דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 31
ඒߛઔߒႃע
รԼᙀรԫཚʳ 2003 ڣ 3 ִʳ 31-61
፞แಛᐌცϛ
ωఀৱࡣ೩ᇯޣϞϷݙंـ
ࢠ ס ! ᄢ ! ौ
መװڶᣂᓰ࿓อᖞऱಘᓵխΔ݁ൎᓳψᓰ࿓փ୲ωՂऱᖞٽΔ܀ຍլრ࠺ൕփ
୲ထณਢሒګᓰ࿓ޏऱഄԫຜஉΖڇอᖞહ৵Δඒஃऱ৸ፂᖵ࿓Εಛஒิ៣֗ച
۩ૠழࢬ௫֗ऱ৵ᎁव౨Ժױאᎅڇᓰ࿓อᖞऱઔߒᏆխΔ༼ࠎԫᐋᅃ ౧ΖᖕڼΔءઔߒڇᓰ࿓อᖞൣቼխΔಾኙഏ՛܅ڣ్ඒஃΔආشᔆऱઔߒऄΔ
៶طፖᨠኘऄ֗৵ኙᇩᖄٻऱ৫ᓫΔࠐ൶ߒඒஃڇං೯ᓰ࿓ֱூழࠡࢬ
௫ऱ৵ᎁवᖵ࿓Δփොץਔ۞ݺૠΕ۞ݺᙇᖗΕ۞ݺᤚवΕ۞ݺ൳֗۞ݺଥإΖ ઔߒ࿇Κΰԫαڇอᖞᖵ࿓ছΔሎش່ڍऱ۞ݺຑ౨ԺΙΰԲαച۩೯
່ጲᑵऱ۞ݺ൳֗ଥإ౨ԺΙΰԿαຘመ৵ኙᇩΔ౨ᨃඒஃૹᄅᇭᤩอᖞࡳ
ᆠΔࠀᆵኔඒᖂኔᔌΙΰα৵ݾ౨հ࿇୶ڶᘸ۞ݺ֘৸ፖᖂઝറᄐव౨ऱഛᕆΙ ΰնα৵ᎁवױ៶طಝᒭۖףא༼֒Ζ
ᜢᗖӷǺࡕᇡޕǵፐำǵ፦ϯࣴز
ҁЎբޣࣁԢεᏢ௲ػЈᆶᒌࣴز܌ୋ௲
ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]
ዺВයǺ2002 ԃ 10 Д 30 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2003 ԃ 2 Д 14 В
32ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
Bulletin of Educational Research March, 2003, Vol. 49 No. 1 pp. 31-61
An Analysis of Metacognitive Skills for
Elementary School Teachers within Curriculum Integrated Context
Chihen Ko Abstract
The Minister of Education made clear in its Curriculum Guidelines for the Compulsory School Curriculum the claim that the school curriculum should emphasize the integration of rationality and sensibility, knowledge and action, as well as humanities and technology. Team teaching was also suggested as a means to reach the integrated goal. The issue of curriculum integration had been argued for many years.
Moving towards curriculum integration fielded a variety of challenges to established authority structures, ownership of knowledge, and professional identity.
There is no curriculum development without teacher development. In order to enrich the integrated competence of elementary teachers, this study explores the
Associate Professor, Graduate Institute of Educational Psychology and Counseling, TamKang University
E-mailǺ[email protected]
Manuscript received: Oct. 31, 2002; Accepted: Feb. 14, 2003
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 33
metacognitive skills that elementary teachers bring into the context of curriculum integration. The study will use participant-observation, metacognitive dialogue- oriented in-depth interviews, focus groups, and document analysis to investigate how teachers to use the metacognitive skills, such as in self-planning, self-selecting, self-awareness, self-monitoring, and self-tuning, on the development of integrated curriculum. The implications for metacognitive skill training are discussed.
