National Kaohsiung University of Applied Sciences Institutional Repository:Item 987654321/10434

வၯᏨፂँᢀᗺፕ݋റނᓔЊѦϦ༜ϐᆅ౛฼ౣ

The Management Strategy of Museum Outdoor Parks –Analysis form the

Perspective of Recreational Conflicts

஭ذী Hsiu-Chuan Chang ԏҹВයǺ97 ԃ 6 Д 13 ВǹௗڙВයǺ97 ԃ 10 Д 2 В

ᄔ ा

ӧ೿ѱว৖ၸำύǴᒿ๱ࡌᑐނ݅ҥǴҬ೯ࢬໆεቚǴϦ༜ᆘӦ೴ᅌᕭλǴ ޜ਻ԦࢉВ੻ᝄख़ǴΓॺҶ໕ၮ୏ޜ໔࣬׎෧ϿǴᏤठғࢲࠔ፦ВᖿൾϯǶϦ༜ ࢂ౜ж೿཮୔္ޑख़ाᆘࢪǴΨࢂ଼ந೿ѱޑख़ाϡનǶѠ᡼߈൳ԃǴറނᓔኧ ໆᐟቚǴറނᓔຫᡉख़ाǴറނᓔୖᢀВᅌԋࣁ΋໨දϷޑӄ҇ࢲ୏ǶฅԶǴറ ނᓔᔈ၀ၢಥа۳ޑڅ݈ࡘᆢک଺ݤǴаന٫ϯᆅ౛ኳԄǴ๓Ҕ౜ԖޑၗྍǴவ όӕޑय़ӛගٮ҇౲ӭϡཥᑉޑୖᢀ࿶ᡍǶ୯ϣѦࡐӭεࠠറނᓔ೿Ԗ࣬྽ቨ ቶǵᆒЈ೛ीޑЊѦ৥༜ǴറނᓔӵՖமϯँᡉᔈҔЊѦϦ༜ޑᓬᗺک੝ՅǴམ ଛӝەޑೕჄ೛ीǴஒϦ༜ޑၯᏨΓዊ஥୏ԿᓔϣୖᢀǴȨوΕΓဂғࢲǵၠр ࡌᑐނϐѦȩޑ᏾ӝࠠറނᓔ಄ӝ҇౲ޑයࡑǴࢂ҂ٰറނᓔ࿶ᔼॶளᜢݙޑख़ ᗺǶҁЎаس಍܄฼ౣᆅ౛౛ۺගрറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ϐ࿶ᔼ฼ౣϩࣁǺ(΋)Ϧ༜௃ ნϷၗྍϩ݋ǹ(Β)Ϧ༜ၯ࠼Չࣁϐᐄှǹ(Ο)Ϧ༜ࢲ୏ೕჄک௢ቶǹ(Ѥ)ࡌҥᆅ ౛஑཰ϯᐒڋǶ ᜢᗖຒǺၯᏨፂँǵ฼ౣᆅ౛

Abstract

In the course of urban development, with more buildings elected and increasingly heavy traffic flow, the green land for the parks gradually reduced and the air quality become worse. Following that, the sports and leisure space for people began to shrink, leading to the deterioration of the quality of life. A park is an important oasis in modern metropolitan area, and also a key element for a healthy city. In recent years, the dramatic increase in the number made museums increasingly important, museum visit become a popular activity for all. However, museum should be beyond the stereotyped thinking and practice to optimize the management model and make use of available resources to offer the novel experience from different aspects for visitors. Whether in

_{୯ҥࣽᏢπ᛬റނᓔࣽמ௲ػಔ஑঩ǵ୯ҥଯ໢ৣጄεᏢ!ԋΓ௲ػࣴز܌!റγғ)೯ૻբޣ)!} National Science and Technology Museum & Doctoral Student, Graduate Institute of adult education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Corresponding Author

Taiwan or abroad, many large museums had broad, well-designed outdoor parks. Museums should elaborate on how to attract more outdoor people go inside by highlighting the advantages and characteristics of the outdoor parks and appropriate planning. The model of “Into the human living, outside the building.” become the concern in the future and shaped an integrated museum with the expectations of the people. The study tried to develop the management strategy for museum outdoor parks based on systematically strategic management theory. Finally, the suggestions were put forward as follows.

(a) Analysis of the resources and the current situation of the outdoor parks (b) Understanding of park visitors behaviors

(c) Full planning and promotion of the outdoor parks.

(d) Establishment of specialized management mechanism of the outdoor parks.

Keywords: Recreational Conflict, Strategic Management

൘ǵ߻ق

ᒿ๱࿶ᔮԋߏǴΓαזೲቚуǴӧଯࡋނ፦ϯکࣽמϯޑਔжǴӢࣁπբǵ ᠐ਜ܈൩ᙴ฻όӕӢનǴΓαεӭ໣ύܭ೿ѱǶӧ೿ѱว৖ၸำύǴᒿ๱ࡌᑐނ όᘐԴᙑᆶᙌཥǴҬ೯ࢬໆεቚǴϦ༜ᆘӦ೴ᅌᕭλǴޜ਻ԦࢉВ੻ᝄख़Ƕۚ҇ ғࢲБԄΨᒿ๱ᕉნᡂϯፓ᏾Ǵ೿ѱғࢲǵՉ୏ޜ໔ВᡉᓸᕭکᏱᔒǴᏤठғࢲ ࠔ፦ВᖿൾϯǶӢԜǴΓॺჹܭԾҗਔ໔ޑִ๓ၮҔǴҶ໕ࢲ୏ޑቩ཈ೕჄǴа ଓ؃Ҷ໕࿶ᡍޑගܹǴ๤ှғࢲᓸΚǴᐟวғڮ୏ૈǴᡉள׳у਺Ϫ෰ఈǶ! Ϧ༜ԋࣁ౜ж೿཮୔္ޑख़ाᆘࢪǴΨࢂ଼ந೿ѱޑख़ाϡનǶȨϦ༜ᆘӦȩ ࢂຑ᠘౜ж຾؁୯ৎᕉნࠔ፦ᆶ୯҇ғࢲન፦ϐख़ाࡰ኱Ǵ୷ܭȨϦ༜ᆘӦȩڀ ԖҶ໕ၯᏨǵࡌᑐඳᢀǵٛؠߥ଼ǵғᄊߥػ฻фૈǴЀځӧ೿ѱϯӦ୔Ǵ׳Ԗ շܭቚ຾ۚ҇يЈ଼நǴගܹ྽Ӧᕉნࠔ፦Ǵ଼ӄ೿ѱว৖Ȑϣࡹ೽ᔼࡌ࿿ଯ໢ ೿཮Ϧ༜Ǵ2:::ȑǶ! όᘐബཥ؃ᡂǴкϩඓඝޗ཮ે୏Ǵ಄ᔈ҇౲ޑሡ؃Ǵࢂ྽ϞറނᓔѸ໪य़ ჹޑᝄ৚ࡷᏯک٬ڮǴΨࢂيࣁߚᔼճಔᙃޑޗ཮ೢҺǶറނᓔόளόၢಥа۳ ޑڅ݈ࡘᆢک଺ݤǴаന٫ϯᆅ౛ኳԄǴ๓Ҕ౜ԖޑၗྍǴаόӕޑബཀࡘᆢǴ ගٮ҇౲ӭϡཥᑉޑୖᢀ࿶ᡍǶ໺಍റނᓔڀԖ৖Ңǵ௲ػǵࣴزکᇆᙒѤεф ૈǴচҁȨ஑཰ޕ܄ȩޑറނᓔǴӧ୯҇ख़ຎҶ໕౛ۺޑᖿ༈ΠǴ໒ۈරӛε౲ ϯǵѳ҇ϯǴȨوΕΓဂғࢲǵၠрࡌᑐނϐѦȩޑ᏾ӝࠠറނᓔ҅ӳ಄ӝ೭ᅿ ሡ؃Ǵԋࣁ୯҇வ٣ޕ܄Ҷ໕ന٫ᒧ᏷Ƕаറނᓔനӭޑऍ୯ٰᇥǴȨ೻റނᓔȩ ςࢂ΋໨දϷޑӄ҇ࢲ୏Ȑ஭൧ᅼǴ1999ȑǶฅԶӧፕॊറނᓔਔǴคፕவ҇౲ ୖᢀǵᏢೌࣴز฻όӕفࡋ܌ۯ՜ޑ᝼ᚒǴε೿ᆫขӧറނᓔֻ଻ࡌᑐЬᡏϣޑ Γǵ٣ǵނǴࡐϿଞჹЊѦϦ༜ుΕࣴ݋௖૸Ƕ!

