ғᄊਓၯวᆶޗୖᆶ
ˇаଯᑜऍᐚᙼࣁٯ
Community-based Ecotourism
A Controversial Future for a Hakka Township
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∗!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
ࠬើह
**!
Yu-Ling Song
Lan-Hung Nora Chiang
Abstract
This study investigates community-based ecotourism in a rural township in Southern Taiwan. The Meinung township in Kaohsiung County is an agricultural community well-known for its tobacco production and cultural landscapes. It has preserved its Hakka culture more than any other township in Taiwan as a result of its former physical isolation. Despite this isolation, the conservative community has been forced to adapt to socio-economic changes in Taiwan by out-migration of its population and more recently, since Taiwan joined the World Trade Organization (WTO), by the decline of tobacco as a staple source of income. Most recently, however, the proposed construction of a dam in the pristine Yellow Butterfly Valley has been met with resistance from the local people who organized themselves into various action groups and, in 2000, succeeded in halting dam construction.
This study uses a participant-observation approach and action planning methodology to study the history of community building and the political empowerment of Meinung, focusing on the social force behind tobacco production,
∗ ഏمፕՕᖂچᛩቼᇷᄭઔߒࢬ໑Փس
Doctoral Student, Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
**
ഏمፕՕᖂچᛩቼᇷᄭઔߒࢬඒ
the Anti-Dam movement and Yellow Butterfly Festival activities. Together with the environmental movement, Hakka culture is expressed through local cultural landscapes that mark the history and livelihood of the people. The major issue facing the Meinung community today involves building a consensus on eco-tourism between the various local groups and preventing mass tourism in order that environmental conservation and cultural preservation are not sacrificed. While Meinung is in many ways unique, this case study has significant implications for generating policy for the future sustainable development of other rural townships in Taiwan facing environmental change and negative local impacts of Taiwan’s entry into the WTO. While ecotourism is defined in many ways, this paper suggests that the cultural elements of a place deserve more attention than is usually given because they focus on the idiographic rather than the nomothetic, emphasizing the individual character that survives the impact of globalization.
Keywords: ecotourism, Anti-Dam movement, community empowerment, cultural landscape, Yellow Butterfly Festival