Keywords Ǻmetacognitive skill, curriculum integration, qualitative research
Chihen Ko Metacognitive Skills for Elementary School Teachers
34ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ಥăࡁտࡦഀ̈́ϫ۞
Ιȃंـधශ
ڂᚨԲԼԫધऱਗᖏא֗ഏփऱඒߛਙΔඒߛຝΰ1998αֆؒψഏا ඒߛၸڣԫᓰ࿓᜔ጼጼωΔق 2001 ڣದኔਜڣԫᓰ⇷Ζࠡխૹ
ऱۥਢൎᓳᓰ࿓อᖞΖຘመԮՕᖂᏆΔޏ᧢९Նೣ࣍։֏ऱ։ઝᓰ࿓Δᨃ ᖂسൕޓᐖऑऱسᠲխΔ৬ዌݙᖞऱᓰ࿓वᢝΖ
ᙟထ٤૿ኔਜհཚሓ२Δٺጟڶᣂψᓰ࿓อᖞωΕψᖂீءۯᓰ࿓࿇୶ωઔ
೯լឰയႃၞ۩Δຍመ࿓խΔྤױᝩ܍ऱ݈ᠧထኙᄅᓰ࿓ֱூऱޅܒΖ༉
ᓵᐋ૿ۖߢΔ֘ኙृᔆጊΔᓰ࿓อᖞലؚ႖ᖂઝवᢝऱߓอࢤΔᡶᖂسኙᖂઝ റጲवᢝऱᖂΰض٠༚Δ1999Ιڹڜ߶Δ1999αΔٵழᖂᏆऱቤ։Ոլࠠݙ ໂऱᓵഗ៕ΰࡌිହΔ1999αΖ༉ኔ೭ۖߢΔ९ཚאࠐΔஃᇷഛߛऱዌਢආ։
ߓऱֱڤΔլܓ࣍ඒஃอᖞ౨ԺऱഛᕆΖڼ؆ΔڇޏऱᜢխΔඒஃऱߡۥ
ψωՂᄅऱࡳᆠΔڕψൕࡴࡳᓰ࿓ऱച۩ृω᠏ངψᓰ࿓ૠृωΔࢨൕψव ᢝऱႚृω᠏ངګψ౨Ժऱ֧࿇ृωΰᤰߠፂΔ1999αΔຍࠄড়ᨠයٙऱൎ ᚘࢤ֗ኙ۞ա౨ԺऱլᒔࡳࢤΔຟ૰ࠌඒஃڇૹᄅᛀီ۞աߪ։ᎁٵছΔኙᓰ࿓
ޏขسݼࢴ֨ኪΖ
ᓰ࿓ޏ೯ऱਢᖞଡඒߛ᧯ࠫᐋዌऱ٦ທΖᓰ࿓อᖞऱޏؘྥ۴ ᙟඒᖂՂऱޏֱ౨யΖൕඒᖂኔਜऱᨠរΔRoberts & Kelloughΰ2000αਐנΔ ᓰ࿓อᖞψਢԫጟඒᖂऱֱڤΔՈਢԫጟૠፖิ៣ඒᖂֱூऱֱڤΔࠡؾऱڇ ലሿཋऱඒޗףאᣂᜤᖞٽΔআࠌᖂسࢬᖂፖࠡመװࡉڇऱᆖ᧭࠷ᜤΔۖ
ሒګڶრᆠऱᖂωΖڇڼছᠲՀΔषᄎՂࢬञᤜऱ։ઝࢨٽઝࠀլਢᣂΔඒஃ ౨ܡലඒޗࢨ೯ףאૹᄅิٽፖڜඈΔթਢᣂࢬڇΰ֮ᆖΔ2000αΖംᠲਢ ඒஃ९ཚאࠐࠉᘸඒઝΔࠀᗑم۞࣍ຨऱඒփΔኙᓰ࿓อᖞऱव౨֗ፖ