୯ϣѦࡐӭεࠠറނᓔ೿Ԗ࣬྽ቨቶǵᆒЈ೛ीޑЊѦϦ༜Ǵӧ୯ѦԖऍ୯ ᙑߎξ௖઩ᓔǵݤ୯ࣽᏢࠤϷॣ኷ࠤǴ୯ϣ߾Ԗ୯ҥࣽᏢπ᛬റނᓔȐᙁᆀπറ ᓔȑǵ୯ҥѠ᡼ў߻Ўϯറނᓔ฻ǶځჴǴ೰੮ӧറނᓔЊѦ৥༜ޑΓዊǴ۳۳ όـளКᓔϣΓኧϿǴԖਔࣗԿᇻᇻຬၸᓔϣΓኧǴ੝ձӧమఃکഠఁਔڅǹҗ ԜёـǴЊѦϦ༜ޑၯ࠼ဂӧറނᓔᔼၮک୍ܺϝࢂॶள௖૸ޑय़ӛǶ҂ٰǴറ ނᓔӵՖமϯँᡉᔈҔЊѦϦ༜ޑᓬᗺک੝ՅǴམଛӝەޑೕჄ೛ीǴஒᓔѦϦ ༜ޑၯᏨΓዊ஥୏ԿᓔϣୖᢀǴࢂॶளᜢݙک໒วޑ୔༧ǶЊѦϦ༜܈ёԋࣁറ ނᓔࢲϯ࿶ᔼޑќᜪҶ໕ၯᏨౢࠔǴറނᓔӵՖᐄှЊѦϦ༜ޑၯ࠼Չࣁǵᜪࠠ Ϸሡ؃ǴаϷёૈ़ғޑၯᏨፂँǴ࿶җϦ༜ޑؼӳ࿶ᔼکೕჄǴࡌҥکӧӦ҇ ౲ྎ೯ǵჹ၉ޑ൑ୱکѳѠǶ΋ঁᆒЈೕჄǵᆅ౛ᆢៈޑЊѦϦ༜Ǵ׳ёࣁറނ ᓔࡌҥᓬ፦׎ຝکޕӜࡋǴԋࣁ྽Ӧ๱ӜӦ኱ǵᢀӀၯᏨޑയӦǶ! ҁЎ२Ӄ௖૸റނᓔЊѦϦ༜ޑфૈک੝ՅǴ຾Զϟಏ୯ϣѦറނᓔЊѦϦ ༜ਢٯޑ౜ݩǴຑ݋ЊѦϦ༜ϐၯ࠼ՉࣁکၯᏨፂँǶനࡕ࿶ᆕӝ௖૸୯ϣѦ࣬ ᜢჴ᛾ࣴزࡕǴᏵаගрറނᓔЊѦϦ༜࿶ᔼᆅ౛ϐ࣬ᜢࡌ᝼Ǵа଺ࣁറނᓔ࣬ ᜢൂՏکࡕុࣴزϐୖԵǶ! !

ມǵറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ϐၯ࠼Չࣁکфૈ

΋ǵʳϦ༜ޑۓကᆶϩᜪ ೿ѱϦ༜ࢂӦඳև౜ΓᆶԾฅϕ୏ၸำޑ౜ຝǴځȨวғȩޑཷۺᆶȨғౢȩ ޑҞޑᒿ๱ޗ཮ᆶЎϯޑᡂᎂԶᙯᡂǹϸࢀΑ҇Ьᆶ։៾ਔж܈ޗ཮໘ભϕ୏ޑ ၸำǶѠ᡼೿ѱϦ༜ޑᄽ຾ёϩࣁѤঁϩഁǴډΑΒΜШइ҃ډΒΜ΋ШइǴϦ ༜ᡉ౜р೛ीᝡკϷεࠠϦ༜ࡌ೛ࠨᐒǴ҇౲໒ۈख़ຎȨԾฅȩǵȨޗ୔ȩޑ᝼ᚒ Ȑংᒸ໢Ǵ2000ȑǶ҇໔ჹܭϦ༜٣୍ޑᜢЈᆶϟΕԖВᅌቚуޑᖿ༈Ǵѱ҇ཀـ Ϸሡ؃ӧϦ༜ೕჄύВ੻ᡉ๱Ϸڙډख़ຎǴϦ༜ೕჄϣ৒೴ᅌوӛӭϡᙦ൤ǴϦ ༜ӧ೿ѱύޑفՅຫᡉளख़ाǶӧϣࡹ೽฻࣬ᜢൂՏཱུΚ௢৖ᆘӦϐሞǴϦ༜ޑ ዴתᄽ࣬྽ख़ाޑفՅǴฅԶǴϦ༜фૈόᔈԖ܌߳ज़ǴϦ༜ᔈх֖ඳᢀǵၯᏨǵ ғᄊϷٛؠ฻ӭϡфૈǶϦ༜ࢂࡹ۬ࣁߦ຾೿ѱऍᢀǵ୯଼҇நǵٛؠϷᗉᜤ฻ фਏԶॄೢೕჄǵ׫ၗᆶ໒៘ϐᆘϯ༜ӦȐ᝵௵ໜǴ1994ȑǶ Ϊܴ၈Ȑ1993ȑ٩Ϧ༜ᆘӦޑᐒૈǵҔ೼ǵ܌ԖޣǵՏ࿼ǵϣ৒ǵࠠᄊ฻Ǵ ԖόӕޑϩᜪǴځύԖᜢද೯ᆘӦ೽ҽǴଞჹϦ༜ගрόӕޑϩᜪǺ(΋)ද೯Ϧ༜ǵ! (Β)ၮ୏Ϧ༜ǵ(Ο)ԾฅϦ༜ǵ(Ѥ)ᎃٚϦ༜ǵ(ϖ)ٽูϦ༜ǵ(Ϥ)੝ਸϦ༜Ǻ୏ނ ༜ǵ෌ނ༜ǵٽูၯ኷༜ǵҬ೯Ϧ༜ǵޓΓϦ༜ǵϦ༜ၰၡᆶ໒ܫ৥༜Ƕ࿶ӆ௖ ૸࣬ᜢЎ᝘ၗ਑ࡕǴஒϦ༜ϩᜪ຾΋؁ᇥܴӵ߄ 1ȐѠчѱϦ༜ၡᐩπำᆅ౛ೀǴ 2008ǹԫᗛᅽǴ2001ȑǶ