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२ڣࠐፕڇءՒ֏ऱଅᑪհՀΔषრᢝດዬࣉᙰΖڍ՛ڇಳޣז ֏ழΔࠀڶڇ٤֏ऱᑪੌհխ֧ಯΔ֘ۖᚈᚈऱᕩፋԱԫैषऱԺၦΔല ࠡچֱࢤຘመլٵऱݮڤ।ሒנࠐΖ२༓ڣࠐભᖺ৾ਢຍᑌԫଡڇፕᏅ࠹ᣂࣹ ऱ՛Ζൕԫஆֽऱᘋ৬ዌუၲࡨΔࠩ 2000 ڣਙࢌإڤެࡳᑉழᚶᆜᘋ৬ભ ᖺַֽΔભᖺൕᕩፋष٥ᢝΕഒ֘ኙભᖺֽऱᘋ৬Δດዬ࿇୶ګվ֚ ٽԱאড়୮ගᆢᎁٵΕ֮֏ᇷขঅژΕسኪঅߛ֮֗֏سኪளሏ࿇୶ࡲڱऱ ٺጟष೯Ζءઔߒڃᄩ२Լڣࠐભᖺऱष࿇୶ᖵ࿓Δտฯભᖺऱ࿇୶૩ᇾ ፖषሎ೯Δ֠ࠡٽԱषፖፖषԺၦऱψભᖺ႓ᓘผωਢᣂࣹऱૹរհ ԫΖຘመፖᨠኘፖ۩೯ઔߒאᛧᇷறΔࠐေ۷ڇषፖհՀऱભᖺ࿇୶س ኪளሏऱױ౨ࢤΖءઔߒ࿇Δאषഗ៕ऱسኪளሏΔឈྥؾছፕልޘ ऱ࿇୶ࠐৈᖲΔ܀ਢլٵऱषڶࠡᗑऱ֮֏౧ΔᏁޓาᒯऱΔ ۖኙ࣍چֱ֮֏ۥऱ٦ࡳᆠא֗षᕩፋԺऱᖞٽΔՈਢڇං೯אषഗ៕ ऱسኪளሏழᄎ૿ᜯࠩऱؿએΖڼԫઔߒ࣠ೈԱਢൕࠃৄၢةᥛ࿇୶ऱઔߒא ֗ᚨਙࢌۯ࿇୶سኪளሏऱԫଡூࠏΔࠀآࠐፕऱषةᥛ࿇୶༼ࠎױ ౨ऱ࿇୶ֱٻፖ៴ቹΖ ᣂဲΚسኪளሏΕֽ֘ሎ೯ΕषፖΕ֮֏چནΕભᖺ႓ᓘผ ᣂဲΚسኪளሏΕֽ֘ሎ೯ΕषፖΕ֮֏چནΕભᖺ႓ᓘผᣂဲΚسኪளሏΕֽ֘ሎ೯ΕषፖΕ֮֏چནΕભᖺ႓ᓘผ ᣂဲΚسኪளሏΕֽ֘ሎ೯ΕषፖΕ֮֏چནΕભᖺ႓ᓘผઔߒ೯ᖲ
ઔߒ೯ᖲ
ઔߒ೯ᖲ
ઔߒ೯ᖲ
ء֮ਢڇഏઝᄎઔߒૠ--ψભᖺषةᥛࢤհ֮֏ေ۷ઔߒω1ച۩ཚၴΔڂᚨᅝழਙՂऱ ᠏މΔࢬขנԫႈ৸ەऱۼΖભᖺषቸ᧯ፖڍᑇࡺا֘ኙԱԮΕԶڣऱψભᖺֽωᘋ৬ூΔ ڇ 2000 ڣᄅਙࢌՂٚ৵Δط᜔อؒڇٚփലլᘋ৬ψભᖺֽωΖቅழΔભᖺڍڣࠐڂֽ֘ۖፋ ႃऱषԺၦא໙ԫՑΔྥۖ൷ထፕܛലףԵ WTO (World Trade Organization)Δኙભᖺልޘऱ ᓢᚰᙟܛ௬Ղឺ૿Ζመװֽ֘ࢬႃऱषԺၦΔ๕լਢᔾထषࡺاኙ࣍ຍჇՒچΕගᆢፖ֮֏ ऱᎁٵΔא֗ດዬ༼ऱᛩঅრᢝۖࠐऱΔኔऱسૠംᠲຟᑉழឭڇԫᢰΖԫ؟ֽլ৬ԱΔભ ᖺথբګ။ࠐ။वټऱ՛Δດዬଲሿऱልᄐ٦ףՂףԵ WTO ৵Օၲؑհ॰ΔભᖺԳၲࡨ ᣂ֨ޑᣂהଚسژՀװऱسૠംᠲΖ२ڣࠐΔ။ࠐ။ڍऱ؆چԳڇֲྂԵભᖺΔྥ৵ᠦၲΔભᖺࡺ اխڶԳڂᨠ٠ࠃᄐۖԱᙒΔઌለ࣍ึڣ்ጟဈᆺΕᒟۏፖᠧ២ΔۿڶԱԫጟᆖᛎ೯ऱֱ ڤΖፖڼٵழΔ՞ֽᛩ៥ऱኑᙩભᖺ՛Δথॻৱၲࢷנԫයᛩቼঅᥨፖᆖᛎ࿇୶ઌյؓᘝऱآࠐሐ ሁΖ२ԼڣࠐΔةᥛ࿇୶ፖسኪளሏհᄗ࢚࠹ࠩᖂᐖऑऱᛵᇞፖᚨشΔۖڇຍᑌऱᛩቼխΔݺ ଚݦඨ౨ൕᖂऱ૿ٻፖભᖺԳԫದࠐ٥ٵ৸ەآࠐΖ֮ڃ
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֮ڃ
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سኪளሏ (ecotourism) ઌᣂऱ֮ີ۞ 1980 ڣזၲࡨΔڇڍऱറᄐཚעխנΖسኪளሏ࿇୶ ۟վΔբᆖດዬᐖऑऱᇭᤩፖሎشΖྥۖࠩؾছַΔኙ࣍سኪளሏຍԫᄗ࢚ࡸྤอԫऱࡳᆠΖ1990 ڣזΔسኪளሏऱ࿇୶բᆖൕൎᓳ۞ྥ࠷ٻ (nature-oriented) ऱளሏΔၞۖٵழൎᓳא۞ྥፖ֮֏ள ሏࡲڱΖ1991 سኪளሏ࠰ᄎ (Ecotourism Society) ᎁΔسኪளሏਢڇԫଡ۞ྥளሏΔאሒࠩᛵ ᇞᅝچऱ֮֏ፖ۞ྥᖵؾऱΙኙ࣍سኪߓอףאঅᥨۖլਢװףאޏ᧢Ιڇขسᆖᛎܓ墿ऱٵழΔ ሒࠩאঅᥨ۞ྥᇷᄭۖࠌچֱࡺا࠹༡Ζ᜔ਔฒڍऱࡳᆠΔسኪளሏױᎅਢԫଡ༼ࠎഏ୮ፖچᠨֱ ᏺၞᛩቼΕषᄎᆖᛎא֮֗֏ܓ墿ऱᑨڇխտृ (Brandon, 1996)Ζ ᙟထ৵ࠐ။ࠐ။ᠧऱࡳᆠΔࢬץܶऱᄗ࢚Ո။ࠐ။᠆༄Δ Sirakaya ፖ Sasidharan (1999) ᖕ መװאسኪளሏᠲऱઔߒΔฒڍऱࡳᆠ܂Աԫႈփ୲։࣫ઔߒΔࠉᅃנڻᑇऱڍኒඈ٨Δ٨ נԱԼԿଡऱᄗ࢚Ζࠡխ່ൄנऱਢψኙᛩቼ֖ऱளሏωΔࠉڻץਔΚψຂٚऱளሏωΕψඒߛ ࢤऱளሏωΕψ܅ᓢᚰऱளሏωΕψڇ۞ྥᛩቼխࠠڶٖၵࢤፖደऱள۩ωΕψኙ࣍چֱ壂ઘڶࢬಥऱ ளሏωΕψسኪ֮֏ऱளሏωΕψةᥛፖॺ၄ࢤऱளሏωΕψຘመڶߜ֨ऱֆளሏωΕψፖषઌᣂऱள ሏωΕψፖঅᥨઌᣂऱளሏωΕא֗ψኙঅߛࠠڶಥऱளሏωΖࠡխലسኪளሏൕ֮֏ࢨषߡ৫ထ֫ ऱઔߒۯڇรԮፖรԼۯΖڶᣂψسኪ֮֏ऱளሏωऱփ୲Κڇࠠڶᖵፖ֮֏ૹࢤऱளሏள ۩Δؾऱਢᛵᇞᇠऱ۞ྥᖵፖچ֮֏Ζۖψፖषઌᣂऱளሏωऱփ୲ঞΚਢԫጟᄅऱளሏ ীኪΔ،ቔᚐԳଚൕࠃፖᅝچࡺاڶᣂऱளሏ೯Ζط Sirakaya ֗ Sasidharan ऱઔߒױאᛵᇞΔؾছ ڍڶᣂسኪளሏऱઔߒխΔڍתսലسኪளሏࡳۯڇא۞ྥᛩቼഗ៕ऱளሏΔኙ֮࣍֏૿ٻऱᣂ ࣹለ֟ΖאፕࠏΔٌຏຝᨠ٠ݝ۞ 1997 ڣၲࡨലጸࡳۯψسኪளሏωΔᗨᄕ࿇୶௧سኪ ளሏΕٖၵድᄐᨠ٠֗௧কᙠளሏݮڤऱளሏ೯ΔᇠբګፕچسኪளሏቤऱࠢীࠏΖԫଡֆᎁฃࠠسኪளሏᠩݮऱچঞਢ壂՞ཬढႼ (ພࢁࡵΔ1999)Ζڼ؆Δܛࠌڶ֮֏ࢨ षऱ૿ٻΔՈڍתലהଚ࣋ڇᙩኪऱᄗ࢚ՂΔሏড়ۿԫଡ؆ڇԺၦࠩࠠڶᅝچࡺاፖ֮֏ ۥऱچֱΔ࣍ਢሏড়ঁאԫଡ؆ࠐृऱณ٠ᨠהଚΔᛵᇞᅝچࡺاڇسኪளሏՂࢬขسऱ܂ش ԺΔຍᣊऱઔߒڍתႃխڇ۰اຝᆵࢨ֟ᑇاගऱઔߒխ (႓ᥬႅΔ2001)ΖଖࣹრऱਢΔאኔᎾ ऱᆖᛎڃ墅چֱऱᄗ࢚Δឈྥ༼֗܀থਢᑓᒫऱΙឈྥڶࠄسኪளሏऱᄗ࢚ൎᓳঅߛፖᆖᛎࠀૹΔ ܀ਢԫᓫ֗ᆖᛎ࿇୶ΔۿขسԱਬጟऱਙएլإᒔࢤ (politically incorrect)Δፖ२ԼڣࠐൎᓳൕՀۖ Ղऱةᥛ࿇୶հᑪੌขسԱؿએΖאषഗ៕ऱسኪளሏ (community-bsed ecotourism ܛ CBE) (Sproule, 1996)Δ༉ಾኙຍᑌऱؿએွ༼נಘᓵΖ CBEএਐല۞ྥঅߛፖᇠڂளሏۖขسऱՠ܂ᖲᄎઌյຑऱԫጟֱڤΔளሏࢬᏁץਔଇ۪۰ ۩ຟطषऱࡺاࢬ༼ࠎࠀگ࠷၄شΖຍጟীኪऱளሏኙ࣍ᅝچࡺاऱ墿ץਔΚআၞልޘچऱᆖ ᛎګ९ΙளሏگԵऱ։ڶܗ࣍༼֒ᅝچऱ壂ઘא֗ᓳᖞขᄐ࿇୶ऱؓᘝΙࠌچऱࡺاࠐൕࠃᇷᄭ অߛऱՠ܂Δא֗ࠌፖഏ୮ऱளሏޓףڍᑌ֏ΖڇኔᎾऱച۩ՂΔCBE ൎᓳطषऱࡺاᆖᛜፖ ጥسኪளሏࠃᄐΔࠀطषءߪࠐጥהଚऱ۞ྥᇷᄭאᛧ࠷گԵΙຘመᆖᛜளሏࠃᄐא֗ڂڼ ۖᛧऱگԵࠌᅝچࡺاऱس᧢ޓړΔຍਢԫጟٽԱঅߛΕᄐᆖᛜፖष࿇୶ऱسኪளሏࠐ (Sproule, 1996)Ζ ڰڇ 1990 ڣזΔڇᛩቼቤፖᆖᛜऱᏆխΔঁբᆖנאषࡺاิ៣Ε୮அΕᘣගެ ृऱᛩቼᆖᛜᄗ࢚ΔՈ༉ਢࢬᘯऱٽ܂ڤऱᛩቼᆖᛜ (collaborative environmental management) (Redclift, 1987)Δڶܑ࣍ႚอطഏ୮Εॺᛜܓิ៣א֗ቤቸၷࢬᖄऱᛩቼᆖᛜᆠ (environmental managerialism) (। 