以參與民眾之觀點評估政府資訊課程之成效 - 政大學術集成

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(1)୯ҥࡹ‫ݯ‬εᏢϦӅՉࡹᏢ‫س‬ ᅺγᏢՏፕЎ. аୖᆶ҇౲ϐᢀᗺຑ՗ࡹ۬ၗૻፐำϐԋਏ. ࡰᏤ௲௤ǺᑵΏ‫ ؝‬റγ ࣴ ‫ ز‬ғ Ǻဠ஀൛. ύ. ๮. ҇. ୯. 1. 0. 3. ኗ. ԃ. 7. Д.

(2) ᖴᜏ! ӧࡹεϦՉ‫س‬ό‫ޕ‬ό᝺ΨၸΑ 21 ঁൣපǴ࿶ᐕΑ 5 ԃ‫ޑ‬εᏢғࢲ‫ ک‬7 ԃ‫ࣴޑ‬ ‫܌ز‬ғࢲǴಖ‫ܭ‬ा஥๱ഒ៌‫ک‬ό௭ҬᙃԶԋ‫ޑ‬Ј௃Ǵ፯΢Γғ‫ޑ‬ќ΋ঁਓำǶӧ ‫؃‬ᏢၸำύǴሡाགᖴ‫ޑ‬ΓॺӭӵᕷࢃǴ‫؂‬΋Տ‫ޑ‬ᔅշ‫ک‬ഉՔ೿ᡣ‫ޑך‬Ꮲғғఱ кᅈӚᅿӭߍӭ࠮‫ޑ‬࿶ᡍǶ! २ӃǴനሡाགᖴ‫ࢂޑ‬ፕЎࡰᏤ௲௤ᑵΏ‫؝‬ԴৣǴவεᏢਔжߡ᝺ளԴৣ‫ޑ‬ ௲Ꮲᆶࣴ‫ز‬ᆒઓࡐзΓལ‫ٵ‬Ǵᇸ᚞ύΞόѨᝄᙣǴӢԜӧள‫ޕ‬Ե΢ᅺγ੤‫ޑ‬྽ΠǴ ߡႴଆ߿਻ӛԴৣЛၱԾᙚǴΨࡐ۩ၮ‫ޑ‬уΕΑԴৣ‫࠻زࣴޑ‬ǴᏼҺշ౛ය໔Ǵ Ꮲಞ‫ډ‬Α೚ӭբࣴ‫מޑز‬ѯᆶғࢲ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǶӕਔǴΨࡐགᖴԴৣૈ‫ךڙה‬ӧ຾Ε ᙍ൑ϐࡕ‫؂‬ъԃω nffujoh ΋ԛǴ٠ਔਔගᒬ‫ך‬ाᏃ‫ֹז‬ԋፕЎǴЀ‫ځ‬ӧനࡕ΋ ԃǴ൳Я‫ঁٿ؂‬ᘶࡨ΋ԛ‫ ޑ‬nffujohǴԴৣ೿ࣁΑଛӝ‫ޑך‬Π੤ਔ໔Ǵ੝Ӧఁ΢ᗋ ‫࠻زࣴډ‬΋ଆ૸ፕǶӧቪբၸำύၶ‫ډ‬౟ᓍਔǴԴৣΨόᘐ๏ϒཥ‫ࡘޑ‬ԵБӛǴ ᡣ‫ૈך‬ӧᏢᝤ‫ז‬ा೏ؒԏ‫߻ޑ‬δֹԋፕЎǵ໩ճ౥཰ǶќѦǴᗋाགᖴ‫ٿ‬Տα၂ ‫ہ‬঩ᖻܴԋԴৣ‫ک‬஭ㅆૠԴৣǴ‫ٿ‬ՏԴৣӧα၂ਔග‫ޑٮ‬Ӛᅿᝊ຦ࡌ᝼Ǵ๏ϒᏢ ғঅ҅ፕЎલѨ‫ޑ‬БӛǴᡣᏢғ‫ޑ‬ፕЎ‫׳‬ᑪֹ๓ǶΨाགᖴӧၗ਑ᇆ໣ၸำύ๏ ϒᔅշ‫ڙޑ‬ೖ‫ॺޣ‬Ǵᖴᖴգॺޭ‫ܜ‬рਔ໔ௗ‫ڙ‬ೖፋ‫ک‬༤ቪୢ‫ڔ‬Ǵҗ‫ܭ‬գॺ‫ڐޑ‬շ ωԋ൩Α೭ጇፕЎǶ! གᖴ‫س‬ᒤ‫ٿޑ‬ՏᏢ‫܃ˇۆ‬ዝᏢ‫ۆ‬ǵᅇฐᏢ‫ۆ‬Ǵӧ‫ޑך‬Ꮲғғఱύ๏ϒ೚ӭᔅ շǴ྽ჹ‫س‬΢‫܈‬Ꮲਠၮբำ‫ׇ‬ԖᅪୢਔǴᏢ‫ۆ‬ᕴૈග‫ٮ‬ှเǶќѦǴ΋ଆࡋၸε Ꮲғࢲ‫ޑ‬λ‫ۄ׸‬ǵഩಹǵ‫ۺ‬ᓄǴԖգॺ‫ޑ‬ഉՔǴᡣখ຾Εࣴ‫܌ز‬ਔٗᗭόӼ‫ޑ‬ЈǴ Ԗёа‫ܫ‬Ј٩᎞‫ޑ‬ӦБǶᗋԖ΋ଆ‫ۺ‬ਜǵ΋ଆрၯ‫ވ‬኷‫܌زࣴޑ‬ӕᏢ Y மǵҘ⾺ǵ ख़ᇬǵᇺ‫ۂ‬ǵৎᆢǵᓉ๩ǵ‫ݒ‬ሺǵ܎រǵΏϓǵЎฐǵॕమǵӃ‫ޕ‬ǵ଻ঞ‫ک‬ோϘǴ ࡐଯᑫૈၟգॺ΋ଆࡋၸٌधՠ៿኷‫܌زࣴޑ‬ғࢲǶԶ OZ ࣴ‫ޑ࠻ز‬უՔॺǺᛥਕ Ꮲߏǵε߲Ꮲ‫ۆ‬ǵࡘզᏢ‫ۆ‬ǵऎዅᏢ‫ۆ‬ǵЎฐᏢ‫ۆ‬ǵ٫ӼᏢ‫ۆ‬ǵܿԓǵεᝊǵࡹ ‫◖ک׊‬ᖪǴ‫ຼ؂‬΋ԛ‫཮زࣴޑ‬᝼ᕴૈவεৎ‫ي‬΢Ꮲ‫ډ‬Ӛᅿբࣴ‫ޑز‬ᆒઓǶΨࡐག ᖴ‫ޑך‬ӕ٣ॺǴӧ೭ঁᜢЯ౥཰ᆶց‫ޑ‬ख़ाਔ‫څ‬Ǵૈడค࡜‫ޑق‬Ѝ࡭‫ך‬ǵdpwfs ‫ך‬ ‫ޑ‬πբǴᡣ‫ૈך‬ӄЈፂ‫ڈ‬ፕЎǶӕਔΨाᖴᖴᔅ‫ך‬ፄಞ಍ी‫϶ܻޑ‬৥ሺǴӧ‫ך‬ς ࿶ৡόӭ‫ב‬Ӏ಍ीϩ‫݋‬Б‫ݤ‬ਔǴെᒬ‫૶ޑך‬ᏫǴᡣ‫ֹૈך‬ԋፕЎ‫ޑ‬ୢ‫ڔ‬ϩ‫݋‬Ƕ! നࡕǴाགᖴ‫ޑך‬ৎΓॺǴ‫ݿ‬༰ǵε‫ۊ‬ǵε‫ۊ‬ϻǵΒ‫ۊ‬ǵΒ‫ۊ‬ϻǴᗨฅӭԃ ߻ၳգॺٰୖуΑؒԖ౥཰᛾ਜ‫ޑ‬౥཰‫ڂ‬ᘶǴՠ೭ԛࢂ੿‫ޑ‬౥཰៷Ǽᖴᖴգॺό ᘐ‫ޑ‬๏‫ך‬ႴᓰǴᡣ‫ۓૈך‬ΠЈֹٰԋፕЎǶᗋԖགᖴനख़ा‫ྗޑ‬ԴϦ࠶‫ד‬Ǵӧ‫ך‬ ೖፋ‫ک‬วୢ‫߻ڔ‬Ǵഉ‫ך‬΢ξΠੇѐ௖ၡǹӧ‫ך‬ᜤၸ‫ک‬གྷѺష‫ޑ‬ਔং๏ϒႴᓰ‫ک‬Ѝ ࡭ǹӧ‫ך‬ቪբၶ‫֚ډ‬ᜤਔǴග‫ٮ‬ȐёૈȑԖҔ‫ࡌޑ‬᝼ǶӢࣁԖգ‫ޑ‬࿎ߦ‫៝ྣک‬Ǵ ‫ך‬ಖ‫ܭ‬ӧനࡕ΋ԃ‫ޑ‬നࡕ΋ᏢයֹԋΑፕЎǶჹ‫ܭ‬ӧᏢғғఱύ‫܌‬Ԗ๏ϒᔅշ‫ޑ‬ ΓॺǴᗨฅค‫ݤ‬΋΋ၰᅰǴՠ੿‫ޑ‬གᖴգॺ΋ၡ‫ޑ‬Ѝ࡭‫ک‬ႴᓰǴӢࣁԖգॺǴᡣ ‫ޑך‬ΓғၰၡкᅈӚᅿऍ᜽‫ޑ‬॥ඳǴᖴᖴεৎǶ! 3125 ԃ 9 Д 35 В! ဠ஀൛! ᙣᇞ! i.

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(4) ύЎᄔा ࣁӢᔈၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫זמ‬ೲว৖ԶЇว‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡǴӚ୯ࡹ۬‫ۓڋ‬೚ӭࡹ฼а ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡǴബ೷‫׳‬Ϧѳ‫ޑ‬ኧՏᐒ཮Ƕ‫ځ‬ύǴࡹ۬ᙖҗ௢୏խ຤ၗૻፐำǴග ‫҇ٮ‬౲ᏢಞኧՏૈΚ‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮Ǵ຾ԶᕭอࠤໂኧՏပৡǶࣁΑ௖૸҇౲ჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻፐ ำሡ‫؃‬Ǵ‫܌۬ࡹک‬໒ᒤ‫ޑ‬ၗૻፐำϐ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯Ǵҁࣴ‫ز‬२ӃаኧՏᐒ཮ࡰ኱Ȑၗ ૻ߈ҔǵၗૻનᎦǵၗૻᔈҔȑٰᑽໆ҇౲‫ޑ‬ኧՏૈΚǴ٠೸ၸుࡋೖፋ‫کݤ‬ୢ ‫ڔ‬ፓࢗ‫ݤ‬Ǵፓࢗཥчѱࡹ۬ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ᔼၮኳԄ‫҇ک‬౲ୖᆶၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬௃‫׎‬Ǵᙖ аΑှࡹ۬‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำࢂց಄ӝ҇౲‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ǴаϷ҇౲ӧᏢಞၗૻፐำ ࡕǴ‫ځ‬ኧՏૈΚ‫ޑ‬ᡂϯǶ ҁࣴ‫ز‬࿶җుࡋೖፋว౜Ǵ໒ፐൂՏᗨฅ཮٩Ᏽ҇౲‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬໒ᒤၗૻፐำǴ ࠅࢂҗ҇౲ԾՉᒧ᏷టୖᆶ‫ޑ‬ፐำǴу΢΋૓҇౲٠όΑှԾρ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ǴᏤठ҇ ౲ୖᆶ‫ޑ‬ፐำёૈό಄ӝ‫ځ‬ኧՏૈΚǴӧᏢಞࡕΨࡐϿᔈҔ‫ܭ‬Вதғࢲ‫܈‬πբ ΢ǶќѦǴҁࣴ‫ز‬೸ၸୢ‫ڔ‬ፓࢗҭว౜Ǵ҇౲ࢂցୖᆶၗૻፐำᆶ‫ୖځ‬ᆶࡕኧՏ ૈΚ‫ޑ‬ගϲόֹӄ࣬ᜢǴϸԶ҇౲চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚ‫ޑ‬ଯեǴωࢂ‫ޔ‬ௗቹៜୖᆶࡕ‫ޑ‬ ኧՏૈΚ‫ޑ‬ӢનǴᡉҢࡹ۬ၗૻፐำ٠҂ֹӄวචࡹ۬Ⴃ೛ϐਏ݀Ƕ ᆕӝԶ‫ق‬ǴЬाࣴ‫ز‬ว౜хࡴǺ Ȑ1ȑၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ೕჄ҂ֹӄ಄ӝ҇౲‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ ᆶᑫ፪ǹ Ȑ2ȑߚ೿཮Ӧ୔‫҇ޑ‬౲ୖᆶ౗ό٫Ǵ೷ԋၗૻፐำӧᔼၮ΢य़ᖏനε‫ޑ‬ ֚ნࣁ‫ܕ‬ғ֚ᜤǹ Ȑ3ȑ҇౲ঁΓङඳǵচ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚ‫ک‬ፐำሡ‫؃‬ǴࡐϿቹៜ҇౲ ᒧ᏷ୖᆶၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ᜪࠠǴЪ҇౲ୖᆶፐำࡕኧՏૈΚ‫ޑ‬ගϲ‫ୖ܌ک‬ᆶ‫ޑ‬ፐำၨ คᜢ߯ǹ Ȑ4ȑ҇౲ࢂցୖᆶၗૻፐำǴ֡όቹៜ‫ځ‬ӧВதғࢲύ٬Ҕၗૻ‫ޑૈמ‬ ௃‫׎‬Ǵՠ཮ቹៜπբ΢‫ޑ‬ᔈҔ௃‫׎‬Ƕ ਥᏵࣴ‫ز‬ว౜Ǵҁࣴ‫ز‬ගрΟᗺჴ୍ࡌ᝼Ǵբࣁࡹ۬Вࡕ໒ᒤၗૻፐำ‫ୖޑ‬ ԵǺ Ȑ1ȑၗૻፐำϣ৒‫ޑ‬ೕჄᔈа҇౲ሡ‫ک؃‬ᑫ፪ࣁᏤӛǴЪ೛ी‫ڀ‬Һ୍‫ޑ܄‬ၗ ૻፐำǹ Ȑ2ȑ೸ၸኧՏૈΚຑໆ߄Ǵࡌ᝼҇౲ࡪྣ‫ځ‬ኧՏૈΚᒧ᏷ୖᆶၗૻፐำ ‫ޑ‬໩‫ׇ‬ǹ Ȑ3ȑ‫ܗ‬৖ᔼၮᏵᗺǴ୍ܺ‫׳‬ӭወӧ҇౲Ǵቚу‫ځ‬ௗ᝻ၗૻ‫ૈמ‬ϐᐒ཮Ǵ ຾Զᕭ෧ኧՏပৡǴගϲ‫ځ‬ኧՏૈΚǶ ᜢᗖӷǺኧՏပৡǵኧՏᐒ཮ǵኧՏૈΚǵၗૻનᎦǵၗૻፐำ. iii.

(5) Abstract In order to reduce the digital divide caused by the rapidly developing ICTs, governments for every country adopt various policies to bridge digital divide and create more balanced digital opportunities. Providing free IT skill training is one of the policies to educate the public some fundamental computer skills. This thesis primarily focuses on the relationship between public's demands on IT skill training and the actual training programs hosted by the government. At first, this study includes digital opportunity indexȐDOIȑ─ information access, information literacy, and information application─ to measure the digital ability for the public. In order to understand both whether trainings provided by government match the public's demands and the impacts on their digital abilities after the courses. Furthermore, the study also investigates operational model and the condition of the training programs in New Taipei City through interviews and questionnaires. According to the findings by depth interviews, although the IT skill training was designed based on the public's demands, the public usually does not understand their own demands. In addition, the public sign up for training courses voluntarily. It causes the public to learn those skills that not only mismatch their digital ability but also rarely being applied in their life or work. The study also finds that whether or not people take the training does not correlate with the improvement of their digital abilities. Instead, the degree of initial digital ability is the major factor that affects people's digital ability after training, which means the IT skill training does not bring expected effect into full play. Accordingly, the study concludes that (1) The IT training program does not match with people's demands and interests; (2) The participation in suburbia is low, which troubles the operation of the training program; (3) Individual demographics, initial digital abilities, and demands on IT training do not play important roles on selecting their IT skill training. Further, participating in IT courses does not actually lead to substantial improvement of their digital abilities; (4) Regardless of their participation, the significant training impact is on work rather than daily living. The thesis, based on the previous findings, then offers three suggestions: (1) The IT skill training courses should be designed and oriented toward both demand and interest for the public; (2) Providing a scale to measure different levels of digital ability may help the public on selecting the right training course; (3) Increase the number of training sites to serve more people and to increase their accessibility to information technology. As a result, bridging digital divide and promoting digital ability for countryside will be achieved.. iv.

(6) Key WordǺDigital DivideǵDigital OpportunityǵDigital AbilityǵInformation Literacyǵ IT Skill Training. !. v.