ࠡהඒஃ࠰ٵٽ܂ऱֱڤኙהଚۖߢ݁ਢԫՕਗᖏΖ
ൕᖂᓵऱᨠរۖߢΔ२ڣࠐΔᖂፖᎁव࿇୶ऱᖂृΔೈԱലᖂسီ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 35
რᆠऱ৬ዌृ؆ΰBrunner, 1986αΔՈດዬԱᇞඒᖂਢԫጟஃسٌੌऱյ೯መ࿓Δ ਢԫጟवᢝऱ᠏֏ۖॺႚᎠΖᖂسᇞඒஃࢬඒᖄऱփ୲ΔࢬᏁऱլਢຘመ ඒઝխऱࡎᠲवᢝऱ।ᐛ֗ඒஃऱᇞᎅۖբΔהଚᏁޓڍፖඒᖂ೯ऱᖲ ᄎΰᔤࣔ९Δ2000αΖޢԫۯᖂسࢬऱᄗ࢚वᢝፖᇞਢሀᖂઝچᜤڇԫ ದΔྤऄొچൕਬᖂઝߡ৫ࠐףאەၦΖᖞଡඒᖂመ࿓ਢ೯ኪᓳᔞऱᖲࠫΔඒ ஃፖᖂسڼᣂএऱ᧢֏Δ݁ᄎ೯ᖞଡඒᖂऱၞ۩Ζຍࠄאᎁवᓵᖄٻऱ ᨠរΔআࠌݺଚؘႊ၌။ႚอඒஃᗑਗՕᑚऱඒᖂᑓڤΔૹᄅ৸ەอᖞඒᖂऱؘ
ࢤΖ
ڇຍंᓰ࿓ޏଅᑪխΔᏆհቤ։ࡐྥսڶᖂհञΔኔ೭Ղսآڶࣔᒔ ऱ࿓ݧΔڍᑇᖂீՈսڇᔞᚨխΔྥۖΔอᖞऱՕঞਢؘྥߨऱֱٻΔ
ీڇรԫᒵऱඒஃؘႊ᧯ᎁΔܛࠌอᖞᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂࢬᤖ៲ऱᐋዌፖඒஃଡԳ
۞ऱ֮֏ྤऄᚨٽΔඒஃՈլ౨٦ഒښ۞աऱᖂઝߪ։ᎁٵΔႊمܛၞԵอ ᖞ৳ঞऱ٦ᖂΔฅຶޏᑪੌլױᖒΔᓰ࿓ᖞٽፖച۩հ౨Ժऱ࿇୶Δਢެࡳ
ඒஃءߪڇറᄐ֏षᄎऱᏝଖࢬڇΔޓਢᓰ࿓ޏګඓऱᅃਐᑑΖ
ጵᨠᓰ࿓อᖞऱֱڤΔլᓵਢ Glatthorn ࡉ Foshayΰ1991αࢬ༼ऱᣂᜤᓰ࿓Δ ઝᎾᓰ࿓ࢨਢഏփᖂृऱઝΕᓤઝΕሀઝΰ႓ᑽΔ1999ΙֱᐚၼΔ2000αΔࠡ
ءᔆՂ݁ਢאψփ୲ω࠷ٻΔאᠲΰthematicαխ֨ΰஊᙩᐂΔ2000αΖլ ጥᠲਢᄗ࢚ΕΔࢨृਢᏁᇞެऱംᠲΔอᖞृᇢထຘመᠲΔലઌᣂऱ वᢝิ៣ದࠐΔᒤױ౨ਢᖂઝփΔՈױ౨ਢڍᖂઝΖؾऱ݁ਢڇࠌᖂسࠩॺ
ׂឰለᐋڻऱवᢝΖ
ڇอᖞऱψޡᨏωՂΔՕࣂො።Աᙇᖗᔞ֊ᠲΔઔᚵᠲᓰ࿓ؾᑑፖૠ อᖞਮዌΔ࿇୶ඒᖂ೯ΔቤඒᖂေၦΔᛀுอᖞᓰ࿓ૠ༓Օޡᨏΰޕࡗ ശΔ2000ΙFogarty & Stonehr, 1995αΖൕԫᨠរࠐΔڕൕψݾ౨ω࠷ٻ֊Եࠐ ᛀီඒஃڇอᖞᖵ࿓խࢬᏁࠠໂऱݾ౨փොঞץਔԱ۞ݺૠΕ۞ݺᙇᖗΕ۞ݺ
