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沉迷與超越---六朝文學的「感官」追求

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一、中英文摘要 中文摘要 關鍵詞:六朝、感官、沉迷、超越 六朝文學的「感官性」素為學者所共知,卻鮮少論著以此為研究主題。「感 官性」不僅是指遊仙、山水、宴遊、詠物、宮體…等文類上的表現,也是指視、 聽、嗅、味、觸等感官描寫的繁增,更可以說是指「描述世界的方式」改變了, 六朝文學開始對於世界有了一個細密的、生動的抒寫,這個感官特性的改變,對 於文字的運用、文類的追求、自然的感知、情感與思想的表達,都產生極大的影 響。現實生活中,感官的極度追求,可以是生命的沉淪,只求沉迷物欲,窮奢極 華;但進入文學領域,感官的極度追求,卻可以是對音韻、對色彩、對情味、對 形象的細膩把握,由快感而美感,轉化而成另一層次。至於遊心物外,不論是思 想方面的玄學清談,文學或生活方面的任誕放縱,尋仙練藥,希企隱逸,山水田 園,卻又代表對世俗人生的脫離,對感官追求的不同省察,有著超越的性質。感 官的追求與超越,這兩種不同的態度,糾結纏繞,一直影響著六朝文學豐富多彩 的發展方向。本研究在方法上,將以「文本」為主,進行文學演變的類比,感官 與文學觀念之關係的思想解析,以及時代背景的考察,希望對於「感官知覺」的 研究有一局部的突破,也希望得出的成果,可以彌補目前學界對此領域研究的不 足。 英文摘要 Keywords:Six-Dynasties 、Sensation、self-indulgence

Title: “Self-indulgence and Self-tr anscendence: Controver sy on Sensation in the Liter ature of the Six Dynasties

“Sensationality” is a familiar topic for the scholars in the field of the literature of the Six Dynasties. However, few researches are done for this topic. Not only including the expressions in the sub-fields of “wondering as an immortal”, “mountains and rivers”, “festivals and feasts”, “praising objects”, “styles in palace” and so on, the awareness of “sensationality” also indicates the obvious increase in descriptions based on seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, and touching. In other words, the way of depicting the world has changed; the literature of the Six Dynasties presents us a much more detailed and vivid physical world. This change of sensationality has great influence on the use of language, the application of genre, the sagacity of the nature, and the expression of sentiments and thought. In real life, the

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extreme pursuit of sensation may be considered as self-indulgence in desires of external objects or of wasteful splendor. Nevertheless, in the realm of literature, it becomes a fastidious ambition in controlling colors, tastes, shapes and even human feelings. It leads the people involved into the satisfaction of sensation and then further into the sense of beauty. That is, through literature, the pursuit of sensation might transcend itself and also the agents involved. As for letting one’s mind go into the observation of transformation of things, it represents an escape from the worldly desires, a different attitude toward sensationality, and a kind of self-transcendence, no matter whether it shows in the “pure conversation” of mystical learning, literature, or different aspects of personal life such as unrestraining oneself, pursuing immortality, manufacturing medicine, expecting to become a hermit, and wondering in the natural environment of mountains, rivers, or farming fields. The pursuit of and the transcendence over sensation satisfaction show two different attitudes toward life and literature in the Six Dynasties. These two attitudes intertwining with each other lead to the colorful magnificence of the literature of the Six Dynasties. This project will focus on the analysis of texts, compare different genres in the course of the development of literature, the relation between sensationality and literature, and the milieu in which the above subjects showed through. The goal of this project can break up the limitation of the current research on sensationality and make up a lacuna for the current scholarship on the literature of the Six Dynasties.

二、計畫緣由與目的 人對於外在世界的認識,是透過感官的接收而形成,《墨子‧經說上》云: 「知,接也。」即認為要獲取知識,就必須透過感官與外在世界接觸,伏爾 泰認為:「我們最初的觀念乃是我們的感覺」、「一切觀念都通過感官而來。」 人透過感官與世界的相「遇」,決定了我們所認知的對象與內容,耳遇之而為 聲,目遇之而為色,耳是與聲相應的感官,目是與色相應的感官,無耳無目 無神經組織,則難以形成我們「所認知」的世界。人的生存,往往與感官的 滿足相關,是以「飢而欲食,寒而欲暖,勞而欲息」(《荀子‧非相》),感官 的滿足反應了人性的欲求:「目好色,耳好聲,口好味,心好利,骨體膚理好 愉佚。」(《荀子‧性惡》)人對於美感的捕捉,亦是透過感官完成,文學創作, 往往是人對物色的感知與內在情感激盪而成,清紀昀云:「凡物色之感於外, 與喜怒哀樂之動於中者,兩相薄而發為歌詠,如風水相遭,自然成文。」(清 灩堂詩序)可以說,「感官」的追求,是文學創作中非常值得探索的重要課題。 清丁福保《全漢三國晉南北朝詩》緒言曰:「溯自建安以來,日趨於艷。 魏艷而豐,晉艷而縟,宋艷而麗,齊艷而纖,陳艷而浮。」丁福保歸結出建 安以後對感官追求「日趨於艷」的文風特性,以及反映魏晉南北朝文學的文 學趨勢,也說明六朝唯美文學的演變大貌。明謝榛《四溟詩話》云:「六朝重 綺靡之弊」則更是直接指斥六朝文學綺麗浮靡的弊端,然而歷來的文論家, 對於六朝有關綺麗唯美之文風較多討論,對於「感官」思維的探索與反省, 尤其是由「感官」探析文學本質的主題,較少論及,本論文即以歷史的「歷 時」觀念變化與時代的「共時」呈現,探討六朝此一重要的文學論題。