߄ 1 Ϧ༜ᜪࠠᇥܴ߄ Ϧ༜ᜪձ ᇥܴ ਢٯ ԾฅϦ༜ ԜᜪࠠϦ༜ϐᕉნڀԖֹ᏾ϐԾฅၗྍǴځ೛ी߯аߥӸԾ ฅၗྍࣁᓬӃǴ໻೛࿼؁ၰǵ০ශǵှᇥจ฻୷ҁ೛ࡼǴό ໻ૈගٮғᄊ܄ϐၯᏨᡏᡍǴҭёวචߥӸ୏ǵ෌ނၗྍϐ фૈǶ Ѡчᜢ෠ԾฅϦ ༜ ၮ୏Ϧ༜ Ьाගٮၮ୏ϐҔǴ೛ԖӚ໨ၮ୏൑ӦǶၮ୏Ϧ༜٩Ӧ୔੝ ܄ᆶय़ᑈǴёӆ୔ϩΟᜪǺಃ΋ᜪՏܭѱ୔ϣǴय़ᑈᔈၲ 3 Ϧഘа΢ǹಃΒᜪՏܭޗ୔ᜐᆘӦ୔Ǵय़ᑈᔈၲ 5 Ϧഘа ΢ǹಃΟᜪՏܭ॓୔Ǵय़ᑈᔈၲ 10 Ϧഘа΢Ƕ ѠчϺ҆ၮ୏ Ϧ༜ ΋૓Ϧ༜! Ξᆀࣁද೯Ϧ༜ǵᆕӝϦ༜ǵύѧϦ༜܈ѱ୔Ϧ༜Ǵ೯தӧ ѱ୔ύЈǵҬ೯ߡճǵय़ᑈၨቶǴࣁΓπϦ༜Ǵ༜ϣԖҶ໕ǵ ၯᔍǵၮ୏฻೛ࡼǶ ѠчߙԃϦ༜ ᎃ߈Ϧ༜ Ξᆀࣁޗ୔Ϧ༜ǵᎃٚϦ༜܈ՐӻϦ༜ǴԜᜪࠠϦ༜य़ᑈၨ λǴՏܭޗ୔ᎃٚࡅ׋ύǴЬा೛ीҞ኱ࣁᅈى྽Ӧۚ҇ሡ ؃Ǵаวචߦ຾ѱ҇ϕ୏٠Ꮙᆫޗ୔ཀ᛽ϐфૈǶ ଯ໢Ο҇୔ݞ൒ Ϧ༜ ٽูϦ༜ ೯தٽูϦ༜٩ԃសёӆϩࣁǺߙԃϦ༜ǵѴԃϦ༜ǵѴٽ Ϧ༜Ƕ٩Ᏽᆵ᡼୯҇Րӻޗ୔೛ࡼೕ߾מೌಒ߾ǴٽูϦ༜ Ѹ໪ݙཀᗲܴՅறǵࢲዃፓکǵӼӄ܄ǵ௴ว܄ǵ௲ػ܄Ϸ ཥڻ܄Ƕ ѠύमωٽูϦ ༜ǵѠύчЂٽู Ϧ༜ ੝ਸϦ༜ ࣁ੝ۓǵ੝ਸҞޑԶ೛ۓϐϦ༜Ƕ ୏ނ༜ǵ෌ނ༜ǵ ٽูၯ኷༜…….. ၗ਑ٰྍǺࣴزޣԾՉ᏾౛ ᏾ᡏԶقǴϦ༜܄፦аϦ౲܄ࣁЬǴфૈ߾ୃӛӭϡᆕӝڗӛǴόӕϦ༜ឦ ܄ӚԖݔ౦Ǵ׳ӢࣁೕኳελԖ܌୔ϩǶόёᒈقޑǴ౜жϦ༜ςࢂ౜жѱ҇В தғࢲख़ाޑ΋ᕉǴ҇౲ӧϦ༜ύᅈىځҶ໕ǵၮ୏ǴࣗԿ؃ޕޑሡ؃ǴϦ༜׳ ԋࣁΓሞྎ೯Ҭࢬޑख़ाϦሦୱϐ΋Ƕ ΒǵʳറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ϐၯᏨՉࣁ ୯ϣҞ߻ම࿶ଞჹറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ϐၯᏨՉࣁவ٣ჴ᛾ࣴزޣǴ٠όӭـǶ ֺࠔ׍Ȑ2004ȑа୯ҥԾฅࣽᏢറނᓔЊѦ༜୔வ٣ঁਢࣴزǴ่݀ว౜ӧ၀ᓔ ЊѦ༜୔ޑᢀ౲ᜪࠠЬाԖΟᜪǺୖᢀࣽറᓔޑୖᢀᢀ౲ǵ੝ӦډЊѦ༜୔ࢲ୏ ޑၯ࠼ࠠᢀ౲ǵޗ୔ۚ҇ࠠޑᢀ౲Ƕၯ࠼ኧໆаୖᢀࣽറᓔޑᢀ౲ۚӭǴߕ߈ۚ ҇ࢂ༜୔നᓎᕷޑᢀ౲ǴԶ੝ӦډЊѦ༜୔ࢲ୏ޑၯ࠼೯தଶ੮ӧ༜୔ޑਔ໔ന ߏǶ༜୔ᢀ౲ЬाаҶ໕ၯᏨࢲ୏ۚӭǴόፕࢂՖᅿᜪࠠޑᢀ౲೿ёૈр౜ӵୖ ᢀറނᓔਔϐୖᢀکᏢಞՉࣁǶฅԶǴԜਔޑᏢಞՉࣁ೯தࢂ೏୏ޑǵௗڙԄޑ کوଭ࣮޸ޑǴКၨϿЬ୏܈ుΕࣴزޑᏢಞǶ

ќѦǴаՏۚଯ໢ѱϤဦϦ༜ϣޑ୯ҥࣽᏢπ᛬റނᓔࣁٯǴ၀ᓔ՞Ӧ 19.08 ϦഘǴϦ༜य़ᑈۘᆀቶεǶਥᏵ၀ᓔ߈ԃ಍ीၗ਑ᡉҢǴӧ 2005 ԃ༜୔ࢲ୏Γኧ Ӆी 296,811 ΓǴ՞ᕴ୍ܺΓኧ 19.57%ǹ2006 ԃ෧ࣁ 249,543 ΓǴ՞ᕴ୍ܺΓኧ 12.11%Ȑ୯ҥࣽᏢπ᛬റނᓔǴ2006ȑǶҗԜόᜤ࣮рǴ༜୔ࢲ୏Γኧӧ၀ᕴܺ ୍Γኧύ՞Ԗ࣬྽όёᇸ۹ޑК౗Ƕ ЊѦϦ༜کറނᓔΒޣϐ໔ӸӧஏϪᜢ߯Ǵӧமፓ᏾ӝՉᎍǵ᏾ᡏᓬ፦୍ܺ ϐሞǴറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ޑفՅکфૈᔈڙډख़ຎǹԶЪǴ༜୔ࢲ୏Γኧჴӧό৒ λ㉚Ǵࣁܗ৖റނᓔ୍ܺΓኧޑቶࡋǴ༜୔ࢲ୏Γαࢂॶளख़ຎک໒วϐ୔༧Ƕ ࣬ჹӦǴറނᓔჹܭЊѦϦ༜ϐᆅ౛کၮҔѸ໪׫Ε࣬྽ЈΚ࿶ᔼǴωёаၲډ ࣬ள੻ᄆޑфਏǶ ΟǵʳЊѦϦ༜ჹറނᓔޑӭϡфૈ