൳Δ۞ݺଥإ֗۞ݺေᦸ৵ᎁवݾ౨Ζ৵ᎁवԯଡԳኙ۞աऱ֨ཕणኪΕ ౨ԺΕಖᖋΔԯ۟۩ᓳᔞऱመ࿓ΰNelson, 1992ΙFlavell, 1979αΖ،ຏൄץܶڶ ኙ۞աᖂ೯ऱ۞ݺေᦸ֗ኙ۞ա౨Ժऱေ۷ΰBaird & White, 1982αΖؾছՕ ڍᑇڶᣂ৵ᎁवऱඒᖂࡉಝᒭ݁ല৵ᎁवီฃࢤऱᎁव೯Ζᅝᖂृ
36ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ᛧڼฃΔലױאޓᐖऑچᚨشࠩᣊۿऱൣቼΔ೯چװ൶ࡉᇞެംᠲΔਢԫ ጟψߨऱ౨ԺωΖ
መװڇڶᣂᓰ࿓อᖞऱಘᓵխΔ݁ൎᓳψᓰ࿓փ୲ωՂऱᖞٽΔڇᖂᏆ
ਮዌՀΔൕփ୲ऱᙇᖗፖิ៣Ղ༈ޣอᖞऱسᖲΖ܀ຍլრ࠺ထൕփ୲ထณਢሒ ګᓰ࿓ޏऱഄԫຜஉΖ֠ࠡਢڣԫऱഗءጲళਢאᖂீءۯᓰ࿓ૠऱֱ
ڤࠐቤᓰ࿓ΖޢீڂچࠫࡵΔڶԫଡอԫऱᓰ࿓ዌࢨඒᖂֱڤؘႊᙅ༛Ζ ᖂீᓰ࿓ऱቤፖૠլᚨطᓰ࿓ࡉඒᖂറ୮ຂΔඒஃຂച۩բࠫࡳړऱ փ୲ۖբΖඒஃᏁऱਢᖂڕ۶ല۞աբڶऱव౨֏۩೯Δڇ۩೯ऱመ࿓խ ሎشૠΔᙇᖗΔ൳֗ଥإฃΔᨃ۞աᖑڶψߨऱ౨ԺωΖڇอᖞહ৵Δ ඒஃऱ৸ፂᖵ࿓Δಛஒิ៣֗ച۩ૠழࢬ௫֗ऱ৵ᎁवױאᎅڇᓰ࿓อᖞऱ ઔߒᏆխΔ༼ࠎԫᐋᅃ౧ΖᖕڼΔءઔߒڇᓰ࿓อᖞൣቼխΔಾኙഏ՛
ඒஃΔආشᔆऱઔߒऄΔ៶طፖᨠኘऄΰparticipant-observer styleα֗৵ኙᇩ ΰmetacognitive dialogueαᖄٻऱ৫ජᓫΔࠐ൶ߒඒஃڇං೯ᓰ࿓ֱூழࠡࢬ
௫հ৵ᎁवᖵ࿓Ζ
ΠȃंـҬޟ
ᖕՂ૪Δءઔߒؾऱԯ൶ߒഏ՛ඒஃڇᓰ࿓อᖞൣቼխΔڕ۶ሎش۞ݺૠ
Δ۞ݺᙇᖗΔ۞ݺຑΔ۞ݺवᤚΔ۞ݺ൳֗۞ݺଥإ৵ᎁवݾ౨࣍อ ᖞᖵ࿓խΔࠀ։࣫ຍࠄ౨Ժऱሎش࠹ࠩ߷ࠄڂైऱᐙΔཚඨຘመ֘৸յ೯Δᏺ
ၞଡԳอᖞव౨հ৬ዌΔא܂ຍԫंᓰ࿓ޏԳԺᔆ༼֒հەΖ
έȃࣺᜰМᝦଆ
(Ι)ࡣ೩ᇯޣϞࣺᜰंـ 1.৵ᎁवऱփො
۞ൕ Flavellΰ1979αലԱᇞࡉ֧ᖄ۞ݺ৸ەऱመ࿓ࡳᆠ৵ᎁवհ৵Δڼ ԫټဲܛڇᖂ֧ದᐖऑऱࣹრΖ৵ᎁव່១ऱࡳᆠਢਐଡԳኙ۞աᎁवᖵ