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三、結果與討論 六朝文學中的「感官」論辯,呈現了以下幾點特色: (一)在養生論與「七」體等作品中,形成重要的對話,代表感官追求 與感官超越的兩種不同趨向。 (二)正面肯定「感官」的價值,不但在生活享樂上,更在文學作品中 積極追求感官的豐富性,這是前所未有的「感官」自覺。 (三)在文學創作中進行感官形式的試驗,不僅追求感官豐富的極致, 亦探索排除感官的可能性,其試驗結果不但拓展文學體裁、文學 內容,更對形色聲音的文學形式有很大影響。 (四)在文論中深入討論「感官」問題,於是形文、聲文、情文,互相 交織成豐富的文學體認,而「巧構形似」、「滋味說」、「聲律」與 「知音」的文學論述,更是文學體貌到解析文學的各個層面,都 能細密的加以檢視。 四、計畫成果自評 (一)本計劃「沈迷與超越──六朝文學之感官辯證」共完成約 25 萬字之 著作,並結集出版(將另郵寄國科會),在計劃執行期限內順利完成。 (二)本計劃部份與美學相關的論題,未來將進一步進行研究撰寫。 (三)本計劃所開拓之結果,已開展下年度新計劃之研究領域。 五、參考文獻 古希臘羅馬哲學資料選輯/台北/仰哲出版社/1987 美育書簡/席勒著,徐恒醇譯/台北/丹青圖書公司/1987 權力結構與符號象徵/亞伯納 ‧柯恩著,宋光宇譯/台北/金楓出版公司 /1987 藝術與錯覺/(英)貢布里希著,范景中等譯/浙江/浙江攝影出版社/ 1987 中國人的美意識/竺原仲二著,魏常海譯/北京/北京大學出版社/1987 西方美學家論美與美感/朱光潛編譯/台北/天工書局/1988 想像心理學/保羅‧沙特著,褚朔維譯/北京/光明日報出版社 /1988 對文學的藝術作品的認識/羅曼˙英加登著,陳燕谷、曉未譯/北京/中 國文聯出版公司/1988 圖像與眼睛/(英)貢布里希著,范景中等譯/浙江/浙江攝影出版社/ 1989 性史/(法)米歇爾 ‧傅柯著,張廷琛等譯/上海/上海科學技術文獻出 版社/1989 中國文學中所表現的自然與自然觀/小尾郊一著,邵毅平譯/上海/古籍 出版社/1989 新科學/(意)維科著,朱光潛譯/北京/商務印書館/1989 中國文人的自然觀/(德)顧彬著,馬樹德譯/上海/上海人民出版社/

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1990 人˙自然—中國藝術的自然意識/馮曉/北京/人民美術出版社/1990 藝術與詩中的創造性直覺/(法)雅克 ‧馬 利坦著,劉有之等譯/北京/ 新華書店/1991 亞理士多德全集/亞理士多德/北京/中國人民大學出版社 /1992 真理與方法(上卷)/伽達默爾著,洪漢鼎譯/上海/上海譯文出版社/ 1992 氣的思想──中國自然觀和人的觀念發展/小野澤精一、福永光司、山井 涌等編著 李慶譯/上海/人民出版社/1992 梅洛龐蒂/詹姆斯 ‧施 密特著,尚新建、杜麗燕譯/台北/桂冠圖書公司 /1992 眼與心/梅洛‧龐蒂著,劉韻涵譯/北京/中國社會科學出版社/1992 美學/德尼斯˙于斯曼著,欒棟、關寶艷譯/台北/遠流出版公司/1992 文藝現象學/瑪格歐納著,王岳川、蘭菲譯/北京/文化藝術出版社/ 1992 感官之旅/黛安‧艾克曼著,莊安祺譯/台北/時報出版社/1994 海德格爾選集/馬丁˙海德格爾著,孫周興選編/上海/上海三聯書局/ 1996 感覺的分析/馬赫著,洪謙等譯/北京/商務印書館/1997 人:游戲者/(荷蘭)胡伊青加著,成窮譯/貴州/貴州人民出版社/1998 身體思想/(美)安德魯‧斯 特 拉桑著,王業偉、趙國新譯/瀋陽/春風文 藝出版社/1999 論文字學/(法)雅克˙德里達著,汪堂家譯/上海/上海譯文出版社/ 1999 薄伽梵歌/希瓦難陀譯/台北/中國瑜伽出版社/1999 知覺現象學/[法]莫里斯 ‧梅 洛 ‧龐 蒂著,姜志輝譯/北京/商務印書館 /2001 擁抱似水年華/艾倫‧狄波頓著,廖月娟譯/台北/先覺出版社 /2001

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參考文獻

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