୯ѦറނᓔՏܭεࠠϦ༜ϣޣόӧϿኧǴٯӵݤ୯ࣽᏢπ཰ࠤ (La Cit’e des Sciences et de l’ IndustrieȑՏܭЃᎿܿч೽ᆢႜ੝༜୔( la Villette)Ǵ༜୔ဎӦऊ 55 ϦഘǴᏱԖЃᎿനᒩᗡޑᆘӦǴ༜୔ޑфૈх֖৖ំǵ߄ᄽǵࣴ૸཮Ǵ៳ฅࣁЎ ϯ҇Ьϐჴᡍ࠻Ǵᡣ᛬ೌᆶޗ཮ӧԜ࣬ϕჹ၉ҬࢬǴ᏾ঁ༜୔ೕჄаᗺǵጕǵय़ Οޣϐܜຝཷۺ܌ᄬԋȐֆԓঢ়Ǵ2006ȑǶќѦǴЃՋဃߥᛥറނᓔȐMuseum Paulistaȑ ҁيࡌᑐނҁيߚதᓬऍǴ࿼يځύǴ׏۵ӣډ 19 ШइǹറނᓔѦ߾ࢂޕӜޑ IpirangaϦ༜Ǵ৐׊Ԅ่ᄬԖ։ᖏϺΠޑག᝺ǴሥԖࣤ࠻޸༜ޑ਻༈ǹคፕറނᓔ ܈Ϧ༜Ǵ೿ࢂࣁΑइۺЃՋᐱҥԶᑫࡌǴుڀᐕўཀကȐ׵౰໥Ǵ2007ȑǶ ߈٤ԃӧѠ᡼Ǵคፕӧኧໆ܈ࠔ፦Ǵറނᓔ֡Ԗε൯ԋߏکගܹǶ೭٤റނ ᓔӧѦᢀࡌᑐ೛ीǴӢځфૈឦ܄ϐόӕǴӚԖόӕ੝Յک॥਱ǶԿܭറނᓔޑ ᆅᗄ៾߾ԖϦҥȐӦБ܈ύѧȑǵدҥޑ୔ϩǴோѠ᡼Ҟ߻ೕኳၨεޣϝаϦҥറ ނᓔۚӭǴЬाচӢӧܭࡹ۬ၗߎ༫ජǵβӦ٬ҔǵΓΚЍජ฻ၨคࡕ៝ϐኁǹ ӢԜǴคፕӧ೬ǵฯᡏ฻ӚБय़ǴϦҥറނᓔεӭᏱԖؼӳᔼၮᕮਏǴаϷၨଯ ޑޕӜࡋǶ Ѡ᡼ࡐӭεࠠറނᓔӕኬՏۚܭϦ༜ϐϣǴϦ༜εӭҗറނᓔҁي຾Չঅᙄ ᆅ౛Ǵ܄፦ၨୃӛޗ୔ࠠ܈೿ѱࠠϦ༜܄፦ǶٯӵѠ᡼ў߻ЎϯറނᓔՏܭѠܿ ڒࠄЎϯϦ༜ǴϦ༜ҁي׎ԋ΋ڀԖԾฅ॥ᇮޑᒪ֟Ϧ༜ǴନΑೕჄၯ࠼୍ܺύ Ј৖Ң٠ϟಏڒࠄЎϯᒪ֟ѦǴۘ೛࿼ΕαᏤំ୔ǵᕕఈѠǵ៛Ϻ߄ᄽ൑аϷΓ πྛࢬ฻ඳᢀǶѠύ୯ҥԾฅࣽᏢറނᓔ߾่ӝЊѦ৥༜ޑȨԾฅўғނᄽϯ؁ ၰȩǴΕαೀ೛ҥᒷᖀ॥ًǴନΑ৖౜Ծฅ॥Κࣁ୏ΚٰྍǴӕਔᄆᡉ၀ᓔȨΓᆶ Ծฅȩ߄ቻޑࡌᓔ౛ۺǴߕឦޑ෌ނ༜ό໻ೱ่ΑࣽറᓔǴ׳ஒЊѦ৥༜բࣁჴ ፦෌ނޑ৖Ң୔ୱǶ ೯தറނᓔЊѦϦ༜کځЬᡏࡌᑐӧ຾ՉೕჄਔǴ཮ԵໆΒޣࢂցԖ܌མ ଛǴନΑԵໆଛӝᓔ୍ว৖Ǵࣁߦ຾ၯᏨҶ໕ǵޗ୔ᜢ߯ޑᆙஏᖄ่کߕуфૈ ගܹǴ܌ۚЊѦϦ༜ᔈёวච࣬྽ቹៜΚکբҔǶӵӕֺࠔ׍Ȑ2004ȑޑࣴزࡰ

рറނᓔ༜୔ᢀ౲εӭᇡࣁ༜୔کറނᓔࢂ΋ᡏޑǴΨᇡࣁ༜୔ᔈ၀ଛӝറނᓔ ޑ܄፦ٰೕჄ೛ीǴ܈ࢂӼ௨࣬ᜢࢲ୏ǶറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ڀԖ࣬྽ޑཀ఼کբҔǴ ନΑচ໺಍Ϧ༜ޑфૈǴЊѦϦ༜ჹܭറނᓔᓔ୍᏾ᡏว৖کၮբѸ໪Ԗ܌ᜢᖄ کӢᔈǴځ़ғᆶറނᓔ࣬ᜢϐфૈឦ܄၁ӵߕ߄ 2Ǻ ߄ 2 ໺಍Ϧ༜ᆶറނᓔЊѦϦ༜фૈჹྣ߄ Ϧ༜ᜪձ фૈ ໺಍Ϧ༜ ၮ୏மيǵऍϯඳᢀǵΓሞҬࢬǵҶ໕ၯᏨǵԾฅᏢಞᆶᢀჸ റނᓔЊѦϦ༜ ၮ୏மيǵऍϯඳᢀǵΓሞҬࢬǵҶ໕ၯᏨǵԾฅᏢಞᆶᢀჸ ɀЊѦ৖ᄽ! ! ! ! ɀ౧ණୖᢀΓဂ ɀϦӅ᛬ೌࠔ৖Ң! ! ! ɀ௲ػࢲ୏௢ቶ ɀᇶշᏢೌࣴز! ! ! ! ɀറނᓔ׎ຝࡌҥ ၗ਑ٰྍǺࣴزޣԾՉ᏾౛ (΋) റނᓔ৖ᄽϐۯ՜ǺԖ٤റނᓔ཮ஒ೽ҽ፾ەܭЊѦ৖ҢޑЬᚒǴ੝ձೕჄ ܭЊѦޜ໔৖ҢǴॷख़ЊѦޑ௃ნکނҹǴᔼ೷р৖ᄽ਻ݗǴගଯ҇౲ୖᢀ ޑᑫ፪ک୏ᐒǶٯӵπറᓔ߈൳ԃٰǴ׳Ї຾ຉᓐ᛬Γܭ༜୔ϣ຾Չω᛬߄ ᄽǴӢϣ৒ӭϡថڀ፪ښǴ֎ЇόϿၯ࠼Ǵჹܭࢲ๎ᓔ୔Ԗ๊εշ੻Ƕ (Β) ϦӅ᛬ೌࠔϐ৖౜Ǻറނᓔ܈ऍೌᓔதӧЊѦܫ࿼܈೛ҥϦӅ᛬ೌࠔǴନऍ ϯᕉნǵቚబΓЎ᛬ೌ਻፦ѦǴԖਔࣗԿԋࣁറނᓔ዗ߐЊѦ৖ҢǴගܹό ϿޕӜࡋǴٯӵπറᓔӧϦ༜ύ೛࿼ڀύ୯ђжϺЎሺᏔ-෶ϺሺϷ׆ఈϐ ༣Ǵςԋࣁ၀ᓔޕӜޑЊѦ׎ຝ߄ቻǶ (Ο) ࣽ௲ࢲ୏ϐ௢ቶǺറނᓔࣁΑܗ৖ୖᆶࢲ୏ဂ౲ޑቶࡋǴҭத཮ճҔЊѦϦ ༜Ӧ༈܈ԾฅඳᢀǴᖐᒤεࠠ௲ػࢲ୏Ǵቚуࢲ୏ϣ৒ޑࢲዃӭኬ܄Ƕറނ ᓔऩૈҔЈ࿶ᔼϦ༜ᆘӦǴғᄊඳᢀத཮ԋࣁᏢูਠѦ௲ᏢୖᢀޑӦБǴϷϷ ᆶεԾฅᢀჸǵჹ၉ޑ൑ୱǹЀځӵૈ่ӝᓔϣ৖ំǴ׳ૈࢲϯറނᓔ௲ػ ϣ఼ǴٯӵѠύ୯ҥԾฅࣽᏢറނᓔதԋࣁ୯λᏢูԾฅࣽ෌ނፐำЊѦ௲ Ꮲϐ൑܌Ƕ (Ѥ) ୖᢀΓዊϐϩණǺӧଷВǵຼ҃฻੝ਸਔයǴറނᓔதधܭΓዊᏱᔒୢᚒǴ ठ٬ୖᢀࠔ፦ڙډቹៜǴЊѦϦ༜܈ёࣁΓዊ౧ණޑೀ܌ǶAnderson ک AlexanderӧፋϷࣽᏢύЈځд೛ഢਔǴගډЊѦޜ໔Ԗೀ౛ЊѦεໆΓዊޑ фૈǴΨࢂࣽᏢύЈനख़ाၗౢϐ΋ȐЇԾ৪પǴ2001ȑǶ (ϖ) ᏢೌࣴزϐᇶշǺჹܭࢌ٤റނᓔǴ੝ձࢂԾฅᜪറނᓔٰᇥǴӧ৥༜࣬ᜢ ᐋЕǵ޸ᅿϐᒧ᏷෌ਭǴ۳۳཮ଛӝ৖Ңکࣴزሡ؃ǴԜਔറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ ගٮୖᢀޣᒃيᡏᡍᆘӦǵғᄊ෌ނ༫ઝޑᐒ཮ǴࢂᏢೌࣴزޑؼӳ൑܌Ƕ (Ϥ) റނᓔ׎ຝϐ߄ቻǺറނᓔӧೕჄ೛ीਔǴ۳۳೸ၸځࡌᑐЬᡏکЊѦϦ༜ ඳᢀޑᆒЈ೛ीᆶམଛǴࢂࡌҥറނᓔ੝Յޑќᜪ೼৩Ǵԋࣁ྽ӦਓၯӜയǴ ׳ԋࣁറނᓔ׎ຝ߄ቻǶ