࿓ऱᎁवΖࠠ᧯ۖߢΔᅝଡԳᆖطᎁव৸൫ൕࠃޣव೯ழΔଡԳܛ౨ࣔᒔԱᇞ ࢬᖂवᢝऱࢤᔆፖփ୲ΔՈ౨Աᇞڕ۶ၞԫޡ֭वᢝΔאᇞެംᠲΰ֧۞്ਞ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 37
ᘋΔ1995αΖᙟထ،ᚨشऱֱڤࡉᏆऱܑΔ،ऱრᆠՈขسլٵऱࡳΖ Nelsonΰ1992αೈԱૹ༼נ৵ᎁव֗ᎁवऱᎁव؆ΔՈ༼נࠡڇᨠ࢚ᐋڻՂ
ࡸױ։Κ
(1)ଡ Գ ९ ཚ ี ᗨ ኙ ۞ ա ᎁ व ࢬ ข س ऱ ႚ ಖ ڤ ᇷ ಛ ΰ autobiographical informationαΙ
(2)ኙ۞աᎁवመ࿓ᥛऱ൳ਐ֧ΰongoing monitoringαΙ (3)ኙ۞աᎁवመ࿓ᥛऱ൳ࠫΰongoing controlαΖ
Brownΰ1987αط৵ᎁवऱ࿇୶መ࿓Δਐנ৵ᎁवऱଡᄭਢΚ Ցຫ૪ΰverbal reports as dataαΕച۩ᖲࠫΰexecutive mechanismsαΕ۞ݺᓳᖞࡉ ᄗ࢚ૹิΰself-regulation and conceptual reorganizationαא֗הԳऱᓳᖞΖࠡխኙ
࣍ᎁव೯ऱᓳᖞΔBrownΰ1987αڶለԵऱ൶ಘΖהᎁᎁवऱ۞ݺᓳᖞਢ ਐଡ᧯ڶრᢝچ൳ࠫ۞աऱᎁवመ࿓ΔץਔૠΰplanningαΕቃྒྷΰpredictingαΕ
൳ΰmonitoringαΕྒྷᇢΰtestingαΕଥإΰrevisingαΕᛀுΰcheckingαא֗ေᦸ ΰevaluatingα೯Ζഏփᖂृࣥ՞ࡉ്ནΰ1993αԳޓۼ Brown ऱᨠ រΔൎᓳ۞ݺᓳᖞኔਢ৵ᎁव່ૹऱԫຝ։Δࠀലࠡ։ଡၸΚࡳؾ ᑑΰܶૠαΕ۞ݺ൳Ε۞ݺଥإΰޏ᧢۩೯ޡᨏ֗ฃαΖ
Phye & Andreΰ1986αঞᎁ۞ݺᤚवऱࣹრፖ۞ݺ൳ࠫᖵ࿓৵ᎁवऱ ૹᓰᠲΖ്ਞᘋΰ1995αঞਐנᎁव֨ᖂឈྥٵრ৵ᎁवਢᎁवᖵ࿓ऱԫ ຝ։Δ൫ኙ࣍৵ᎁवءߪऱࢤᔆΔᇞᤩՂࡸآԫીΖ
