effects (on both the

classical and quantum levels) for exploring new possible applications. In

particular, we have pioneered the theoretical development of entangled

quantum solitons, which may find applications in the researches of quantum

optics and quantum information.

交通大學中央大學陽明大學 國科會建構兆位元紀元的光電科技(II)

Photonic Science and Technology for Tera Era (II)

Devices and

Modules Transmission and System

Theory & Application Next Generation Optical Communication Technologies

Novel Fiber Devices and Laser Sources (Y. Lai, S. Chi) Novel Optical Transmission & Processing (J. Chen, S. Chi) Novel Optical Network Architectures & Technologies (J. Chen, S. Chi) Novel Theories & Applications

(Y. Lai, S. Chi)

B. Next generation optical storage technologies:

The recording density of current optical data storage systems has been increasing

rapidly but will soon reach the fundamental limitation under the existing framework

of far-field optics. Near-field optical system (NFOS) is regarded as the most

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control, and on developing the required Micro-Electric-Mechanical-System (MEMS)

fabrication techniques that are needed for implementing the scheme. Generally

speaking, the studies can be divided into the following three categories: nano-optics,

micro-fabrication and servo-control.

(1) Nano-Optics: (Main investigators: C.-H. Tien)

High spatial resolution beyond the diffraction limit can be realized in the

optical near-field of a nano-sized metallic aperture, which has drawn much

attention for developing new optical storage systems. In order to keep adequate

throughput with a sub-wavelength spot, re-forming aperture shapes has been

utilized to allow a higher power throughput without expanding the spot size.

Aperture shapes like single-ridged (C-shaped), double-ridged (H-shaped),

bow-tie shaped, or single silt have all been investigated. The proposed

structures have one thing in common: the basic structure is a ridge, or say, a

slit. By the waveguide theory, the ridge width of the aperture is an essential

parameter for determining the cut-off wavelength of the fundamental

propagating mode inside the aperture. When the size of the aperture

continuously shrinks, the propagation mode no longer exists. When the

dimension is much smaller than the incident wavelength, the depth of the ridge

now plays a dominant role in the enhancement mechanism through surface

plasmon polariton (SPP) effects. In our studies, numerical analyses based on

3D FDTD (finite difference in time domain) method have been carried out to

compare the power throughput and the field spot of two different

configurations: single slit and C-aperture, respectively. Furthermore, we have

also proposed a brand new structure of apertures which can have the

advantages for both the slit and C-aperture. The composite structure has shown

higher power throughput and smaller spot size when compared with the

C-shaped and slit- aperture respectively.

(2) Micro-fabrication: (Main investigators: W. Hsu)

The combination of the solid immersion lens (SIL) and the nano aperture

can provide high power throughput and ultra-high resolution. However, the

misalignment between SIL and nano aperture is a critical issue for practically

fabricating the near-field pickup head. To overcome these problems we have

developed a novel self-alignment process based on the backside exposure

technique and the surface tension self-modulation technique during thermal

re-flow to effectively reduce the misalignment problem by the MEMS process.

We have also continued to develop the required micro-fabrication techniques

for practically implementing the near-field pickup head.

(3) Servo-control: (Main investigators: T.S. Liu)

For near-field recording, the distance between the slider and optical disk

surface, i.e. the flying height must maintain stable. As a flying height actuator,

a piezoelectric bender is used to implement the flying height control in

near-field optical disk drives. Firstly, in this study we design a flying pickup

head including a piezoelectric bender to complement VCM for controlling both

the focusing and track-seeking/track-following motion simultaneously. The

pickup head structure differs from traditional CD-ROM and DVD-ROM

pickup heads. Secondly, the pickup head is very close to an optical disk which

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surface contains numerous grooves. Thus the dynamics between the optical

disk and the pickup head must be investigated. Different from the conventional

laser Doppler interferometers, an optical lever method using two quadrant

photodetectors has been developed to measure the flying height variation of a

pickup head above a rotating disk. Finally, the adaptive inverse control and

PID control are used to implement the focusing and track-following

respectively. Coupling between the focusing and track-following is

incorporated in the derivation and computer simulation.

交通大學中央大學陽明大學

國科會建構兆位元紀元的光電科技(II)

Optical Storage Technology

Nanoaperture MEMS-based Near-Field

Device Near-Field Servo Photonic Science and Technology for the Tera-Era (II)

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2. BREAKTHROUGHS AND MAJOR ACHIEVEMENTS

Subproject 2:

The breakthroughs and major achievements of this sub-project within the four

years can be highlighted as follows. More details can be found in the research

outcomes section.

A. Next generation optical communication technologies

I. Novel Optical Transmission & Processing :

The established fiber-circulating-loop testbed is the best in Taiwan. We have

developed several efficient schemes for generating different modulation formats

(duobinary, DPSK, DQPSK, multi-level ASK, etc). These schemes can provide

economic solutions for utilizing these modulation formats in practical applications.

The developed bidirectional fiber transmission system based on the four-port DWDM

wavelength interleaver has superior performance advantages compared to

conventional approaches. The developed tunable slow light devices based on quantum

dot VCSELs have achieved the largest bitrate-delay product within the similar devices.

Such devices have the potential to be used as the building blocks for tunable optical

buffers, even though the achievable time delay is still limited and thus practical

system applications still call for more investigation. This is also a good example that

demonstrates our internal cooperation between different subprojects.

II. Novel Optical Networking Architectures & Technologies :

The proposed and investigated optical access networking architectures should

offer many new possibilities for designing future optical accessing networking

architectures. In particular, the investigated hybrid wireless/fiber optical access

transmission and networking techniques should have great potentials for practical

applications. The developed new scheme for generating ROF signals by the

doubling/quadrupling techniques is of particular importance, since it enables to

generate practical ROF modulation signals at 60GHz or higher by the present EO

modulator technology.

III. Novel Fiber Devices and Laser Sources :

The established advanced fiber grating fabrication platform is the best in Taiwan

and compatible worldwide. The developed short-wavelength-pass fiber filter, S-band

amplifiers, and S-band lasers employ unique approaches and have excellent

performance. The developed modelocked fiber soliton lasers also employ unique

approaches and have exhibited many interesting new soliton phenomena.

IV. Novel Theories & Applications :

The pioneered quantum entangled soliton theory is unique and of great academic

importance. It is for the first time that the solitons after nonlinear interaction are

rigorously proved to be quantum mechanically entangled.

This should open new ways

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for generating quantum entangled light states.