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(8) Ҟԛ ಃ΋ക. ಃΒക. ಃΟക. ಃѤക. ಃϖക. ᆣፕ .............................................................................................................. 1 ಃ΋࿯. ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ .......................................................................................... 1. ಃΒ࿯. ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ ޑ‬.............................................................................. 2. ಃΟ࿯. ࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ .......................................................................................... 5. ಃѤ࿯. ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ .......................................................................................... 5. ಃϖ࿯. ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำ .......................................................................................... 6. Ў᝘ӣ៝ ...................................................................................................... 9 ಃ΋࿯. ႝηϯࡹ۬ ...................................................................................... 9. ಃΒ࿯. ኧՏပৡᆶኧՏᐒ཮ .................................................................... 19. ಃΟ࿯. ࡹ۬ЬᏤϐၗૻፐำ .................................................................... 39. ಃѤ࿯. ࣴ‫ۓز‬Տᆶࢎᄬϐว৖ ................................................................ 52. ࣴ‫ز‬೛ी .................................................................................................... 55 ಃ΋࿯. ၗ਑ᇆ໣Б‫ݤ‬ᆶࢬำ .................................................................... 55. ಃΒ࿯. ుࡋೖፋ‫ ݤ‬.................................................................................... 58. ಃΟ࿯. ୢ‫ڔ‬ፓࢗ‫ ݤ‬.................................................................................... 60. ࡹ۬ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ᔼၮኳԄ ........................................................................ 71 ಃ΋࿯. ࡹ۬ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ᔼၮय़ӛ ............................................................ 71. ಃΒ࿯. аᔼၮ‫ࡋفޣ‬ϩ‫݋‬ፐำ‫ޑ‬ග‫ٮ‬БԄ ............................................ 84. ಃΟ࿯. ᆕӝКၨᆶϩ‫ ݋‬............................................................................ 88. ࡹ۬ၗૻፐำ‫ୖޑ‬ᆶ௃‫ ׎‬........................................................................ 91 ಃ΋࿯. ୢ‫ڔ‬ӣԏཷ‫ݩ‬Ϸ୷ҁၗ਑಍ीϩ‫ ݋‬............................................ 91. ಃΒ࿯. ҇౲ୖᆶࡹ۬ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬௃‫ ׎‬.................................................... 93. ಃΟ࿯. ҇౲ჹ‫۬ࡹܭ‬ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ᆶୖᆶϐᜪࠠ .......................... 106. ಃѤ࿯. ҇౲ୖᆶፐำࡕ‫ޑ‬ቹៜ .............................................................. 123 vii.

(9) ಃϖ࿯ ಃϤക. ᆕӝ૸ፕᆶϩ‫ ݋‬.......................................................................... 130. ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼ .............................................................................................. 135 ಃ΋࿯. ่ፕ .............................................................................................. 135. ಃΒ࿯. ჴ୍ࡌ᝼ ...................................................................................... 138. ಃΟ࿯. ࣴ‫ز‬ज़‫ڋ‬Ϸࡕុࣴ‫ࡌز‬᝼ .......................................................... 140. ୖԵЎ᝘ ...................................................................................................................... 143 ߕᒵ΋Ǻೖፋᚒᆜ ...................................................................................................... 147 ߕᒵΒǺୢ‫ ڔ‬.............................................................................................................. 149 ߕᒵΟǺ‫ڙ‬ೖ‫ޣ‬Γαᡂ໨ԛኧϩଛ߄ ...................................................................... 155 ߕᒵѤǺᡂኧख़ཥጓዸ߄ .......................................................................................... 157 ߕᒵϖǺ҇౲চ‫ۈ‬ၗૻનᎦૈΚԛኧϩଛ߄ .......................................................... 159 ߕᒵϤǺ҇౲ୖᆶၗૻፐำ߻ࡕϐၗૻ߈Ҕ‫ݩރ‬Ҭΰϩ‫ ݋‬.................................. 161 ߕᒵΎǺ҇౲ၗૻ‫ޑૈמ‬ғࢲᔈҔᆶπբᔈҔϐҬΰϩ‫ ݋‬.................................. 163. !. viii.

(10) ߄ԛ ߄ 2-1ǺኧՏૈΚᑽໆࡰ኱ .......................................................................................... 27 ߄ 2-2ǺኧՏᐒ཮ᑽໆࡰ኱ .......................................................................................... 28 ߄ 2-3ǺኧՏ௦ҔӢનᑽໆࡰ኱ .................................................................................. 28 ߄ 2-4ǺཥчѱȨ6 λਔѱ҇խ຤ႝတፐำȩϣ৒ ................................................... 42 ߄ 2-5ǺᆵчѱȨѱ҇խ຤΢ᆛ૽ግȩፐำϣ৒ ...................................................... 43 ߄ 2-6Ǻᆵчѱࡹ۬Ȩѱ҇ 3 λਔխ຤΢ᆛ૽ግȩᐕԃ಍ीኧᏵ .......................... 45 ߄ 2-7ǺȨബ೷ୃໂኧՏᐒ཮௢୏ीฝȩπբຑໆࡰ኱ ............................................ 46 ߄ 2-8ǺኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ໒೛ϐፐำ .............................................................................. 48 ߄ 3-1Ǻࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒᆶ࣬ჹᔈϐࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ ݤ‬...................................................................... 56 ߄ 3-2ǺཥчѱኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ೛࿼Ᏽᗺ ...................................................................... 58 ߄ 3-3Ǻೖፋჹຝǵ‫ڙ‬ೖጓဦϷೖፋВය .................................................................. 59 ߄ 3-4Ǻཥчѱࡹ۬ϷኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ໒ᒤၗૻ૽ግፐำ΋ំ߄ .............................. 61 ߄ 3-5Ǻᄬय़Ϸᡂኧ಍᏾߄ .......................................................................................... 63 ߄ 3-6Ǻᡂኧᄬय़Ϸࡰ኱ᏹբϯ .................................................................................. 65 ߄ 3-7Ǻҁࣴ‫ز‬ଷ೛ ...................................................................................................... 69 ߄ 5-1Ǻҁࣴ‫ز‬ୢ‫ڔ‬ӣԏ‫ ݩރ‬...................................................................................... 91 ߄ 5-2Ǻ‫ڙ‬ೖ‫ୖޣ‬ᆶፐำԛኧϐԛኧϩଛ߄ .............................................................. 94 ߄ 5-3Ǻ‫ڙ‬ೖ‫ޣ‬මୖᆶၸ‫ޑ‬ፐำϐԛኧϩଛ߄ .......................................................... 94 ߄ 5-4ǺමൔӜԶ҂рৢ‫ޑ‬Γኧǵ҂рৢচӢϐԛኧϩଛ߄ .................................. 95 ߄ 5-5Ǻ҇౲ᇡࣁࡹ۬നሡाග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำ .......................................................... 97 ߄ 5-6Ǻ҇౲ୖᆶፐำ߻‫ޑ‬চ‫ۈ‬ၗૻ߈ҔૈΚ .......................................................... 98 ߄ 5-7Ǻ҇౲ୖᆶ߻‫ޑ‬চ‫ۈ‬ၗૻનᎦૈΚ .................................................................. 99 ߄ 5-8Ǻ҇౲ୖᆶፐำ߻‫ޑ‬চ‫ۈ‬ᆛၡᔈҔૈΚ ........................................................ 100. ix.

(11) ߄ 5-9Ǻࡹ۬ၗૻፐำϐϩᜪ .................................................................................... 107 ߄ 5-10Ǻୖᆶ‫܄ޑޣ‬ձჹၗૻፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬.......................................... 107 ߄ 5-11Ǻୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬ԃសჹୖᆶၗૻፐำᜪࠠ‫ޑ‬Ҭΰϩ‫ ݋‬...................................... 108 ߄ 5-12Ǻୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬Дѳ֡ԏΕᆶၗૻፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬ANOVA ϩ‫ ݋‬.......................... 109 ߄ 5-13Ǻୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬௲‫ػ‬ำࡋᆶၗૻፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬ANOVA ϩ‫ ݋‬.............................. 110 ߄ 5-14Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫܄ޑޣ‬ձჹၗૻፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬...................................... 110 ߄ 5-15Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬ԃសჹୖᆶၗૻፐำᜪࠠ‫ޑ‬Ҭΰϩ‫ ݋‬.................................. 111 ߄ 5-16Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬Дѳ֡ԏΕᆶၗૻፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬ANOVA ϩ‫ ݋‬...................... 112 ߄ 5-17Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬௲‫ػ‬ำࡋᆶၗૻፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬ANOVA ϩ‫ ݋‬.......................... 113 ߄ 5-18Ǻୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚჹၗૻ߈Ҕፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬.................. 114 ߄ 5-19Ǻୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚჹၗૻનᎦፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬.................. 114 ߄ 5-20Ǻୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚჹၗૻᔈҔፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬.................. 114 ߄ 5-21Ǻୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚᆶᒧ᏷ୖᆶፐำᜪࠠ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬...................... 115 ߄ 5-22Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚჹၗૻ߈Ҕፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬.............. 116 ߄ 5-23Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚჹၗૻનᎦፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬.............. 116 ߄ 5-24Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚჹၗૻᔈҔፐำᜪࠠ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬.............. 117 ߄ 5-25Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫ޑޣ‬চ‫ۈ‬ኧՏૈΚᆶୖᆶፐำᜪࠠ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬.......................... 117 ߄ 5-26Ǻୖᆶ‫ޣ‬ჹ‫۬ࡹܭ‬ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ᆶୖᆶፐำϣ৒‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬.............. 120 ߄ 5-27Ǻ҂ୖᆶ‫ޣ‬ჹ‫۬ࡹܭ‬ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ᆶୖᆶፐำϣ৒‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬.......... 122 ߄ 5-28Ǻ҇౲ၗૻ߈ҔૈΚᆶୖᆶၗૻ߈Ҕፐำ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬.............................. 124 ߄ 5-29Ǻ҇౲ၗૻનᎦૈΚᆶୖᆶၗૻનᎦፐำ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬.............................. 125 ߄ 5-30Ǻ҇౲ୖᆶࡕၗૻનᎦૈΚԾᡂኧ VIF ॶ .................................................. 125 ߄ 5-31Ǻቹៜ҇౲ୖᆶࡕၗૻનᎦૈΚ଑ᘜ߯ኧ߄ .............................................. 126 ߄ 5-32Ǻ҇౲ၗૻᔈҔૈΚᆶୖᆶၗૻᔈҔፐำ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢϩ‫ ݋‬.............................. 127 ߄ 5-33Ǻ҇౲ୖᆶࡕၗૻᔈҔૈΚԾᡂኧ VIF ॶ .................................................. 127. x.

(12) ߄ 5-34Ǻቹៜ҇౲ୖᆶࡕၗૻᔈҔૈΚ଑ᘜ߯ኧ߄ .............................................. 128 ߄ 5-35Ǻ҇౲ୖᆶၗૻ߈ҔፐำᆶցჹғࢲᔈҔǵπբᔈҔ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬...... 129 ߄ 5-36Ǻ҇౲ୖᆶၗૻનᎦፐำᆶցჹғࢲᔈҔǵπբᔈҔ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬...... 129 ߄ 5-37Ǻ҇౲ୖᆶၗૻᔈҔፐำᆶցჹғࢲᔈҔǵπբᔈҔ‫ ޑ‬T ᔠ‫ۓ‬ϩ‫ ݋‬...... 129 ߄ 6-1Ǻࣴ‫ز‬ଷ೛ᡍ᛾߄ ............................................................................................ 135. !. xi.

(13)

(14) კԛ კ 1-1Ǻࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำკ ........................................................................................................ 7 კ 2-1Ǻ‫ך‬୯ႝηϯࡹ۬ว৖໘ࢤ .............................................................................. 11 კ 2-2ǺኧՏᆵ᡼ e ϯࡹ۬ीฝࢎᄬ .......................................................................... 12 კ 2-3Ǻᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ीฝࢎᄬ .................................................................................. 13 კ 2-4ǺඵችѠ᡼‫ޑ‬ਡЈཷ‫ ۺ‬...................................................................................... 14 კ 2-5ǺඵችѠ᡼‫ޑ‬௢୏฼ౣ ...................................................................................... 15 კ 2-6ǺಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ೕჄ౛‫ ۺ‬...................................................................... 16 კ 2-7ǺಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ೕჄΟय़ӛ .................................................................. 16 კ 2-8ǺಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬Ϥεᄡᝮीฝ .............................................................. 17 კ 2-9ǺኧՏᐒ཮ࡰ኱Οεᄬय़ .................................................................................. 25 კ 2-10ǺኧՏᐒ཮ 11 ঁಒ໨ࡰ኱ .............................................................................. 26 კ 2-11Ǻബ೷ୃໂኧՏᐒ཮௢୏ीฝᜫඳკ ............................................................ 36 კ 2-12Ǻബ೷ୃໂኧՏᐒ཮௢୏ीჄࢎᄬკ ............................................................ 37 კ 2-13ǺኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ޑ‬ਡЈфૈ ............................................................................ 39 კ 2-14Ǻࡌ᝼Ꮲಞ໩‫ ׇ‬................................................................................................ 43 კ 2-15Ǻଯ໢ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈፐำࢎᄬ ........................................................................ 49 კ 2-16Ǻࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬკ .................................................................................................... 54 კ 3-1Ǻၗ਑ᇆ໣ࢬำკ .............................................................................................. 57 კ 4-1Ǻӭϡ൩཰໒วБਢҢཀკ .............................................................................. 85 კ 5-1Ǻୢ‫ڔ‬ӣԏ่݀ .................................................................................................. 92 კ 5-2Ǻঅ҅ࡕϐᔼၮኳԄࢎᄬკ ............................................................................ 133 კ 5-3Ǻঅ҅ࡕϐࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬკ .................................................................................... 134. xiii.

(15) ಃ΋കġ. ಃ΋࿯ġ. ᆣፕ. ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ. ᒿ๱ၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫זޑמ‬ೲว৖ǴӚ୯ࡹ۬ග‫ٮ‬೚ӭߡճ‫ޑ‬ኧՏ୍ܺǴ‫ׯ‬ᡂΑ ࡹ۬ǵҾ཰ᆶঁΓ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯Ǵႝηϯࡹ۬ջࢂճҔᆛၡаග‫ٮ‬Ҿ཰‫ঁ܈‬ΓӚᅿࡹ ୍۬ܺǶՉࡹଣࣴ‫ز‬ว৖Եਡ‫ہ‬঩཮ȐаΠᙁᆀՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2014 ԃಔᙃ‫ׯ‬೷ ࡕ‫׳‬Ӝࣁ୯ৎว৖‫ہ‬঩཮ȑԾ 1998 ԃ໒‫ۈ‬௢୏ႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝǴԿϞςֹԋಃ΋ ໘ࢤ‫۬ࡹޑ‬ᆛၡ୷ᘵࡌ೛ᆶಃΒ໘ࢤ‫۬ࡹޑ‬ᆛၡᔈҔ௢ቶीฝǴ٠‫ ܭ‬2011 ԃ 12 ДֹԋಃΟ໘ࢤȨᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ीฝȩ ǶࣁΑ‫׳‬ుϯႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ԋ݀Ǵ٠Ӣᔈ୯ ϣѦЬ࠼ᢀᕉნϐᡂϯǴՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮ගрȨಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝȐ2012 ԃ Կ 2016 ԃȑȩ Ǵ‫ځ‬ਡЈ౛‫ۺ‬ᆫข‫ܭ‬ӄำ୍ܺǴჹϣයૈගϲࡹ۬ՉࡹਏૈǴჹѦ߾ ‫׆‬Ꮗቚ຾ࡹ۬ࣁ୍҇ܺࠔ፦Ǵ٠ঋ៝‫཮ޗ‬ᜢᚶᆶϦѳୖᆶ฻Οय़ӛǴග‫ٮ‬಄ӝ҇ ౲ሡ‫ޑ؃‬ӄำബཥ୍ܺȐՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011ȑ Ƕ ࣁΑଛӝඵችѠ᡼ϐीฝǴՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮‫ ܭ‬2012 ԃ໒‫ۈ‬຾ՉಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯ ࡹ۬ុ໘ीฝǴхࡴΟεҞ኱ᆶϖε฼ౣǴ‫ځ‬ύಃΒҞ኱ȨදϷၗૻ୍ܺǴቚ຾ ‫཮ޗ‬ᜢᚶȩջठΚ‫ܭ‬ബ೷১༈҇౲ճҔᆛၡ୍ܺୖᆶ‫཮ޗ‬ၮբᐒ཮Ǵᕭอ୯ϣࠤ ໂኧՏပৡ౜ຝǶኧՏပৡ‫׎ޑ‬ԋࢂ୷‫ঁܭ‬ΓᏱԖόӕ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ٬Ҕᐒ཮ᆶၗૻ٬ ҔૈΚǴёૈٰԾ‫ঁܭ‬Γ‫ޗޑ‬࿶ӦՏ‫ࡽࢂ܈‬Ӹ‫཮ޗޑ‬໘ભǶჴሞ΢ǴኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ ቫय़х֖Α୯ৎǵ‫཮ޗ‬ᆶঁΓǺ୯ৎቫԛ఼ᇂ‫཮ޗ‬࿶ᔮว৖ำࡋǵ҇Ьϯำࡋа Ϸ୯ϣ‫מࣽޑ‬໺ණำࡋǹ‫཮ޗ‬ቫԛ߾хࡴಔᙃǵიᡏǵ൞ᡏ฻೸ၸၗૻࣽ‫מ‬຾Չ ‫ޑ୏ࢲ཮ޗ‬ำࡋǹԶঁΓቫԛЬाӧ‫ܭ‬ၗྍ‫ޑ‬Ԗคǵ٬Ҕ୏ᐒ‫ک‬٬Ҕၗૻࣽ‫מ‬வ ٣Ϧ҇ୖᆶࢲ୏‫ޑ‬௃‫׎‬ȐNorris, 2001ȑ Ƕ ࣁΑᕭ෧୯ϣኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬౜ຝǴӚ୯คόठΚ‫زࣴܭ‬೷ԋኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ӢનǴ ٠ु‫ۓ‬ӄౚኧՏᐒ཮ࡰ኱ȐDigital Opportunity Index, DOIȑ Ǵᙖаບᘐ୯ৎ‫ޑ‬ኧՏ ᐒ཮ૈΚǴ٠வύ‫פ‬рኧՏပৡϐ‫܌‬ӧǴаճӚ୯ࡹ۬ु‫࣬ۓ‬ᔈϐࡹ฼Ǵঈ٬୯ ϣኧՏပৡ౜ຝૈ୼ᕭ෧ࣗԿ੃ࡎǶӄౚኧՏࡰ኱߯җ୯ሞႝߞᖄ࿉ȐITUȑ‫ु܌‬ ‫ۓ‬Ǵࢂவ୷ᘵࡌ೛ǵৎЊǵঁΓᆶ୘཰߈ҔаϷ ICT ࣬ᜢ೽ߐ฻‫ࡋف‬᏾ӝΑ IDC ၗૻ‫ࡰ཮ޗ‬኱ȐInformation Society Index, ISIȑ ǵWEF ᆛၡ᏾ഢࡋࡰ኱ ȐNetworked Readiness Index, NRIȑǵOrbicom ኧՏပৡᢀჸࡰ኱ ȐMonitoring the Digital Divideȑ ǵаϷ ITU ኧՏ߈Ҕࡰ኱ȐDigital Access Index, DAIȑ Ǵᆶ၀ीฝु‫ځޑۓ‬ дᑽໆ኱ྗǴӅӕບᘐ΋ঁ୯ৎ‫ޑ‬ኧՏᐒ཮ૈΚȐഋҥϘǴ2009ȑ Ƕ ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡ‫څ‬ό৒጗ǴӚ୯ࡹ۬ࣁှ،୯ϣࠤໂኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬௃‫׎‬Ǵҭ‫ۓڋ‬ ೚ӭόӕ‫ࡹޑ‬฼БਢǴӵኻ࿉ӧ 2000 ԃ‫ޑ‬ȨኻࢪႝηϯՉ୏ीჄȩ ȐeEurope Action PlanȑύǴࣁᆛ΢ᏢಞȐeLearningȑ൚‫ۓ‬ว৖ᙔკǴӕԃΜДȨᆛ΢Ꮲಞȩ҅Ԅԋ 1.