1)Ζඡ२ऱᖂृ ലຍႚอፖڇࠟጟլٵীኪऱᛩቼᆖᛜऱⷵᎠመ࿓Δጠਢ ԫጟൕ۞ՂۖՀ᠏ངࠩ۞ՀۖՂऱᛩቼᆖᛜࠢᒤ᠏ฝ (Peňa, 2001)Ζ ܑ 1 ᒖဩఢထᄃགྷᒉ۞ᖐݭၗ ᛩቼᆖᛜᆠ ٽ܂ڤऱᛩቼᆖᛜ ิ៣૿ٻ റ୮Ε࿇୶ૠቤृ ᅝچषΕڇچࡺا वᢝऱࠐᄭ റ୮Ε࿇୶ቤृ چֱषΕ۰ا वᢝऱᓵ૪ ઝᖂ (سኪߓอᆖᛜ) اගԳᣊᖂ (Գᣊسኪᖂ) (ެऱ) ࠫࡳऱહན ഏ୮זԳΕॺᛜܓิ៣Εቤቸၷ چֱषิ៣Ε୮அΕᘣගΕຝᆵ ࡳᆠംᠲ ড়ۯऱᦀ೯ (etic-driven) ۯऱᦀ೯ (emic-driven) ፖዌ ڶؘ٦ࡳᆠऱچֱፖא֗റூૠ Εറᄐቤृኔ۩ ಾኙچ۞ݺऱᏁޣፖᚌ٣ႉݧ܂چֱऱ೯Εڇኔ۩Ղፖ؆ຝऱဍ٥ ٵٽ܂ ᆖᛎࠐᄭ ࠐ۞؆ຝऱ (ၞՑ)Ιགܗૠ נ۞փຝऱΙچֱࢤऱ۞ྥΕषᄎΕ ֮֏ፖᆖᛎᇷข ؑᣂএऱຑ ၲ࣋ऱΕ٤ፖഏ୮ؑऱຑ ຨࢨૻࠫऱΕچֱፖؑ ઝݾऱދԵ ؆ຝऱ (طֱ۫ഏ୮ႚԵ) փຝΕچֱݾᇷขΕ՛ᑓۖ࠰ᓳ ऱݾႚԵ ٽऄਮዌ ٤࿇୶ΕڍᢰऱᖲዌΕᜤٽഏᛩቼ ࿇୶ࡡᄎऱࠢᒤ چֱᖲዌऱ۞ࢤא֗چֱክऄ(ਙएسኪᖂࠢᒤ) ತขࢬڶᦞ ߏڶፖֆڶऱΕԳᣊ٥ڶऱ֮֏ᇷข چֱࢬڶऱፖ۞ݺጥֆ٥ತข ᦞܓঞऱ᧯ سढڍᑌࢤऱঅߛΙسኪ᧯ߓݙᖞࢤ ऱঅᥨ אسࡎഗ៕ऱढᔆ (سኪ᧯ߓ) ऱঅߛΙ྇֟լؓ ᇷறࠐᄭΚ , 2001Ζ Peňa Peňa
۞ՀۖՂऱषፖᄗ࢚ΔբᆖլឰچڇਙएΕᛩቼᆖᛜլٵऱ૿ٻՂኔΔԫڕسኪᐖ ऑऱਐጠץܶԱ۞ྥऱΕ֮֏ऱፖᆖᛎऱ૿ٻΔڇسኪளሏऱᏆխΔषፖऱسኪளሏΔᚨᇠᄎ षޓڍऱ࿇୶ױ౨֗ԺΖڇፕᣂ࣍षፖऱ࿇୶ૠΔאष᜔᧯ᛜທ່ࠠז।ࢤΙೈ Աإ૿ऱ༼ࠎԱष࿇୶ऱױ౨ࢤא֗ष۞ऱᄗ࢚א؆ΔٍڶԳᎁᅝছऱष᜔᧯ᛜທऱ ࣠Δመ৫ႜٻ֮֏ࢤΕᢌ֮ࢤऱᤜᠲΔኙࡺاسૠࠀྤኔᎾऱᚥܗ (ຫᙘᅇΔ2001)Ζڂۖଫࠠᆖᛎፖ षᄎ֮֏૿ٻऱسኪளሏΔലֺष᜔᧯ᛜທޓኔᎾޓޑᣂاسፖᆖᛎΖ ൕषፖऱᨠរΔݺଚᨠኘࠩ२Լڣࠐભᖺڂऱֽ֘ሎ೯ࠃٙΔא֮֗֏ٵᔆࢤය ٙյઌٌᙑհՀΔຘመषፖբᆖᕩፋנԫैൎՕऱषԺၦΔࠀԫऴᐙထભᖺऱ࿇୶Ζຍጟ ীኪऱ࿇୶ֱڤΔፖ Sproule (1996) ࢬਐऱ CBE ࢨृፖ Peňa (2001) ࢬᘯऱٽ܂ڤऱᛩቼᆖᛜΔڇᄗ ࢚ፖ壄壀ՂຟॺൄሼٵΖ؆ΔભᖺऱषԺၦፖড়୮ගᆢᎁٵΕ֮֏ᇷขঅژΕسኪঅߛᄗ࢚ᘜ ٽڇԫದ৵Δ֮֏سข (cultural production) ॺൄᓒডΔࠏڕޢڣԫ৫ฐՕᜰᙄऱ႓ᓘผΔܮ֧။ࠐ ။ڍऱሏড়ছભᖺൕࠃٖၵ೯Δץਔ၇ໆࢨຯᢌΕࣲᓾᅝچऱፋᆵ৬ᗰፖײ᠌ΕࢨृپՂ ԫᅹයΕࠆ࠹ᅝچऱضႼནᒯ۰Ղ֚ࠟΖڶࠃ٣ऱቤ៴ቹΔભᖺۿ֚ᗑদऱᖑڶڍߩ א࿇୶ګאषഗ៕ऱسኪளሏΔଖݺଚԵ൶ߒΔ֠ࠡڇભᖺإ૿ᜯፕףԵ WTO א৵ኙል ޘขسऱૹՕᓢᚰΔॻৱ༈ޣԫය౨ജଫᛩቼΕ֮֏Εፖᆖᛎऱ࿇୶հሁΖݺଚᇢቹᖞٽ֮ڃ ࢬ൶ಘऱᄗ࢚Δ৬ዌנءઔߒऱઔߒംᠲΖ
ઔߒംᠲፖֱऄ
ઔߒംᠲፖֱऄ
ઔߒംᠲፖֱऄ
ઔߒംᠲፖֱऄ
ભᖺڕ۶թ౨ګԫଡ࿇୶سኪளሏऱ՛Λࠡؾছ࿇୶ऱणउא֗آࠐױ౨ऱֱٻਢչ ᏖΛᖕຍଡ༼ംΔءઔߒऱؾऱڶԲΚԫਢᛵᇞભᖺطՀۖՂऱषፖᕩፋנषԺၦऱᖵ࿓Δ א֗ڕ۶ၞۖ؋ߛנࠠسኪ೯ऱψભᖺ႓ᓘผωΖԲਢᖕഏઝᄎψભᖺषةᥛࢤհ֮֏ေ۷ઔ ߒωઔߒૠࢬࠩऱઔߒګ࣠Δץਔ (ԫ) ભᖺૹ֮֏چནհഗءᇷறऱ৬مΔ(Բ) ᅝچࡺاፖ ሏড়ኙભᖺऱچནࢬขسऱრွא֗ೣړऱᇷறΔא֗ (Կ) א۩೯ઔߒ (Wates, 1996) ࢬၞ۩ऱ ψભᖺةᥛ࿇୶ᣋནՠ܂ܽωխΔኙભᖺآࠐ៴ቹऱ൶ᣪ၆ᇷறΖאڼઔߒ࣠Δፖભᖺऱष ፖऱउઌյᘜٽΔᇢቹ༈ބנآࠐ࿇୶سኪளሏऱױ౨ࢤΖ ሒࠩאՂऱઔߒؾऱΔรԫଡຝٝএಾኙ 1992-1999 ऱֽ֘ሎ೯طઌᣂ֮խ༴ᢄנषრ ᢝऱګ९֗৬مةᥛ࿇୶ᣋནऱᖵ࿓ΖรԲଡຝٝঞലܧՂ૪ऱګ࣠Δ٦৫ፖषፖऱ֮ኙᇩΕ ։࣫Δא֍೬נآࠐભᖺسኪளሏױ౨࿇୶ऱֱٻΖભᖺऱषፖፖषԺၦ
ભᖺऱषፖፖषԺၦ
ભᖺऱषፖፖषԺၦ
ભᖺऱषፖፖषԺၦ
(ԫԫԫԫ) ભᖺऱ࿇୶૩ᇾભᖺऱ࿇୶૩ᇾભᖺऱ࿇୶૩ᇾભᖺऱ࿇୶૩ᇾ ભᖺۯ࣍ႂᗼቼփ (ቹ 1)Δ᜔૿ᗨ 120 ֱؓֆߺΔࠉ 2000 ڣԳՑอૠᇷறԳՑપնᆄԳΖ٣ا ڇԼԶધॣཚΔൕխഏᐖࣟઊᔢฝࠐࠩຍჇՒچՂΖऴࠩվ֚Δભᖺսᎁਢፕঅఎড়୮֮֏່ݙᖞऱऱ՛Δۍ։հԼԮאՂऱࡺاਢড়୮ԳΖڇچᛩቼՂΔભᖺԿ૿ᛩ՞ΔݮګԱԫଡለ ຨऱ़ၴΔᨃભᖺڇፕषᄎᆖᛎऱݶຒ᧢ᔢՀΔսױאঅڶ۞աᗑऱ֮֏ΖڇԳՑֱ૿Δ ፖፕࠡהऱልޘԳՑԫᑌΔᇿᙟထ 70 ڣזՕၦልޘԳՑ؆ฝΔཛٻຟᄎੌ೯Ζ1966 ڣႂףՠ נՑګمΔআࠌપԫᆄټऱڣ᎘໎೯Ժ۞ભᖺ؆ੌΖڇልᄐسขֱ૿Δભᖺైڶψႂऱۏପωፖ ψဈ౻׆ഏωऱࠆᥩΖྥۖຍԫଡឆೳڇতፕऱొᖦড়୮՛ΔᆖᖵԱչᏖᑌऱࠃٙۖ᧢ګվֲ୮ ֪ᖠऱளሏࡋΛאՀലಾኙભᖺ۞ 1992 ڣದΔڂਙࢌऱֽՠ࿓֧ۖ࿇ऱषሎ೯ၲࡨΔฃ૪ ࠡխऱመ࿓Δא֗ભᖺषऱዝ᧢Ζ ဦ 1 ࡚፧ᗉҜཉဦ (ԲԲԲ) ભᖺऱषፖፖषሎ೯Բ ભᖺऱषፖፖषሎ೯ભᖺऱषፖፖषሎ೯ભᖺऱषፖፖषሎ೯ (2::32::3....2:::2::32::3 2:::2:::) Κભᖺ႓ᓘผऱᓭس2::: Κભᖺ႓ᓘผऱᓭسΚભᖺ႓ᓘผऱᓭسΚભᖺ႓ᓘผऱᓭس ભᖺऱषሎ೯Δፌڂ࣍ભᖺֽऱᘋ৬ૠ (ቹ 2)Ζࠡኔભᖺֽૠڇֲᖕழזঁբန ॕΔؾऱਢԱભᖺؓՂऱልᄐشֽΖऴࠩ 80 ڣזΔਙࢌԱࠎᚨՕႂچऱՕၦՠᄐشֽ2Δ ۖެࡳലᰳբՆऱભᖺֽૠב壆ਜՠΖ1992 ڣΔڇچֱԳՓऱܘԺ࡞ߨՀΔึ࣍ڇભᖺᜰᙄԱ ψรԫڻભᖺֽᘋ৬ֆᦫᄎωΖԫڕભᖺࢬಖሉψൕاഏԶԼԫڣದ (1992)Δֽऱᤜᠲஂ൴