B. Next generation optical storage technologies

We have used a C-aperture to successfully demonstrate the existence of a

propagation mode, which leads to the transmission enhanced by 3 orders of

magnitude higher than a square aperture at a similar spot size in the near field. In

addition, we have also applied the surface corrugations surrounding the C-aperture on

both incident and exit interfaces, which can generate the surface plasmon (SP) waves

coupling to the propagation mode. The hybrid effects of the local surface plasmon and

waveguide resonance function as a focusing grating. Compared to a 60-nm square

aperture, the double-corrugated C-aperture can enhance power throughput by 5 orders

of magnitude and reduce the spot area by 30%.

A self-alignment process for the integration of nano aperture and SIL/SSIL is

developed. We are the first group to propose a reliable batch process to integrate these

two components. Two types of nano-aperture, circular and C shapes, are fabricated

and integrated with SIL here. Devices fabricated by the proposed process

successfully verify the enhancement effect on the power throughput from 1.68X

(circular nano aperture/SIL) to the order of ~103 (C-shape nano aperture/SIL),

comparing to the throughput with circular aperture alone. These results demonstrated

that the proposed batch process can integrate SIL not only with circular nano

apertures, but also nano apertures with different shapes for further enhancement on

the near-field system.

Using the direct Monte Carlo simulation method, the pressure distribution of air

bearings in near-field optical disks is obtained. The piezoelectric tubes have been

proposed to be used in a pickup head for fine tuning the focusing and track-seeking

motion. In addition to advanced control method developed in this study to maintain

stable and constant flying height, an optical lever method is applied to the flying head

experiments by using only photo detectors. The results are validated by comparing

with those from laser Doppler interferometers.

By integrating all the above development, we have successfully demonstrated a

novel fiber-based near-field optical head consisting of a straw-shaped writing probe

and a flat gap sensing probe. The strawshaped probe with a C-aperture on the end face

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3. CATEGORIZED SUMMARY OF RESEARCH OUTCOMES.IN EACH RESEARCH

AREA, PLEASE GIVE A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE RESEARCH OUTCOMES

ASSOCIATED WITH THE AREA.NOTE THAT THE SUMMARIES SHOULD BE

CONSISTENT WITH THE STATISTICS GIVEN IN FORM 3.PLEASE LIST AND

NUMBER OF EACH RESEARCH OUTCOMES IN ORDER IN APPENDIX II, AND LIST

ALL THE PUBLICATIONS IN TOP CONFERENCES AND JOURNALS IN APPENDIX

III.

Subproject 2:

A. Next generation optical communication technologies

Research highlights of our most important achievements on optical

communication researches can be summarized below with the reference to the

representative publication list given in the beginning of Appendix II. Our full list of

publications can also be found in the later part of Appendix II.

[Research Highlights]

I. Novel Optical Transmission & Processing :

(a) Bi-directional fiber transmission and novel interleaver applications [1-5]

(b) Novel all-optical signal processing (slow lights, Optical 2R, PLC ROADM ….)

[6-12]

(c) Cost-effective/high-performance duobinary/DPSK/…. Transmission [13-19]

II. Novel Optical Networking Architectures & Technologies :

(a) Hybrid wireless/fiber access networking [20-24]

(b) Optical access networking (PON, OCDMA, …) [25-28]

III. Novel Fiber Devices and Laser Sources :

(a) Complicated fiber Bragg grating devices: advanced design and fabrication.

[29-32]

(b) Novel tapered fiber devices, fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers. [33-40]

(c) High repetition rate modelocked fiber soliton lasers [41-43]

IV. Novel Theories & Applications :

(a) Quantum squeezing and quantum entanglement of optical solitons [44-47]

(The reference numbers above and below are refered to the representative publication

list given in the beginning of Appendix II.)

Some explanations of these achievements are given below:

I. Novel Optical Transmission & Processing :

In terms of research infrastructure, we have established the best fiber-circulating-loop

testbed in Taiwan and have performed many researches based on this platform [see

the lab photos below]. One good example is our study on the bidirectional fiber

transmission [1-3]. After 500km transmission, the receiving sensitivity penalty is only

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1.5 dB, comparable to conventional single direction transmission performance. In this

study a novel 4-port DWDM wavelength interleaver is used to reroute bidirectional

transmission into unidirectional amplification, so that the backscattering noises in the

fiber amplifiers are blocked and high optical signal-to-noise-ratio (low cross-talk) is

achieved.

Lab Photos

國科會建構兆位元紀元的光電科技(II) Photonic Science and Technology for Tera Era (II)

Low crosstalk bi-directional fiber transmission

Proposed amplifier

4-port DWDM interleaver

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on the Planar-Lightwave-Circuit (PLC) Reconfigurable-Optical-Add-Drop

Multiplexer (ROADM) [12]. We have studied the cascading transmission

performance of a PLC reconfigurable OADM module in a fiber circulating loop. After

1100 km transmission, the power penalty for all channels < 2.25 dB and less than 2

dB sensitivity variations in cascaded transmission traffic is observed. The

accumulated chromatic dispersion becomes obvious when the wavelength is detuned

±11 GHz. This technology can accommodate 32 channels simultaneously. The work

was cooperated with Prof. Y.J. (Ray) Chen of UMBC in USA and with ITRI in

Taiwan. This is a good example of our external research cooperation.

Fiber Circulating Loop Platform

PLC ROADM work was in cooperation with Prof. Y.R. Chen (UMBC) and ITRI.

For optical transmission, we have developed several efficient schemes for generating

different modulation formats (duobinary, DPSK, DQPSK, baseband digital/radio, etc)

by using only a single EO modulator. [16,18-19] These schemes can provide

economic solutions for utilizing these modulation formats in practical applications.

We have also obtained good theoretical results on the convergence of phase noises in

DPSK transmission systems by using novel phase noise averagers [15,17]. This new

technique is expected to greatly improve the DPSK receiver performance.

For optical signal processing, we have studied an EDFA-free all-optical 2R

regeneration scheme based on a compact self-seeded Fabry-Pérot laser diode

(SSFP-LD) [7-9] [See the following figure for the setup]. The proposed 2R

regenerator achieves a straight line transmission at 10 Gb/s over 76 km without either

the EDFA or the external probe laser, both of which are traditionally required. The

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proposed compact 2R device has data-rate transparency up to 10 Gb/s and wavelength

preserving operation (without wavelength conversion). In addition, we observed eye

diagrams of the signal: (a) 2R-regenerated at 38 km; (b) 1R-regenerated at 38 km; (c)

after 76 km propagation with 2R regeneration; and (d) after 76 km propagation with

1R regeneration. By using the proposed method, the power penalties, compared with

the back-to-back case, were 0.65 and 0.9 dB after transmission over 38 km and 76 km,

respectively, at BER = 10

-9

. However, the 1R-only transmission has larger power

penalties of 1.5 and 3.4 dB after transmitting over 38 km and 76 km, respectively, at

BER = 10

-9

.