(16) ࣁȨኻࢪ‫཮ޗ‬Ⴃ‫ۓ‬ीჄȩȐEurope Social Agendaȑ‫ޑ‬΋೽ҽǴ‫ځ‬Ҟ኱ࣁ೸ၸ΢ᆛᏢ ಞаߦ຾ၗૻનᎦϐӄ҇ϯǴႣٛኧՏပৡ‫׎ޑ‬ԋȐֆऍীǴ2002ȑ Ƕऍ୯ǵम୯ Ψ࣬ᝩගра‫מࣽ୔ޗ‬ύЈȐCommunity Technology centersȑբࣁխ຤΢ᆛᏵᗺǵ ҇౲Ꮲಞ୷ҁႝတ‫ځ܈ૈמ‬д૽ግፐำ‫ޑ‬൑‫܌‬ǴࣗԿග‫ٮ‬ӵ‫؃‬ᙍǵԎ‫ٽ‬ǵᙍ཰૽ ግǵ‫୔ޗ‬ว৖฻ӭᅿ୍ܺǶ ՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮‫ܭ‬Ȩ97 ԃኧՏပৡፓࢗȩൔ֋ύගрǴԃសཇଯǵ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋཇ ե‫ޣ‬ǴၗૻᔈҔૈΚཇեǶаԃសቫϩ‫݋‬Ǵ12-30 ྃ҇౲΢ᆛ౗ଯၲ 96.3%Կ 98.7%Ǵ 31-40 ྃ҇౲΢ᆛ౗ࣁ 87.9%Ǵ41-50 ྃ΢ᆛ౗फ़ࣁ 64.2%Ǵ51-60 ྃࣁ 40.5%Ǵ61 ྃа΢ࣁ 9.8%ǹа‫܄‬ձϩ‫݋‬Ǵ‫҇܄ت‬౲΢ᆛ౗ࣁ 70.7%Ǵζ‫҇܄‬౲΢ᆛ౗ࣁ 66.2%Ƕ ୃᇻӦ୔ۚ҇ǵচՐ҇ᆶཥՐ҇ǴΨӢᏢಞၗྍό‫ى‬ౢғኧՏပৡୢᚒǶࣁᕭ෧ ୯ϣኧՏပৡǴബ೷‫׳‬Ϧѳ‫ޑ‬ኧՏᐒ཮ǴՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮‫ ܭ‬2009 ԃ 8 Дଆ཮ӕӦБ ࡹ۬௢୏Ȩ஽ၯᆛၡǴ኷ࢲΓғ--௢୏҇౲΢ᆛȩࢲ୏ǴЬाҞ‫ޑ‬ջࣁගϲ҇౲٬ ҔႝတϷᆛၡ‫ૈޑ‬ΚǴ೸ၸ 6 Կ 9 λਔ‫ޑ‬ႝတϷ΢ᆛፐำ૽ግǴନΑ௲Ꮴ҇౲୷ ᘵႝတᏹբǵ΢ᆛ‫פ‬πբǵࢗၗૻǵԏวႝηແҹϐѦǴ٬Ҕႝηϯࡹ୍۬ܺҭ ࢂ௢୏‫ޑ‬ख़ᗺϐ΋Ƕ௢୏҇౲΢ᆛፐำӧѠύѱǵᄆϯᑜ฻ύ೽ 8 ঁᑜѱǵ113 ঁ ໂᙼѱ୔໒೛ 1,500 ঁ੤ԛǴࣁΑྣ៝όӕ௼ဂ‫ޑ‬੝ਸᏢಞሡ‫؃‬Ǵ௦‫ڗ‬ϩ౲ϩ੤௤ ፐБԄǴ໒೛Ȩ΋૓੤ǵሌᎳ੤ǵཥՐ҇੤ȩΟᅿፐำǴᙖаගϲᏢಞԋਏȐՉ ࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2009ȑǶ ନΑՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮ᆶӦБࡹ۬Ӆӕ௢୏‫ޑ‬Ȩ஽ၯᆛၡǴ኷ࢲΓғ--௢୏҇౲΢ ᆛȩࢲ୏ѦǴҗ௲‫ػ‬೽‫܌‬ЬᏤ‫ޑ‬Ȩബ೷ୃໂኧՏᐒ཮௢୏ीฝȩҭᙖҗ೛ҥኧՏ ᐒ཮ύЈǴᡣୃໂ҇౲Ԗ٬ҔႝတϷᆛၡ‫ޑ‬൑‫܌‬Ǵ٠໒೛ၗૻનᎦǵၗૻᔈҔ฻ ୻૽ፐำǴග‫҇ٮ‬౲ᏢಞၗૻૈΚ‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮Ǵ຾ԶᕭอࠤໂኧՏပৡǶԜѦǴӚӦ Бࡹ۬ࣁΑᕭ෧୔ୱϣ‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡǴΨ཮ᙖҗ‫ૼہ‬ቷ୘ȐӵѮӐႝတȑᒤ౛ႝတ ፐำǴග‫҇ۚٮ‬Ꮲಞၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮Ƕ೸ၸ΢ॊБԄ‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำǴ҇౲ё аᏢಞ୷ҁၗૻૈΚǴӵ୷ᘵႝတᏹբǵЎਜೀ౛฻ǴςԖ୷ҁၗૻૈΚ‫҇ޑ‬౲ ҭૈᒧ᏷ၨࣁ຾໘ǵၨࣁ፾ӝԾρำࡋ‫ޑ‬ၗૻፐำȤӵႝတᛤკǵႝη୘୍ᔈҔ ฻ȥ ǶќѦǴ҇౲ΨૈӧԾρ໕ཨਔ໔Ǵᒧ᏷ၨࣁБߡ‫ޑ‬Ꮲಞ൑‫܌‬Ǵ‫׆‬ఈૈቚ຾҇ ౲Ꮲಞၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ཀᜫᆶՉࣁǶ. ಃΒ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬. ൘ǵࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒ ՉࡹଣԾ 2004 ԃ 3 ДଆǴஒȨᕭ෧ኧՏပৡȩӈࣁ୯ৎख़ाࡹ฼ϐ΋Ǵ٠ஒ ‫ځ‬યΕኧՏѠ᡼ीฝጄൎϐϣǴୖᆶϐ೽཮х֖௲‫ػ‬೽ǵϣࡹ೽ǵၭ‫཮ہ‬ǵЎࡌ ཮ǵࣴԵ཮ǵമ‫཮ہ‬ǵߙᇶ཮ǵᕉߥ࿿฻Μӭঁ೽཮Ǵ‫ځ‬ϣ৒఼ᇂȨᕭ෧ࠤໂኧ Տပৡȩ ǵ Ȩᕭ෧ౢ཰ኧՏပৡȩ ǵ Ȩᕭ෧୯ሞኧՏပৡȩΟঁቫय़Ȑ೾ᝬྦྷǴ2006ȑǶ ӧȨᕭ෧ࠤໂኧՏပৡȩБय़Ǵҗ௲‫ػ‬೽ॄೢ‫ڐ‬ፓ᏾ӝӚ೽཮ၗྍǴ٠௢୏Ȩബ 2.

(17) ೷ୃໂኧՏᐒ཮௢୏ीฝȩ Ǵ೸ၸӧୃໂӦ୔೛࿼ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈǴග‫҇୔ޗٮ‬౲٬ ҔႝတϷᆛၡ‫ޑ‬൑‫܌‬Ǵӕਔ໒೛ၗૻનᎦ୻૽ፐำǴ௲Ꮴ҇౲୷ҁၗૻૈΚǴ‫ڐ‬ շ‫୔ޗ‬ว৖࿶ᔮ‫ځک‬Ўϯ੝ՅǴ຾Զගϲ‫୔ޗ‬ᝡ‫ݾ‬ΚǶќѦǴՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ψ೸ ၸȨ௢୏҇౲΢ᆛȩࢲ୏Ǵ཮ӕӦБࡹ۬ග‫҇ٮ‬౲Ꮲಞ୷ᘵၗૻፐำǴ‫ځ‬ϣ৒ࣁ ௲Ꮴ҇౲ӵՖ٬ҔᆛၡǵԏวႝηແҹǵӵՖ٬Ҕႝηϯࡹ୍۬ܺȐӵ‫ ޑך‬e ᆅ ৎǵ‫ ޑך‬e ࡹ۬ȑǴаϷӵՖᙖҗ‫ޗ‬ဂᆛ๎ᆶܻ϶ೱᛠǴᡣ҇౲ӧ 9 ঁλਔ‫ޑ‬ፐำ ύࡌҥ୷ᘵၮҔႝတ‫ૈޑ‬ΚǶ ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ޑ‬ᒧ֟೯தՏ‫҇ۚܭ‬ဂᆫ‫ޑ‬ϦӅ൑‫܌‬Ǵ‫ٯ‬ӵϦӅკਜᓔǵӦБ ୯ύλǵቴӹ฻ӦᗺǴஒϦӅ൑‫܌‬բࣁኧՏᐒ཮ύЈჹ҇౲Զ‫ق‬Ꮲಞཥ‫ޕ‬ၨࣁБ ߡǶ٩ՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ȩ99 ԃঁΓৎЊኧՏပৡፓࢗൔ֋ȩё‫ޕ‬Ǵ୯ϣ҇౲ႝတ߈ Ҕ௃‫཮׎‬ᒿ๱ۚՐӦ୔೿ѱϯำࡋόӕԶև౜ᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵ୷ҁ΢೿ѱϯำࡋຫଯ ‫ޑ‬Ӧ୔Ǵႝတ٬Ҕ౗ຫଯȐՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2010ȑ ǶԶୃᇻӦ୔‫҇ޑ‬౲ନΑၗૻૈ Κό‫ى‬ѦǴ࿶ᔮૈΚΨၨۚ‫ܭ‬১༈ǴኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ௲Ꮴ҇౲೸ၸᆛၡՉᎍӧӦ੝ ՅǴό໻ૈᕭ෧ࠤໂኧՏပৡǴ٠ૈගϲୃᇻӦ୔ౢ཰࿶ᔮૈΚǶ வֺ৥ඦȐ2008ȑ௖૸ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈᔼၮ‫زࣴޑݩރ‬ύёΑှǴኧՏᐒ཮ύ Ј‫ޑ‬೛ҥࣁୃᇻӦ୔‫҇ۚޑ‬ቚуΑၮҔၗ೯ૻࣽ‫ޑמ‬ᐒ཮Ǵ‫ځ‬ᇶᏤი໗໒೛‫ޑ‬ၗ ૻፐำǴҭ٬҇౲ቚуᔈҔၗૻࣽ‫מ‬ϐૈΚǴჹ‫ܭ‬ᕭ෧ࠤໂኧՏပৡԖჴ፦շ੻Ƕ ՠֺ৥ඦȐ2008ȑ‫ک‬શҏࣔȐ2009ȑӧଞჹ҇౲٬ҔኧՏᐒ཮ύЈՉࣁ‫่زࣴޑ‬ ݀ύӕਔว౜ǴۚՐ‫ܭ‬ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈߕ߈‫҇ޑ‬౲Ǵᗨฅୖᆶ‫ځ‬໒೛ፐำ‫ޑ‬ཀᜫࡐ ଯǴՠдॺ‫ୖޑ‬ᆶ౗ࠅόଯǴ௖‫҇ز‬౲ԖᏢಞཀᜫࠅ҂бፏՉ୏‫ޑ‬চӢࣁՖǴஒ Ԗշ‫ׯ۬ࡹܭ‬๓౜Ԗၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ϣ৒Ǵ٠բࣁӧ҂ٰೕჄၗૻፐำਔ‫ୖޑ‬ԵǶ ќѦǴՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮‫ک‬ӦБࡹ۬‫܌‬ӝբ‫ޑ‬Ȩ௢୏҇౲΢ᆛȩࢲ୏ǴԾ 2009 ԃ ໒‫ۈ‬ග‫ٮ‬΋‫س‬ӈ‫ޑ‬ၗૻፐำǴᡣ҇౲ૈ୼Ꮲಞന୷ҁ‫ޑ‬ၗૻૈΚǶฅԶҞ߻ۘ҂ ԖЎ᝘௖૸҇౲ჹ‫ܭ‬໒೛ϐፐำࢂց಄ӝ‫ځ‬Ꮲಞሡ‫؃‬Ǵҭ҂ଞჹ၀ࢲ୏ϐԋਏ຾ Չຑ՗Ǵ௖૸҇౲Ꮲಞ၀ၗૻፐำࡕǴૈցԖਏᔈҔ‫ܭ‬Вதғࢲǻ ഋ࠽⣬Ȑ2005ȑ ǵશҏࣔȐ2009ȑଞჹኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫܌‬໒೛ϐፐำ‫ୖ܈‬ᆶፐำ ‫҇ޑ‬౲຾ՉᅈཀࡋፓࢗǴ‫߯زࣴځ‬ӧ௖૸҇౲ୖᆶၗૻፐำࡕǴࢂցᅈཀ၀ፐำ ‫ޑ‬ϣ৒Ϸ‫ୖុࡕځ‬ᆶፐำϐཀᜫǴࣴ‫߄่ࣣ݀ز‬ҢኧՏᐒ཮ύЈӧ೛ी௲Ꮲፐำ ਔǴᔈԵໆ྽Ӧۚ҇‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ǵଞჹ‫ځ‬ሡ‫؃‬ೕჄ௲Ꮲϣ৒Ƕோ߻ॊࣴ‫ز‬ኧՏᐒ཮ύ ЈϐЎ᝘ࣣ҂ගϷ٬Ҕ‫زޣ‬ഖԖՖሡ‫؃‬ǻব٤ࢂۚ҇‫܌‬གྷा‫܈‬ሡाᏢಞ‫ޑ‬ፐำǻ ଛӝ྽Ӧ҇౲‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ೕჄፐำǴό໻ૈ୼ቚу҇౲Ꮲಞၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ཀᜫᆶՉࣁǴ ‫ૈ׳‬ᡣ҇౲Ꮲಞ‫҅੿ډ‬Ԗշ‫ׯܭ‬๓ғࢲ‫ޑ‬ၗૻૈΚǴૈ୼ஒኧՏပৡᙯඤࣁኧՏ ᐒ཮Ƕ. ມǵࣴ‫ز‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ ࣁӢᔈӢၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫זמ‬ೲว৖ԶЇว‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡǴӚ୯ࡹ۬คό‫ۓڋ‬೚ӭ ࡹ฼аᕭ෧ኧՏပৡǶ୯ሞӝբว৖୷ߎ཮аሡ‫ࣁ؃‬Ꮴӛ௢୏ᕭ෧୯ሞኧՏပ ৡǴଛӝӚ୯ၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫מ‬ว৖ำࡋᆶ྽Ӧ҇౲ϐሡाǴ๏ϒ҇౲࣬ჹᔈϐၗૻ 3.