ୖǵၯᏨፂँ౛ፕᆶࣴز

΋ǵʳၯᏨፂँ౛ፕ ፂँࢂЈ౛Ꮲ΢ޑࣴزЬᚒǴፂँޑౢғࢂΓགڙډట؃҂ᅈىǴӢԜፂँ ӸӧᆶցǴࢂΓЈ౛΢ޕ᝺ޑୢᚒȐ஭ࡾᑫǴ1989ȑǶፂँޑӅӕᗺх֖ჹҥ܄ǵ ჆Ю܄کߔኙ܄฻ཷۺǴҭջፂँޑӸӧѸ໪х֖ჹҥޑٿБǴځᑫ፪܈Ҟ኱ࢂ ϕό࣬৒ޑǴၗྍޑ჆Ю཮Ꮴठߔኙ܄ՉࣁౢғȐ׵पᑫǵ׵ኀ๮ǵ݅ےᗶ᝿Ǵ 1999ȑǶ ၯᏨፂँࣴزऊଆۈܭ 1960 ԃжǴ྽ਔ߯ࣁӢᔈऍ୯ჹЊѦၯᏨሡ؃ޑזೲ ቚуȐCordell, 1995ȑǶ1960 ډ 1980 ԃ໔ǴჹၯᏨፂँҭคܴዴۓကǴӧԜ௖઩໘ ࢤǴၯᏨᆅ౛ޣ໻๱ख़ܭफ़եၯᏨፂँޑ฼ౣǴၨୃӛඔॊ܄ࣴزЪલЮ౛ፕࢎ ᄬǴჹୢᚒҁ፦คݤ຾Չӄय़ও݋ȐЦ҅ѳǴ2005ȑǹஒፂँཷۺҔӧၯᏨࣴزᆶ ౛ፕࡌᄬεऊவ 1980 ԃжഌុр౜ȐЦλЎǵ݅ਖԀǴ1998ȑǶJacob ک Schreyer Ȑ1980ȑаҞ኱υᘋ౛ፕஒፂँۓကࣁȨҗܭдΓޑՉࣁठ٬ঁΓޑҶᏨҞ኱ڙ ډυᘋȩǴ໒ۈ೏Ꮲޣ܌ቶݱЇҔǶԐයჹቹៜၯᏨፂँޑӢન٠ؒԖుΕޑ௖ ૸ǴЬाӧ௖૸೷ԋၯᏨፂँޑၸำǶԖᜢၯᏨፂँวғЬाࢂਥᏵΟঁ౛ፕу аှញǺයఈሽॶ౛ፕǵৡ౦౛ፕǵҞ኱υᘋ౛ፕȐᗛЎ࣓ǵ݅ਖࢪǴ1993ȑǺ 1.යఈሽॶ౛ፕǺऩஒၯᏨ࣮բ΋ᅿࢲ୏ǴঁΓୖᆶ೭ঁࢲ୏යఈԖ΋ۓޑ ԏᛘǴӵᑫᏟǵېᐱǵ϶ፉǵӦՏ฻ǴԶԜයఈ٩ঁΓϷᕉნ੝፦ޑόӕ Զ౦Ǵ྽Ԝයఈᆶჴሞགڙৡ౦ຫεǴջౢғፂँޑགڙǶ 2.ৡ౦౛ፕǺ྽ၯ࠼ჹၯᏨၸำϐයఈᆶჴሞୖᆶਔགڙډޑޕ᝺໔Ԗ܌ৡ ౦Ǵջ཮ቹៜځჹၯᏨޑᅈཀࡋԶགڙډፂँǶ 3.Ҟ኱υᘋ౛ፕǺҞ኱υᘋ౛ፕࢂଷ೛Γॺவ٣ၯᏨࢂࣁΑၲԋࢌ٤Ҟ኱Ǵ ऩҞ኱ޑၲԋڙډυᘋ܈ቹៜਔǴջԖፂँޑౢғǶ ᗛЎ࣓ǵ݅ਖࢪȐ1993ȑගрၯᏨፂँӅхࡴΒঁቫԛǺ(1)य़ჹय़ޔௗޑፂ ँǺ྽ঁᡏᆶόӕიᡏϐୖᆶޣԖय़ჹय़ޔௗௗ᝻ਔǴᚈБࡐ৒ܰౢғၯᏨፂँǶ (2)Ј౛ፂँǺ྽٬ҔޣЈ౛΢ག᝺ό഻៿܈όᜫཀᆶځдΓӅ٦ӕ΋ၯᏨޜ໔ ਔǴၯᏨፂँߡ཮ౢғǶќѦǴJacob ک SchreyerȐ1980ȑගрቹៜၯᏨፂँޑЬ ाӢનǺࢲ୏ࠠᄊȐactivity styleȑৡ౦܄ǵၗྍ੝ਸ܄Ȑresource specificityȑǵ࿶ ᡍᕉნޑБԄȐmode of experienceȑόӕǴаϷࢲࠠᄊӭኬϯޑ৒הࡋ฻Ƕ ΒǵʳၯᏨፂँ࣬ᜢࣴز ୯ϣԖᜢၯᏨፂँޑჴ᛾ࣴزǴεӭӧܭ௖૸ࢲ୏ᜪࠠፂँǴٯӵฦξ଼Չ ၯ࠼ᆶฦξԾՉً٬ҔޣȐЦ҅ѳǴ2004ȑǵ३࠼ᆶЊѦၯᏨޣȐߠᒸ໢ǵ೾ᄆϘǴ 1998ȑǴόӕੇୱᜪ٬ҔޣȐׅܱ໚Ǵ2003ȑǴᡉҢΒᅿόӕᜪࠠޑࢲ୏ϐ໔ჹၗ ྍ٬ҔӸӧཱུεৡ౦܄ǶаϦ༜ࣁࣴز൑ୱǴ௖૸ၯᏨፂँ᝼ᚒޣࣁኧόϿȐЦ λЎǴ1997ǹමችߙǴ2004ǹླྀ๧๩Ǵ2002ǹᒲၮ଄Ǵ2005ǹ᝵܍୷Ǵ2005ȑ