Optics Express, PTL,…

Recently we have also made important breakthrough on the tunable QD VCSEL slow

light devices. The achieved bit-rate*delay-time product was the highest among the

similar semiconductor devices. Although still not sufficient for optical buffer

applications, they may find use in some signal processing applications.

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NCTU (Prof. H.-C. Kuo, S. Chi…) + OES/ITRI

Tunable QD VCSEL slow light device

Proposed Application

Maximum optical delays 95 ps for 10 GHz can be achieved by varying the bias current and wavelength detuning.

Zero wavelength detuning results

Optics Express, …

II. Novel Optical Networking Architectures & Technologies :

We have developed a frequency doubling technique for generating complicated

Radio-over-Fiber modulation signals that are required in hybrid wireless/fiber access

network systems[20-21]. The trends for wireless communication have been moving

from the present few GHz frequency band to several tens GHz (i.e., 60GHz). The

direct electronic generation of RF modulation signals at frequencies higher than

40GHz is still expensive and inefficient. By the optical modulation frequency

doubling technique we develop, we are able to generate the RF modulation signals

inside the optical fiber by using only the lower frequency electronics. The technique is

based on the interference cancellation effects of a jumbo optical modulator module

illustrated in the following two figures.

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Double sideband scheme

with carrier suppression

z OFDM at LSB and sinusoidal subcarrier at USB

z Full OMI (optical modulation index) and no RF fading

z Frequency doubling technique Ö low frequency electronic components for millimeter-wave service

z High spectral efficiency: 64 QAM Ö 6 bit/ (Hzxs)

z DSP based impairments equalization

Remote Heterodyne OFDM RoF System

LD 20GHz MZ-a MZ-b MZ-c Phase shift +90° Phase shift +90° data Vξ Vξ Vξξξ 1539.8 1540.0 1540.2 1540.4 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 In te n si ty ( d B m ) Wavelength (nm) OFDM subcarrier OFC 2008 交通大學中央大學陽明大學 國科會建構兆位元紀元的光電科技(II)

Concept of Remote Heterodyne OFDM System

Examples of generated QAM OFDM signals at 15 or 20GHz and their performance

are illustrated in the following three figures.

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15 Gb/s 64-QAM and 20 Gb/s 16-QAM OFDM Signal

9 MZ-a MZ-b MZ-c Vπ VπVπ/2 -90° EDFA 18-Gb/s 64-QAM OFDM 20-Gb/s 16-QAM OFDM EA 15 GHz (2) Real time Oscilloscope (2) (1) BW=0.3nm OBPF O/ E SSMFOptical Attenuator -90° LD EA Real time Oscilloscope (1) f GHz 64-QAM OFDM 16-QAM OFDM 1550.7 1550.8 1550.9 1551.0 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 In ten s it y (d Bm ) Wavelength (nm) 10GHz 1550.6 1550.8 1551.0 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 In te n s it y ( d Bm ) Wavelength (nm) 20GHz 1.25 2.50 3.75 5.00 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 In te n s it y ( d B m ) Frequency (GHz) 6 8 10 12 14 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 In te ns ity ( d B m ) Frequency (GHz) 8 9 10 11 12 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 In te n s it y (d Bm) Frequency (GHz) 16 18 20 22 24 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 In te n s it y ( d B m ) Frequency (GHz)

(a) 15 Gb/ s 64 QAM (b) 20 Gb/ s 16 QAM

(c) 15 Gb/ s 64 QAM (D: 3.22 GHz+ S: 6.782 GHz)

(e) PD: 15 Gb/ s 64 QAM (f) PD: 20 Gb/ s 16 QAM (d) 20 Gb/ s 16 QAM

15 Gb/s 64-QAM and 20 Gb/s 16-QAM OFDM Signal

(a). 15 Gb/ s 64-QAM before equalization (b). 15 Gb/ s 64-QAM after equalization

(c). 20 Gb/ s 16-QAM before equalization (d). 20 Gb/ s 16-QAM after equalization

BER for 18 Gb/s 64-QAM and 20 Gb/s 16-QAM OFDM Signal

-16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 5 4 3 FEC limit -L og ( B E R ) Power (dBm) BTB 15Gb/s, 64-QAM OFDM 25km 15Gb/s, 64-QAM OFDM BTB 18Gb/s, 64-QAM OFDM 25km 18Gb/s, 64-QAM OFDM (a) -16 -15 -14 -13 -12 -11 -10 5 4 3 2 BTB 20Gb/s, 16-QAM OFDM 25km 20Gb/s, 16-QAM OFDM -Log(BER ) Power(dBm) FEC limit

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We have also further developed a frequency quadrupling technique illustrated in the

following three figures and have successfully demonstrated the generation of 60 an 72

GHz microwave signals.

Generation of Millimeter-wave Signal using Frequency Quadrupling Technique 12 MZ-a MZ-b Vbias Ein(t) Eout(t) Vmcos(?RF t) DC Bias Ein-a(t) Ein-b(t) RF Signal Vmcos(?RF+p /2) Vbias DC Bias p/2 MZ-c ?RF Vp Laser PC 50km Optical Fiber 45GHz PD OSA ESA Coupler EDFA

Optical up-conversion using a frequency multiplication technique for WDM RoFsystems. (MZ: Mach -Zehnder modulator; EDFA: Erbium doped fiber amplifier; OSA: Optical Spectrum Analyzer; ESA: Electrical Spectrum Analyzer)

To generated Millimeter-wave signal beyond 40 GHz is still very expensive today!

OFC 2008

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-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 Offset Frequency (GHz) λc=1544.477 nm O p tical Po w e r (d Bm ) 35.6 dB -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 O p tica l Po w e r (d B m ) Offset Frequency (GHz) λc=1544.484 nm 36.9 dB

60 GHz and 72 GHz Millimeter-wave Generation

(b) (a)

Experimental results of optical millimeter-wave signal . (a) 60 GHz. (b) 72 GHz.

The above techniques have been employed to develop new hybrid wireless/fiber

access networking system [23-24]. One of the main advantages is that no narrowband

optical filtering is required.

We have also developed several new techniques for other types of optical access

networks. They include the Passive Optical Networks (PON) and the Optical Code

Division Multiple Access Networks (OCDMA) [25-28]. The following figure

illustrates the developed new 2D OCDMA light sources by external injection of a

semiconductor Fabry-Perot laser.