(18) ௲‫ػ‬ǶӧඵችѠ᡼ीฝϐΠǴࡹ۬ࣁᕭ෧ࠤໂ໔ኧՏပৡԶԋҥኧՏᐒ཮ύЈǴ ‫ځ‬மፓԾЬ‫܄‬Ϸ҉ុ࿶ᔼǴኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ໒೛ϐፐำऩૈᆶ҇౲ғࢲᔈҔ࣬མ ଛǴ҇౲ӧᏢಞࡕߡૈᆶғࢲǵЎϯ‫܈‬ౢ཰่࣬ӝǴа‫ځុۯ‬Ꮲಞԋ݀Ǵ٠ቚம ‫ځ‬Ꮲಞϐ୏ΚǶ‫ٯ‬ӵ΋ဂύচεᏢၗૻᆅ౛Ꮲ‫ޑس‬ᏢғǴᢀჸ܎܎ξၭ҇ӧౢᎍ Нᇋਲ‫ޑ‬ၸำύǴගраႝη୘୍ٰߦᎍНᇋਲǴ٠ග‫ٮ‬྽Ӧၭ҇ၗૻ೛ഢǵ΢ ᆛ૽ግϷႝη୘୍฻ၗૻፐำǴ٬ၭ҇ૈ୼ӧ၀஑ਢ่‫ࡕ״‬ϝૈ҉ុ࿶ᔼǴӧᕭ อኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ၸำύബ೷ኧคज़‫ޑ‬ኧՏᐒ཮Ƕ ଯ੏ৱȐ2008ȑᇡࣁ୷ҁచҹόӕ‫୔ޗޑ‬ǴኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ޑ‬ว৖൩཮Ԗόӕ ‫ޑ‬ҥ‫ى‬ᗺǴԶ౛གྷ‫ޑ‬ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈᔈ၀٩ྣ྽Ӧሡ‫؃‬ǵచҹǴ፾‫܄‬ว৖ၗૻ௲‫ػ‬ǵ Ўϯ‫ڂ‬ᙒǵኧՏՉᎍǵፐࡕྣ៝Ѥεय़ӛϐ΋‫܈‬ΒǶཥу‫۬ࡹڵ‬ӧ‫ۓڋ‬ၗૻ௲‫ػ‬ ࡹ฼Бय़ϩࣁϖঁቫԛǴಃ΋ቫԛࣁ୷ᘵᔈҔӵႝတᏹբǴനଯቫԛࣁᆅ౛ૈΚǴ ଞჹόӕჹຝ௢୏όӕ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ௲‫ػ‬Ǵ୻Ꭶόӕቫԛ‫ޑ‬ၗૻનᎦǶӢԜǴࡹ۬ǵኧ Տᐒ཮ύЈ‫ہ܈‬ᒤᐒᄬӧ೛ीၗૻፐำਔǴᔈ٣ӃԵໆҞ኱ჹຝ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ǵ٩ྣ‫ځ‬ ၗૻૈΚ຾Չόӕ‫ޑ‬ፐำೕჄǴ٬҇౲ૈ୼ࡪԾρ‫ૈޑ‬ΚϷሡ‫؃‬ᒧ᏷ፐำǴቚ຾ ‫ځ‬ၗૻ‫ૈמ‬Ǵ຾Զၲ‫ډ‬ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬Ƕ җԜё‫ޕ‬Ǵ٩ྣόӕ҇౲‫ޑ‬ၗૻૈΚ๏ϒόӕቫԛ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ௲‫ػ‬Ǵό໻ૈᡣ҇ ౲٩ᏵԾρ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ᒧ᏷ፐำǴҭૈ٬҇౲Ꮲಞ‫ډ‬಄ӝԾρૈΚ‫ޑ‬ፐำǴჹ҇౲ၨ Ԗ‫܌‬շ੻Ƕ൩ჴ୍Ҟ‫ޑ‬Զ‫ق‬ǴᙖҗΑှόӕ੝፦‫҇ޑ‬౲ϐၗૻፐำሡ‫؃‬Ǵҁࣴ‫ز‬ ‫׆‬ఈૈග‫۬ࡹٮ‬ǵኧՏᐒ཮ύЈϷ‫ہ‬ᒤᐒᄬ೛ीၗૻፐำϐࡌ᝼Ǵᡣ٬Ҕ‫ૈޣ‬ଛ ӝᏢಞሡ‫؃‬ᒧ᏷ፐำǴᙯϯኧՏပৡࣁኧՏᐒ཮Ǵ٬ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡࡹ฼ૈ੿҅ၲ ‫ځډ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬Ƕ ൩ᏢೌҞ‫ޑ‬Զ‫ق‬Ǵҁࣴ‫׆ز‬ఈૈᙖҗኧՏᐒ཮ࡰ኱ٰᑽໆԖୖᆶၗૻፐำ҇ ౲‫ޑ‬ኧՏૈΚǴаϷϩ‫ୖ܌ځ݋‬ᆶ‫ޑ‬ၗૻፐำϐࡰ኱ᄬय़Ǵа௖૸҇౲ୖᆶ‫ޑ‬ፐ ำᜪࠠᆶ‫ځ‬ჹ‫ܭ‬ፐำ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ǵ٠Αှ҇౲ᒧ᏷‫ޑ‬ፐำᆶ‫ځ‬ሡ‫؃‬ϐ໔ࢂցӸӧৡ ౦ǵ‫ୖځ‬ᆶ‫ޑ‬ፐำ‫ک‬ሡ‫؃‬ᆶ‫ځ‬ҁ‫ঁޑي‬ΓኧՏૈΚϐ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯ΞࣁՖǻӕਔϩ‫݋‬ όӕङඳ‫҇ޑ‬౲ჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻፐำሡ‫ޑ؃‬ৡ౦Ƕ ኧՏᐒ཮ࡰ኱ࢂҔٰᑽໆ΋୯‫܈‬Ӧ୔ϐ໔‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡаϷ҇౲‫ޑ‬ኧՏૈΚǴ ԶᆶኧՏᐒ཮ࡰ኱࣬ᜢ‫زࣴޑ‬ᇡࣁǴࣁගϲ҇౲‫ޑ‬ኧՏૈΚǴӧ೛ीၗૻፐำǵ ჴࡼၗૻ௲‫ػ‬ਔᔈଞჹ҇౲‫ޑ‬ၗૻ߈ҔૈΚȐၗૻࣽ‫߈מ‬Ҕǵၗૻϣ৒߈Ҕȑ ǵၗ ૻનᎦϷၗૻᔈҔ຾Չ୻ᎦǴࡺၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬໒೛ҭᔈх֖΢ॊΟ໨ϣ఼Ƕҁࣴ‫ز‬ ࿶җ௖૸ࡹ۬‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำࢂց఼ᇂኧՏᐒ཮ࡰ኱ϐᄬय़ǴаϷ҇౲ӧᏢಞ ፐำࡕࢂցԖගϲԾ‫ޑي‬ኧՏૈΚǴᙖаΑှࡹ۬‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำࢂց಄ӝ҇ ౲‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ǵ຾Զၲԋᕭ෧ኧՏပৡǵቚуኧՏᐒ཮ϐҞ኱Ƕ ќѦǴ೚ӭЎ᝘ӧ௖૸ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ٬Ҕ‫ޑޣ‬٬ҔՉࣁਔǴว౜҇౲ᗨฅჹ ‫ܭ‬ၗૻፐำԖୖᆶཀᜫǴՠбፏՉ୏ୖᆶፐำ‫ࠅޣ‬Ԗज़Ƕࡺҁࣴ‫ز‬ନΑ௖૸Ȩ҇ ౲ჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫ز؃‬ഖࣁՖǻҞ߻ࡹ۬ǵኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ہ܈‬ᒤᐒᄬ‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ ၗૻፐำࢂց಄ӝ҇౲‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ǻ‫ځ‬ፐำϣ৒Ξ‫҇ک‬౲‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬ԖՖৡ౦ǻȩϐѦǴ ҭటΑှࣁՖ҇౲ଆ߃ԖୖᆶཀᜫǴനಖࠅ҂ୖᆶၗૻፐำǻऩ҇౲ᇡࣁࡹ۬ǵ 4.

(19) ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ہ܈‬ᒤᐒᄬ‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำ಄ӝᏢಞሡ‫؃‬Ǵૈ୼ᡣдӧВதғࢲ ύᡫࢲၮҔǴӧගଯ҇౲ୖᆶཀᜫ‫ޑ‬ӕਔǴҭૈቚ຾‫ୖځ‬ᆶՉࣁǶ คፕࡹ۬‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำϣ৒‫܈‬ග‫ޑٮ‬БԄࣁՖǴӵట࡭ុග‫ٮ‬ၗૻፐ ำǴ٬‫ុ҉୼ૈځ‬ว৖ǴѸ‫ۓ‬ሡा҇౲ჹ‫ܭ‬၀ፐำԖ࡭ុ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ǵࡹ۬ҭᔈ‫ڀ‬ഢ ӣᔈ၀ሡ‫ޑ؃‬ᆅ౛ૈΚǶO’Malley & LiebowȐ2002ȑᇡࣁ΋ঁς࿶Ꮲ཮ӵՖԖቸ ‫ޑ܄‬ǵബཥ‫ޑ‬ว৖ीฝа಄ӝ٬Ҕ‫ޣ‬ሡ‫מࣽ୔ޗޑ؃‬ύЈǴωࢂ΋ঁԋф‫୔ޗޑ‬ ࣽ‫מ‬ύЈǶЇҙԶ‫ق‬Ǵࡹ۬‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำΨѸ໪಄ӝ٬Ҕ‫ޑޣ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ǵٗሶω Ԗ࡭ុӸӧ‫ޑ‬ѸाǶӢԜǴࣁΑ௖૸҇౲ჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻፐำሡ‫؃‬Ǵҁࣴ‫ز‬ගрΟ໨ࣴ ‫ز‬ୢᚒǴ၁ॊ‫ܭ‬Π΋࿯Ƕ. ಃΟ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ. ҇౲ჹ‫۬ࡹܭ‬ǵኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ہ܈‬ᒤᐒᄬ‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำϐᅈཀࡋ཮ቹៜ ‫ځ‬٬ҔՉࣁǴԶࡹ۬ǵኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ہ܈‬ᒤᐒᄬ໒೛ϐፐำϣ৒Ϸ҇౲ୖᆶࣴಞ ੤ࡕ‫ޑ‬ᄊࡋǴ‫ࢂ׳‬ቹៜ‫ځ‬ᅈཀࡋ‫ޑ‬ख़ाӢનǴऩၗૻፐำ಄ӝ҇౲ሡ‫؃‬Ъᡣ҇౲ ᝺ளள‫ډ‬ԖҔ‫ޕޑ‬᛽Ǵ߾‫ځ‬ᅈཀࡋҭ཮ၨଯǶࣁΑᡣ҇౲ᑈཱུୖᆶၗૻፐำǵᏢ ಞၗૻૈΚǴ٠Ԗਏᕭ෧ࠤໂኧՏပৡǵബ೷ኧՏᐒ཮ǴჴԖѸाΑှব٤ፐำ ࢂ҇౲‫ޑ‬ሡ‫؃‬Ǵᙖаගϲ҇౲ୖᆶၗૻፐำϐཀᜫǴ຾Զᡣ҇౲Ꮲಞࡕૈගϲ‫ځ‬ ࿶ᔮૈΚ‫܈‬ғࢲࠔ፦Ǵࡺҁࣴ‫ز‬ගраΠࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒǺ ΋ǵҗࡹ۬‫܌‬ЬᏤ‫ޑ‬խ຤ၗૻፐำϐᔼၮኳԄࣁՖǻ Βǵୖᆶၗૻፐำ‫҇ޑ‬౲Γα੝፦ԖՖόӕǻ‫ځ‬ჹ‫ܭ‬໒೛ፐำ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫ࣁ؃‬Ֆǻୖᆶ ፐำࡕ‫ޑ‬ቹៜΞࣁՖǻҞ߻‫܌‬໒೛‫ޑ‬ၗૻፐำᆶୖᆶ‫ޣ‬ሡ‫؃‬ϐ໔ԖՖৡ౦ǻ ΟǵԖୖᆶཀᜫࠅ҂ୖᆶၗૻፐำ‫҇ޑ‬౲ჹ‫ܭ‬໒೛ፐำ‫ޑ‬ሡ‫ࣁ؃‬ՖǻҞ߻‫܌‬໒೛ ‫ޑ‬ၗૻፐำᆶԖୖᆶཀᜫࠅ҂ୖᆶ‫ޣ‬ሡ‫؃‬ϐ໔ԖՖৡ౦ǻ. ಃѤ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ز‬ጄൎ. җࡹ۬‫܌‬ЬᏤ‫܈‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ፐำǴ཮Ӣࡹ฼Ҟ‫کޑ‬኱‫ޑ‬ჹຝ‫ޑ‬όӕǴԶаόӕ‫ޑ‬ БԄև౜Ǵ‫ٯ‬ӵǴࣁΑග‫ٮ‬Ѩ཰‫ޣ‬ǵ‫ي‬Јምᛖ‫׳ޣ‬ӭ൩཰‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮ǴӚᑜѱࡹ۬ᙍ ཰૽ግύЈ‫܈‬൩཰୍ܺύЈ཮ᒤ౛࣬ᜢ‫ૈמ‬ᏢಞፐำǴ‫ڐ‬շୖᆶ‫ڗޣ‬ள஑཰᛾ ྣǴோ‫ځ‬ፐำϣ৒٠ߚ໻໻ᏢಞႝတᔈҔ฻ኧՏၗૻࣽ‫מ‬Ǵҭх֖੗฀ǵᆢঅᐒ ఓ฻а‫ڗ‬ள஑཰᛾ྣࣁҞ‫ޑ‬ϐፐำǶၗૻፐำ྽ฅΨឦ‫ܭ‬ᙍ૽ύЈ‫܌‬໒೛‫ޑ‬ፐำ ᜪձϐ΋Ǵோҁࣴ‫ز‬Ьाࢂ௖૸ࡹ۬ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡǵቚуኧՏᐒ཮ϐࡹ฼Ǵᙍ૽ ύЈ໒೛ၗૻፐำ‫ޑ‬Ҟ‫ࣁ߯ޑ‬ቚуѨ཰‫ޑޣ‬൩཰ᐒ཮Ǵᆶҁࣴ‫܌ز‬ట௖૸ϐၗૻ ፐำ‫܄‬፦ၨό࣬಄ǴӢԜǴҁࣴ‫ز‬٠҂ჹᙍ૽ύЈ‫܌‬໒೛ϐၗૻፐำуаుΕ௖ ૸Ƕ ࡹ۬ࣁΑගϲ҇౲ኧՏᏢಞ‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮Ǵᕭ෧ࠤໂ໔‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡǴЬ୏ග‫ٮ‬Ꮲಞ Ӛᅿၗૻࣽ‫࣬ޑמ‬ᜢፐำǴ‫ٯ‬ӵǴӧኧՏᐒ཮ύЈࢴᎫΓ঩ᒤ౛ၗૻፐำǴ٠ග 5.

(20) ‫ୃٮ‬ᇻໂᙼ҇౲٬Ҕၗૻ೛ഢ‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮Ǵቚу‫ځ‬ၗૻ߈Ҕ‫܄‬ǹӚᑜѱࡹ۬ΨଛӝՉ ࡹଣࣴԵ཮ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡϐࡹ฼Ǵᆶ҇໔ᐒᄬӝբ‫܈‬ԾՉ໒ᒤႝတ૽ግፐำǴխ ຤ග‫ٮ‬྽Ӧ҇౲ᏢಞኧՏࣽ‫ޑמ‬ᐒ཮Ƕҁࣴ‫܌ز‬ట௖૸‫ޑ‬ၗૻፐำጄൎջࣁҗࡹ ۬‫܌‬ЬᏤ‫܈‬խ຤ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำǴ‫ځ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ΏࢂࣁΑቚу҇౲Ꮲಞၗૻࣽ‫ޑמ‬ᐒ ཮ǴӢԜǴаගϲ൩཰ࣁҞ‫ޑ‬ϐᙍ૽ፐำ߾ߚҁࣴ‫૸ز‬ፕϐጄᛑǴಃΒകஒଞჹ ࡹ۬‫܌‬ЬᏤǵග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำ଺૸ፕǴҁ࿯ஒόӆᙧॊǶ. ಃϖ࿯ġ. ࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำ. ҁࣴ‫ز‬२Ӄឍॊࣴ‫ز‬ङඳϷ୏ᐒǴ٠ዴ‫ۓ‬ҁࣴ‫ز‬ϐҞ‫ޑ‬Ǵӕਔගрࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒǶ җ‫ܭ‬ႝηϯࡹ۬ᆶኧՏပৡ᝼ᚒጄൎቶ‫ݱ‬ǴЪ࣬ᜢЎ᝘౲ӭǴӢԜҁࣴ‫ز‬ᙖҗϩ ‫݋‬Ў᝘ύԖᜢၗૻፐำϐ೽ϩаࣚ‫زࣴۓ‬ጄൎǶ‫ܭ‬Ў᝘ӣ៝٠ዴ‫زࣴۓ‬ୢᚒᆶࣴ ‫ۓز‬ՏࡕǴҁࣴ‫ز‬ௗ๱ࡌҥࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬǴӧࣴ‫ز‬Б‫ݤ‬೽ϩǴҁࣴ‫ز‬२Ӄаుࡋೖፋ БԄᇆ໣ၨֹ᏾ϐၗ਑Ǵӆଞჹ໒ᒤፐำၨࣁӭϡϯ‫܈‬໒ᒤ࿶ᡍၨᙦ൤ϐኧՏᐒ ཮ύЈǴаϷ‫ܭ‬ཥчѱࡹ۬ୖᆶխ຤ၗૻፐำϐ҇౲ࣁࣴ‫ز‬኱‫ޑ‬ჹຝว‫ܫ‬ୢ‫ڔ‬Ǵ നࡕӆ຾Չၗ਑ϩ‫݋‬Ǵ٠ගр่ፕᆶࡌ᝼ǶԖᜢుࡋೖፋ‫کݤ‬ୢ‫ڔ‬ፓࢗ‫ݤ‬฻ၗ਑ ᇆ໣၁ಒࢬำǴஒ‫ܭ‬ಃΟക၁ಒᇥܴǶҁࣴ‫ز‬ϐࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำ༼᏾ӵკ 1-1Ƕ. 6.