୯Ѧ߈൳ٰԖᜢၯᏨፂँޑჴ᛾ࣴزǴVaske, Carothers, Donnelly ک Baird Ȑ2000ȑӧࣽᛥ܎ӭԀϖঁྖഓဃӦǴа 383 ঁྖഓޣک 212 ঁྖഓ݈ޣࣁࣴز ჹຝǴ௖૸۶Ԝ໔ޑၯᏨፂँǴۘԖόϿᜪ՟௖૸ྖഓޣکྖഓ݈ޣ໔ၯᏨፂँ ϐჴ᛾ࣴزȐVaske, Dyar and Timmons, 2004ȑǶWang ک DawsonȐ2005ȑ௖૸ફ ऊε෫୔ޑόӕ٬Ҕიᡏ໔ϐၯᏨፂँکፂँٰྍǴӵؓဒ٬ҔޣǵঁΓಭଫϷ ᔭ෫ۚ҇฻ǶԖ٤ࣴزа௖૸଼ՉޣϷ᚛ฦξဌ፯ًޣϐၯᏨፂँȐRamthun, 1995; Cathers, Vaske and Donnelly, 2001ȑǹ೽ҽࣴز߾ஒขᗺܫӧ૖ഁӦ୔২؁ਓՉޣک ஥๱ଭ܈៣ηਓՉ܈៛ᔼޑΓϐ໔ޑၯᏨፂँ(Watson, Niccolucci, and Williams, 1994. ᆕᢀ୯ϣѦၯᏨፂँ࣬ᜢࣴزǴځࣴز൑ୱаੇୱǵξ໔ǵЊѦᢀӀӦࣁӭǴ εӭኧ௦ҔໆϯࣴزǴǴோ୯ѦᆶϦ༜࣬ᜢჴ᛾ࣴزኧໆόӭǶǶคፕӧ୯ϣѦࣴز аറނᓔǵޗ௲ᓔ܈კਜᓔЊѦϦ༜ࣁࣴز൑ୱǴа௖૸ၯᏨፂँ࣬ᜢ᝼ᚒϐࣴ زǴډҞ߻ၨࣁϿـǶ! ! ΟǵʳറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ၯᏨፂँ ፂँӧၯᏨࣴزޑख़ा܄όᜤ࣮рǴፂँୢᚒዴ཮ቹៜၯ࠼Ҷ໕གڙǶറނ ᓔЊѦϦ༜ၯ࠼܄፦ǵՉࣁکයࡑǴᆶୖᢀ΋૓Ϧ༜ޣǴ୷ҁ΢Ԗࡐӭᜪ՟ϐೀǴ җܭڙډറނᓔЬᡏϷ۶Ԝᜢᖄ܄ϐቹៜǴΒޣᗋࢂև౜ࢌ٤όӕཀ఼Ƕдॺё ૈࢂाୖᢀറނᓔǴ໩ၰԿϦ༜Ҷ໕ၯᏨǵၮ୏ǹдॺ׳ёૈόаୖᢀറނᓔࣁ ҞޑǴЬाӧ٬ҔϦ༜೛ࡼǴ೭ᜪаޗ୔ۚ҇՞εӭኧǹдॺΨёૈ஑ำୖуറ ނᓔЊѦϦ༜ޑࢌ໨ࢲ୏ǶӢԜǴӧӕ΋ၯᏨ୔ୱǴӧόӕচӢکҞޑᖿ٬ϐΠǴ ཱུёૈ཮Їว࣬྽ޑၯᏨୢᚒکፂँǶ೭٤Ϧ༜ၯ࠼ՉࣁکၯᏨፂँёૈ໻໻ൂ પکϦ༜ԖᜢǴΨёૈޔௗکറނᓔୖᢀԖᜢǴ׳ёૈӢࣁϦ༜ၯ࠼Չࣁቹៜډ ځࡕុറނᓔޑୖᢀཀᜫکՉࣁǶ࿶ᆕӝԵໆറނᓔҁي܄፦ឦ܄ǴϷЊѦϦ༜ ़ғфҔǴᆕӝගраΠёૈౢғϐၯᏨፂँǺ (΋) ୖᆶࢲ୏ᜪࠠ റނᓔЊѦϦ༜ၯ࠼ӧ༜୔ࢲ୏БԄکᜪࠠৡ౦ཱུεǴԖൂપаາ؁ǵණ؁ ܈ځдБԄ຾ՉঁΓၮ୏ǹԖ௦იᡏၮ୏БԄӵၢβ॥ᆸǵግϼཱུৼ܈਻ф฻ǹ ܈ࢂୖуറނᓔᓔѦࢲ୏܈৖ᄽǴ຾ՉᏢਠਠѦ௲Ꮲ܈ғᄊ෌ނޣϐࣴزǶКၨ ੝ਸޑ௃׎ࢂǴ᠙ܭᕉߥཀ᛽کғᄊᢀۺВڙख़ຎǴޗ཮ε౲ჹܭറނᓔϦ༜ᆘ Ӧǵඳᢀޑा؃ВଯǴځفՅ۳۳཮җ੃຤ޣᙯࣁߥػޣǴڀଯࡋ஑཰ำࡋޑၯ ࠼׳уமፓࢲ୏ᕉნޑԾฅచҹکߥៈୢᚒǶନΑݙख़ᐱ੝ޑᕉნឦ܄Ǵᅈىځ ൨؃ޑ੝ਸᡏᡍǴ೭ᜪၯ࠼җܭჹԾฅғᄊᕉნा؃ၨଯǴӧЈ౛ၨܰౢғၯᏨ ፂँǶٯӵറނᓔததճҔЊѦεࠠ৥༜Ǵᒤ౛ЊѦ৖ᄽ܈௲ػࢲ୏ǴӢځ࣬ᜢ ೛ࡼϐࢎ೛کܫ࿼ǴᏔ׷Ҕࠔϐၮଌ฻Ǵ़ғϦ༜ᆘӦǵ޸૛฻ғߏߥៈڙډӒ ্ϐᅪቾǴౢғၯ࠼ჹᕉნߥػୢᚒکࠔ፦ޑᜢϪǴԶቹៜډၯ࠼ϐၯᏨགڙک ޗ཮ᢀགǶ

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စǵറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ᆅ౛฼ౣ

റނᓔЊѦϦ༜ᆘӦࡽឦϦӅ೛ࡼǴҭࢂϦӅޜ໔Ǵ࣬ၨܭ໺಍Ϧ༜ǴڀԖ ׳ӭख़ޑҞޑфૈǶჹܭϦ༜ϣ೛ࡼᆢៈǵඳᢀ᏾౛Ǵޔௗᜢ߯ډ҇౲ჹܭ୍ܺ ࠔ፦གڙǴค׎ύቹៜډറނᓔޑ׎ຝکୖᢀ࿶ᡍǴёெޑࢂǴ࣬ᜢࣴز᝼ᚒჹ Ԝ࣬ჹલϿుΕࣴزکჹ၉Ƕ റނᓔচࣁޗ཮௲ػϐߚᔼճᐒᄬǴ΋૓҇౲ჹЊѦϦ༜ࢲ୏ᆶറނᓔឦ܄ ϐ໔Ǵ৒ܰౢғԾฅᜢᖄ܄ǴჹറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ၮҔኳԄکࢲ୏ϣ৒Ǵౢғ΋ۓ යఈکा؃ǴΒޣ໔ऩԖ܌ৡຯǴёૈቹៜډၯ࠼ჹܭၯᏨᕉნᇡޕϷറނᓔᢀ གǴࢂറނᓔתᄽϦ༜ᆅ౛ޣѸ໪ϒаख़ຎǶ