ኙ৵ᎁवլٵࡳԯᄭ࣍൶ಘऱߡ৫լٵԫࠄઌۿऱᨠ࢚Δڕᎁवฃ ΰcognitive strategyα֗۞ݺ֘ઊΰself-reflectionαΔՈൄᎁਢ৵ᎁवΖᖕ Gagnéΰ1985αऱऄΔᎁवฃਢԫଡԳᙇᖗࡉ֧ᖄଡԳ৸ەመ࿓ऱᎁवݾ؏Ζ
܀ᙟထ൶ಘߡ৫ऱᐈᐖΔᖂृଚኙ৵ᎁवऱᇭᤩբլૻ࣍ᎁवऱ೯Δۖਢץ
ܶൣრऱᐋ૿ΰޕࣔख़Δ1995ΙBrokowski, 1990αΔᖕڼᨠរΔᎁवฃႛਢ৵
ᎁवऱԫຝ։Ζ۟࣍ڇઔߒᒤᡱխΔܑਢױᆖطಝᒭۖ༼֒ऱ৵ᎁवݾ౨ ΰMetacognitive skillsαΔਐऱਢച۩৵ᎁवऱݾΰMeichenbaum, 1977αΔ່
ऱڶԿᣊΚ(1)۞ݺߢΰself-talkαΙ(2)۞ݺᤚኘΰself-awarenessαΙ(3)൳ࠫፖ
ᅮΰcontrol and monitoringαΰPeterson, et al,1991αΖ
38ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
(1)۞ݺߢΚ۞ݺߢਢԫጟ۞ߢ۞ڤऱփڇኙᇩΔຘመᗨᄕऱ۞ݺඖ૪ ࠐᏺൎ۞աऱॾ֨Ζ
(2)۞ݺᤚኘΚץਔԱኙ۩ऱᤚኘፖኙൣፃऱᤚኘΖ
(3)൳ࠫፖᅮΚψᤚኘωਢψ൳ࠫፖᅮωऱ٣ެයٙΖ۩ृऱᤚኘ౨ࣹ
რࠩޢԫଡ۩೯܂ऱาპຝ։Δԫڶೂ؈ᙟழױאղא൳ࠫଥޏΖ
ڇอᖞᓰ࿓ऱመ࿓խΔ൳ࠫፖᅮऱ৵ᎁव౨Ժױאᚥܗඒஃ൳ᖞଡ
ެࡳመ࿓ΔڇୌԫଡޡᨏᏁ༼ࠎ۶ጟಛஒΔڇୌԫଡޡᨏᏁᑉழೖቅאঁᇖ ךߩജऱᇷಛΙڇୌԫଡၸขسԱ֨ᓢડΔਢܡؘႊڃࠩ٣ছऱၸૹᄅە ᐞΖSternbergΰ1985αࠉᖕಛஒऱᨠរΔ༼נཕԺԿցᓵΔᎅࣔ֨ཕሎ
܂መ࿓ΖᇠᓵխऱิٽཕԺΰcomponential intelligenceαԾᢀ࣍৵ᎁव౨ԺΔ ച۩౨Ժ֗वᢝᛧ࠷౨ԺΖࠡխ৵౨Ժਐऱਢشࠐૠΰto planαڕ۶ᇞެം
ᠲΔ൳ΰto monitorαᇞᠲฃհച۩֗ေᦸΰto evaluateαฃച۩ய࣠Ζ Davidson ࡉ Sternbergΰ1998αၞԫޡ༼נΔ৵ᎁवਢԫച۩ᖲࠫΔᆖመಝᒭ౨ᨃᖂृ
ڶฃऱװᙃᢝ֗ᇞެംᠲΔࠡխࢬ௫ऱᖵ࿓ΔץਔቃྒྷΰpredictingαΔૠ