(21) ࣴ‫ز‬ङඳ ࣴ‫୏ز‬ᐒᆶҞ‫ޑ‬. Ў᝘ӣ៝ ࣴ‫ز‬ୢᚒ ࣴ‫ࢎز‬ᄬ ుࡋೖፋ ୢ‫ڔ‬ፓࢗ ၗ਑ϩ‫݋‬ ่ፕᆶࡌ᝼ კ 2.2Ǻࣴ‫ࢬز‬ำკ! ၗ਑ٰྍǺ฽‫ޣ‬Ծᛤ!. 7.

(22)

(23) ಃΒകġ. Ў᝘ӣ៝. ᒿ๱ၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫מ‬ȐICTsȑ‫ޑ‬ว৖Ǵᆛሞᆛၡ‫ז‬ೲදϷǴό໻‫ׯ‬ᡂΑΓॺ‫ޑ‬ ғࢲಞᄍǴӕਔΨ஥୏Αႝηϯࡹ۬Ƕႝηϯࡹ۬೏ຎࣁගϲࡹ۬ਏૈᆶ୯ৎᝡ ‫ݾ‬Κ‫ޑ‬ख़ा฼ౣϐ΋Ǵՠႝηϯࡹ۬‫܌‬ග‫୍ܺޑٮ‬Ǵ٠ߚϷ‫؂ܭ‬Տሡा೏୍ܺ‫ޑ‬ ҇౲ǴӢࣁၗૻࣽ‫מ‬໺թ‫ޑ‬ၸำёૈҗ‫܄ܭ‬ձǵԃសǵᙍ཰ǵۚՐӦ୔฻ӢનԶ Ԗ‫܌‬ৡ౦Ǵ຾Զ‫׎‬ԋኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬౜ຝǶࣁΑᕭ෧ኧՏပৡǴࡹ۬‫ुڋ‬Α೚ӭቚ຾ ҇౲ኧՏૈΚ‫ࡹޑ‬฼ǴኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ޑ‬೛ҥߡࢂ‫ځ‬ύϐ΋ǴӕਔΨ໒೛ӭኬϯ‫ޑ‬ ၗૻፐำǴග‫҇ٮ‬౲Ꮲಞ୷ᘵኧՏૈΚ‫ޑ‬൑ୱǴ຾Զၲ‫ډ‬ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡǴගϲኧ Տᐒ཮ϐҞ‫ޑ‬Ƕ ҁക२Ӄ௶ॊ‫ך‬୯ႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬௢୏ᐕำᆶ౜‫ݩ‬ǴаϷႝηϯࡹ۬௢୏ीฝ ϐϣ৒Ƕ‫ځ‬ԛǴ௖૸ኧՏပৡ‫ۓޑ‬ကǵౢғኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ӢનǵኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫ޑ‬ጔ ଆᆶว৖౜‫ݩ‬ǴаϷ࣬ᜢࣴ‫ز‬ǶനࡕǴࣁΑΑှࡹ۬ග‫҇ٮ‬౲ব٤ၗૻፐำǴҁ ࿯༼᏾ΑՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮ЬᏤ‫ޑ‬Ȩ௢୏҇౲΢ᆛȩ‫ک‬௲‫ػ‬೽ЬᏤ‫ޑ‬ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈ‫܌‬ ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻፐำ฻ϣ৒Ǵ଺ࣁҁࣴ‫ز‬ϩ‫୷ޑ݋‬ᘵǶ. ಃ΋࿯ġ. ႝηϯࡹ۬. ൘ǵႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ཀ఼ Means & SchneiderȐᙯЇԾ‫ࡘڬ‬զǴ2009ȑ‫ۓ‬ကႝηϯࡹ۬ࣁǺ Ȩࡹ۬ᙖҗ٬ Ҕၗૻࣽ‫מ‬Ǵᆶ៝࠼Ȑ୘཰ǵ‫ځ‬дࡹ۬ᆶѱ҇ȑаϷ‫ٮ‬ᔈ‫ޣ‬Ȑ୘཰ǵ‫ځ‬дࡹ۬ᆶ ѱ҇ȑ۶Ԝϐ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯ȩ Ƕӕኬ‫ޑ‬ǴШࣚሌՉȐWorld Bankȑҭஒႝηϯࡹ۬‫ۓ‬က ࣁǺ Ȩࡹ۬ၮҔၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫מ‬ᙯඤ҇౲ǵҾ཰‫ځک‬дՉࡹൂՏϐ໔‫ޑ‬ᜢ߯Ǵ೭٤ၗ ૻ೯ૻࣽ‫מ‬ග‫ٮ‬Αӭኬϯ‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱Ǵ٬ࡹ۬ૈ୼໺ሀ๏҇౲‫׳‬ӳ‫୍ܺޑ‬ǴΨ٬ளࡹ ۬ᆅ౛‫׳‬Ԗਏ౗ȩ Ȑֺ৥ඦǴ2008ȑ ǶBrown & BrudenyȐᙯЇԾ‫ࡘڬ‬զǴ2009ȑ߾ ஒႝηϯࡹ۬‫ۓ‬ကࣁǺ Ȩ٬Ҕࣽ‫מ‬੝ձࢂаᆛၡࣁ୷ᘵ‫ޑ‬ᔈҔٰቚуᆶճ্ᜢ߯Γ ‫ޑ‬ௗ᝻ᆶ٬Ҕᐒ཮ǴаϷ‫׳‬Ԗਏ౗‫ޑ‬ሀଌࡹ۬ၗૻᆶ୍ܺǶȩдॺஒᆶႝηϯࡹ ۬ϕ୏‫ޑ‬ճ্ᜢ߯ΓϩࣁΟᜪǺࡹ۬ჹࡹ۬ȐG2Gȑ ǵࡹ۬ჹѱ҇ȐG2Cȑ ǵࡹ۬ჹ Ҿ཰ȐG2Bȑ ǶᆕӝԶ‫ق‬Ǵ Ȩႝηϯࡹ۬ȩ‫ࡰݱ‬Ϧ೽ߐ೸ၸၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫ޑמ‬ѳѠᆶᔈ ҔǴஒࡹ۬ၗૻᆶ୍ܺ‫ז‬ೲ‫ޑ‬໺ሀ๏҇౲ǵҾ཰‫ځ܈‬дࡹ۬ൂՏǴаගϲࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ Չࡹਏ౗Ƕ ႝηϯࡹ۬மፓΟᅿ੝፦Ǻ Ȑ΋ȑ‫׳‬৒ܰ‫ڗ‬ளȐmore accessibleȑ Ǻ߯ࡰࡹ۬೸ ၸᆛၡ‫ځ܈‬дБԄǴᡣ҇౲৒ܰ‫ڗ‬ளǵճҔ‫܌‬ሡ‫۬ࡹޑ‬ၗૻᆶ୍ܺǶ ȐΒȑ‫׳‬Ԗਏ ౗Ȑmore efficientȑ Ǻࡹ۬೸ၸၗૻϯ‫ޑ‬ၸำǴஒᕷፄ‫ޑ‬Չࡹำ‫ׇ‬ᙁൂϯǵ಍΋ϯǴ ЪஒՉࡹ཰୍ႝတϯǵᆛၡϯǴᙖаቚуࡼࡹ‫ޑ‬Ь୏‫܄‬ᆶӣᔈ‫܄‬Ƕ ȐΟȑܰ‫ܭ‬٬Ҕ 9.

(24) Ȑeasier to useȑ Ǻ҇౲ӧ‫ڗ‬ளࡹ۬ၗૻ‫ޑ୍ܺک‬ၸำύǴ཮Ӣࣁ‫཮ޗ‬࿶ᔮǵࡹ‫کݯ‬ ࣽ‫מ‬฻ӢનԶᎁၶምᛖǴ೸ၸႝηϯࡹ۬Ǵ҇౲ߡૈ୼ӧ‫ځ‬Бߡ‫ޑ‬ਔ໔ǵӦᗺǴ ٬Ҕࡹ۬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻϷ୍ܺǶႝηϯࡹ۬ᙖҗၗૻ೯ૻ‫ೌמ‬ӆ೷ࡹ۬Չࡹ཰୍ࢬ ำǴ‫ׯ‬๓Αࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ϣ೽πբਏ౗Ǵ٠Ъ‫ז׳‬ǵ‫׳‬Ԗਏ‫୍҇ܺޑ‬౲Ǵᙁ‫ق‬ϐǴႝη ϯࡹ۬ჴ౜аΠ൳ঁ౛གྷǺ Ȑ΋ȑගଯࡹ۬ಔᙃ‫ޑ‬ϸᔈૈΚǹ ȐΒȑගϲࡹ۬ჹϣ ϷჹѦ‫ྎޑ‬೯ਏ౗ǹ ȐΟȑගϲՉࡹ،฼‫ࠔޑ‬፦ǹ ȐѤȑᙁϯ،฼ำ‫ׇ‬ǹ ȐϖȑԖਏ ၮҔΓΚၗྍǹ ȐϤȑബཥߡ୍҇ܺ௛ࡼǹ ȐΎȑᘉε҇౲ୖᆶϦӅ٣୍ǹ ȐΖȑϦ ໒ࡹ۬ၗૻǴࡌҥ೸ܴϯำ‫ׇ‬Ȑֺ৥ඦǴ2008ȑ Ƕ ᒿ๱ႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖Ǵ೚ӭᏢ‫ޣ‬а໘ࢤፕ‫ޑ‬ኳٰࠠ௖૸ႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖ ᐕำǶLayne & LeeȐ2001ȑᇡࣁႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖ၸำஒ࿶ᐕѤঁ໘ࢤǺಃ΋໘ ࢤࢂȨൂӛ‫ྎޑ‬೯ȩ Ǵ߯ࡰࡹ۬೽ߐ೸ၸࡌ࿼ᐒᜢᆛઠٰග‫۬ࡹٮ‬ၗૻǹಃΒ໘ࢤ ࢂȨҬܰ໘ࢤȩ Ǵࡹ۬ᐒᜢ࿶җᆛၡග‫ٮ‬ፏӵΠၩ߄ൂ‫܈‬ጕ΢ҙᒤ฻ጕ΢Ҭܰф ૈǴ٬ளࡹ۬ᆶ‫ځ‬д٬Ҕ‫ޣ‬ϐ໔‫ޑ‬Ȩᚈӛྎ೯ȩᡂளёૈǹಃΟ໘ࢤࢂȨࠟ‫ޔ‬᏾ ӝ໘ࢤȩ Ǵஒࡹ۬Ӛᐒᜢ‫ޑ‬ጕ΢ၮբ຾Չ᏾ӝǴ‫ٯ‬ӵӅҔ΋ঁၗ਑৤ǹനࡕ໘ࢤࢂ ȨНѳ᏾ӝ໘ࢤȩ Ǵࡹ۬‫܌‬ග‫ٮ‬όӕфૈᆶሦୱ‫୍ࣣܺޑ‬ё᏾‫ٳ‬Կӕ΋ঁ‫س‬಍ϐ ΠǴӕਔӅҔ΋ঁύѧΕαǶᖄӝ୯ᆶ ASPAȐᙯЇԾ‫ࡘڬ‬զǴ2009ȑ߾ගрΑϖ ໘ࢤፕǺಃ΋໘ࢤࢂȨр౜໘ࢤȩ Ǵࡹ۬೽ߐࡌҥΑጕ΢ᆛઠǹಃΒ໘ࢤࢂȨቚம ໘ࢤȩ Ǵ೭ਔࡹ۬ࡌ࿼‫ޑ‬ᆛઠεೕኳቚуǴԶЪΨ‫׳‬уғ୏ǵӭϡϯǹಃΟ໘ࢤࢂ Ȩϕ୏໘ࢤȩ Ǵૈ୼ᡣ٬Ҕ‫ޣ‬Πၩ߄ൂ‫ࢂ܈‬೸ၸᆛၡᆶᐒᜢ຾Չϕ୏ǹಃѤ໘ࢤࢂ ȨҬܰ໘ࢤȩ Ǵ٬Ҕ‫ޣ‬ёа೸ၸጕ΢бී฻Չࣁ຾ՉҬܰǹനࡕ΋ঁ໘ࢤࢂȨคᕳ Ȑseamlessȑ໘ࢤȩ Ǵ೭ঁ໘ࢤ٬ள‫܌‬Ԗၠᐒᜢႝη୍ܺ‫ޑ‬᏾ӝԋࣁΑёૈǶ. ມǵႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖ᐕำ ‫ך‬୯ႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖ᐕำǴനԐёଓਝ‫ ډ‬1961 ԃǴࡹ۬௢୏཰୍ႝတϯਔ යǴ྽ਔႝတࣁ஑ឦ‫س‬಍Ǵᆛၡೱጕբ཰‫ޑ‬ጄൎ໻߳ज़‫ܭ‬੝‫ޑۓ‬ᐒᜢӕϘǴЊࡹǵ Ӧࡹᆶิ୍฻εࠠՉࡹၗૻ‫س‬಍ջӧ၀ᕉნΠ೴ᅌว৖ǶԾ 1990 ԃж໒‫ۈ‬Ǵҗ‫ܭ‬ ঁΓႝတВᅌදϷǴࡹ۬ᐒᜢҭӢᔈၗૻࣽ‫ޑמ‬ว৖Զ໒‫ۈ‬ၮҔᆛሞᆛၡǴࡹ۬ ᆛઠΨӵߘࡕࡾแ૓εໆࡌ࿼Ƕ ߈ԃٰǴႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖ӭаᆛሞᆛၡ‫ޑ‬ᔈҔࣁЬືǴ1996 ԃӢୖуᆛሞ ᆛၡШࣚറំ཮ȐInternet 1996 World Expositionȑࢲ୏Զඟ໒‫ׇ‬ჿǴ1997 ԃ 7 Дࡹ ۬໒‫ۈ‬ᝢഢࣁයΟԃȐ1998-2000ȑ‫ޑ‬ಃ΋໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬Ȩႝηϯࡹ۬/ᆛၡϯࡹ ۬ύำ௢୏ीฝȩ Ǵ2001 ԃԿ 2004 ԃ‫ޑ‬Ȩႝηϯࡹ۬௢୏Бਢȩᆶ 2003 ԃԿ 2007 ԃ‫ޑ‬ȨࡷᏯ 2008Ǻ୯ৎว৖ख़ᗺीฝȩ஥୏‫ך‬୯ᗌΕႝηϯࡹ۬ಃΒ໘ࢤǴௗ๱ ӧ 2008 ԃԿ 2011 ԃȨᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ीฝȩ௪ଆ‫ך‬୯ಃΟ‫ݢ‬ႝηϯࡹ۬‫ੁޑ‬ዊǴ ٠ӧ 2012 ԃ໒‫ۈ‬௢୏ಃѤ‫ݢ‬ႝηϯࡹ۬Ƕ ‫ך‬୯ႝηϯࡹ۬ЬाࢂҗՉࡹଣ୯ৎၗૻ೯ߞว৖௢୏λಔ‫܌‬௢୏ว৖ǴԾ 1997 ԃ໒‫ۈ‬௢୏ႝηϯࡹ۬аٰǴς࿶໩ճֹԋಃ΋໘ࢤ‫۬ࡹޑ‬ᆛၡ୷ᘵࡌ೛ǵ ಃΒ໘ࢤ‫۬ࡹޑ‬ᆛၡᔈҔ௢ቶीฝаϷಃΟ໘ࢤ๱ख़‫཮ޗ‬ᜢᚶǵග‫҇ٮ‬౲คᕳሜ 10.

(25) ‫ޑ‬ᓬ፦ࡹ୍۬ܺǶӧගϲਏ౗Ϸ୍ܺࠔ፦Бय़Ǵҭᕇள୯ሞಔᙃຑКޭ‫ۓ‬Ǵӵ‫ך‬ ୯‫ ܭ‬2010 ԃϷ 2011 ԃϩձᕇளШࣚ࿶ᔮፕᏝȐWEFȑຑКࡹ۬ᆛၡ٬Ҕࡋᆶ᏾ ഢࡋಃ 2 ӜϷಃ 5 ӜǴӧ 2011 ԃԐዿҖεᏢ‫ޑ‬ႝηϯࡹ۬ว৖ፓࢗൔ֋‫ך‬୯߾ Ӝӈಃ 13 ӜǴΠ΋໘ࢤஒරӛவ҇౲‫ࡋفޑ‬ග‫ٮ‬Ь୏ǵϩ౲ᆶӄำ‫ޑ‬ႝηϯࡹ۬ ୍ܺǴӵკ 2-1 ‫܌‬ҢǶаΠஒϩձϟಏ‫ך‬୯ႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝ‫ޑ‬ว৖ၸำᆶ‫ࡹځ‬฼ϣ ৒ȐՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011ȑǶ. კ 3.2Ǻ‫ך‬୯ႝηϯࡹ۬ว৖໘ࢤ! ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011 Ȑ΋ȑಃ΋໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝȐ1998-2000 ȑ 1990 ԃж௢୏Ȩႝηϯ/ᆛၡϯࡹ۬ύำ௢୏ीฝȩǴठΚࡌ೛ࡹ۬ମ༸ᆛၡǵ ว৖ᆛၡߡ҇ϷՉࡹᔈҔǵуೲࡹ۬ၗૻࢬ೯ǵࡌҥႝηᇡ᛾ϷᆛၡӼӄᐒ‫ڋ‬฻ ηीฝǶ ȐΒȑಃΒ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝȐ2001-2004ȑϷȨࡷᏯ 2008Ǻ୯ৎว৖ख़ᗺीฝȩ Ȑ2003-2007ȑ 2001 Կ 2004 ԃ௢୏Ȩႝηϯࡹ۬௢୏Бਢȩ࡭ុుϯϷᘉεࡹ۬ᆛၡᔈҔǴ Ҟ኱ࣁࡌҥᄣ೯ϷӼӄёߞᒘ‫ޑ‬ၗૻᕉნǵߦ຾ࡹ۬ᐒᜢ‫ک‬Ϧ୍঩ӄय़΢ᆛǵӄ य़ჴࡼϦЎႝηҬඤǵ௢୏ 1,500 ໨ࡹ۬ҙᒤ୍ܺ΢ᆛǵ௢୏ࡹ۬ၗૻҬඤࢬ೯Ϸ ਜ᛾ᖵҁӄय़෧ໆբ཰ǶќѦǴӧȨࡷᏯ 2008Ǻ୯ৎว৖ख़ᗺीฝȩಃ 6 ϩ໨ኧ Տᆵ᡼ीฝύǴႝηϯࡹ۬ख़ᗺीฝӅ 18 ໨Ǵӵკ 2-2 ‫܌‬ҢǶ. 11.