2D OCDMA encoding scheme Encoded output

PTL,…

III. Novel Fiber Devices and Laser Sources :

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lasers [33-37] One example is a novel tunable Er-doped fiber amplifiers covering S

and C + L bands over 1490-1610 nm based on discrete fundamental-mode cutoff

filters. [36] We demonstrate thermo-optically tunable Er3+-doped fiber amplifiers

covering S- and C + L-bands (1490 ~ 1610 nm) using fundamental-mode cutoff filters

discretely located in a 17.5-m-long standard Er3+-doped fiber. The maximum signal

gains are measured to be 18.92 dB, 37.18 dB, and 15.19 dB with 980 nm pump power

of 135 mW in S-, C-, and L-bands, respectively. The principle of the fiber filters is

based on the fundamental mode cutoff mechanism illustrated in the following figure:

Tunable short-pass tapered fiber filter for S-band applications

1300 1400 1500 1600 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 T ransm issi o n Los s( dB ) Wavelenghth(nm) 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 uniform waist quartz substrate tapered transition untapered dispersive material SMF-28 Standard fiber n λ leaky guided area short-wavelength-pass Dispersive fiber LP01cutoff core λc guided mode leaky modes cladding

Optics Letters, Optics Express, …

The achieved performance of the S-band amplifiers and lasers are illustrated below.

We demonstrate a widely tunable fiber ring laser over 1451.9 ~ 1548.1 nm with

tuning efficiency as high as 57.3 nm/°C using a 16-m-long standard silica-based

erbium-doped fiber under 980-nm pump power of 208 mW. In principle, such a

technique can be applied to other fiber laser systems to achieve shorter

amplifying/lasing wavelengths that can not be achieved by conventional methods. In

particular, the achieved lasing wavelength can be as short as 1451.9nm, which should

be the shortest lasing wavelength of Er-fiber lasers reported to-date. Such a

wavelength range is of particular interest to biomedical applications. This is why the

paper is selected by the Virtual Journal of Biomedical Optics.[33]

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980 pump 980/1550 WDM 9:1 tap coupler G 1 G 2 G 3 G 4 EDF (4 m) filter isolator SMF-28 EDF output 1.42 1.44 1.46 1.48 1.50 1.52 1.54 1.56 -60 -40 -20 0 _η_{= 57.3 nm/}o_C 1451.9 nm @ 29.3o_C 1462.7 nm @ 29.5o_C 1505.4 nm @ 30.2o_C 1545.2 nm @ 30.9o_C 1548.1 nm @ 30.9o_C bending T ran sm is sio n (d B m ) Wavelength (μm) cooler (b)

S-band Tunable laser

OSA WDM 980 pump EDF (4 m) 980/1550 1 2 3 OC input short-pass filter G 1 ARM G 4 G 2 G 3

Tunable S+CL band amplifiers

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 5 10 15 20 25 30

Signal input Power (dBm)

Gain ( dB ) 3 dB 5 6 7 8 9 NF ( dB ) at 1486.9 nm wavelength

Optics Letters, Optics Express, …

At NCTU we have established the best advanced fiber Bragg grating (FBG)

fabrication platform in Taiwan and have developed several advanced FBG design and

fabrication techniques.[29-32]

-35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 (a) Refl ec ti on ( d B) -10 0 -50 0 50 10 0 15 0 20 0 25 0 30 0 T im e d e la y ( p s) 1 5 4 7.21 54 7 .615 4 8 .01 5 48 .41 54 8 .815 4 9 .2 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 (b ) W avelen gth (nm ) Refl e c ti on ( d B ) -1 00 -5 0 0 5 0 1 00 1 50 2 00 2 50 3 00 T ime del a y ( p s ) 0.0 0.5 1.0 Phas e ( x r ad)_π 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 DLP method LS fitting Grating Position (mm) Norma lize d

Refractive Index Pro

file He-Ne Laser Interferometer Translation Stage Fiber 244nm UV Laser Rotatable Mirror Beam Splitter Mirror half-wave plate θ_s f Mirror Shutter 1549.9 1549.95 1550 1550.05 1550.1 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 EP(4cm) LP(4cm) LP(20cm) Gaussian-apodized(4cm) Wavelength (nm) Di sp er s ion ( p s/ nm ) Dispersionless FBG designed by EP Fabricated Dispersionless FBG

Advanced FBG design and fabrication

Optics Letters, Optics Express, PTL …

We have also developed several new types of high-repetition-rate modelocked fiber

soliton lasers and studied their laser dynamics.[38-40] In particular, we have observed

new bound soliton phenomena in a high-repetition rate modelocked fiber soliton laser.

The time separation of the bound solitons can be modulated by adjusting the RF

driving power. This property should be useful for implementing new applications with

this new type of bound pulse sources.

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Modelocked Fiber Soliton Laser

1. 10-40GHz,

500-800fs

directly from the

laser.

2. Active harmonic

modelocking

+Passive P-APM.

3. Asynchronous

and

Bound soliton

Setup

_Features:

Prof. Y. Lai 交通大學中央大學陽明大學 國科會建構兆位元紀元的光電科技(II) Photonic Science and Technology for Tera Era (II)

Optical

Spectrum

Auto-correlation

Asynchronous

Bound soliton

Prof. Y. Lai

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new ways for generating quantum entangled light states.

We rigorously prove that the time-multiplexed optical solitons

become quantum entangled in the sense that their “quadrature

components of internal modes” satisfy the EPR non-local

criterion: the uncertainty product of the inferred quadrature

components is below the Heisenberg uncertainty product limit.

Proof of Quantum Entanglement

Prof. Y. Lai CLEO2008

Quantum Correlated Soliton Pairs

SW

PBS

x

y

x

y

x

y

t

PM Fiber

Isotropic Fiber

(1) TDM soliton pair

(2) PDM soliton pair

If necessary, the Sagnac loop configuration also can be used.

Prof. Y. Lai

PRA, Optics Letters, …

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We have studied the power throughput enhancement effects of nano-aperture[45, 50].

We presented a ridged aperture encircled by a groove to allow the hybrid effect of

coupling surface plasmon resonance to a propagating wave. This great improvement

was demonstrated by its higher power throughput of 0.32 in the far field, a factor of

1.88 to the single ridged aperture that provided a signal-to-noise ratio of 20 dB in the

near field.