ҁЎ࿶җ௖૸ၯᏨፂँ࣬ᜢ౛ፕǴԵໆറނᓔޑфૈឦ܄ǴஒറނᓔЊѦϦ ༜ۓՏࣁ΋ᅿՉᎍ௢ቶޑҞ኱ނǴ൨؃ှ،ፂँޑჹ฼ǴаϯှၯᏨፂँޑၸำǶ ฼ౣᆅ౛ޑཀကࢂ೸ၸԖਏޑ฼ౣၮҔکၸำǴ٬ளಔᙃૈ୼ԋߏǴڗளᝡݾᓬ ༈Ǵ٠٬ளၗྍ٬Ҕന٫ϯȐᄪࡾғǴ1997ȑǶ฼ౣᆅ౛Ьाа฼ౣ܄ࡘԵ຾Չ฼ ౣೕჄǵϩ݋کᒧ᏷Ǵ٠бፏჴՉǴ฼ౣᆅ౛ำׇёϩࣁ൳ঁख़ᗺǺ٬ڮکҞ኱ ϐᒧ᏷ǵSWOT ϩ݋ǵ฼ౣᒧ᏷ǵ฼ౣ୺Չǵຑ᠘่݀ӣ㎸Ȑ໳ᔼ׼Ǵ1996ǹRobbin and Clutter, 1996ȑǶаΠ௦Ҕ฼ౣᆅ౛౛ۺǴ᏾ӝځύख़ᗺ໨ҞǴଞჹറނᓔЊѦ Ϧ༜຾Չന٫ϯکᓬ፦ϯޑೕჄᆅ౛ǴᙣᆕॊӵԛǶ ΋ǵʳϦ༜௃ნϷၗྍϩ݋ २ӃǴറނᓔᔈ၀ଞჹϦ༜౜ݩϷځᏱԖޑၗྍ຾ՉᓬӍ༈ϩ݋Ǵ੝ձࢂᆶ റނᓔфૈ੝Յٿ࣬ჹᔈϐΠǴפрϦ༜ёаวචճҔ܈ံமޑӦБǴԵໆΒޣ ϐ໔ӵՖ຾ՉམଛၮҔǴаബ೷р׳εޑճ୷Ǵวච׳εޑਏ݀Ƕ ΒǵʳϦ༜ၯ࠼Չࣁϐᐄှ റނᓔёԵໆ೸ၸჴ᛾ࣴزаᐄှϦ༜ၯ࠼܄ձǵԃសǵᙍ཰ǵ௲ػำࡋک ۚՐ୔ୱ฻୷ҁచҹǴ٠җ௖૸ၯ࠼ޑၯᏨՉࣁǴڗளၯ࠼ޑၯᏨ୏ᐒǵᇡޕǵ ሡ؃ǵၯᏨፂँޑၗૻǴкϩᐄှϦ༜ၯ࠼ᆶറނᓔୖᢀཀᜫϷቹៜ฻ϐᜢᖄ܄Ǵ ᙖԜ଺ࣁϦ༜ᆅ౛ೕჄޑ୷ᘵǶ ΟǵʳϦ༜ࢲ୏ೕჄک௢ቶ റނᓔᔈ၀ԵໆҁيҞ኱фૈǴ೛ҥϦ༜ၮҔϷਏ੻Ҟ኱ǴଞჹځЊѦϦ༜ ၯᏨፂँගрӢᔈှ،ჹ฼Ǵаගܹၯ࠼ᅈཀࡋǴ஥୏റނᓔୖᢀΓዊǶ (΋) റނᓔЊѦϦ༜ᆢៈᆅ౛πբ௦ۓਔϯǵڋࡋϯǴᙖҗ෌ਭඳᢀޑᆘϯऍϯǴ ගٮ೿཮୔ғᄊᆘӦǴϷׯ๓ᕉნࠔ፦ϐҞ኱фૈǴ٠ёբࣁᕉნߥៈᆶ௲ ػϐڂጄǴаዴߥ҉ុᔼၮރᄊǶ (Β) റނᓔуமჹЊѦϦ༜٬Ҕϐ࠹Ꮴᆶ௲ػǴуமၗྍߥػπբǴԶගϲԾฅ ߥػϐҞ኱фૈǶ໺ሀϦ༜ᆅ౛ҞޑᆶচӢǵ௲ػၯ࠼፾྽ޑՉࣁаߦ٬ځ ׯᡂ٬ҔಞᄍǶ (Ο) ࣁ؃ගٮӭϡၯᏨᐒ཮ǵᅈىҶ໕ᡏᡍǴගٮၯ࠼ཥڻӭኬགڙϷሡ؃Ƕറ ނᓔᔈёճҔቶᗡ༜୔ޑᓬ༈ǴଛӝೕჄӭኬ܄ޑࢲ୏ǴࢂԖځѸሡ܄Ƕՠ ࢂǴࣁૈ಄ӝ҂ٰфૈҞ኱ϐว৖ǴӧϦ༜ࢲ୏ޑᒧ᏷ǵ೛ीکၮҔᔈԖ܌ ڬۯԵໆǴ࣬ᜢ೛ࡼЍජ׳ᔈݙख़Ӽӄ܄Ǵዴߥඳᢀޑֹ᏾܄Ƕ (Ѥ) റނᓔёа຾ՉၯᏨ୏ጕک୔ୱޑೕჄǴஒϦ༜ϐၯᏨ୏ጕǴӧޜ໔΢଺΋ ୔႖ǴёԖਏफ़եόӕࢲ୏ࠠᄊϐୖᢀޣϐҬϕբҔǴаफ़եၯᏨፂँǶӧ ჹၯᏨፂँፓ፾ՉࣁǴё຾Չᢀ౲ՉࣁࣴزǴакϩᐄှ٬Ҕޣޑሡ؃کය ఈǴ่ӝᓔ୍ว৖аӄय़໒ว࿶ᔼǶ

ѤǵʳϦ༜஑཰ϯᆅ౛ ЊѦϦ༜ჹܭറނᓔޑཀ఼ό໻߳ज़ܭȨϦ༜ȩǴѬޑև౜БԄ׳߄ቻрറނ ᓔ੝፦ǹЊѦϦ༜όѝࢂ΋ঁၯᏨҶ໕൑܌ǴѬޑၮҔѸ໪کറނᓔфૈԖ܌ᜢ ೱǹЊѦϦ༜όࢂѝԖ޸૛෌ਭǵඳᢀᆢៈǴӧറނᓔે๎ΠǴڀԖ৖ᄽکࢲ୏ ޑӭϡ୏ᄊҁ፦ǶӢԜǴჹറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ޑᆅ౛Ǵᔈ೛ҥ஑཰ϯᆅ౛Γ঩܈ൂ ՏǴ฼ౣၮҔᔈ၀ྋΕΓЎ᛬ೌǵՉᎍמѯǴ೭٤೿ሡा஑཰ޕૈکΓ঩ޑࡕ࣯ Ѝජωё౥ځфǶ҂ٰӧറނᓔӧϦ༜ᆅ౛ᔈරӛ᏾ӝ஑཰ϯǴωૈ୼಄ᔈ҇౲ ޑሡ؃Ǵჹಔᙃౢғ҅य़ਏ੻Ƕ

Ҵǵ่ᇟ

ӧᝡݾВᅌᐟਗ਼ޑѱ൑ǴറނᓔЊѦϦ༜ؼ๓࿶ᔼکᆅ౛Ǵ༈Ѹ཮ࢲ๎࿶ᔼǵ ஥୏ୖᢀΓዊǴࡌҥറނᓔ੝Յک׎ຝǶӧࡌҥޗ୔ྎ೯ϐख़ाᐏኺǴගܹറނ ᓔᆶ྽Ӧޗ୔ۚ҇ᜢ߯฻Бय़Ǵתᄽख़ाόё܈લޑفՅǶ୷ܭၯᏨࢲ୏ჹϦ༜ ғᄊϷԾฅᕉნёૈౢғޑॄय़ቹៜǴϦ༜ᆅ౛ޣᔈаᙣ཈ޑЈᄊ࣮ࡑϷӢᔈǶ റނᓔឦܭӄᡏ҇౲ޑǴࢂ୯ৎ᏾ᡏว৖کᡏ౜ޑख़ाᐒᄬǴᜢ߯๱ޗ཮Ў ϯޑߥӸکࡌᄬǶӧѠ᡼Ǵറނᓔޑ୍ܺጄൎᔈ၀وрࡌᑐǴᜢЈ׳ӭറނᓔࡌ ᑐѦޑᢀ౲ǴྋΕဂ౲ғࢲǹറނᓔаيࣁЎϯЇሦޣԾۚǴӧځ܌০ပޑӦ୔Ǵ ගٮ҇౲׳ӭЎϯୖᆶޑᐒ཮Ǵᔼ೷΋ঁ൤ԖЎϯޑғࢲᕉნǶ҂ٰǴറނᓔӧ ࡘԵᅈى҇౲௲ػЎϯሡ؃ޑӕਔǴӵՖঋ៝ၯᏨޑࠔ፦ᆶၗྍޑᆢៈǴᜢЈၯ Ꮸፂँ࣬ᜢࣴزޑख़ाፐᚒǴҭࢂϦ༜ᆅ౛ޣ໪य़ᖏޑୢᚒǶ റނᓔाଛӝޗ཮ે๎ว৖ǵᕉნᡂᎂǴख़ຎӧӦޗ୔ۚ҇གྷݤǴόૈӆฝ ӦԾज़ܭࡌᑐᡏϣǴȨ᏾ӝࠠറނᓔȩࢂၠሦୱǵၠЎϯǴँઇ౜Ԗਣࢎޑനӳ բݤǶറނᓔЊѦϦ༜࿶ᔼᆅ౛ϝࢂаᓔ୍ว৖Ǵࢲϯ৖ᄽǵ௲ػࢲ୏ࣁЬືǴ а௢ቶҶ໕ၯᏨǵғᄊᕉߥࣁϣ఼ǴၮҔس಍܄ೕჄࡘᆢǴঋ៝Ⴃٛکᆅ౛ޑف ࡋǴаวචӄय़᏾ӝфૈکᕮਏǶ