(26) კ 3.3ǺኧՏᆵ᡼ f ϯࡹ۬ीฝࢎᄬ! ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011 ȐΟȑಃΟ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝ-ᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ीฝȐ2008-2011ȑ 2008 ԃ௢୏ϐᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ीฝǴаၲԋȨቚ຾ϦӅ୍ܺሽॶǴࡌҥ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬ ߞᒘᆶᖄ่ȩᜫඳǴပჴȨว৖Ь୏୍ܺǴബ೷ᓬ፦ғࢲȩǵȨදϷၗૻ୍ܺǴ ቚ຾‫཮ޗ‬ᜢᚶȩǵȨமϯᆛၡϕ୏ǴᘉεϦ҇ୖᆶȩΟεҞ኱Ǵჴ౜Ь୏ǵϩ౲ǵ ࡭ុϷЌਥϐ୍ܺǶᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ೕჄ௢୏ 10 εᄡᝮीฝǴӵკ 2-3 ‫܌‬ҢǶ. 12.

(27) კ 3.4Ǻᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ीฝࢎᄬ! ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮ᆛઠǴ312204025 ᘏ‫ڗ‬ԾǺ iuuq;00xxx/sefd/hpw/ux0du/btq@yJufn>526:81:'DuOpef>23938'nq>211!. ୖǵႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖౜‫ݩ‬ ՉࡹଣࣁၲԋȨࢲΚ࿶ᔮǵ҉ុᆵ᡼ȩᜫඳϷ࿶ᔮว৖ǵ‫཮ޗ‬ϦကϷᕉნߥ ៈ٠ख़ϐҞ኱ǴගрȨངѠ 12 ࡌ೛ᕴᡏीฝȐ2009 -2016ȑȩǴ‫ځ‬ύȨඵችѠ᡼ ीฝȩа௢୏ࡌᄬඵችࠠ୷ᘵᕉნǵว৖ബཥࣽ‫מ‬ϯ୍ܺǵග‫ٮ‬୯҇ӼЈߡճ‫ޑ‬ ᓬ፦ᆛၡᕉნࣁЬाҞ‫ޑ‬Ǵය٬҇౲٦‫ڙ‬࿶ᔮǵБߡǵӼӄǵຠЈ‫ޑ‬ඵችғࢲܺ ୍Ƕࣁుϯᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ीฝԋ݀٠ௗុඵችѠ᡼ीฝԖᜢႝηϯࡹ۬πբ௢ ୏ǴՉࡹଣࣴ‫ز‬ว৖Եਡ‫ہ‬঩཮٩ᏵངѠ 12 ࡌ೛ϷඵችѠ᡼ीฝ‫ޑ‬ᜫඳҞ኱Ϸ௢ ୏฼ౣǴගрௗុीฝȨಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝȐ2012-2016ȑȩǴයаගϲࡹ ۬ՉࡹਏૈǴቚ຾ࡹ۬᏾ᡏ୍ܺࠔ፦Ǵග‫ٮ‬಄ӝ҇౲ሡ‫ޑ؃‬ӄำബཥ୍ܺȐՉࡹ ଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011ȑǶ ඵችѠ᡼ीฝ‫ޑ‬Ҟ‫ޑ‬ЬाԖǺȐ1ȑࡌᄬඵችࠠ୷ᘵᕉნǴว৖ബཥࣽ‫מ‬ϯܺ ୍Ǵග‫ٮ‬୯҇ӼЈߡճ‫ޑ‬ᓬ፦ғࢲᕉნǹȐ2ȑว৖Ўϯബཀౢ཰Ǵ‫׎‬༟Ѡ᡼ғࢲ ϷЎϯ॥਱ǹȐ3ȑமϯᇟЎǵ᎙᠐ϷၗૻૈΚǴ‫׎‬༟Ꮲಞࠠ‫཮ޗ‬Ǵ٠ᙖҗଯ฻Ϸ ‫מ‬ᙍ௲‫ࠔػ‬፦‫ޑ‬ගϲǴֹഢΓω୻‫ػ‬ǶࣁΑၲԋीฝҞ‫ޑ‬ǴࡌᄬӼЈǵߡճǵ଼ நǵΓЎ‫ޑ‬ᓬ፦ᆛၡ‫཮ޗ‬Ȑკ 2-4ȑǴࡹ۬ගрϤε฼ౣ௢୏ȐWISDOMȑǺቨᓎ 13.

(28) ༊ࢬᆛၡȐWireless & Broadband ConvergenceȑǵЎϯബཀౢ཰ȐCultural & Creative Industryȑǵᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬ȐSuperior E-governmentȑǵຠЈғࢲᔈҔᆶౢ཰ ȐDemand-driven ApplicationsȑǵϦѳኧՏᐒ཮ȐEqual Digital OpportunityȑǴа ϷΓω୻‫ػ‬ȐManpower CultivationȑȐკ 2-5ȑǴ೸ၸቨᓎ༊ࢬ‫ޑ‬ଯೲᆛၡ1ǵග ‫ٮ‬಄ӝ҇౲ሡ‫ޑ؃‬Ь୏ຠЈ୍ܺ2ǵѺ೷ᆘՅ࿯ૈ෧ᅹ‫ޑ‬ғࢲᕉნ3Ǵ٠ပჴಖғᏢ ಞ‫཮ޗޑ‬॥਻4Ǵ٬‫܌‬Ԗ҇౲ૈ୼ᒿਔᒿӦၮҔബཥ‫ޑ‬೛ഢǴ٦‫ڙ‬ଯࠔ፦‫ޑ‬ғࢲǴ ຾Զගϲ҇౲ғࢲϣ఼ᆶનᎦ5ǶȐඵችѠ᡼ᆛઠǴ http://www.intelligenttaiwan.nat.gov.tw/ȑǶ. კ 3.5ǺඵችѠ᡼‫ޑ‬ਡЈཷ‫!ۺ‬ ၗ਑ٰྍǺඵችѠ᡼ᆛઠǴ312204025 ᘏ‫ڗ‬Ծ iuuq;00xxx/joufmmjhfouubjxbo/obu/hpw/ux0!. 2. ቨᓎ༊ࢬᆛၡǺࡌ࿼ଯೲቨᓎᆛၡǴ٠ೱ೯όӕᆛၡ‫س‬಍ǴӆଛӝԖጕᆶคጕ‫ޑ‬ག‫ޕ‬ᆛၡǴаၲ ‫ނډ‬ҹคᕳೱᆛϐҞ‫ޑ‬Ƕ! 3 Ь୏ຠЈ୍ܺǺҗ٬Ҕ‫ޑޣ‬ᢀᗺрวǴೕჄ಄ӝ҇౲ሡ‫ޑ؃‬ബཥᔈҔ୍ܺǴаࣽ‫מ‬ϯ୍ܺှ،ғ ࢲ᝼ᚒǶ! 4 ᆘՅ࿯ૈ෧ᅹǺ௢୏ᕉߥᆘࡌᑐǴа JDU ബཥࣽ‫מ‬ၲ‫ډ‬࿯ૈ෧ᅹǴӕਔගϲғࢲࠔ፦ᆶౢ཰ਏૈǶ! 5 ပჴ፾‫ػ܄‬ωǺкჴౢ཰‫܌‬ሡӭϡΓωǴ௢୏ಖ‫ي‬ᏢಞǶ! 6 ЎϯғࢲऍᏢǺ่ӝЎϯǵᢀӀᆶࣽ‫מ‬ǴుહऍགᕉნǴගϲ҇౲ғࢲϣ఼ᆶનᎦǶ 14.

(29) ġ. კ 3.6ǺඵችѠ᡼‫ޑ‬௢୏฼ౣ! ၗ਑ٰྍǺඵችѠ᡼ᆛઠǴ312204025 ᘏ‫ڗ‬Ծ iuuq;00xxx/joufmmjhfouubjxbo/obu/hpw/ux0! ಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬‫ុۯ‬ΑඵችѠ᡼ीฝǴ‫ځ‬ೕჄख़ᗺȐკ 2-6ȑӧ‫ࡌܭ‬ᄬࡹ ୍۬ܺ‫ ޑ‬DNA ਡЈ౛‫ۺ‬Ǵхࡴ DeviceȐ೛ഢȑว৖ёឫԄՉ୏း࿼΢‫୍ܺޑ‬ǹ NetworkȐᆛၡȑӢᔈคጕቨᓎᆛၡᔈҔว৖ߡ௘୍ܺǹApplicationȐᔈҔȑ๓Ҕ Web 2.0 ว৖‫׳‬ຠ຾҇౲ሡ‫ޑ؃‬ബཥ୍ܺǴ٠ᄆᡉȨ҇౲୍ܺȩǵȨၮբਏ౗ȩϷ Ȩࡹ฼ၲԋȩΟεϦӅሽॶǶԿ‫ܭ‬ೕჄ౛‫ۺ‬Ȑკ 2-7ȑ߾ᆫข‫ܭ‬ග‫ٮ‬ႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ Ь୏୍ܺǹа҇౲ǵҾ཰ϷϦ୍঩ࣁ୍ܺჹຝ‫ޑ‬ϩ౲୍ܺǹаϷว৖ஒȨ҇౲ຎ ࣁ΋ҹ٣௃ȩ‫ޑ‬ӄำ୍ܺǴᙖаၲԋჹϣගϲၮբਏ౗ǵჹѦቚ຾ࣁ୍҇ܺࠔ፦Ǵ ٠ঋ៝‫཮ޗ‬ᜢᚶᆶϦѳୖᆶ฻ਡЈҞ኱ȐՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011ȑǶ. 15.

(30) კ 3.7ǺಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ೕჄ౛‫!ۺ‬ ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011. კ 3.8ǺಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ೕჄΟय़ӛ! ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011 ࣁႴᓰബཥᔈҔ୍ܺǴಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝගрȨࡹ۬໦ᆄᔈҔ୍ܺȩǵ Ȩ୷ᘵၗ਑৤ᘉቚȩǵȨЬ୏ӄำ୍ܺȩǵȨՉ୏ႝηϯࡹ۬ȩǵȨ่ӝ‫཮ޗ‬ᆛ 16.

(31) ๎ȩǵȨe ϯ୍ܺӻଛ‫ډ‬ৎȩϤ໨ᄡᝮीฝȐკ 2-8ȑǴӚᄡᝮीฝϐख़ᗺ௛ࡼᆶ ϣ৒ᇥܴӵΠȐՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011ȑǺ. კ 3.9ǺಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬Ϥεᄡᝮीฝ! ၗ਑ٰྍǺՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ǵ2011 Ȑ΋ȑᄡᝮ 1Ǻࡹ۬໦ᆄᔈҔ୍ܺ ᒿ๱ႝηϯࡹ୍۬ܺ٬Ҕ౗ᆶೕኳ࡚ೲቚуǴࣁ٬ࡹ۬ૈӢᔈቸ‫܄‬ሡ‫؃‬ջਔ ග‫୍ܺٮ‬٠மϯၗૻ୍ܺໆૈǶಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬໦ᆄᔈҔᙹ‫ױۓ‬ᜢ҇౲ǵࡹ ۬ᐒᜢǵҾ཰฻‫ڀ‬Ԗӄ୯‫܄‬ೕኳ‫ޑ‬໦ᆄᔈҔ୍ܺǴ௢୏ख़ᗺх֖ଞჹ‫܌‬Ԗࡹ۬ᐒ ᜢග‫ൂٮ‬΋᏾ӝीฝᆅ౛୍ܺѳᆵ‫ޑ‬ीฝᆅ౛໦ᆄ୍ܺϷٛ௱‫ؠ‬ᔈᡂᆶ‫ڐ‬ፓၗૻ ᏾ӝ໦ᆄၮᆉࢎᄬ฻Ƕх֖аଯೲቨᓎҬඤϷௗ‫ڗ‬ᆛၡࣁ୷ᘵǴ᏾ӝࡹ۬౜Ԗฯ ᡏ୍ܺၗྍǴࡌᄬࡹ۬໦ᆄၗ਑ύЈǴӚ೽཮ёၮҔ୷ᘵࡌ೛໦ᆄ୍ܺǴࢎᄬቸ ‫܄‬ᘉк୍ܺໆૈ‫ޑ‬೽཮໦ᆄ୷ᘵ୍ܺȐIaaSȑǶԜѦǴಃѤ໘ࢤΨ௢୏ࡹ۬໦ᆄ୷ ᘵ୍ܺࡌ೛Ǵ఼ᇂࡹ୍۬ܺѳᆵ໦ᆄϯǴుϯ౜Ԗࡹ۬Εαᆛǵၠᐒᜢ୍ܺ᏾ӝ ѳᆵ୍ܺǴࡌᄬ‫ى‬аࣁӚ೽཮ᔈҔ୍ܺᆶ᏾ӝ୷ᘵ‫ޑ‬໦ᆄѳᆵȐPaaSȑ୍ܺǶ ȐΒȑᄡᝮ 2Ǻ୷ᘵၗ਑৤ᘉቚ คፕჹѦග‫҇ٮ‬౲Ь୏ӄำ୍ܺǴჹϣуೲၠᐒᜢၗૻҬඤᆶϭዽǴ୷ᘵၗ ਑৤֡ࣁႝηϯࡹ୍۬ܺ‫ޑ‬ਡЈǶନΑԾ 1998 ԃଆഌុ௢୏‫ޑ‬ᆛᆛ࣬ೱႝη႔ߐ ीฝȐ୘πǵЊࡹǵ‫ࡹא‬ǵᅱ౛ǵ଄ิ฻ϖε୷ᘵၗ਑᏾ӝᆶҬඤȑаϷ୯βၗ ૻ‫س‬಍୷ᘵᕉნࡌ࿼ीฝѦǴಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬᏷‫ۓ‬྽߻ख़ा‫ޗ‬࿶ࣽ‫מ‬ᆶႝη ϯࡹ୍۬ܺว৖ख़ᗺሦୱǴᘉቚࡌҥፁғᅽճǵᕉნၗྍǵӄ҇‫ؠ‬ٛǵੇࢩว৖ǵ ‫܄‬ձѳ฻฻୷ᘵၗ਑৤Ǵ٠௢୏୷ᘵၗ਑৤ϐၗ਑ࡌ࿼ᆶ᏾ӝǵֹഢၗૻ‫ڗ‬Ҕ኱ ྗǵࡌҥၗૻӅ٦ᐒ‫ڋ‬Ϸܴዴ௤៾ᐒᜢᆅ౛฻πբǴ٬ၗ਑ளаϕ٦ϕ೯уೲ҇ 17.