ΰplanningαΔଥإΰrevisingαΔᙇᖗΰselectingαΔ֗։ᣊΰclassifyingαΖ ؾছՕڍᑇڶᣂ৵ᎁवऱඒᖂຏൄല৵ᎁवီฃࢤऱᎁव೯Δൎ ᓳऱਢګΰproductαۖլਢመ࿓ΰprocessαΰޕࣔख़Δ1995αΖءઔߒཚඨ౨ሂ ๅመװאᖂய࣠ᖄٻࢨඒᖂᖄٻऱਮΔኔᎾװ൶ಘഏ՛ඒஃڇᖞଡᓰ࿓
ኔਜޡᨏՂڕ۶ሎش৵ᎁव౨Ժ֗הଚ૿ᜯऱܺᣄਢչᏖΖᖞଡᓰ࿓อᖞࢬ௫
ࠩऱ৵ฃΔץਔΚૠΰplanningαΕᤚኘΰawarenessαΕ۞ݺຑ ΰconnectingαΕ ᙇᖗΰselectingαΕ൳ΰmonitoringα֗ଥإΰtunningαΖ
2.৵ᎁवಝᒭհઌᣂઔߒ
৵ᎁवݾ౨౨ܡᆖطಝᒭۖጲၞΛឈψಝᒭωࠐࠠڶൎ௺۩ᆠۥΔ
܀२ԲԼڣഏփ؆ᖂृբൕլٵᖂီᢞኔຘመ৵ᎁवݾ౨ऱಝᒭਢױ༼֒
ᖂګ༉Ζڇᖑڶຍࠄݾ౨৵Δᖂृঁ౨۞࿇ࢤऱ৬ዌ᥆࣍۞աऱवᢝΖ መװԲԼڣഏփ؆ᣂ࣍৵ᎁवऱઔߒຟထૹڇᖂऱᣂຑΔܑਢຘመኙ
৵ᎁव౨Ժऱಝᒭࠐ༼֒ᖂسऱᖂګ༉ΖHaller, Child & Walbergΰ1988α༼
נ৵ᎁवऱಝᒭኙᔹᦰᇞԺڶ᧩ထऱய࣠ΖBaird & Whiteΰ1982αՈᢞኔԱ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 39
৵ᎁवಝᒭլႛኙᔹᦰऱᇞԺΔٵழՈኙڃᖋΕᇞެംᠲڶࢬܗఛΖഏփ ऱᖂृ്ནΰ1992αᘜԵԱ೯ᖲಝᒭ࣍۞ݺᓳᖞΰself-regulationαऱಝᒭխΔ
۞ݺᓳᖞ౨ԺՈਢ᥆࣍৵ᎁवऱԫຝ։ΰBandura, 1977αΖຘመಝᒭΔᖂسऱ৵
ᎁव౨Ժ༼Δޏ᧢ԱᙇᠲฃΔኙآࠐᖂࠠڶإ૿ய࣠Ζਲݳΰ1999α ൕኔඒஃࢬ૿ᜯհംᠲΔᖕ৵ᎁवᓵΔ৬ዌψய౨ಝᒭֱூωΔא༼֒ኔ
ඒஃհய౨Ζ
ኙ࣍৵ᎁवऱಝᒭฃΔٺᖂृՈ༼נԱլٵऱૠΖຫ८ᗊΰ1998αຘ መवᢝࢤऱඒᖄΔ৸ەࢤऱ೯ፖ܂ᄐΔ֗ኔ೭ዝᒭฃΔኙᘬृऱψ۞ݺ ኘᤚωച۩ಝᒭΖBaird & Whiteΰ1982αࠌشംᠲᛀு।Δေᦸܫ֗ՠ܂֫ם ࠐಝᒭᖂسհ৵ᎁव౨ԺΖPalihcsar & Brownΰ1984αᨃᖂسຘመஃسյ೯Δ ᔚੌඒᖂऱֱڤΔᨃᖂسᛧૠ֗൳ࠟጟ౨ԺΖ