Ա٤ભᖺΖΞΞ༟ᐬΔਢڂاࡉᛩঅრᢝᤚᙌ࣍٤ऱ 90 ڣזऱվ֚ΔፕऱࡴቛΕՠ࿓ஃս ೖఎڇറࠫ৬ᆵ৵ऱွ׃ჃᇙΔᤉᥛዌᗰהଚऱՕ᧸ભኄω (ભᖺ (Հ)Δ1998)Ζຍႈՠ࿓ૠ ூΔᨃᜰᢛྥΖ 1993ڣၲࡨΔભᖺࡺاګمԱषऱ۞එᄎΔઌᤉڇભᖺ֗קՂፕקمऄೃሏ۩ፖຫൣΔݦඨึ ַભᖺֽऱᘋ৬ூΖ1994 ڣ 4 ִΔψભᖺფၢ࠰ၞᄎωإڤګمΔהଚऱࡲڱڇ࣍ං೯ءՒ֮֏Ε سኪঅߛΕඒߛ֗چֱ֮ᖞՠ܂Ζڇᖞଡ௫֗ભᖺֽऱषሎ೯խΔფၢ࠰ၞᄎފዝԱৰૹ ऱ۩೯ቤृߡۥΖ1994 ڣ 5 ִΔمऄೃ٤اᜤஂᄎᤜຏመܔೈԱભᖺֽᘋ৬ՠ࿓ቃጩ 13 Ꮩ 2 Տ ᆄցΖຍਢรԫڻભᖺषሎ೯ګפऱሒګԱೖַભᖺֽૠூΔլ܀რᘯထભᖺऱषิ៣բᘊ ګᑵΔՈၞԫޡআګભᖺऱᒳᤊՠ܂Δၲࡨψᖂޓૹऱფၢფاፖ༇ૹ֮֏3ωΖ1995 ڣڇೖ ৬ֽऱᦟᑗࣷՀΔભᖺऱԶۥ຺ՠ܂ፖფၢ࠰ၞᄎ֗ࠡהભᖺچֱषቸΔ٥ٵڇભᖺֽ᧸ܿ ቃࡳچભᖺ႓ᓘፇߣᜰᙄԱรԫࡻऱψભᖺ႓ᓘผωΖ1996 ڣᅝรԲࡻψભᖺ႓ᓘผωᜰᙄழΔբᆖ ڶԿՏڍԳፖΖ ڇ႓ᓘፇߣᜰᙄ႓ᓘผਢࠠڶრᆠऱΖֲᖕழזֲءਙࢌڇભᖺ႓ᓘፇߣՕၦጟཬࠠڶᆖᛎ ᏝଖऱᥳԸֵΔط࣍႓ᓘऱؔႰଇᥳԸֵᆺΔףՂଢᔞࡵΔ፫ᄭཬढլᇄቦΔ֧ۖࠐՕޅऱ ႓ᓘࠩڼཨஒΔᠨᄻႪੌऱ႓ᓘፇߣঁ۞ྥچګ႓ᓘᆢଆऱፘፕ (᎓๖ੳΔ2001:136)Ζᖕอૠ ႓ᓘደ֚ଆፘऱ٤ฐழཚΔޢۯ૿ᗨऱ႓ᓘᑇၦࡺ٤հগΔՈਢֆᎁऱᓗᓘسኪ (᎓๖ੳΔ 2001:137)Ζ۞ൕભᖺֽᘋ৬ૠᡜ٠৵ΔچଚՕၦખٕᥳԸֵΔޏא்ጟױאࠩޓᓽᚍ८ऱ ߝ࣠ᖫ৵Δ႓ᓘደ֚ଆፘऱฐउլڇΔࠌޢڣڇնִ۟Զִ႓ᓘψՕ࿇سωཚၴچছࠐᨠᓾ࡛ན ऱԳ྇֟ԱڍΖڂڼΔψ႓ᓘผωऱ೯ኔᎾՂਢွᐛထԳᣊڇధᡏ႓ᓘ۞ྥسኪऱ۩ۖᣭ4Ζ ભᖺᅝچࡺاլ܀ൕڼᗨᄕભᖺऱسኪঅߛܘԺ 5 ΔՈԫᢰയ֊ऱࣹრਙࢌኙ࣍ભᖺֽऱᘋ ৬ૠਢܡսڇۻᖲۖ೯Ζ1998 ڣਙࢌ٦৫ᜢጠতፕऱاسشֽڇԼڣհփലᄎ૿ᜯլߩΔᅝழऱ ۩ਙೃ९ᘕᆄ९ؒψભᖺֽԫڣփ೯ՠωΖભᖺऱֽ֘ሎ೯٦৫୶ၲΔٵڣ 5 ִΔભᖺԫଡष ิ៣ψભᖺֽ֘ՕᜤᅩωᚨሎۖسΖࠩ 1999 ڣ 5 ִمऄೃኙભᖺֽூၞ۩ூګפַऱԫڣ փΔભᖺऱषิ៣ԫऴլឰऱፖਙࢌΕ᧯א֗مऄࡡ࠰ᓳᄮຏΔՈ࿇೯መڍڻऱקՂሏ۩Ζᕣ ጥભᖺࡺاڇຍڻऱषሎ೯խ؈ඓԱΔՂᣵደԱԫै༟ᐬऱࣷΔ܀ਢᅝڣऱรնࡻψભᖺ႓ᓘ ผωսᅃൄڇքִᜰᙄΔԳᣊధᡏ႓ᓘཨஒچऱլཕ۩ۖ൧࢚႓ᓘऱՋᏒΖڻڣ 8 ִΔຫ᜔อૹ عڇࠡٚփΔലլᘋ৬ભᖺֽΖڼழΔรքࡻऱભᖺ႓ᓘผאψႝس႓ᓘፇߣسኪֆႼωၗΔ ೯چ۞ᠨᄻ႓ᓘፇߣឩՕࠩ٤ભᖺΔ೯ऱփ୲Ոޓڍᑌ֏ΔೈԱભᖺ႓ᓘፇߣऱผא؆Δ ᝫץਔڇኃࢪᜰᙄطᅝچॹڣิګऱψٌՠωᑗቸऱዝഀᄎΔא֗ڇભᖺխ֨ऱመֽᖯ೯Ζ ψભᖺ႓ᓘผωດዬګፕွᐛسኪঅߛऱᆏᐜ೯ΖطڼᨠհΔભᖺኙ࣍سኪঅߛऱᣂࣹא ֗ܮ֧؆Գࠐڼளሏऱ೯ԺΔਢࠐ۞ᆖطषፖۖขسऱषԺၦΖྥۖΔભᖺऱषԺၦೈԱڂ ؆ڇౡ (ਙࢌ৬ֽ) ऱංԺא؆ΔԫଡរਢൎۖڶԺऱᘣගԺၦ (ࢮԺ) ࢬݮႿנࠐऱΖ
ᇷறࠐᄭΚᆖᛎຝֽᇷᄭݝΔ1998Ζ
(ԿԿԿԿ) ભᖺऱᘣගԺၦऱ୶ભᖺऱᘣගԺၦऱ୶ભᖺऱᘣගԺၦऱ୶ભᖺऱᘣගԺၦऱ୶ ભᖺऱԳՑۍ։հԼԮਢড়୮ԳΔਢፕψড়୮ԳՑֺ່ऱၢؑωΔ۟९Նאࠐࠆڶ ψড়୮֮֏অژ່ݙᖞऱچֱωհભᥩΖྥۖΔ२ԲԼڍڣࠐ؆ੌԳՑᏺڍΖ܀ਢլᓵڇભᖺऱભᖺ Գࢨृள؆ऱભᖺԳΔኙ࣍ભᖺऱტൣፖᎁٵսྥॺൄদΖאભᖺֽ֘ሎ೯ۖߢΔޢᅝભᖺၢᘣ ࠩፕקݼञΔ༉ᄎ࿇ݼᤜऱᆢฒᅝխڶڍፕקऱભᖺԳΖڼጟփፋԺΔೈԱۨᒴऱᣂএא؆Δᝫ ףՂဈᆺጟ܂ऱᑓڤ (ٌՠ)Δ֭ᐶԱભᖺऱփຝյ೯ፖቸ (ة᠆Δ1999)Ζመװભᖺڶৰڍጟဈᆺ ऱ୮அΔ܀୮அءߪऱ໎೯ԳՑڶழࡸլߩڂᚨልᄐऱ໎೭ࢬᏁΔؘႊᔾ୮அא؆ࠡהԳԺऱ࠰ܗΖ ່ॣሎش୮ගऱጻࢨچऱጻΔݮګψٌՠω (ܛངՠ) ࠫ৫Δք֪Գ୮ګԫଡॺإڤऱψٌ ՠ՛ิωΔਬ୮ڇៅဈᆺऱ़ᚾ༉ױאᚥܑ୮ආဈᆺΖຍጟյ೯ऱጻΔᨃભᖺԳᆖطۨᒴፖچᒴጹጹ ऱຑڇԫದΖࢬא༉ጩڇฆچሖࠩԫۯભᖺԳΔڇৰݶऱழၴփΔԫࡳᄎࢮנԫයᘣ൯ᒵނࠟଡ ԳऱψᣂএωΕψᔘٝω৬مದࠐ (ة᠆Δ1999)Ζຍጟڂۨᒴፖषᄎᆖᛎࠫ৫ࢬທګऱᘣගԺၦΔإ ړฤٽԱ Redclift (1987) ࢬᘯψٽ܂ڤऱᛩቼᆖᛜωխΔطچֱषิ៣Ε୮அΕᘣගΕຝᆵ܂ᛩ ቼᆖᛜऱቸ᧯Ζ ભᖺႚอՂࢬࠠڶൎ௺ऱषԺၦΔڇ९ཚֽ֘ሎ೯խޓנषፖऱሎ܂ֱڤΖψભᖺ ႓ᓘผωګפچאسኪঅߛ္ޣΔܮ֧؆چሏড়ၞԵભᖺΔࠀڇᅝچளሏፖ၄Ζലषፖࡉள ሏٽऱسኪளሏΔۿਢԫයભᖺຍᑌऱष໌ທآࠐנሁऱֱऄΖڂڼ൷Հࠐಘᓵऱૹរܛ ڕ۶ٽࠟृΖၞԵຍຝ։ऱಘᓵհছΔݺଚല٣տฯψભᖺषةᥛࢤհ֮֏ေ۷ઔߒωऱګ ࣠Δ܂ءઔߒၞԫޡ࿇୶ऱഗ៕Ζ
ભᖺऱ֮֏ᇷᄭ
ભᖺऱ֮֏ᇷᄭ
ભᖺऱ֮֏ᇷᄭ
ભᖺऱ֮֏ᇷᄭ