Nano-Aperture:

Free Standing Near-Field Measurement

(b) C-shaped (c) C-shaped with corrugation (a) Circular

(b) NF image of C-shaped with corrugation

(PT* = 332X) (a) NF image of C-shaped

(PT* = 149X) PT*: near-field power throughput relative to circular aperture Optics Letters, …

We demonstrated a novel fiber-based near-field optical head consisting of a

straw-shaped writing probe and a flat gap sensing probe [46]. The strawshaped probe

with a C-aperture on the end face exhibits enhanced transmission by a factor of 3

orders of magnitude over a conventional fiber probe due to a hybrid effect that excites

both propagation modes and surface plasmon waves. In the gap sensing probe, the

spacing between the probe and the media surface functions as an external cavity. The

high sensitivity of the output power to the change in the gap width is used as a

feedback control signal.[48] We characterize and design the straw-shaped writing

probe and the flat gap sensing probe. The dual-probe system is installed on a

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Dual-probe Integrated Near-Field

Fiber Head System

Laser B SMF Reference Probe (10% output) Straw-shaped Writing Probe (90% output with aperture ) Lens Detector Laser Driver A Controller B Laser A Optical Power Meter

Gap Sensing Probe PC PC SMF 1x2 10/90 Coupler Controller A Laser Driver B Actuator Driver Disk Biaxial Actuator (A) (B)

A. Writing probe: high transmission through a nanoaperture by hybrid resonant effect.

B. Servo probe: air gap as an external cavity modulation to obtain positioning signal.

Optics Express, …

C-shaped Nano-aperture as Writing Probe

125μm 100 200 400 C-shaped unit: nm 200 30 0 120 unit: nm 60 100 nm Optics Express, …

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Active Gap Servo by Self-mixing

Interferometric Feedback

Suspender VCM (Voice Coil Motor) Integrated module Disk Optical fiber

Self-mixing interferometric signal used as feedback signal

Laser sensor installed on bi-axial actuator

Controlling system designed for gap servo

Laser B SMF Reference Probe (10% output) Straw-shaped Writing Probe (90% output with aperture) Lens Detector Laser Driver A Controller B Laser A Optical Power Meter

Gap Sensing Probe PC PC SMF 1x2 10/90 Coupler Controller A Laser Driver B Actuator Driver Disk Biaxial Actuator (A) (B) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Relative Position (?) No rm a li z e d Po we r O u tp u Measurement Simulation JLT, … 交通大學中央大學陽明大學 國科會建構兆位元紀元的光電科技(II)

Near-Field Servo Control for

Nanoscaled Position

LD d rt rD2 rD1 LE LF rF1 rF2

Laser Diode Fiber Target F2 D1 D2 F1 t interferometer Fiber-based head module hard disk ±9nm Error signal Feedback signal Pickup drive signal

Vo lt a g e Time

residual position error: Δh ± 9nm

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techniques, a novel fabrication method to fabricate SILs on suspended cantilever array

is successfully demonstrated. From the measurements of the power throughput and

spot size, the proposed self-alignment process is successfully verified. For example,

the φ15μm SIL/φ329nm circular aperture component is calibrated and found to

enhance throughput 168%, comparing with that of φ329nm circular aperture alone.

Furthermore, the throughput of 303nm×205nm C-shaped aperture/ φ 15μm SIL

component can be enhanced 2443.8%, comparing with that of φ148nm circular

aperture alone. These results verify the feasibility of the proposed self-aligned process

[51].

For Near-field flyability, computational results show that grooved disks generate

smaller pressure than smooth disks since grooves can accommodate air molecules and

tune air pressure.[62] Further, flying higher makes pressure magnitudes closer

between grooved disks and smooth disks in negative pressure area on slider bottoms.

The proposed computational method facilitates pickup head design and improves head

flyability during data read/write [56-61]. Experiments are carried out to demonstrate

that the proposed controller performs better in flying height control than an optimal

sliding mode controller. Accordingly, the controller can achieve stable flying height

control in the presence of certain frequency vibration of optical disks. The media in

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near-field optical disk drives is usually made of glass or polycarbonate, which may

generate significant deformation arisen from disk rotation. Using the advanced control

method developed in this study can maintain stable and constant flying height, which

is required in near-field data reading/writing. An optical lever method using only

photo detectors for measuring flying height is applied to the flying head experiments.

The results are validated by comparing with those from laser Doppler interferometers

(LDV).

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4. ASUMMARY OF THE POST-PROJECT PLAN

Subproject 2:

A. Next generation optical communication technologies

I. Novel Optical Transmission & Processing :

We will continue to investigate the new modulation format techniques for

achieving high transmission efficiency and/or high networking efficiency. The

established fiber circulating loop testbed will be continuingly upgraded to serve as the

platform for experimentally verifying the newly developed idea and techniques.

System applications of the new newly developed tunable slow light devices based on

quantum dot VCSELs will be investigated. Possible applications of the new

modulation format techniques to hybrid (baseband digital+radio) optical transmission

and quantum key distribution systems will continue to be investigated.

II. Novel Optical Networking Architectures & Technologies :

We will intensively develop the hybrid wireless/fiber access networking systems

based on our unique frequency multiplication schemes. In particular, the 60GHz

wireless systems have been intensively investigated by the researchers from the

wireless side. We are hoping that our optical schemes can contribute to real advances

by cooperating with these electronics techniques.

III. Novel Fiber Devices and Laser Sources :

Advanced design and fabrication techniques of all-fiber devices will be

continuingly investigated. Existing platforms for fiber grating exposure, fiber

side-polishing, fiber fusion tapering, …, will be continuously upgraded for fabricating

new fiber devices. The performance of the modelocked fiber soliton laser will be

further studied and improved. Possible applications of modelocked fiber lasers on

classical/quantum communication will be investigated.

IV. Novel Theories & Applications :

Quantum theory of soliton entanglement generation will be developed further to

take into account the possible applications on quantum communication and quantum

information. Different types of optical soliton phenomena will be investigated to

explore new possibilities for classical/quantum communication applications.

B. Next generation optical storage technologies

In the next phase, we will setup an experimental bench to study the surface

plasmon polariton (SPP) effects and to ensure the interaction between the incident

optical waves and the nanostructure in the near-field optical region. In addition, fluid

dynamic analyses in flying will be further carried out to investigate what geometry of

sliders with optical fiber and waveguide is optimal when considering dust removal,

since the dust between solid immersion lens and disks may cause friction and damage

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to the lens. Finally, MEMS-based devices combining solid immersion lens and

nanoapertures will continue to be investigated.

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5. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ACTIVITIES (OPTIONAL)

Subproject 2:

Optical Communication:

‧

Prof. J. Chen cooperated with Prof. Y.R. (Ray) Chen in the Department of

Electrical Engineering at University of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC)

on the development of PLC OADM module.

‧

Prof. J. Chen and Prof. S. Chi cooperated with Prof. G.K. Chang in the

Department of Electrical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology (GIT)

on the development of bi-directional fiber transmission and other new optical

transmission/networking techniques.

Optical Storage:

‧

Prof. C. H. Tien cooperated with Prof. Ed. Schlesinger in the Department of

Electrical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University on the demonstration of

the proposed dual fiber-based near-field optical head in the spin stand.

‧

Prof. W. Hsu cooperated with the Laser Micromachining group at Canada

NRC Integrated Manufacture Technology Institute on the development of the

micro actuators.

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VI. APPENDIX I:MINUTES FROM PROGRAM DISCUSSION MEETINGS VII. APPENDIX II:

1. PUBLICATION LIST（CONFERENCES, JOURNALS, BOOKS, BOOK CHAPTERS, etc.） Sub-Project2:

Representative Publications (sorted according to research topics):

[Bi-directional fiber transmission and novel interleaver applications]

1. M. F. Huang, J. Chen, J. Yu, S. Chi and G.K. Chang "A Novel Dispersionfree Interleaver for Bidirectional DWDM Transmission Systems," IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 3543 3554, 2007.

2. M.-F. Huang, K.-M. Feng, J. Chen, T.-Y. Lin, C.-C. Wei, S. Chi, “Wavelength-Interleaving Bidirectional Transmission System Using Unidirectional Amplification in a 5x100 km Recirculating Loop”, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., pp. 1326-1328, 2006.

3. M.F. Huang, J. Chen, K. M. Feng, et al., “210-km Bidirectional transmission system with a novel four-port interleaver to facilitate unidirectional amplification”, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 18 (1-4): 172-174, 2006.

4. K. M Feng, M. F Huang, C. C. Wei, C. Y Lai, T. Y. Lin, J. H. Chen and S. Chi, “Metro Add/Drop Network Applications of Cascaded Dispersion-Compensated Interleaver Pairs Using a Re-circulating loop”, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol.17, pp.1349-1351, June 2005.

5. J. Chen, “Dispersion-Compensating Optical Digital Filters for 40-Gb/s Metro Add–Drop Applications”, IEEE Photonic Technol. Lett., pp. 1310- 1312, 2004.

[Novel all-optical signal processing (slow lights, Optical 2R, PLC ROADM ….)]

6. P.C. Peng, C.T. Lin, H.C. Kuo, W.K. Tsai, J.N. Liu, S. Chi, S.C. Wang, G. Lin, H.P. Yang, K.F. Lin, J.Y. Chi, “Tunable slow light device using quantum dot semiconductor laser”, Optics Express 14 (26): 12880-12886, 2006.

7. H.C. Chien, C.C. Lee, C.T. Lin CT, et al., “EDFA-free all-optical 2R regeneration using a compact self-seeded Fabry-Perot laser diode”, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 18 (9-12): 1112-1114, 2006.

8. H.C. Chien, C.C. Lee, S. Chi, “An all-optical 2R regenerator using a compact self-seeded Fabry-Perot laser diode incorporated in a bidirectional EDFA”, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 18 (9-12): 1344-1346, 2006.

9. H.C. Chien, C.C. Lee, Y.M. Chen, et al., “All-optical 2R regeneration based on a compact self-seeded Fabry-Perot laser diode with an embedded fiber Bragg grating”, IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 18 (1-4): 559-561, 2006.

10. C.-C. Wei and J. Chen, “Study of Differential Cross-Polarization Modulation in Semiconductor Optical Amplifier”, Optics Express, vol. 13, No. 21, pp. 8442-8451, Oct. 2005.

11. C.C Wei, M. F. Huang, J.H. Chen, “Enhancing the Frequency Response of Cross Polarization Wavelength Conversion”, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol.17, pp. 1683-1685, Aug. 2005. 12. M.-F. Huang, J. Chen, K.-M. Feng, C.-Y. Lai, C.-C. Wei, T.-Y. Lin, S. Chi, Z. Zhu, Y. J. Chen,

Y.-C. Huang and S.-J. Chang, “Add/Drop Applications in Fiber Ring Networks Based on a Reconfigurable Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer in a Re-circulating Loop”, Optics Communications, vol. 267, November, pp. 113-117, 2006.

[Cost-effective/high-performance duobinary/DPSK/…. Transmission]

13. C.-C. Wei, J. Chen, and Y. Chen, “Evaluation the Performance Improvement of DPSK Signals by Amplitude Regeneration and Phase Noise Suppression”, to be published at Optics Lett., 2008. 14. W.R. Peng, S. Chi, “Quantum limit of optimum four-level ASK signals with direct detection

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“Improved SPM Tolerance and Cost-Effective Phase-Modulation Duobinary Transmission over 230 km Standard Single-Mode Fiber Using a Single Mach-Zehnder Modulator”, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol.17, 2754-2756, Dec. 2005.

19. W.-R. Peng, Y.-C. Lu, J. Chen, S. Chi, “Encoding ASK labeled CSRZ-DPSK payload by using only one dual-drive Mach-Zehnder Modulator with enhanced label performance”, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., vol.17, p. 2227-2229, Oct. 2005.

[Hybrid wireless/fiber access networking]

20. C.-T. Lin, Y.-M. Lin, J. Chen, S.-P. Dai, P. T. Shih, P.-C. Peng, and S. Chi, “Optical Direct-Detection OFDM Signal Generation for Radio-Over-Fiber Link Using Frequency Doubling Scheme with Carrier Suppression”, to be published at Optics Express, 2008.

21. C.-T. Lin, S.-P. Dai, J. Chen, P. T. Shih, P.-C. Peng, S. Chi, “A Novel Direct Detection Microwave Photonic Vector Modulation Scheme for Radio-Over-Fiber System”, to be published at IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2008

22. C.T. Lin, P. T. Shih, J. Chen, W.-Q Xue, P.-C. Peng, S. Chi, “Optical Millimeter-Wave Signal Generation Using Frequency Quadrupling Technique and No Optical Filtering”, to be published at IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2008

23. C.T. Lin, P. T. Shih, J. Chen, P.-C. Peng, S.-P. Dai, W.-J. Jiang, W.-Q Xue, and S. Chi, “Cost-Effective Multi-Services Hybrid Access Networks with no Optical Filter at Remote Nodes”, to be published at IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2008

24. C. T. Lin, J. Chen,, P. Peng, C. Peng, W. Peng, B. Chiou and S. Chi, “Hybrid optical access network integrating fibertothe home and radiooverfiber systems”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 610612, Apr., 2007.