(32) ౲୍ܺග‫ٮ‬Ϸֹ᏾‫܄‬ϐ࿶ᡍǴу४ႝηϯࡹ۬ጕ΢୍ܺᆶҙᒤ‫ޑ‬ӭϡ‫܄‬Ǵගϲࡹ ۬ϣ೽ၮբਏ౗٠மϯ،฼ЍජǶ ȐΟȑᄡᝮ 3ǺЬ୏ӄำ୍ܺ ಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ीฝаϩ౲୍ܺᢀᗺϩ‫݋‬Ǵӧࡹ۬ჹ҇౲ȐG2Cȑय़ӛǴ аኧՏғࢲሺ߄୍݈ܺࣁЬືǴՍೱόӼӄ୘ࠔ೯ൔǵኧՏӳӻඵች୍ܺǵၭᅕ ౢࠔғౢቬᐕᆶ໯१Ӽӄϐၭ཰ၗૻǵඵችғᄊၗૻ୍ܺ฻ЬᚒၗૻǴԜѦΨય Εග‫҇ٮ‬౲ႝηϯࡹ۬ӄำ୍ܺ୷ᘵ‫ޑ‬ԾฅΓᏧ᛾ᔈҔബཥǶӧࡹ۬ჹϦ୍঩ ȐGovernment to EmployeeǴG2Eȑय़ӛǴග‫ٮ‬ඵችᒤϦ࠻ǵЎਜᔞਢᆛၡၗૻӝ ΋Ϸӄ୯Ϧ୍ΓΚၗྍඵችࠠၗૻ฻୍ܺǶӧࡹ۬ჹҾ཰ȐG2Bȑय़ӛǴග‫ܕٮ‬୘ Ϸ‫׫‬ၗ‫ޑ‬ӄำ୍ܺǴ٠х֖৖౜ႝηϯࡹ۬Ь୏ӄำ୍ܺന፾ҔᔈҔጄൎǵӄБ Տ఼ᇂ҇౲ǵࡹ۬ᐒᜢᆶҾ཰‫ޑ‬ႝηว౻Ь୏୍ܺǶനࡕӧࡹ۬ჹϦ੻იᡏ Ȑ Government to AssociationǴG2Aȑय़ӛ߾࡭ុుϯϦ੻༅ීᆛၡ୍ܺǶҁᄡᝮ ीฝаಃΟ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬ග‫ٮ‬ჹѦ҇౲य़ӛࣁ୷ᘵǴᙁϯ୍ܺࢬำǴ᏾ӝၠ೽ ཮୍ܺǴЬ୏୍ܺ҇౲Ǵ٬҇౲ளаൂ΋ืα‫ڗ‬ளࡹ۬ӄำ୍ܺǴගϲ҇౲୍ܺ ᅈཀࡋǴ෧Ͽ҇౲ҙᒤਔ໔ᆶԋҁǴගϲ᏾ᡏ୍ܺਏૈǶ ȐѤȑᄡᝮ 4ǺՉ୏ႝηϯࡹ۬ Չ୏‫ೌמ‬ว৖ϷՉ୏΢ᆛԋࣁ҇౲‫ڗ‬ளࡹ۬ၗૻ୍ܺЬࢬᆅၰϐ΋Ǵҁᄡᝮ ीฝаࡌҥՉ୏ႝηϯࡹ୍۬ܺ‫୷ೌמ‬ᘵᆶೕጄࣁ୷ᘵǴ᏾ӝӚᐒᜢႝηϯࡹ۬ ୍ܺǴග‫ൂٮ‬΋Չ୏ΕαᆛǴ‫ڐ‬շ҇౲ӧӚᅿՉ୏ၩ‫ڀ‬΢‫ڗ‬ளϩණ‫ܭ‬Ӛᐒᜢϐၗ ૻ୍ܺǴวචՉ୏ႝηϯࡹ۬੝Յ‫ޑ‬ЬᚒᔈҔǴӵҬ೯ਓၯᢀӀၗૻᔈҔ฻ሦୱǴ ග‫҇ٮ‬౲ค‫܌‬όӧ‫୍ܺ۬ࡹޑ‬Ƕ Ȑϖȑᄡᝮ 5Ǻ่ӝ‫཮ޗ‬ᆛ๎ ๓Ҕ Web 2.0 ᔈҔ୍ܺǴ่ӝ҇໔ၗྍǵϦ҇‫཮ޗ‬໣ᡏඵችᆶ‫ޗ‬ဂΚໆǴග‫ٮ‬ ੝‫ۓ‬௼ဂᆶ੝‫ۓ‬Ҕ೼ϐၗૻ୍ܺǴߦ຾ࡼࡹᆶ୍ܺ‫׳‬Ϧ໒೸ܴϷϦ҇ୖᆶǴᆶ҇ ౲ӅӕೕჄ‫ࠨ׳‬ӝ҇౲ሡ‫ޑ؃‬ႝηϯࡹ୍۬ܺǶ ȐϤȑᄡᝮ 6ǺȨe ϯ୍ܺӻଛ‫ډ‬ৎȩ ࣁᘉεࡹ୍۬ܺጄൎǴวච‫཮ޗ‬ᜢᚶǵྣ៝১༈௼ဂǴၲԋϦѳ‫҇ޑ‬౲ୖᆶ Ϸ୍ܺ‫ڗ‬ளᐒ཮ǴೕჄ่ӝಃ΋ጕϦ୍঩ȐӵЊᝤ঩ǵӦᝤໆෳ঩ǵ‫׸‬ٚ༸٣ǵ ‫ޗ‬πȑϷၗૻ‫ד‬πȐӵଏҶϦ୍঩ȑǴග‫ٮ‬ӧӦϯ୍ܺืαǴаՉ୏ϯ᏾ӝၗૻ ୍ܺǴග‫ٮ‬ሌᎳ௼ǵཥՐ҇ǵՉ୏όߡ‫ޣ‬฻১༈௼ဂ᏾ӝԄ‫୍ܺ۬ࡹޑ‬Ǵҁᄡᝮ ीฝӕਔх֖നࡕ΋ᎃ୍ܺሀଌ᏾ӝѳᆵϐೕჄǴӧӦ୍ܺՉ୏ϐჴࡼǴаϷࡌ ᄬၭ‫׸‬ӧӦၗૻ୍ܺᆛ๎฻௢୏πբǶ. စǵλ่ ‫ך‬୯ႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖ᐕำᗨค‫ݤ‬٩ Layne & LeeȐ2001ȑ‫ޑ‬໘ࢤፕ຾Չమཱ ϪപǴՠϝૈஒӚ໘ࢤीฝ‫ޑ‬ᄽ຾εठϩ‫݋‬ӵΠȐ‫ࡘڬ‬զǴ2009ȑǺ Ȑ΋ȑǵൂӛྎ೯໘ࢤȐ1995-2000ȑ а 1995 ԃᝢഢୖу 1996 ԃᆛሞᆛၡШࣚറំ཮໒‫ۈ‬ଆᆉǴԜਔႝηϯࡹ۬ 18.

(33) ‫ޑ‬ว৖ख़ᗺӧ‫୷ܭ‬ᘵၗૻ೯ૻᕉნϐࡌҥǴࡹ۬໒‫ࡌۈ‬࿼ࡹ۬ᐒᜢᆛઠǴோᆛઠ ໻ග‫ൂٮ‬ӛЪϿໆ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ୍ܺǶόၸǴӵᆛၡൔิ฻ጕ΢ҙᒤ୍ܺӧ೭ঁ໘ࢤߡ ςࡌ࿼ֹԋǶ ȐΒȑǵҬܰ໘ࢤȐ2001-2004ȑ Ԝਔࡹ۬໒‫ۈ‬ග‫ٮ‬ӭኬϯ‫ޑ‬ጕ΢ҙᒤ୍ܺǴό໻߻΋໘ࢤࡌ࿼‫ޑ‬ᆛၡൔิ٬ ҔЊቚӭǴΨ໒‫ۈ‬ග‫ٮ‬ᆶ҇౲࣬ᜢϐЊࡹǵӦࡹǵ‫ޗ‬ᅽǵᅱ౛ǵࡌᆅǵπ୘ฦ૶ ฻ጕ΢୍ܺਢҹǴ҇౲ё‫ޔ‬ௗаጕ΢ᒤ౛БԄǴֹԋҙᒤࢬำϷጕ΢ᛦ຤Ǵ٠а ᆛၡ‫܈‬Ћᐒᙁૻջਔඓඝനཥҙᒤೀ౛຾ࡋǶ ȐΟȑǵࠟ‫ޔ‬᏾ӝ໘ࢤȐ2004-2007ȑ Ԝ໘ࢤࡹ۬ࡌҥΑ᏾ӝӚᅿᜪࠠࡹ۬ᆛઠ‫ޑ‬ΕαᆛઠǴ٬҇౲ёа೸ၸൂ΋ ΕαᆛઠᆶӚঁύѧᆶӦБࡹ۬ᆛઠೱ่Ǵ٠ࢗ၌ǵ٬ҔӚᅿጕ΢୍ܺǶ ȐѤȑǵᐉӛ᏾ӝ໘ࢤȐ2008 ԿϞȑ ࡹ۬࡭ុа٬Ҕ‫ࣁޣ‬ύЈǴ٠٩҇౲ሡ‫؃‬຾Չၠᐒᜢቫભ‫ޑ‬᏾ӝǴుϯჹ҇ ౲‫ޑ‬ၗૻග‫ٮ‬ᆶ୍ܺǴၲԋ΋ઠᖼ‫܌ى‬ሡ୍ܺ‫ޑ‬คᕳԄᓬ፦ᆛၡࡹ۬Ƕ ࿶җ΢ॊ‫ך‬୯ႝηϯࡹ۬‫ޑ‬ว৖ᐕำё‫ޕ‬Ǵଆ߃ႝηϯࡹ۬೸ၸаᆛၡࣁЬ ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫מ‬Ǵග‫҇ٮ‬౲‫׳‬ӭ‫ޑ‬ၗૻᆶ‫׳‬Ԗਏ౗‫୍ܺޑ‬ǴԜਔය‫܌‬ග‫ޑٮ‬ၗૻ ໻ൂӛ໺ሀϒ҇౲Ǵࡹ۬ᐒᜢ‫୍ܺޑ‬ҭϩණ‫ܭ‬ӚᐒᜢᆛઠǴ٠҂᏾ӝ‫ൂܭ‬΋Εα ᆛઠǶᒿࡕǴႝηϯࡹ۬ஒว৖ख़ᗺᘉεԿаȨ٬Ҕ‫ࣁޣ‬ύЈȩǴࡹ۬ᆛઠନΑ ӛ҇౲໺ሀၗૻϷ୍ܺѦǴΨёаբࣁ҇౲ᆶࡹ۬ᐒᜢ຾Չᚈӛϕ୏‫ޑ‬ѳѠǴ‫ٯ‬ ӵѱߏߞጃ฻฻ǶനࡕǴႝηϯࡹ۬‫׳‬᏾ӝΑᕵӛᆶᐉӛ‫୍ܺޑ‬Ǵԋࣁᡣ҇౲ૈ ΋ઠᖼ‫܌ى‬ሡ୍ܺ‫ޑ‬คᕳԄᆛઠǶ ࣁပჴߦ຾Ϧѳୖᆶᐒ཮‫ޑ‬Ҟ኱ǴಃѤ໘ࢤႝηϯࡹ۬᏾ӝӦБࡹ۬ၗྍǴ ၮҔ‫཮ޗ‬Ϧ҇໣ᡏୖᆶǴుΕϷᘉණࡹ୍۬ܺӻଛ‫ډ‬ৎǴ่ӝಃ΋ጕ୷ቫ୍ܺΓ ঩ᆶ҇໔‫ד‬πΚໆǴၮҔՉ୏ၩ‫ڀ‬ȐDeviceȑᆶคጕቨᓎȐNetworkȑǴЬ୏ග‫ٮ‬ ୷ቫ҇౲ᆶୃໂ҇౲നࡕ΋ᎃ୍ܺǴჴ౜ኧՏᐒ཮ύЈϐ҉ុ࿶ᔼǴബ೷ୃໂኧ ՏᏢಞϷ‫୔ޗ‬ว৖Ǵၲԋᕭ෧ኧՏပৡǵബ೷ኧՏᐒ཮ϐҞ኱ǶќѦǴWeb 2.0 ‫ޑ‬ ᔈҔᡣ҇౲ჹ࣬ᜢࡹ฼ᆶ୍ܺ೿Ԗ‫׳‬ӭ‫ޑ‬Αှ‫ୖک‬ᆶǴᙖаගϲࡹ୍۬ܺ‫ޑ‬Ϧ໒ ೸ܴᆶፐೢǴࡌᄬϦѳ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ‫཮ޗ‬Ƕ. ಃΒ࿯ġ. ኧՏပৡᆶኧՏᐒ཮. ኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬౜ຝӧШࣚӚ୯ϐύёаᇥࢂ࣬྽දၹЪᝄख़‫ޑ‬Ǵջ٬ࢂӵऍ୯ ӵԜଯࡋ໒ว‫ޑ‬୯ৎǴ‫ځ‬୯ϣΨӸӧ๱ኧՏပৡୢᚒǴӢԜӚ୯ࡹ۬Ϸࣴ‫ز‬ᐒᄬ ࣣόᘐ௖‫ز‬೷ԋኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ӢનǴ‫׆‬Ꮗૈ୼ှ،ǵ੃ࡎኧՏပৡǶҁ࿯२Ӄჹኧ Տပৡуа‫ۓ‬က٠௖‫ځز‬ϣ఼Ǵ‫ځ‬ԛ௖૸೷ԋኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ӢનǴԶࡕϟಏШࣚӚ ୯ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡ࣬ᜢࡹ฼Ǵനࡕӆа‫ך‬୯ࡹ۬‫܌‬௢Չ‫ޑ‬ᕭ෧ኧՏပৡࡹ฼բ่Ƕ. 19.

(34) ൘ǵኧՏပৡ‫ۓޑ‬ကᆶϣ఼ ΋ǵኧՏပৡ‫ۓޑ‬က ӧ೭ঁၗૻ೯ߞࣽ‫מ‬ጲࠁว৖‫ޑ‬ਔжǴ٠ߚ‫ঁ؂‬Γ೿ૈᇸܰ‫ڗ‬ளၗૻ೯ߞ೛ ഢ‫܈‬ၮҔϐૈΚǴӢࣁၗૻ೯ߞࣽ‫מ‬ว৖ၸำύ‫ޑ‬ၗྍϩଛό֡ǴаϷჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻ ೯ߞࣽ‫ޑמ‬ၮҔόѳ฻ǴᏤठঁΓǵ௼ဂࣗԿ୯ৎ۶Ԝϐ໔ౢғȨᏱԖȐHaveȑȩ ᆶȨ҂ᏱԖȐHave-Notȑ ȩኧՏ‫ޕ‬᛽ϐ౜ຝջࣁȨኧՏပৡȩ ȐKastsinas and Moeck, 2002ǹߋ᚟Ⴈ҅ǵഋ჏ᗱǴ2004ȑ ǶኧՏပৡ‫࣬ޑ‬ᜢ‫ۓ‬ကǴᒿ๱ਔж‫ޑ‬ᄽ຾Ԗ๱ό ӕ‫ޑ‬ϣ఼ǴЪӧӚ୯Ꮲ‫ޣ‬ϐ໔ҭค΋ठ࣮‫ݤ‬Ȑමల޹Ǵ2002ȑ Ƕऍ୯୘୍೽୯ৎ೯ ߞϷၗૻ‫ہ‬঩཮ȐNational Telecommunications and Information Administration, NTIAȑ‫ ܭ‬1994 ԃ‫ૼہ‬ΓαදֽࢗȐCensus Bureauȑ຾Չᜢ‫ܭ‬ኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ፓࢗൔ֋Ǵ ᕴӅֹԋΑѤԛӄ୯‫܄‬ፓࢗǴЬा๱ख़ӧᆛሞᆛၡ‫߈ޑ‬ҔȐaccess to internetȑ Ȑશ ҏࣔǴ2009ȑ ǶฅԶǴኧՏ࣬ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽٠ό߳ज़‫ܭ‬ᆛሞᆛၡǴჹ‫ܭ‬Ӛ໨ཥᑫࣽ‫ޑמ‬Α ှ฻ǴҭឦኧՏ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޑ‬ጄᛑǶӢԜǴኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ቶ‫ۓݱ‬ကࢂࡰӧၗૻᆶ೯ߞࣽ‫מ‬ ‫ޑ‬ว৖ၸำύǴӢࣁӚ໨ӢનԶ೷ԋၗྍϩଛό֡‫܌‬ౢғ‫ޑ‬΋ঁኧՏ‫ޕ‬᛽ᗶྎ‫ޑ‬ ౜ຝȐKoss, 2001ǹLight, 2001ǹGraham, 2002ǹߋ᚟Ⴈ҅ǵഋ჏ᗱǴ2004ȑ Ƕ NTIA ӧ 1995 ԃ‫܌‬ว߄‫ޑ‬஑ᚒൔ֋ȹFalling Through the Net: A Survey of the ȸHave Notsȹ in Rural and Urban America.ȹύࡰрǴႝတᆛၡᕉნύӸӧ‫ܭ‬Ȩၗ ૻᏱԖ‫ޣ‬ȐHaveȑᆶၗૻ҂ᏱԖ‫ޣ‬ȐHave-Notȑϐ໔‫ޑ‬ৡຯȩ Ȑ‫ڬ‬ඁ൛Ǵ2009ȑ Ƕ 1998 ԃ NTIA ӧಃΒጇፓࢗൔ֋ȹ Falling Through the Net ˨: New Data on the Digital Divide.ȹ२ԛගрȨኧՏပৡȩ΋ຒǴ٠‫ ܭ‬2000 ԃஒኧՏပৡ଺‫׳‬మཱ‫ޑ‬ ‫ۓ‬ကǺ Ȩӧၗૻ‫ޑ཮ޗ‬ᕉნύǴႝတϷᆛၡ฻ၗૻπ‫ڀ‬ǴჹঁΓ‫ޑ‬࿶ᔮӦՏϷғఱ ว৖Ԗ๱‫ځ‬ख़ा‫ޑ‬ቹៜΚǴќѦǴᏱԖႝတϷ‫ځ‬ၮҔႝတૈΚ‫ޑ‬ଯեǴΨஒ཮ԋ ࣁ،‫ۓ‬೦൤ৡຯ‫ޑ‬ΚໆȩȐNTIA, 2000ǹЦፓᄪǴ2009ȑ Ƕ ჹ‫ܭ‬ኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬௖૸ǴԐයӭ໣ύ‫ܭ‬ၗૻ߈ҔБय़Ǵ๱ख़‫ܭ‬ᑽໆၗૻ೛ഢ΢ ‫ޑ‬ԖคǴ‫ٯ‬ӵࢂցᏱԖႝတǵᆛၡ฻ǶନΑႝတ฻ၗૻ೛ഢ‫ޑ‬ԖคϐѦǴӧᆛၡ วၲ‫ޑ‬௃‫ݩ‬ΠǴኧՏပৡΨ཮ӢࣁႝတᆶᆛၡᔈҔૈΚϷჴ౜ᔈҔ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ೯ૻ೬ ฯᡏၗྍ΢‫ޑ‬ৡ౦ԶౢғȐ೾ᝬྦྷǴ2006ǹ௲‫ػ‬೽ബ೷ୃໂኧՏᐒ཮ᆛઠǴ2008ȑǴ ೭ᅿৡ౦߄౜҅‫ז‬ೲ‫܎ޑ‬εᏱԖႝတᆶᆛၡ‫ޑ‬٬Ҕ‫ޣ‬ᆶ҂ᏱԖ‫ޣ‬Ǵӧ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ڗ‬ளǵ ଄൤ৡຯϷ‫཮ޗ‬ӦՏ‫ޑ‬ຯᚆǴ‫׎‬ԋ҂ᏱԖ‫ޣ‬ၗૻ‫ڗ‬ளόܰǵ௲‫ػ‬ᐒ཮Ͽǵπբᐒ ཮ϿǵԏΕୃե฻όϦѳ‫ޑ‬ཥ౜ຝȐֺ৥ඦǴ2008ȑǶ ࿶ᔮӝբᄤว৖ಔᙃȐOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECDȑΨ໒‫ݙۈ‬ཀ‫ډ‬୯ᆶ୯ϐ໔ǵ௼ဂᆶ௼ဂϐ໔Ӣၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫ڗמ‬Ҕ‫ޑ‬όѳ ฻ǴаϷӧၗྍ΢ǵૈΚ΢‫ޑ‬ৡຯǴӧ຾ՉӚ୯ኧՏပৡ౜ຝ‫زࣴޑ‬ᆶϩ‫ࡕ݋‬Ǵ ஒኧՏပৡ‫ۓ‬ကࣁǺ Ȩόӕ‫཮ޗ‬࿶ᔮङඳᆶۚՐӦ୔‫ঁޑ‬Γǵৎ৥‫܈‬Ҿ཰Ǵӧ٬Ҕ ၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫מ‬ȐICTsȑᐒ཮ϷၮҔᆛၡӧӚ໨ࢲ୏΢‫܌‬ౢғ‫ޑ‬ပৡȩ ȐOECD, 2001ǹ શҏࣔǴ2009ȑ ǴԜೀ‫܌‬ගϐၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫מ‬ନΑႝຎǵႝ၉ǵႝတϷᆛၡ฻ࣽ‫מ‬а ѦǴΨхࡴ߈ٰཥ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ೯ૻࣽ‫מ‬ǴӵՉ୏ႝ၉ǵPDAǵคጕᆛၡ฻Ƕ 20.