(ԫԫԫԫ) ભᖺૹ֮֏چནհഗءᇷறऱ৬مભᖺૹ֮֏چནհഗءᇷறऱ৬مભᖺૹ֮֏چནհഗءᇷறऱ৬مભᖺૹ֮֏چནհഗءᇷறऱ৬م ભᖺૹ֮֏چནᇷறऱ৬مΔኙ࣍ᛵᇞભᖺࢨृڇભᖺ࿇୶אषഗ៕ऱسኪளሏۖߢΔਢ ԫႈৰഗ៕ऱՠ܂Ζᆖطषࡺاထ֫৬مഗءᇷறΔԫֱ૿ױאຘመچནᇷறऱᙇᖗΔࠌषࡺا ܧנהଚ۞աᎁૹऱ֮֏چནΔא֗ݦඨ؆چሏড়ທᅝچழΔװࣲᓾא֗ሏनऱནរΖڼ؆Δ Ո؆چऱሏড়༼ࠎԫଡளሏऱਐতΖլٵ࣍ط؆چऱΕߏԳऱளሏᄐृࢬ༼ࠎऱளሏ۩࿓Δषࡺ اא֮֗֏چནຟൕ೯ऱ൷࠹؆چሏড়ऱທΔ᠏ۖګ೯ऱ༼ࠎᇷಛፖ൷ৱሏড়ऱψچωΖ ભᖺૹ֮֏چནഗءᇷறऱ৬مΔᙟထભᖺດዬګ࠹ᦟ०ऱளሏΔઌᣂளሏནរऱᤄՈ נᦨΔመװڕႂᗼم֮֏խ֨נठΔભᖺფၢ࠰ၞᄎࢬٞऱψભᖺհளω (1996) א֗ႂ ᗼਙࢌנठऱψႂᗼ᠆༄հளω (1997) ຟբᆖಾኙભᖺऱ֮֏ፖ۞ྥچནΔԱৰᇡጐऱտฯΖ ۖտฯऱནរڍሒԼڍଡΔٵழՈ༼ࠎԱψભᖺवࢤհளᖄᥦቹωΖຍࠄᇷறطભᖺᅝچऱष ิ៣༼ࠎΔࠡխளሏᖄᥦऱຝ։ՈਢطषიຝࢬቤΖ1999 ڣΔႂᗼ֮֏ᆏڇભᖺᜰᙄΔຍਢ۩ ਙೃ֮৬ᄎല٤ഏ֮ᢌࡱޏ᧢ٺᗼؑچֱ֮֏ᆏอᤂᙄհ৵Δڇႂᗼᜰᙄऱรԫଡچֱ֮֏ᆏ ೯Δࡳټψ᧐᧐ড়ၢ / ൣڇભᖺ6ωΖ່२ޓڶԫءټψભᖺόࡉύၢଅནωऱ৫ளሏ (᎓๖ੳΔ2001)Δലࡉऱ֮ᖂઠڇભᖺऱଅནխΔભᖺԱࠥऱտฯΔࠡխऱནរՈڶ२ԿԼଡΖڂڼΔؾছڶᣂ࣍ભᖺૹ֮֏چནհഗءᇷறऱ৬مբᆖઌᅝݙᖞΖ ឈྥຍࠄഗءᇷறࠐ۞षิ៣ΔՈֲݙΔ܀ਢຍࠄഗءᇷறऱ৬مՕڍᝫਢط֟ຝ։ ऱषიຝࢬቤΔآམለᐖऑऱಾኙԫषࡺاᓳΖڂڼڇຍଡઔߒխΔݺଚၞԫޡኙᅝچ ࡺاڶᣂ࣍הଚኙભᖺऱچནࢬขسऱრٻא֗ೣړऱᓳΔࠐᚦᇖഗءᇷற৬مመ࿓խለ ֶऱԫاრഗ៕Ζ (ԲԲԲԲ) षࡺاኙભᖺऱچནࢬขسऱრွא֗ೣړऱᇷறषࡺاኙભᖺऱچནࢬขسऱრွא֗ೣړऱᇷறषࡺاኙભᖺऱچནࢬขسऱრွא֗ೣړऱᇷறषࡺاኙભᖺऱچནࢬขسऱრွא֗ೣړऱᇷற ڇψભᖺषةᥛࢤհ֮֏ေ۷ઔߒωխΔಾኙભᖺᅝچࡺاא֗षิ៣იຝ 7ࢬڶᣂ࣍ ψԼଡٱွ່ࠥऱભᖺچ۞ྥࢨԳ֮چནհ༴૪ωऱം࣠Δࠡխ٨ᜰڻᑇሒࠩ 5 ڻאՂ ऱནរא֗ઌᣂऱ༴૪ᖞڕ। 2 ࢬقΖ ܑ 2 ࡚፧ࢦࢋ̼͛гഀ̝ຍ෪ چནټጠ ༴ ૪ 1. ܄ֆ 1. ፖᅝچԳऱسৰᘣ२Δլਢشࠐޣ࠷ଡԳܓ墿ࢨತ༄ऱΖ 2. ݺፖ܄ֆऱტൣਢઌᅝᖺদऱΔ՛ழଢൄᦫࠩ܄ֆ᧩ᨋऱࠃ᠌Δኙ࣍ ܄ֆޓਢ༇ശΖ 3. ႚอݮڤऱ܄ֆᄎڶԫལ۔ወᖫΔהܮ֧ྤᓵ۔ԫᔘࢨڣ᎘ԫזΔࠩ ߷ᇙเ֚ΕٖஒΔਢભᖺଖಖᖋऱچནհԫΖ 4. ݮڤਢᅾྨڤऱΔڶᐔڙΔفᙰᇙਉԫଡࠐ༺ଉΖભᖺڶڍ܄ ֆΔࠡխၲഗ܄ֆਢભᖺ່ڰऱԫଡՒچ܄ֆΔࠠڶᖵࢤऱچۯፖ რᆠΔޢڣڇၲഗՒچ܄ֆ壂ᐚإ壀የڣ壂ᝫڶᄅڣ壂ऱழଢΔᄎڶ ড়୮ऱᏚڤڇ߷ᢰၞ۩Ζԫᆢભᖺॵ२ڇچԳپ᤹Δᦫড়୮Զଃऱ ඡՂΔਢৰܑऱ֮֏چནΖ 2. ֽڅ 1. ݺ່ᦟऱֽڅਢ۔ဩ߷ԫΔޢڻᆖመ߷ᇙ༉ৰუՀࠐߨԫߨΔ ֽࠩΔ༉ਢৰڶԺऱტᤚΔᄭᄭլΖ߷ԫֽڅऱலᢰ༉ਢ۰୮Δ ֽڅਢࡺاسऱԫຝٝΖ 2. รԫڻࠐભᖺऱٱွΔ༉ਢભᖺࠩຟਢֽڅΖݺઌॾຍᇙऱֽڅ ኙਢભᖺԳৰૹऱಖᖋΖֽڅፖભᖺԳऱسขسԱയլױ։ऱᣂ এΔֽڅսشࠐੑዷΕनΖ 3. ֽڅਢભᖺልᄐᆖᛎࡎ౧ΔՈਢسऱࡎ౧Δڇഏ՛ழཚΔᅝ֚ࠐ ᜯழଢΔఄՂऱߊسຟᄎᝮપֽࠩڅᚭֽΕཾࣺΔۖՖسՈᄎՀװन ֽΔ່৵ຟᄎनࠩլٍᑗַΖࠩഏխऱழଢΔڰՂՂᖂᠻ߫ຟᄎ ᆖመֽڅΔࠩড়୮ഡՖޢ֚ຟڇֽڅੑ۪ࣚΕੑလࢨࠧੑࣟ۫Δԫ ᆢഡՖᄎڇ߷ᇙψؚᏯቔωΔࢨृਢሁՂᑵԳࠩຟᄎೖՀࠐΔףԵ הଚऱ۩٨Δ߷ጟტᤚઌᅝᄵᤲΖ 3. ࣟ॰ᑔ ਢભᖺऱچᑑΔ؆چԳࠐࠩભᖺΔ່୲࣐ࠩऱԫଡ৬ᗰནᨠΖ،ਢࠠ ڶᖵऱΔڇمԱᇞᎅྨڇலᢰΔۖலᢰԾڶԫଡ᪾ᙰ܄ֆΔࢬא ਢৰૹऱནរΖڶԫଡᑔඪױאՂझΔ՛֖ࣛࠐऱழଢΔझࠩՂ૿ ױאࠩભᖺ᪾Δࢬא،ਢৰ୲࣐ᨃ؆چሏড়ࠩऱ֮֏ནរΖ
4. ႓ᓘፇߣ 1. ᖞଡ۞ྥسኪঅژৰړΔڂਢભᖺֽऱቃࡳچΔࢬא။ࠐ။ڍ Գࣹრ،Ζڕ࣠ԵװᛵᇞΔᄎ࿇ᇙ૿ऱسኪॺൄ᠆༄Ζ 2. ڇᦰഏ՛Εഏխມ塊ؘࡳࠩऱچֱΔ՛ழଢݺऱٱွਢ႓ᓘઌᅝ ऱڍΔګՏՂᆄऱԫଡནွΔઌᅝऱભΖ 5. ᄃڗॼ 1. ਢݺଚભᖺԳኙڗऱԫጟ༇ᄃΔڶڗऱࣟ۫ຟᄎஞࠩᄃڗॼ װྡᗈΖ 2. ױאנભᖺאছფᥨ֮ᖂΕ്Εૹီᓡسऱᖵመ࿓Ζᚊߚ᪾ऱ ᄃڗॼֺለΖޢڣ֞ᓭ߭ऱழଢΔᚊ᪾ഏ՛ऱ႓۔ஃᄎᖂسፖ ீ९Δڇ߷ᇙᙄԫଡผ֞ՕࠢΖᚊߚ᪾ऱᄃڗॼױאၲ࿇ګԫଡ֮֏ ऱནរΖ 6. ៱ڤဈᑔ 1. ਢ໎೯ࢤऱΔৰז।ભᖺຍଡچֱऱ֮֏Ζ 2. ဈᆺਢભᖺৰૹऱขᄐΔፕܛലףԵ WTO հ৵Δৰڍဈᑔܛല ᄤᡏΖؾছဈᑔ٦سऱუऄኔΔቝဈᑔຯᢌΕဈᑔᙕଃࢨא ৵נऱဈᑔයࢋΔဈᑔભ塢Δᨃ؆چ֖ࣛဈᑔᇙ૿ऱ ዌທΔམᆖڇભᖺފዝૹچۯऱဈᆺ࿇୶Ζݺଚױאބԫࠄဈል ᇞᎅΔਢৰړऱᨠནរΖ 7. ८ڗ૿՞ 1. ،ਢ٠ߑߑऱԫׂڇ߷ᇙΔլቝԫ՞߷ᑌԫׂׂΔۖਢৰՕԫׂΖ ՛ழଢݺৰᦟ८ڗ૿՞ऱႂऱᑌΔהᨃݺڶದݩऱ೯ᖲΔ༉ ਢԫጟᨃ֨ൣৰၲிऱტᤚΖࠩڇݺᝫਢৰᦟΖ 2. ػػऱ߷ԫଡ՞ᕻΔחݺٱွࠥΖ 8. ֽᖯ ۯڇભᖺত᪾ᢰΔֽᖯலᢰڶધ࢚ᅾΔՂ૿ಖሉՕપاഏ 15 ڣ (ٍܛֲ ءऱՕإڣၴ) ࢬᘋ৬ऱΔᅾՂࠥထՠ࿓ஃऱټڗࡽضڻ٣سΖᦫ ᎅֽᖯᅝழਢ࿙ګڣ៖ᜰ۩ऱࢬڇΔהଚᄎᨵመֽᖯΔ᧩قהբᆖ९ ՕΔൕֽᖯ۫ᢰΔݺᎁ່౨ז।ભᖺऱནᨠΔױאߠଉᘔضΕ ဈضΕᒟضᝫڶ՞߷ᇙऱ՞Ζ 9. ኃࢪ ൕ՛༉۰ڇኃࢪᇙΔݺଚऱኃࢪৰՕΔৰڍԳรԫڻࠐࠩݺଚኃࢪऱழ ଢΔຏൄהଚຟᄎᎅ܃ଚऱኃࢪױאၲԫၴᖂீΔ܃༉ױאवሐຍၴኃ ࢪޢ֚ເඡࢨڰՂ՛ՂᖂհছඈၷΔࢨ࣋ᖂڃࠐڇೃनऱᑷ ᕕൣउΖᅝྥڇኃࢪױאनৰڍሏᚭΔቝਢಮ៲ΔؚཧΔඡՂৰڍ ۔Գ୮ΕഡԳ୮ڇ֚ऱழଢᄎڇೃᇙᆙ౻ (ದ־ش) ԫᢰؚᏯ ቔΔࢬאኃࢪኙՂԫזભᖺԳࠐᎅਢڃᖋऱچֱΖ 10. ભᖺྋ (խإྋ) 1. ኙભᖺࠐᎅΔຍਢԫଡಖᖋऱխ֨ΔՈਢᨠ٠ऱནរΖ،ڶԫׂᛘچΔ ԫׂৰՕऱྋ૿Δኙ࣍ள؆ऱሏΔભᖺྋፖִ٠՞ਢהଚኙ୮ၢऱ ಖᖋΖભᖺྋॵ२ऱᓓᙰၥଉΔՈਢৰထټऱΖભᖺڶۍ։հԶԼऱ ᓓᙰၥࠐ۞ຍᇙ (Աྦයش)Δݺઌॾהז।ထભᖺႸᤚऱಖᖋΖ 2. ،ਢભچഄԫᛘچΔࢬאڇટמଢ຺ࡱᆏ१ऱழଢΔৰڍଢ຺ ᙇᖗڇຍᢰೖఎΔڂڼຍᇙګৰړऱᓾ຺چរΖભᖺფၢ࠰ၞᄎא ছ༉མᆖං೯መխإྋ (ഏاਙࢌழཚऱټጠ) إټሎ೯Δނټڗޏ խڅഖࢨભᖺྋΔࢬאຍଡچֱԾࠠڶषᛜທΕᕩፋٻ֨ԺΕᕩ