ୖԵЎ᝘

Ϊܴ၈ǴȐ1993ȑǴ೿ѱीฝ౛ፕᆶჴ୍ǶѠчǺ၏МਜֽǶ ϣࡹ೽ᔼࡌ࿿ଯ໢೿཮Ϧ༜ǴȐ1999ȑǴଯ໢೿཮Ϧ༜ᏤំЋнǶ2008 ԃ 1 Д 17 ВǴ ڗԾhttp://w3.cpami.gov.tw/khmp/inter-handbook/index.htmǶ ЦλЎǴȐ1997ȑǴၯ࠼ჹၯᏨፂँޕ᝺ϐࣴزɡаεЂԾฅϦ༜ࣁٯǴ୯ҥѠ᡼ εᏢ༜᛬Ꮲسࣴز܌҂рހϐᅺγፕЎǶ ЦλЎǵ݅ਖԀǴȐ1998ȑǴεЂԾฅϦ༜ЊѦၯᏨޣϐၯᏨፂँࣴزǴЊѦၯᏨ ࣴزǴ11Ȑ1ȑǴ65-84Ƕ

Ц҅ѳǴȐ2004ȑǴฦξ଼Չၯ࠼ᆶฦξԾՉً٬ҔޣၯᏨፂँϐࣴزǴЊѦၯᏨ ࣴزǴ17Ȑ4ȑǴ71-91Ƕ Ц҅ѳǴȐ2005ȑǴࢲ୏מೌНྗᆶޜ໔٬ҔࠠᄊჹεӼහ݅Ϧ༜ޔ௨፺ୖᆶޣ໔ ޑၯᏨፂँϐቹៜǴᢀӀࣴزᏢൔǴ11Ȑ3ȑǴ189-208Ƕ ѠчѱϦ༜ၡᐩπำᆅ౛ೀǴȐ2008ȑǴҁѱϦ༜ᆘӦϐࠠᄊǶ2008 ԃ 10 Д 1 ВǴ ڗԾhttp://pkl.taipei.gov.tw/cgi-bin/SM_theme?page=437c19d1Ƕ ԫᗛᅽǴȐ2001ȑǴѠ᡼Ӧ୔҇౲ၮ୏Ҷ໕೛ࡼሡ؃ࣴزǶѠчǺՉࡹଣᡏػہ঩ ཮ہૼࣴزǶ ֆԓঢ়ǴȐ2006ȑǴኻࢪӦ୔᛬ೌ௲ػᐒᄬϷ೛ࡼୖೖൔ֋Ǵଯ໢Ǻଯ໢ᑜࡹ۬Ў ϯֽр୯ൔ֋Ƕ ֺࠔ׍ǴȐ2004ȑǴ҇౲٬Ҕ୯ҥԾฅࣽᏢറނᓔЊѦ໒ܫޜ໔ϐ౜ݩፓࢗϩ݋ Ǵ ୯ҥᆵࠄ᛬ೌᏢଣറނᓔᏢࣴز܌҂рހϐᅺγፕЎǶ ׅܱ໚ǴȐ2003ȑǴੇୱҶ໕ࢲ୏ୖᆶޣၯᏨፂँϐ௖૸Ǵε஑ᡏػᏢтǴ5Ȑ2ȑǴ 3Ƕ 51-6 ׵पᑫǵ׵ኀ๮ǵ݅ےᗶȐ᝿ȑǴȐ1999ȑǶS. P. Robbins๱ǶಔᙃՉࣁǶѠчǺඦඵǶ ໥ǴȐ ׵౰ 2007ȑǴٰ೻ȨဃߥᛥޑȩറނᓔǶ2008 ԃ 1 Д 8 ВǴڗԾ http://tw. ߠᒸ Ў᝘ lifestyle .yahoo.com/3d0793fd/070607/180/3pyi2.html?cate=life. ໢ǴȐ2000ȑǴ߈жѠ᡼೿ѱϦ༜ϐҶ໕ᕉნᆶޗ཮ᡂᎂǴѠ᡼ Ǵ52Ȑ2ȑǴ ߠᒸ໢ǵ೾ᄆϘǴȐ1998ȑǴ३࠼ᆶЊѦၯᏨޣϐၯᏨፂँ-࢙݊ᔂے௲ᢀӀ୔ǶЊ 209-224Ƕ ѦၯᏨࣴزǴ11Ȑ2ȑǴ1-18Ƕ Ȑ᝿ȑǴ(2001)ǴPeter Anderson

৪પ & Boak Alexander๱Ƕᙔკϐ߻ޑೕჄņࣽᏢύ ЈޑࡌᑐဂႽǶࡀܿǺੇғᓔǶ ࣽᏢπ᛬റނᓔǴȐ2006ȑǴ ୯ҥ ୯ҥࣽᏢπ᛬റނᓔ 95 ԃԃൔǶଯ໢Ǻ୯ҥࣽᏢ ஭ࡾ МЈ౛Ꮲᜏڂ π᛬റނᓔǶ ᑫǴȐ1989ȑǴ஭ ǶѠчǺܿ๮Ƕ ஭൧ᅼǴȐ1999ȑǴ೻റނᓔǶѠч: ΢ᄡЎϯǶ මችߙǴȐ2004ȑǴғᄊᢀӀϐၯᏨፂँࣴزǶሎ໺εᏢᢀӀࣴز܌҂рހϐᅺγ ໳ᔼ 96ȑǴ฼ౣᆅ౛ ፕЎǶ ׼ǴȐ19 ǶѠчǺ๮ੀǶ ँϐࣴز ླྀ๧๩ǴȐ2002ȑǴޔ௨፺ࢲ୏ୖᆶޣ໔ၯᏨፂ Ƕර໚ࣽמεᏢ໕٣཰ᆅ ᄪࡾ ౛س҂рހϐᅺγፕЎǶ ғǴȐ1997ȑǴ฼ౣᆅ౛ᏢǶѠчǺ๮ੀǶ ࣴز-аཥԮᑜϣ᡼Ӧ୔ࣁٯ ᒲၮ଄ǴȐ2005ȑǴ໺಍ᆫပว৖ᢀӀϐၯᏨፂँ Ƕύ ᗛЎ ЊѦၯᏨࣴز ๮εᏢࡌᑐᆶ೿ѱीฝᏢس҂рހϐᅺγፕЎǶ ࣓ǵ݅ਖࢪǴȐ1993ȑǴഄങၯᏨፂँᇡޕϐࣴزǴ Ǵ6Ȑ1/2ȑǴ 55-79Ƕ

᝵܍୷ǴȐ2005ȑǴߎߐ୯ৎϦ༜ၯ࠼ၯᏨፂँϐࣴزǴሎ໺εᏢᢀӀࣴز܌ӧᙍ ஑੤҂рހϐᅺγፕЎǶ

᝵௵ໜǴȐ1994ȑǴᆵчѱۚ҇ᇡᎦϦ༜ϐࣴزǴ୯ҥύᑫεᏢ೿ѱीჄࣴز܌҂ ϐᅺγፕЎǶ

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