[Optical access networking (PON, OCDMA, …)]

25. W.R. Peng, W.P. Lin, S. Chi, “Improved fiber Bragg grating array OFFH-CDMA system using a novel frequency-overlapping multigroup method”, JOURNAL OF LIGHTWAVE TECHNOLOGY 24 (3): 1072-1081, 2006.

26. P.-C. Peng, W.-R. Peng; K.-M. Feng, H.-Y. Chiou, J. Chen; H.-C. Kuo, S.-C. Wang, S. Chi, “OCDMA light source using directly modulated Fabry-Perot laser diode in an external injection scheme”, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett., pp. 1103-1105, 2006.

27. C.H. Yeh, D.Z. Hsu, S. Chi, “Upstream power equalization in a gigabit passive optical network Source,” OPTICS EXPRESS, 15 (8): 5191-5195 APR 16, 2007.

28. C.-H. Yeh, and S. Chi, “Optical fiber-fault surveillance for passive optical networks in S-band operation window,” Optics Express, vol. 13, no. 14, p. 5494-5498, 2005.

[Complicated fiber Bragg grating devices: advanced design and fabrication]

29. K.-C. Hsu, L.-G. Sheu, K.-P. Chuang, S.-H. Chang and Y. Lai, “Fiber Bragg grating sequential UV-writing method with real-time interferometric side-diffraction position monitoring,” Optics Express vol.13, No.10, p.3795, 2005.

30. K.-P. Chuang, L.-G. Sheu, and Y. Lai, “Complex fiber grating structures fabricated by sequential writing with polarization control”, Optics Letters 29, pp.340-342 2004.

31. K.-P. Chuang, L.-G. Sheu, and Y. Lai, “Pure apodized phase-shifted fiber Bragg gratings fabricated by a two-beam interferometer with polarization control”, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 834-836, 2004.

32. C.-L. Lee and Y. Lai, “Optimal dispersionless fiber Bragg grating filter with shorter grating length and smoother dispersion profile”, Optics Communications 235, pp.99-106, 2004.

[Novel tapered fiber devices, fiber amplifiers and fiber lasers]

33. N.K. Chen, C.M. Hung, S. Chi, Y. Lai, “Towards the short-wavelength limit lasing at 1450 nm over I-4(13/2)-> I-4(15/2) transition in silica-based erbium-doped fiber,” OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 15, Pages: 16448-16456, 2007. (selected into Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics, Vol. 3, Issue 1, January, 2008)

34. N.K. Chen, C.L. Lee, S. Chi, “Wideband tunable wavelength-selective coupling in asymmetric side-polished fiber coupler with dispersive interlayer,” OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 15, Pages: 17747-17753, 2007.

35. N.K. Chen, D.Y. Hsu, S. Chi,“Widely tunable asymmetric long-period fiber grating with high sensitivity using optical polymer on laser-ablated cladding” OPTICS LETTERS, 32 (15): 2082-2084 AUG 1, 2007.

36. N. K. Chen, K. C. Hsu, S. Chi, and Y. Lai, "Tunable Er3+-doped fiber amplifiers covering S and C + L bands over 1490-1610 nm based on discrete fundamental-mode cutoff filters," Opt. Lett. 31, 2842-2844, 2006..

37. N. K. Chen and S. Chi, "Influence of a holey cladding structure on spectral characteristics of side-polished endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fibers," Opt. Lett. 31, 2251-2253, 2006.

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[High repetition rate modelocked fiber soliton lasers]

38. W. -W. Hsiang, C. -Y. Lin, and Y. Lai, "Stable new bound soliton pairs in a 10 GHz hybrid frequency modulation mode-locked Er-fiber laser," Opt. Lett. 31, 1627-1629, 2006.

39. W.-W. Hsiang, C.-Y. Lin, N.-K. Sooi, Y. Lai, “Long-term stabilization of a 10 GHz 0.8 ps asynchronously mode-locked Er-fiber soliton laser by deviation-frequency locking,” Optics Express 14, 1822-1828, 2006.

40. W.-W. Hsiang, C.-Y. Lin, M.-F. Tien, and Y. Lai, “Direct generation of 10 GHz 816 fs pulse train from an erbium-fiber soliton laser with asynchronous phase modulation,” Opt. Lett. 30, 2493-2495, 2005.

[Quantum squeezing and quantum entanglement of optical solitons]

41. R.-K. Lee, Y. Lai, and B. A. Malomed, "Photon-number fluctuation and correlation of bound soliton pairs in mode-locked fiber lasers,” Opt. Lett. 30, 3084-3086, 2005.

42. R.-K. Lee, Y. Lai, and B. Malomed, "Generation of photon-number entangled soliton pairs through interactions," Phys. Rev. A 71, 013816, 2005.

43. R.-K. Lee, Y. Lai, and Yu. S. Kivshar, “Quantum correlations in soliton collisions,” Phys. Rev. A 71, 053801 (2005).

44. R.-K. Lee, E. A. Ostrovskaya, Y. S. Kivshar, and Y. Lai, "Quantum-noises of matter-wave gap solitons," Phys. Rev. A 72, 033607, 2005.

[Nano-Aperture and Dual-probe near-field fiber head]

45. J.-Y. Fang, C.-H. Tien, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Hybrid-effect transmission enhancement induced by oblique illumination in nano-ridge waveguide,” Opt. Exp., 15, 11741, 2007.

46. J.-Y. Fang, C.-H. Tien, and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Dual-probe near-field fiber head with gap servo control for data storage applications,” Opt. Exp., 15, 14619, 2007.

47. C.H. Tien, C.H. Hung, “Micromachined Polarization Beam Splitter With Adjustable Leak Ratio for Optical Pickup,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 19, 1109, 2007.

48. J.-Y. Fang, C.-H. Tien, P. Herget, J. A. Bain, T.E. Schlesinger and H.-P. D. Shieh, “Optical Feedback Height Control System Using Laser Diode Sensor for Near-Field Data Storage Applications,” J. Lightwave Technol., 25, 3704, 2007.

49. C.H. Tien, C.H. Hung, C.H. Lee, “Aberrations measurement of fiber-end microlens by free-space microoptical ronchi interferometer,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 18, 1768, 2006.

50. Yu-Chieh Chen, Jen-Yu Fang, Chung-Hao Tien, and Han-Ping D. Shieh, “High-transmission hybrid-effect-assisted nanoaperture,” Opt. Lett., 31, 655, 2006.