ፋषᄎሎ೯ΕषᄎრᢝૹᄅႃऱრᆠΖ 11. ᠨ՞ 1. ਢભᖺऱ՞հԫΔڍچஃᄎஞᠨ՞ଅֽچऱ՞ ౧Ζભᖺհࢬאᄎנڍ໑ՓΔᦫᎅՈਢᇿᠨ՞ऱଅֽڶᣂΖ؆ ൕᠨ՞Ղױאถඨࠩ՞Εխᐇ۟ፕতΔནۥܑભΖ 2. ਢભᖺऱچᑑΔቝᖩဩΕࣟ॰ᖯΕᄃڗॼऱՑຟኙᄷᠨ՞Ζᠨ ՞ڶՕچऱئᘣհွᐛΔڂڼڇભᖺڶৰڍኃࢪऱ᜕ၗᒵՈᄎኙᄷᠨ ՞ΔڔਢՕچհئΔڶ؊ֽࠐऱچֱΖ 12. ࡉધ࢚塢 ࡉऱԫسΔၢԳሽᐙΔፕ֮ᖂΔၢՒ֮ᖂΖ 13. ةڜ۔ဩ ڇဩՂڶԼ༓୮යࢋΔֲऱழଢᄎڶৰڍԳࠐຍᇙᚓයΔپ යऱழଢױאᛵᇞᖩဩᖵΔᛵᇞةڜဩऱᖵΔ٦ឩ֗ભᖺ᪾ऱᖵ Ζ 14. ᨋ՞ 1. ޢڣመڣழΔݺԫࡳᄎझࠩᨋ՞ሼଃڝ߷ᢰװਈਈΔࢬאൕ՛ࠩ ڇΔᨋ՞ኙݺऱტൣਢܑদΖ 2. ભᖺءچԳૉᝑࠩझ՞Δԫࡳຟ٣ᝑࠩᨋ՞Ζኙॵ२ऱࡺاࠐᎅΔ ຍਢԫଡৰړऱٖஒΕ࿆՞ऱࢬΖᝫڶᨋ՞ऱྭΔԿլնழᄎझ Հ՞ࠐބଇढΔԳፖྭհၴऱઌࠡኔڇآࠐਢױא࿇୶ऱᣂএΖ 3. ᨋ՞ՂऱሼଃڝګመڣऱԫଡװΔڶڍભᖺԳࢨ؆چԳຟࠩ ሼଃڝՂଉࢨ࿆՞ઙޣᄅऱԫڣؓڜႉܓΖڇᨋ՞՞ືΔױאࠩભ ᖺؓऱནۥΔॺൄዦॽΖ ᇷறࠐᄭΚᖞ۞ψભᖺषةᥛࢤհ֮֏ေ۷ઔߒω۫ց 2000 ڣ 7 ִհᓫಖᙕΖ । 2 խऱ։࣫ΔೈԱਐנୌࠄچֱਢભᖺࡺاא֗षิ៣იຝࢬᎁऱભᖺૹچནא؆ΔՈ ༴૪۶ᄎᙇᖗຍࠄچནΖڶࠄԳڇࡳऱچֱބࠩسࡎሁஉ (life path) ऱ᠋ᇾΔڶࠄԳঞ؆چ ԳࠐࠩભᖺᄎუչᏖΔۖᢅ٨נຍଡچֱऱۥΕኙભᖺऱრᆠא֗ױࢤΖڕٵڇ 2000 ڣທ ભᖺऱભഏਹ܌ဒՕᖂ৬ᗰནᨠૠߓඒ Randolph Hester ࢬᎅΚψං୶ࢬᘯऱسኪளሏᄐΔݺଚ ऱਢބנຍଡچֱऱۥΔݺଚڶչᏖᑌऱࣟ۫ױאᨃ؆چऱԳԫದ։ࠆΔࠌהଚՈڶᘋᔊࠐ नωΔطषऱࡺاא֗षิ៣იຝࢬਐנऱૹچནΔՈ༉ਢࢬᘯױאᨃ؆Գ։ࠆऱچֱۥΔإ ਢषፖऱسኪளሏ壄壀հԫΖڼ؆ΔRandolph Hester Ո༼ᙌԫଡچֱڇ࿇୶سኪளሏழؘႊࣹრ ऱ؆ࠟٙࠃΚψԫਢװઔߒ؆چࠐຍᇙनऱԳΔהଚუࠐຍᇙչᏖΔլᨃ؆چԳࠐनհ৵Δ ధᡏԱݺଚऱᛩቼΖԲਢΔளሏᄐՈਢԫጟՠᄐΔڕ࣠ᖙ܂լړऱᇩΔࢬࠐऱംᠲᄎֺՠᄐᝫᣤ ૹ (ݚݪརΕܦࢣࠕΔ2000)Ζωຍࠄጊᐞࠡኔڇψભᖺωઔߒૠച۩ऱመ࿓խΔભᖺषิ៣༉མ ᆖრᢝࠩຍଡംᠲऱૹࢤ8Ζڇ༓ڻषิ៣ऱಘᓵ৵Δԫଡא༈ބભᖺآࠐנሁऱ۩೯ઔߒঁࠠ᧯ ऱ୶ၲΔ2000 ڣ 7 ִფၢ࠰ၞᄎፖઔߒृڇભᖺᜰᙄԱԫټψભᖺةᥛ࿇୶ᣋནՠ܂ܽωऱ՛ী ᄎᤜΖSproule (1996) ᎁڇषፖڤऱسኪளሏխΔࡺاਢᖞଡ೯ऱ᧯ፖषᄎ۩೯ृΔ ۖຍ ଡ՛ীᄎᤜՈጻᢅԱषૹऱז।Δڕٺߺߺ९Ε܂୮ΕاമऱຂԳא֗षიຝΖ
(ԿԿԿԿ) ભᖺآࠐ៴ቹऱ൶ભᖺآࠐ៴ቹऱ൶ભᖺآࠐ៴ቹऱ൶ભᖺآࠐ៴ቹऱ൶ ψ२Լڣࠐط࣍ՕฒٖၵऱංᐖΔףՂতԲ՞֭ᒵऱຏ߫ΔભᖺྂၞԱՕޅψመቼীω (լ መ࡙) ֗ψរֽীω (ࡳរᨠ) ऱளড়ΖݺଚڶԱឆᐡΚڇດዬᨠ٠֏ऱመ࿓խΔݺଚਢܡբᆖᄷໂ ړ૿ኙൎႨತቸऱᝍᘤΛݺଚբᆖڶԱݔऱቤፖֱٻՂऱ༳༽ԱႯΛભᖺຍԫׂړ՞ړֽᄎլᄎ ਢԫጟψᨠ٠ሏᑗωΛࠩࢍભᖺຍଡొᖦऱ՛Δࠠໂ৻ᑌऱةᥛ࿇୶ഗ៕Λ…… ω (ભ ᖺᣋནՠ܂ܽ֫םΔ2000) ψભᖺᣋནՠ܂ܽωڇຍࠄጊംՀ୶ၲΔཚඨڇᄎᤜޔ৵ࠩԫࠄூΖ ڇՠ܂ܽޔছऱጵٽಘᓵխΔፖᄎृ (Օڍભᖺڇچࡺا) ለᣂ֨ऱᤜᠲႃխڇભᖺऱ৬ ᗰΕଃᑗࠟଡૹរՂΚڇ৬ᗰՂΔཚඨڶԫଡψભᖺৢωऱ৬ᗰݮڤܧΔא࠷זؾছ៱ৢᄅ৵Δ ભᖺࠩך؞ထශྤچֱۥऱࢪፖֆ༅Ζဈᑔऱ٦سፖܓشՈਢࠡխऱԫႈૹរΔભᖺᅝچࠠڶ ᖵࢤፖཏሙࢤऱچֱψִ٠՞ᠧωՈၲԱψဈᆺ֮֏অژറᠲωΔຑᥛಘᓵԱဈᑔፖભᖺآࠐ ࿇୶ऱᤜᠲ (ݚݪརΔ2002)ΔભᖺᅝچऱवᢝٝࠀՕᜢఏࡅψܑᨃဈᑔଙՀω (႓ព࣪Δ2002)Ζڇ ଃᑗऱຝ։Δཚඨભᖺড়୮ႚอଃᑗ౨ജ࠹ૹΔאሒࠩႚࢭፖ໌ᄅऱؾऱΙڇຍڻऱ՛ীᄎᤜխΔ سኪளሏਢᤜ࿓խऱԫຝٝΔ܀່৵থڶᖿ࿇֜ڍऱಘᓵΔڂભᖺᅝچࡺاࢨषิ៣ኙ࣍سኪ ளሏऱኪ৫սྥለঅښۖ࣍ᨠኘऱၸΖ ૿ኙতԲ՞֭ᒵၲຏ৵ભᖺݶຒᨠ٠֏ऱွΔભᖺषิ៣ᛵᇞسኪளሏױ౨ࠐऱছ ནΔ܀ਢڇᖂહ৵ऱኔᔌথڶڍऱܺቼڶৱᇞެΖ
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࿇୶سኪளሏऱܺቼ
࿇୶سኪளሏऱܺቼ
Brandon (1996) མਐנΔڍسኪளሏऱ֭ृՈᎁسኪளሏࢬ༿㍾ऱڍᄗ࢚Δຏൄຫᆠመ ፖኔᎾऱणउઌװΔHoney (1999) ނຍᣊسኪளሏݮڤጠψ֏Աऱسኪளሏ (ecotourism lite) ωΖڇભᖺՈլࠏ؆Δڍڇسኪளሏխᎁਢ࿇୶سኪளሏऱයٙࢨܗԺΔױ౨ՈਢॴԺΖ ڇਬጟᐋ૿ՂΔشאषഗ៕ऱسኪளሏࢨ֮֏૿ٻऱسኪளሏࢬਐנऱᄗ࢚რොਮዌΔൕፖભ ᖺषิ៣ऱიຝऱᓫᇩխΔՕીױូנאՀ༓រΚ (ԫԫԫԫ) षऱᕩፋԺፖዌΚषऱᕩፋԺፖዌΚषऱᕩፋԺፖዌΚषऱᕩፋԺፖዌΚ षऱᕩፋԺൎஇፖዌኙ࣍سኪளሏऱ࿇୶ࠠڶૹऱᐙԺ (Brandon,1996)ΔᕩፋԺൎऱष ڇ૿ኙ؆ࠐऱ֮֏א֗ؑ֏ᖲࠫၞԵழΔױאঅڶषءߪࢬݦඨܧऱ֮֏ፖ۞ྥནᨠΖڕٵ ছ֮ࢬ૪ΔભᖺऱषᕩፋԺڶৰՕऱຝ։ਢࠉᘸ९ሒԼڣऱֽ֘ሎ೯ࢬีᗨᨈۖࠐऱΖ ᖕભᖺᅝچֽ֘ቸ᧯ጠΔᅝழᆖመࡺا୮֪ऱᓳΔڶۍ։հԮԼؐ׳ऱભᖺࡺا֘ ኙભᖺֽऱᘋ৬Ζ֘ભᖺֽՈრ࠺ထኙ࣍ભᖺຍჇՒچऱঅᓡΔլᓵڇ֮֏ࢨृਢ۞ྥᐋڻΖڂ ڼྤᓵڇԳᑇࢨृڇ࢚ՂΔભᖺऱषᕩፋԺਢԫፕषխ֟ߠऱூࠏΖԫֱ૿Δભᖺਢԫ ଡॺൄొጰऱড়୮षΔڶۍ։հԼԮऱࡺاড়୮ԳΖףՂመװᅝچऱဈ౻்ጟขسԱԫጟ ऱངՠݮڤ (ٌՠ)ΔՈᒔمԱભᖺԳऱᘣ᥆ጻא֗ᔘٝᣂএΖڇֽ֘ழཚ (1992-2000 ڣ)Δભᖺ ऱषᕩፋԺࠉᘸࠟଡषิ៣ऱ೯Δԫਢფၢ࠰ၞᄎΔڍط१ၢڣ᎘ऱवᢝٝิګΙԲਢ ભᖺֽ֘ՕᜤᅩΔطڣڍնԼᄣאՂچֱऱߊࢤልاิګ9 Ζڇ૿ኙ٥ٵऱ؆ڇᚘԺ (ਙࢌ৬ֽऱਙ)Δᔘٝऱംᠲᑉழஇ֏ԱΖ܀ਢڇٽԱچֱ۞ྥ֮֏א֗ᆖᛎऱ૿ٻऱسኪளሏᤜᠲ ՂΔԼ塒ڣࠐᖄભᖺ֮֏࿇୶ᤜᠲऱფၢ࠰ၞᄎऱڣ᎘१ၢवᢝٝհრߠΔঁ୲࣐ڇᘣගᔘٝऱ խᆘᆙΔۖᖄીԺၦऱ։ཋΖڼ؆ΔֽᤜᠲࠌભᖺขسԱࠟैլٵऱܑፖႨԺΔڇسኪ ᛩঅፖ֮֏অژऱᤜᠲՂՈขسԱլٵऱ࢚Ζ ڂڼֆຝ॰ऱԺၦڇᖞٽچֱ٥ᢝՂ༉᧩ॺൄૹΔױ൦ભᖺچֱਙࢌڇຍֱ૿ྤऄٽΔࠌ ભᖺޢଡิ៣ፖچֱٺ۞װ࿇୶הଚᎁૹऱᤜᠲΖڕભᖺფၢ࠰ၞᄎऱԺਢ࣋ڇψભᖺֽω ቃࡳچ႓ᓘፇߣΔ२ڣࠐ။ࠐ။࠹ᨫؾऱભᖺ႓ᓘผঁਢࠡᆖᛜऱګ࣠հԫΖ܀ٵᑌՈڶભᖺࡺا۞ ۩ิګள۩षΔࢨՕᑓऱ৬ທሏᑗΕګمྀ՞๗ࢨ֮֏ޘࠐܮ֧ᨠ٠ড়ۖ࠷ܓ墿Ζឈྥຍฤ ٽԱ CBE խψषڂளሏۖขسՠ܂ᖲᄎωऱᄗ࢚Δ܀ࠀլਢԫጟ٥ᢝࢤऱ࿇୶Δڂڼຍᑌऱ࣠ኙ ભᖺࢬขسऱᓢᚰڕ۶ΔਢᏁᇞެፖေ۷ऱΖ (ԲԲԲԲ) ᓴऱچֱΛᓴऱچֱΛᓴऱچֱΛᓴऱچֱΛ ѧѧѧѧѧѧѧѧ ֮֏چནᎁᢝՂऱؿએΚ֮֏چནᎁᢝՂऱؿએΚ֮֏چནᎁᢝՂऱؿએΚ֮֏چནᎁᢝՂऱؿએΚ ኙ࣍ψᄅԳ֮ᆠچᖂωऱԳ֮چᖂृࠐᎅΔچֱ (place) լႛႛਢԫଡড়᧯Δޓਢਬଡ ᧯ऱড়᧯ѧѧޢԫଡଡ᧯ီԫଡრᆠΕრွࢨტᤚᏝଖऱխ֨Ιԫଡ೯ԳऱΕڶტൣऱྡྷរΙԫ ଡחԳტᤚࠩךየრᆠհΖڇء֮խΔݺଚ٨נԱԼଡભᖺᅝچ࠹ृࢬਐנભᖺຍଡچֱऱૹ چནΖڶࠄԳऱຫ૪ਢፖଡԳऱᆖ᧭ࢨچནፖسࡎ૩ᇾٌᙑऱಖᖋΔڶࠄঞਢא؆ࠐृऱณ٠ᑓᚵ ؆ࠐृუչᏖΔլᓵڕ۶ΔຍࠄچནኙהଚۖߢਢࠠڶૹՕऱრᆠΖ܀ਢڶڍڶംࠩऱભ ᖺᅝچࡺاΔࢨהଚᎅլנչᏖਢભᖺૹऱچནΔՈྤऄ༼ࠎݺଚऱூΔڂኙהଚۖߢΔ ભᖺ༉ቝ़ԫᑌΔ۴ᙟထהଚऱسࡎۖբΖ܀ਢຍ༉ਢהଚࢬᎁᢝࠩऱچֱΔڶچֱဍࢨृਢ ֮֏অژृࢬੴီऱψچֱۥωհچֱΖ᧩ྥڇຍխၴژڇထኙ࣍چֱᎁᢝՂऱฆΖ ڕٵ֮֏چᖂृ Zukin (1989) ࢬਐຫऱΔࠀڶࢬᘯటإऱچֱۥΔԫอጠऱچֱۥࠡ ኔਢچֱፖ؆ڇषᄎᆖᛎΕਙएΕᛩቼյ೯መ৵ऱขढΖመװऱભᖺԳึֲڦ࣍ልࠃΔޣᄵ堷ፖ ՖඒߛۖڦᅻΔהଚუऱਢڕ۶መޓړΔڕ۶ނອᄆᖑᚲऱኃࢪޏ৬ګខᐈऱᗑᐏࢪΖ֮֏ অژኙהଚऱسࡎۖߢΔڶኔᔆऱრᆠΖੌဍᚌႨऱ֮֏অژᏝଖΔਢլਢਢԫጟၢღڤऱ ݦඨڇچֱތ࠷ԫࠄܛലੌຓऱᡖ៱ൣፃࡋΛᓴࠐࡳᆠױጠհ֮֏چནऱભᖺ֮֏چནΔᓴࠐެࡳ չᏖᇠঅژΛչᏖױאهඵΛCBE ऱ᧯ਢषΔᅝભᖺषګኙ࣍؆૿ऱԳუչᏖڶլٵऱᨠ រऱழଢΔՈലਢኙ࣍ਢܡ࿇୶سኪளሏขسࣴߠऱᐋڂైΖ
ᓵፖᛀಘ
ᓵፖᛀಘ
ᓵፖᛀಘ
ᓵፖᛀಘ
ൕભᖺ႓ᓘผΔݺଚࠩભᖺषፖፖषԺၦዌᗰԱԫଡسኪளሏऱৈᖲΔ࣍ਢݺଚޓԵ ऱൕषፖऱߡ৫Δװ൶ಘભᖺਢܡױ౨ګԫଡ࿇୶سኪளሏऱ՛Ζ ൕመװऱᆖ᧭ઔߒא֗ᓵࠐΔ࿇୶אषഗ៕ऱسኪளሏױאԫଡچࠐسኪঅߛፖ ᆖᛎய墿ፖष࿇୶ऱऱڍૹ墿Δ܀ਢຍጟطՀۖՂऱष࿇୶ীኪΔᖕ Peňa (2001) ࢬ༼נऱ ψٽ܂ڤऱᛩቼᆖᛜωΔؘႊࠠໂԫࠄයٙΔץਔᅝچࡺاऱิ៣ΕवᢝࠐᄭΕፖዌΔچֱᖲዌऱ ۞ࢤא֗چֱክऄΔچֱࢬڶऱፖ۞ݺጥऱֆ٥ತขΖۖጟጟൕچֱנ࿇ऱԺၦຟᄭ۞࣍षऱᕩፋԺΖڇઔߒऱመ࿓խΔݺଚ࿇षፖऱسኪளሏࡺ࣍ଈۯऱषᕩፋԺΔڇભᖺऱᘣග ᣂএխঅژԱॺൄদऱഗ៕Δ܀ਢڇ࿇୶سኪளሏࢨृष֮֏ՠ܂ՂΔڶழথګԫጟॴԺΖ٦ ףՂભᖺऱषፖഗ࣍९ሒല२Լڣऱֽ֘ሎ೯Δֽۖऱᤜᠲࠌભᖺऱࡺاឈྥڇष ፖऱዌՂ೯ԱԫޅᅝچऱࡺاΔՈٽԱ؆ຝऱဍ٥ٵٽ܂ΔথՈݮګԱࠟैᑅኙऱႨԺ (֘ ֽፖᢥګֽ)Ζຍጟ։ါທګԱᖞଡषڇრᢝীኪՂऱኙمΔץਔኙ࣍ᛩቼঅߛऱمא֗ਙए ऱኪ৫ΖࠏڕΚԫڣԫ৫ऱભᖺ႓ᓘผ༉ਢطֽ֘ऱೄᛜࢬᖄऱΖڂڼૉאભᖺ܂ԫଡݙᖞऱ षࠐ࿇୶سኪளሏ (ۖॺֽ֘ፖᢥګֽऱࠟଡլٵೄᛜ)Δᕩፋष٥ᢝঞᏁֆຝ॰տԵףא ࠰ᓳ֗ᖞٽΖ܀ؾছچֱਙࢌڇྤԺٽऱणउՀΔطՀۖՂषፖऱԺၦፖᑷൣΔᐙऱᐋ૿ല ࠹ࠩওૻΖڂڼΔᖞٽषփຝऱᕩፋԺਢؾছᏁ٦ၞԫޡܘԺऱؾᑑΖ ۖൕભᖺ֮֏چནഗءᇷறऱ৬مΔ᧩قભᖺբᆖࠠໂ Peňa ਐנऱψچֱࢬڶऱፖ۞ݺጥऱ ֆ٥ತขωΔڍऱ֮֏چནؾছՈطچֱࡺاᎁ塄Δࢨृطषิ៣ࠐቤጥΖࠏڕࣟ॰ᑔலᢰᓻ مԱԫଡطભᖺფၢ࠰ၞᄎࢬૠ፹܂Δᐊڶࣟ॰ᑔऱᖵऱࣟ॰ᑔীྨܽΖᅐᙰڅலՈᓻمԱԫ ჇψمልհֽωऱྨܽΔྨՂ૪ᎅԱຍයֽڅભᖺልᄐऱഗΖۖ܄ֆΕ႓ᓘፇߣΕဈᑔΕኃࢪ چནΔլ܀ਢ᥆࣍षࡺاࢬ٥ٵಖᖋऱچֱΔԫଡࠠڶۥፖრᆠऱچֱΔՈਢהଚᎁױאፖ؆ چԳ։ࠆऱچֱΖຍࠄ٨ᜰנࠐऱچནΔऱᒔՈբᆖګሏড়ࠩԱભᖺუᨠᓾፖᕋߩऱچរΖլመ ڇݺଚቈཆچֱ֮֏ۥऱٵழΔՈؘႊኙ࣍۶ᘯψچֱ֮֏ۥωຍԫᤜᠲޓऱ৸ەΖ ڇֱ۫ᑪੌऱ೯ፖᓢᚰՀΔسኪளሏբᆖࠠڶԫࡳऱإᅝࢤፖٽऄࢤΖᅝسኪளሏ௫ࠩष ፖ֮֏ऱᤜᠲழΔൎᓳऱਢװ᧯᧭ᅝچऱ֮֏ۥΖ܀ኔᎾՂࢬᘯऱ֮֏ۥਢৰ֦ᇫऱΔຍ௫ࠩ ᓴࠐࡳᆠչᏖਢ֮֏Δۖڇ؆ࠐሏড়ऱڂైףԵ৵Δ֮֏ۥലᄎլឰچᇿᙟထ؆ڇऱषᄎΕਙएፖ ᆖᛎઌյᐙፖ᧢೯Δ֮֏ۥ່ึᄎԵ֏ऱؑΖ່৵ᅝሏড়ࠩԱԫଡچֱΔ᧯᧭ࠩऱױ ౨ਢԫጟ᧢Աᓳऱฆഏ (چ) ൣᓳۖբΖࢬאΔسኪளሏࢬ૿ᜯऱംᠲਢאچֱ֮֏װᇿᙟፖᔞᚨ ؆ࠐृΔᝫਢװٵ֏؆ࠐृΖ سኪளሏऱ༼ଠृམ༼נΔسኪளሏڕٵֽԫΔױאሉۣՈױאۣΖᅝԫଡष࿇୶سኪ ளሏழΔٵழՈ૿ᜯԱषᙟထ؆ࠐृլױᝩ܍ऱ᧢ᔢΖԫଡष౨ജࢭ࠹ڍ֟ऱᓢᚰΔڍ֟ሏড়ऱ ၞԵᄎທګᓢᚰΔຍࠄຟਢᏁေ۷܀Ոৰᣄေ۷ऱംᠲΖڼ؆ኙ࣍չᏖਢچֱۥፖچֱ֮֏ऱം ᠲΔڇ࿇୶سኪளሏऱመ࿓ᅝխױ౨ᄎףᏣषႨԺऱޓףኙمΔຍՈਢآࠐױ౨૿ᜯऱଅᙠΖ ڂڼᕣጥભᖺࠠໂԱ᠆༄ऱ֮֏چནא֗ൎՕऱषԺၦΔ܀ਢૉᖞଡष٥ٵ࿇୶سኪள ሏΔথᄎ૿ᜯषᕩፋԺᖞٽא֗چֱ֮֏ۥࡳऱܺቼΖڇݺଚױאᇞΔչᏖભᖺऱष ิ៣ኙ࣍سኪளሏऱኪ৫ႜٻঅښۖڶৱᨠኘΔڂسኪளሏፖኔᎾऱषउٽ৵Δ᜔ᄎขس ڍᏁՕၦԳԺፖढԺװᇞެऱܺቼΖભᖺऱषፖፖषԺၦؾছսਢፖᄭᄭլΔڂڼڇ षփຝױאขسऱ౨ၦࢨृךᦞ (empowerment) ᝫਢଖཚৱऱΖൕषᄎዌऱߡ৫ࠐΔભᖺਢ ፕልޘषᄎዌऱԫຝٝΔೈԱࠡהփຝऱԺၦא؆Δፖ؆ຝዌऱյ೯ՈਢॺൄૹऱΖᅝ؆ຝ ዌດዬᖂፖክ༇ૹچֱऱழଢΔঁᄎղቝભᖺຍᑌऱषޓڍऱԺၦװᆖᛜהଚऱړ՞ړֽΖ