(35) ᒿ๱ၗૻ೯ૻ‫ೌמ‬όᘐள‫׳‬ཥว৖ǴᏢ‫ޣ‬ჹ‫ܭ‬ኧՏပৡ‫ۓޑ‬ကΨ፟ϒΑཥ‫ޑ‬ ϣ఼ǴନΑၗૻ߈ҔБय़ѦǴΨ‫ۯۺཷע‬՜‫ډ‬ၗૻનᎦǵၗૻ‫ૈמ‬฻ϣ఼΢Ƕҗ ‫ܭ‬࿶ᔮ‫ޑ‬ว৖Ǵाၲ‫ډ‬ΓΓԖႝတё٬Ҕ‫ޑ‬ၗૻදϷҞ኱٠ߚόёૈǴோӧၗૻ ਔж္Ǵၗૻ‫ޑ‬ၮҔԋࣁ΋ᅿѸ໪‫ೌמޑ‬ǴऩाᡣၗૻᙯϯࣁԖҔ‫ޑ‬ၗҁ٠ౢр ‫ځ‬ሽॶٰǴନΑाԖ‫ؼ‬ӳ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ೛ഢǵၗૻ߈Ҕᐒ཮Ϸၗૻ୍ܺаѦǴ‫׳‬ሡा٬ Ҕ‫ޣ‬ҁ‫ي‬Ԗ‫ؼ‬ӳ‫ޑ‬ၗૻનᎦϷ‫ૈמ‬Ȑഋ҅‫ޱ‬Ǵ2006ȑ Ƕ ΒǵኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬౛ፕ୷ᘵ ჹ‫ܭ‬ኧՏပৡ‫૸ޑ‬ፕǴεӭࢂᔈҔ‫ޕ‬᛽ᗶྎ౛ፕٰှញኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬౜ຝǴ‫ޕ‬ ᛽ᗶྎ౛ፕଆ߃߯ӧ 1970 ԃжҗऍ୯ܴѭ᝵ၲεᏢ௲௤ TichenorǵDonohue ᆶ Olien ගрȨ‫ޕ‬᛽ᗶྎଷᇥȩ ȐKnowledge Gap Hypothesisȑ Ǵ٠‫ ܭ‬1980 ԃжᕇளᡍ ᛾Ǵࣁࡕុ௖૸ኧՏပৡ౜ຝග‫ٮ‬Α౛ፕ୷ᘵǶ‫ޕ‬᛽ᗶྎ౛ፕᇡࣁ‫཮ޗ‬ύ‫ঁ؂‬Γ ೿Ԗௗ߈ε౲໺ኞ൞ᡏ‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮ᆶ៾ճǴҗ‫ঁ؂ܭ‬Γӧ‫཮ޗ‬ύᏱԖ‫ޑ‬చҹᆶᕉნό ӕǴӢԜ྽ε౲໺ኞ൞ᡏ‫ݙ‬Ε‫س཮ޗ‬಍‫ޑ‬ၗૻቚуਔǴ‫ޗ‬࿶ӦՏၨଯ‫ޑ‬Γ‫܌‬ᕇள ‫ޑ‬ၗૻೲ౗ၨ‫ז‬ǴЪଯ‫ޗ‬࿶ӦՏ‫ޑ‬Γᕇ‫ޕڗ‬᛽‫ૈޑ‬Κҭε‫ܭ‬ե‫ޗ‬࿶ӦՏ‫ޣ‬Ǵߦ٬ ‫ٿ‬ဂΓϐ໔‫ޕޑ‬᛽ৡຯуεǴ‫཮ޗ‬ၗૻϩଛ‫׳‬уό֡Ȑഋ҅‫ޱ‬Ǵ2006ǹഋ࠶շǴ 2007ȑǶ Οǵ೷ԋኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ԋӢ ೷ԋኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ӢનǴᏢ‫ޣ‬ӚԖόӕ‫ޑ‬௖૸‫ࡋف‬ǴЬा୔ϩࣁᕉნӢનϷঁ ΓङඳӢનǴӵ୯ৎၗૻ୷ᘵࡌ೛ǵ‫܄‬ձǵᅿ௼ǵԃសǵ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋǵۚՐӦ୔Ϸ ‫ޗ‬࿶ӦՏ฻Ǵӵ WilsonȐᙯЇԾશҏࣔǴ2009ȑջჹኧՏပৡගрΑϤᅿፓࢗᄬ य़Ǻ‫܄‬ձǵӦ౛ᕉნǵԏΕǵ௲‫ػ‬ǵᙍ཰‫ک‬ᅿ௼ǶаΠஒଞჹ೷ԋኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬Ь ाӢન೴΋૸ፕǶ Ȑ΋ȑ‫܄‬ձӢન җ‫تܭ‬ζ‫܄‬ӧӃϺ΢Ԗ‫܌‬ৡ౦ǴӢԜӧόӕ‫ޑ‬ሦୱǴҭ཮ౢғόӕ‫ޑ‬ৡຯǴ Զӧ௖૸ኧՏပৡਔǴ Ȩ‫܄‬ձȩӢનΨ΋‫ޔ‬೏Ꮲ‫ޣ‬྽բ΋ঁख़ा‫زࣴޑ‬ᡂ໨ȐNTIA, 1995, 1998, 1999ǹߋ᚟Ⴈ҅ǵഋ჏ᗱǴ2004ǹશҏࣔǴ2009ȑ ǶOECD ӧ 2000 ԃ 7 Д‫ޑ‬ፓࢗύว౜Ǵम୯‫ޑ܄ت‬΢ᆛ౗ࢂ 52%ǴԶζ‫܄‬ѝԖ 39%ǹӧ 2001 ԃ‫زࣴޑ‬ ൔ֋ҭࡰрǴྷ‫ޑ܄تڂ‬ᆛሞᆛၡ٬Ҕ౗ଯ‫ܭ‬ζ‫܄‬ǴВҁ‫܄ت‬΢ᆛ‫ޑ‬ᓎ౗ࢂζ‫܄‬ ‫ٿޑ‬७Ƕ΋૓Զ‫ق‬Ǵ‫܄ت‬ჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻࣽ‫מ‬Бय़‫ޑ‬ᑫ፪ၨζ‫ࣁ܄‬ଯǴӢԜӧၗૻࣽ‫מ‬ ‫ޑ‬ᔈҔ΢Ǵ‫ت‬ζϐ໔Ӹӧ๱ܴᡉኧՏၗૻ‫ޑ‬ပৡǴՠ߈ԃٰҗ‫ܭ‬ኧՏၗૻ೸ၸ୘ ཰࠹໺εໆ‫ޑ‬ණኞǴЇଆΑζ‫܄‬ჹ‫ܭ‬ኧՏࣽ‫ޑמ‬ᑫ፪Ǵ٬ளȨ‫܄‬ձȩӢન‫܌‬೷ԋ ‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡ೴ᅌᕭλȐߋ᚟Ⴈ҅ǵഋ჏ᗱǴ2004ǹશҏࣔǴ2009ȑ ǶՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮ ӧ 2011 ԃ‫ޑ‬ፓࢗൔ֋ύᡉҢǴ‫܄ٿ‬ϐ໔‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡ҅೴ᅌᖿ‫ܭ‬጗‫ک‬Ǵ‫ٯ‬ӵӧၗૻ ߈ҔБय़Ǵζ‫܄‬ම࿶٬Ҕၸႝတ‫ޑ‬К౗໻К‫܄ت‬ౣϿΑ 1.4%ǴЪζ‫ޑ܄‬ᆛၡ٬Ҕ ౗ပࡕ‫ޑ܄ت‬൯ࡋΨҗ 99 ԃ‫ ޑ‬3.3%ӆᕭλࣁ 2.3%Ƕ ȐΒȑԃសӢન 21.

(36) ȨԃសȩӧኧՏပৡ‫زࣴޑ‬΢Ǵ΋‫ࢂޔ‬౲‫܌‬ᜢЈ‫ޑ‬य़ӛǶMartin-Matthews Ȑ1996ȑ ǵLoges & JungȐ2001ȑ೿ᇡࣁԃសჹ‫ܭ‬౜໘ࢤ‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡԖ΋‫ޑۓ‬ቹៜ ΚǴҗ‫ܭ‬ၗૻ೯ߞࣽ‫זޑמ‬ೲว৖ᆶදϷόၸออኧԃǴԃសၨߏ‫ࢂ܈‬ӧᏢғਔ ය٠҂ௗ᝻ၸၗૻ೯ߞࣽ‫מ‬ౢࠔ‫ޑ‬ΓǴჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻ೯ߞࣽ‫ޑמ‬ௗ‫ࡋڙ‬ᇻᇻόϷҞ߻ ‫֧ߙޑ‬ԃΓȐ35 ྃаΠȑ Ȑߋ᚟Ⴈ҅ǵഋ჏ᗱǴ2004ȑ ǶOECD ӧ 2001 ԃ‫زࣴޑ‬ൔ ֋ύᡉҢǴԃᇸΓӧঁΓႝတ‫ک‬ᆛሞᆛၡ‫ޑޑ‬٬Ҕ౗Бय़ଯ‫ܭ‬ԴԃΓǴԶЪ҅‫ז‬ ೲԋߏύǹՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮ 2008 ԃ‫ޑ‬ኧՏပৡൔ֋ύҭࡰрǴႝတ‫ک‬ᆛၡ٬Ҕ౗а 31 Կ 40 ྃ‫҇ޑ‬౲നଯǴ61-64 ྃ‫҇ޑ‬౲ѝԖ 16.8.%‫ޑ‬ႝတ٬Ҕ౗ǵ12.9%‫ޑ‬ᆛၡ ٬Ҕ౗Ǵ65 ྃа΢‫ޑ‬ԃߏ‫ޣ‬ѝԖ 9.2%‫ޑ‬΢ᆛ࿶ᡍȐશҏࣔǴ2009ȑ ǶՠӧኧΜԃ ϐࡕǴ྽Ҟ߻‫֧ߙޑ‬ԃΓԋࣁԃइၨߏ‫ޣ‬ਔǴჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻ೯ߞࣽ‫ޑמ‬ௗ‫ࡋڙ‬аϷ࣬ ᜢ‫ޕ‬᛽‫ޑ‬Αှำࡋ཮К౜໘ࢤ‫ޑ‬ԃߏ‫ޣ‬ଯǴۛਔԃស৮‫܂‬൩όӆࢂౢғኧՏပৡ ‫ޑ‬ЬाӢનȐLoges & Jung, 2001ǹߋ᚟Ⴈ҅ǵഋ჏ᗱǴ2004ȑ Ƕ ȐΟȑ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋӢન ନΑԃសаѦǴӧ୯ϣѦ‫زࣴޑ‬ύࡰрǴ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋΨࢂቹៜኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬Ӣન ϐ΋ǶRobinsonȐᙯЇԾશҏࣔǴ2009ȑᇡࣁ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋࢂ΋ঁෳໆᆛၡ٬Ҕ‫ޑ‬ᜢᗖ ࡰ኱Ǵдӧୢ‫ڔ‬ύፓࢗ҇౲‫ޑ‬΢ᆛ௃‫׎‬Ǵଯύำࡋ‫҇ޑ‬౲К౗ࣁ 42%ǴԶࣴ‫܌ز‬ ౥཰‫҇ޑ‬౲߾ၲ 84%ǴᡉҢ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋཇଯǴ٬Ҕၗૻ೯ߞࣽ‫ޑמ‬К౗ཇଯǶ΋૓ Զ‫ق‬Ǵ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋၨଯ‫ޑ‬Γჹ‫ܭ‬ၗૻᆶ೯ߞࣽ‫ޑמ‬ௗԏࡋၨଯȐCivil, 1994ǹߋ᚟Ⴈ ҅ǵഋ჏ᗱǴ2004ȑ ǴЪ‫ޕ‬᛽ᗶྎ౛ፕᇡࣁǴҗȨ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋȩёаႣෳঁΓௗ߈٬ Ҕᆛၡ‫ૈޑ‬ΚǴӢࣁ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋࢂ‫܌‬ளࡰ኱Ǵ྽΋ঁৎ৥‫܌ޑ‬ளཇଯǴ‫ځ‬ηζௗ‫ڙ‬ ௲‫ޑػ‬ԃज़ཇߏǴௗ߈ᆶ٬Ҕᆛၡ‫ޑ‬ᐒ཮ᆶૈΚ൩ཇଯǴӢԜǴ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋଯ‫҇ޑ‬ ౲Ǵҗ‫ޕܭ‬᛽ङඳᜢ߯Ǵ‫׳‬৒ܰ֎ԏ٠ௗ‫מࣽڙ‬ཥ‫ޕ‬Ȑഋ࠶շǴ2007ȑ ǶOno ‫ک‬ ZavodnyȐ2007ȑӧ‫زࣴځ‬ύКၨऍ୯ǵྷ‫ڂ‬ǵВҁǵࠄᗬϷཥу‫ڵ‬฻ϖ୯‫ޑ‬ၗૻ ࣽ‫מ‬٬Ҕ௃‫׎‬ǴΨว౜௲‫ػ‬ำࡋ‫ک‬ၗૻࣽ‫ޑמ‬٬Ҕ౗Ԗܴᡉ࣬ᜢȐશҏࣔǴ2009ȑ Ƕ ӧѠ᡼Ǵ௲‫ػ‬ำࡋჹ‫ܭ‬ኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬ቹៜΨࢂߚதܴᡉǴՉࡹଣࣴԵ཮Ȑ2007ȑ‫ޑ‬ ኧՏပৡፓࢗൔ֋ᡉҢрǴᏢᐕຫଯ‫ޣ‬ჹ‫ܭ‬ኧՏࣽ‫ޑמ‬ΑှำࡋаϷᆛሞᆛၡ‫ޑ‬ ٬ҔำࡋຫଯǶ ȐѤȑ࿶ᔮӢન ӧ RobinsonȐ2003ȑ‫زࣴޑ‬ύࡰрǴ ȨԏΕȩҭࢂ೷ԋኧՏပৡ‫ޑ‬΋໨ЬӢǴ ӢࣁԏΕၨե‫ޣ‬Ѹ໪ஒε೽ϩ‫ޑ‬ԏΕҔٰЍбВத໒ᎍǴԶค‫ॄݤ‬ᏼᚐѦ‫ޑ‬ၗૻ ౢࠔ‫܈‬ճҔӭᎩ‫ޑ‬ਔ໔ٰ֎ԏኧՏཥ‫ޕ‬ǴӢԜǴଯԏΕ‫ޣ‬೯த೿཮ԖКၨଯ‫ޑ‬ႝ တᏱԖ౗‫ک‬΢ᆛ౗ȐRobinson, et al., 2003ǹߋ᚟Ⴈ҅ǵഋ჏ᗱǴ2004ǹશҏࣔǴ2009ȑ Ƕ ԏΕ‫ޑ‬ӭჲࢂᑽໆ‫ޗ‬࿶ӦՏ‫ࡰޑ‬኱ϐ΋Ǵ‫ޕ‬᛽ᗶྎ౛ፕᇡࣁǴԏΕཇӭǵ‫ޗ‬࿶Ӧ Տཇଯ‫ޣ‬ǴཇԖૈΚௗ߈‫ک‬٬Ҕၗૻࣽ‫מ‬ǴӢԶԖၨӭᐒ཮ёϩଛ‫ډ‬ၨӭၗྍǴ ӵԜ΋ٰǴ྽ࣽ‫מ‬ଯࡋว৖Ǵठ٬ၗૻໆቚуਔǴၗྍϩଛό֡‫ޑ‬ୢᚒஒ຾΋‫؁‬ уεኧՏပৡȐഋ࠶շǴ2007ȑ Ƕ ȐϖȑӦ౛Ӣન ࠤໂৡຯΨࢂ೷ԋၗྍϩଛό֡‫ޑ‬ख़ाӢનǶҗ‫ܭ‬೿ѱ‫ޑ‬Γαஏ໣Ǵ೯ૻ೛ 22.