[MEMS processes and devices for near field applications]

51. H.-L. Hsu, Y.-R. Chang, Y. Chiu, Y.-H. Lin, and W. Hsu, “A self-aligned process between the nano-aperture and solid immersion lens,” Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 16, pp.2632-2638, 2006.

52. C.P. Hsu and W. Hsu, “Design and Characterization of Electrothermal Monolithic Long-Stretch Micro Drive with High Output Efficiency,” IEEE/ASME Journal of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Vol. 15, No.4, pp.935-944, 2006.

53. C.T. Wu and W. Hsu, “Design and Fabrication of an Electrothermal Microactuator for Multi-level Conveying,” Journal of Microsystem Technologies,” Vol. 2, No. 4, pp.293-298, 2006.

54. L.N. Tsai, G.R. Shen, Y.T. Cheng, W. Hsu, “Performance Improvement of an Electrothermal Microactuator Fabricated Using Ni-Diamond Nanocomposite,” IEEE/ASME Journal of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, Vol. 15, No.1, pp. 149-159, 2006.

55. Z.H. Liang, Y.T. Cheng, W. Hsu, Y.W. Lee, “A Wafer-Level Hermetic Encapsulation for MEMS Manufacture Application, IEEE Trans. on Adv. Packaging,” Vol.29, No.3, pp.513-519, 2006.

[Near Field Servo]

56. C.S. Chang and T.S. Liu, “LQG Controller for Active Vibration Absorber in Optical Disk Drive,” Vol. 43, No. 2, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, pp.799-801, 2007.

57. H.C. Wang, M.S. Huang, and T.S. Liu, “Slider Dynamics with Adhesive Force in Near-Field Recording,” Vol. 43, No. 2, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, pp.796-798, 2007.

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62. H.C. Wang, T.S. Liu, and C.S. Chang, “Study of Air Bearing with Grooved Disk Surface in Near-Field Disk Drives,” pp.1047-1049, Vol.41, No.2, IEEE Trans. Magnetics, 2005.

Total Publication lists (sorted according to published year):

International Journal papers: [Optical Communication: 2004-2008] [Accepted]

1. C.-C. Wei, J. Chen, and Y. Chen, “Evaluation the Performance Improvement of DPSK Signals by Amplitude Regeneration and Phase Noise Suppression”, to be published at Optics Lett., 2008. 2. C.-T. Lin, Y.-M. Lin, J. Chen, S.-P. Dai, P. T. Shih, P.-C. Peng, and S. Chi, “Optical

Direct-Detection OFDM Signal Generation for Radio-Over-Fiber Link Using Frequency Doubling Scheme with Carrier Suppression”, to be published at Optics Express, 2008.

3. C.-T. Lin, S.-P. Dai, J. Chen, P. T. Shih, P.-C. Peng, S. Chi, “A Novel Direct Detection Microwave Photonic Vector Modulation Scheme for Radio-Over-Fiber System”, to be published at IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2008

4. C.T. Lin, P. T. Shih, J. Chen, W.-Q Xue, P.-C. Peng, S. Chi, “Optical Millimeter-Wave Signal Generation Using Frequency Quadrupling Technique and No Optical Filtering”, to be published at IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2008

5. C.T. Lin, P. T. Shih, J. Chen, P.-C. Peng, S.-P. Dai, W.-J. Jiang, W.-Q Xue, and S. Chi, “Cost-Effective Multi-Services Hybrid Access Networks with no Optical Filter at Remote Nodes”, to be published at IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 2008

6. C.T. Lin, P.-C. Peng, P. T. Shih, J. Chen, and S. Chi, “Distributed Feedback Laser in External Light Injection Scheme for Tunable Slow Light”, to be published at Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 2008.

7. P.-C. Peng, C.T. Lin, Wen-Jr Jiang, J. Chen, F.-M. Wu, P. T. Shih and S. Chi, “Improvement of Transmission in Fiber Wireless System using Semiconductor Laser Amplifier”, to be published at Electronics Letters 2008.

[Published]

1. C.H. Yeh, F.Y. Shih, C.H. Wang, C.W. Chow , S. Chi, “Cost-effective wavelength-tunable fiber laser using self-seeding Fabry-Perot laser diode,” OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol:16, Pages: 435-439, 2008.

2. C.H. Yeh, S. Chi, “Self-protection against fiber fault for ring-based power-splitting passive optical networks,” OPTICAL ENGINEERING, Vol: 47, Article Number: 020501, 2008.

3. C.H. Yeh, F.Y. Shih, C.T. Chen, et al., “Multiwavelength erbium fiber ring laser using Sagnac loop and Fabry-Perot laser diode,” LASER PHYSICS LETTERS, Vol: 5, Pages: 210-212 , 2008. 4. C.H. Yeh, C.S. Lee, S. Chi, “Self-protecting dual-ring-architecture in time-sharing passive optical

network to prevent the occurrence of fiber failure,” OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS, Vol: 281, Pages: 1534-1537, 2008.

5. C.H. Yeh, C.N. Lee, F.Y. Shih, et al., “Using dual ring structure with different coupling ratio for S-band erbium-based fiber laser,” LASER PHYSICS LETTERS, Vol: 5, Pages: 51-54, 2008. 6. N.K. Chen, C.M. Hung, S. Chi, Y. Lai, “Towards the short-wavelength limit lasing at 1450 nm

over I-4(13/2)-> I-4(15/2) transition in silica-based erbium-doped fiber,” OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 15, Pages: 16448-16456, 2007. (selected into Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics, Vol. 3, Issue 1, January, 2008)

7. N.K. Chen, C.L. Lee, S. Chi, “Wideband tunable wavelength-selective coupling in asymmetric side-polished fiber coupler with dispersive interlayer,” OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 15, Pages: 17747-17753, 2007.

8. C.H. Yeh, F.Y. Shih, C.T. Chen, S. Chi, "Triple-wavelength erbium fiber ring laser based on compound-ring scheme", OPTICS EXPRESS, Vol: 15, Pages: 17980-17984, 2007.

9. N.K. Chen, D.Y. Hsu, S. Chi,“Widely tunable asymmetric long-period fiber grating with high sensitivity using optical polymer on laser-ablated cladding” OPTICS LETTERS, 32 (15): 2082-2084 AUG 1, 2007.

10. C.H. Yeh, M.C. Lin, B.C. Cheng, S. Chi, “Long-distance strain-induced-grating-based fiber sensors with erbium-based amplifiers,” OPTICAL ENGINEERING, 46 (6): Art. No. 064401 JUN, 2007.