ء ઔ ߒ ഏ ઝ ᄎ ࢬ ᇖ ܗ հ ઔ ߒ ૠ ቤ ψ ભ ᖺ ष ة ᥛ ࢤ հ ֮ ֏ ေ ۷ ઔ ߒ ω Հ ၞ ۩ (NSC89-2415-H-002-028)Ζء֮հॣᒚΔམ࣍ 90 ڣ 12 ִ 8 ֲ࿇।࣍խဎاഏຟؑૠቤڣᄎዄᓵ֮ઔ ಘᄎΖტᄎᤜေᓵԳ֗ೳټᐉᒚԳऱᣪ၆৬ᤜΔڇڼޓტ᎓ႂΕ႓ᤌႅࠟۯڇ֮ڗᐷᐊՂऱ ৬ᤜא֗ભᖺფၢ࠰ၞᄎ༼ࠎຝٝऱᅃׂΖု
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1 ءઔߒഏઝᄎࢬᇖܗհઔߒૠѧѧψભᖺषةᥛࢤհ֮֏ေ۷ઔߒωՀݙګΰNSC 89-2415-H-002-028αΖᇠઔߒૠऱ༼נΔࠠڶऱழ़હནΖ1999 ڣਙࢌૠڇભᖺᘋ৬ऱψભ ᖺֽωإ፝Ⴈৱ࿇Δ۴ᙟထຍႈՠ࿓ऱᘋ৬ૠΔਙࢌՈࡡಜᖂၞ۩Աԫࠄᛩቼᐙေ۷א ֗षᄎᐙေ۷Ζڶᦸ࣍ຍࠄေ۷࢙ฃԱભᖺ᠆༄ऱ֮֏ᇷขΔڇֽՠ࿓ऱᘋ৬৵ല૿ᜯۊଆྌ ᄰऱٲᖲΔڂڼΔૠԳ༼נԱຍԫઔߒૠΔਢԱൕ֮֏ऱ૿ٻࠐေ۷ભᖺषةᥛ࿇ ୶ऱᣋནΖ 2 ભᖺֽࠎᚨᛍতՠᄐشֽΖᛍতՠᄐਢط⺎ၼՕᅂᙓᐗ֗ࣟ০ՓԮ᎘ف֏ᐗࢬิګΔ ࠟጟՠᄐຟਢֽΕ౨ΕۆऱขᄐΖࢬאຝ։ભᖺԳઌॾભᖺֽऱᘋ৬ΔലࠌભᖺԳ ګತቸፖਙড়ܓ墿։ᥪऱᥔ੪Ζ 3 1994ڣ 12 ִ 31 ֲ࣍խഏழᣪठࢬעሉऱψ᎔ߨԫஆֽΕᤢࠐԫٝωࢬሉΚψᅝڣΔط ֽ࣍ᇷᄎڇભᖺᠨᄻߣ৬ֽΔՕԺ֘ኙऱچֱԳՓิګԱψფၢ࠰ၞᄎωΔֽऱᘋ৬ூڕᣋ ᑉழᚶᆜ৵ΔຍᆢբᖿದకფၢՒൣტऱԳΔԾႉګີچދԵԱچֱऱᒳᤊՠ܂Δឈྥ ؾছᝫڇᐷᐊၸΔ܀ભᖺԳբڇ፦ႃᇷறऱመ࿓խᖂᄎԱޓૹऱფၢფاፖ༇ૹ֮֏Ζω 4 ψ႓ᓘผωᏚڤ່৵ऱᑪΔਢطผृലԫᒌᒌွᐛထ႓ᓘऱ႓ۥक़ᡰطᠨᄻᖯՂٻᄻੌխᦠՀΔ რ࠺ထݺଚᚨᇠԫದ۞ྥسኪऱঅߛܘԺΔᨃ႓ᓘᒿᒿଆፘઠබࣥၴऱནွ٦Ζ 5 1997ڣ 7 ִΔรԿࡻψભᖺ႓ᓘผω೯ႈؾհԫψ႓ᓘፇߣسኪֆދωΖၲป࣠ڶሒۍ։հ Լնऱދปृ്ല႓ᓘፇߣψسኪ۞ྥֆႼωΖ 6 ڼԫ೯ऱګ࣠റᙀխΔץܶԱψپڇભᖺωΕψઠڇભᖺωΕψߨભᖺωΕψ֮֏ભᖺωፖψભᖺ٦ سωຝ։ΖലભᖺऱႚอଇΕ۪Ε۰Ε۩ΕߛΕᑗ᜕ײվ܂ԱտฯΖ 7 ࠹ऱषิ៣იຝΔڶࠄࠀլਢભᖺᅝچऱࡺاΖ 8 ڇԫڻڶᣂ࣍ψભᖺᨠ٠ছནωऱष՛ิಘᓵᄎխΔषიຝ༼֗ψભᖺऱᨠ٠ࠃᄐڇດዬᘋದ ऱٵழΔڶৰڍ՛ᇷءᄎݦඨ၍ڼ࿇୶Ζᝫڶᨠ٠֏ࢬࠐኙֲ࣍ൄسऱᐙΔڕ۶ᨃݺଚլ۟ ၄ऱኙွ…… ωΖ 9 ೈڼհ؆ᝫڶԶۥ຺࠰ᄎΔࡉ֮ඒഗ८ᄎΔഡՖٽഀቸΖە֮
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ݚݪར (2002)ဈᑔፖભᖺآࠐऱ࿇୶ΔДӀξᚇᇞ 8 ठΔ2002 ڣ 3 ִ 19 ֲΖ ݚݪརΕܦࢣࠕ (2000) הଚࠐᩀ८ଉѧѧسኪளሏፖष࿇୶Δ҇Вൔ 17 ठΔ2000 ڣ 4 ִ 16 ֲΖ ࣥᤲྶ (1994) ᎔ߨԫஆֽΕᤢࠐԫٝΔύ୯ਔൔᝊހΔ1994 ڣ 12 ִ 31 ֲΖ ભᖺფၢ࠰ၞᄎ (2000) ऍᐚ҉ុวᜫඳπբ֝ЋнΔભᖺფၢ࠰ၞᄎΖ ભᖺֆࢬ (1998) ऍᐚᙼᇞ!)Π*ΔႂᗼભᖺֆࢬΖ ႂᗼم֮֏խ֨ (1996) ऍᐚϐਓΔႂᗼم֮֏խ֨Ζ ႂᗼم֮֏խ֨ (1999) ଯᑜЎϯԋ݀ᒠΔႂᗼم֮֏խ֨Ζ ႂᗼਙࢌ (1997) ଯᑜᙦϐਓΔႂᗼਙࢌΖ ພࢁࡵ (1999) ғᄊਓၯѧѧΒΜШइਓၯཥЬΔፕקΚཆཕ֮֏Ζ ຫᙘᅇ (2001) 21 ધष᜔᧯ᛜທհ୶ඨѧѧةᥛ࿇୶ऱषس٥ٵ᧯Δޗᔼਥπբޣ૽ ᔼΔፕতფၢ֮ඒഗ८ᄎΖ ႓ព࣪ (2002) ܑᨃဈᑔଙՀΔДӀξᚇᇞ 8 ठΔ2002 ڣ 3 ִ 9 ֲΖ ႓ᥬႅ (2001) سኪளሏऱ࢚ፖኔᔌΚ۰اຝᆵऱᨠរΔߥៈᆅޑ୯ሞཥᖿ༈ࣴፕЎΔ փਙຝᛜ৬ᆟΕխဎاഏഏ୮ֆႼᖂᄎᙄΔ2001 ڣ 5 ִ 29~30 ֲΖ ᆖᛎຝֽᇷᄭݝ (1998) ऍᐚНᆕӝᒌ၌៝ୢਢीฝΔխ՞Օᖂֽᇷᄭઔߒխ֨Ζ ᎓๖ੳ (2001) ऍᐚȨᗛکȩচໂ॥ඳΔፕקΚᘷᙰᨓנठषΖ ة᠆ (1999) ψൕဈᑔຯᢌࠩรԮ՛ิဈᑔᙕଃωΔگᙕ࣍ႂᗼم֮֏խ֨ΔଯᑜЎϯԋ݀ ᒠΔႂᗼم֮֏խ֨ΖBrandon, K. (1996) Ecotourism and Conservation: A Review of Key Issues, Environment Department, Global Environment Division of World Bank.
Honey, Martha (1999) Ecotourism and Sustainable Development: Who Owns Paradise? Washington D.C.: London Press.
Nick Wates (1996) Action Planning: How to Use Planning Weekends and Urban Design Action Teams to
Improve Your Environment. The Prince of Wales Institute of Architecture.
Peňa , Devon G. (2001) Environmental anthropology and the restoration of local systems of commons management. Lecture delivered at the Dept. of Geography, National Taiwan University, Sept. 10, 2001. Redclift, M. (1987) Sustainable Development: Exploring the Contradictions. London: Routledge.
Sirakaya, Ercan & Sasidharan, Vinod (1999) Redefining ecotourism: The need for a supply-side view,
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91ڣ 3 ִ 30 ֲگᒚ 91ڣ 10 ִ 8 ֲ൷࠹