່२նڣഏ؆ᖂኙ৵ᎁवಝᒭ༼נޓࠠ᧯ݙऱ܂ऄΖKramarski ࡉ Mevarechΰ2001αං۩ IMPROVE ৵ಝᒭֱூΰIntroducing the new topic, Metacognitive questioning, Practicing, Reviewing, Obtaining mastery on cognitive skill, Verifying and EnrichingαՕᜰ༼֒ഏ՛ڣ్ᖂسऱᑇᖂං౨Ժ֗ᔹᦰ
ᇞԺΖהଚಝᒭᖂسڇ՛ิփ܂৵ᎁवࢤऱ࿇ംΰmetacognitive questioningα
ڼಘᓵംᠲऱءᔆΔᇞެംᠲऱᔞشฃ֗৬ዌ٣ໂवᢝࡉᄅवᢝၴऱᣂᜤࢤΖ Linΰ2001αၞԫޡਐנΔ֭ག৵ᎁवऱ࿇୶ؘႊൎ֏ࠟଡᐋ૿Δԫਢ
ฃಝᒭΔԲਢ໌ທ֭ࢤऱषᄎࢤᛩቼΖ
(1)ฃಝᒭΚᎁवฃհಝᒭץਔ֏٣ໂवᢝΔ۞ݺ࿇ംΔ۞ݺᇞᤩΔᙑ ᎄհᛀྒྷΔࣹრԺհ։Δ৬ዌီᤚ֨ቝ֗٦ڻᔹᦰܺᣄհࠀଥإΰHacker, Dunlosky & Graesser, 1998; Brown et al., 1983αΖ
(2)໌ທ֭ࢤऱषᄎᛩቼΚڼរൎᓳऱਢஃسቸ᧯ڼၴऱյ೯ፖᖂᛩቼ ऱᛜທΖᖂृڕ Herrenkohlΰ1999α֗ Linΰ2001α݁༼נΔᖂृڇԫଡ֭ࢤ ऱᖂᛩቼխΔ౨ຘመլٵᨠរऱٌངΔቸ᧯ऱڃ㕘֗֘৸ΰreflectionα೯ࠐ
։ࠆהଚ৵ᎁवᆖ᧭ࠀڇڼऱಘᓵֺለխΔᛀီ۞ահ৵ݾ౨Δዬڻऱല ڼݾ౨ᘜԵޢֲऱᖂ೯խΖ
ࠠ᧯ۖߢΔڇࠠڶ֭གࢤऱൣቼխڇਜ۩৵ᎁवಝᒭΔאᏺၞ৵ᎁवݾ
40ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
౨ऱ࿇୶ਢվᖂृଚऱ٥ᢝΔڕ۶ނຍঞᘜԵվᓰ࿓อᖞൣቼΔא༼֒
ඒஃհ৵౨ԺΔਢآࠐઔߒऱૹរࢬڇΖ (Π)፞แಛᐌϞࣺᜰंـ
1.ᓰ࿓อᖞऱഗء࢚
ൕ 1970 ڣזאࠐΔڇڍૹऱᓰ࿓৸ᑪᖿᛯՀΔ່२ᓰ࿓อᖞૹᄅګᓰ࿓Ꮖ
ऱྡྷរΖषᄎՕฒ֗ඒߛृհࢬאᣂ֨อᖞऱᤜᠲΔਢڂᤚᖂسڇᖂ
ீᇙࠩऱवᢝਢధᅷΕྤشΔࡉسᆖ᧭ڶᣂএऱΔۖທګຍጟ࣠ऱڂ
ូࡏ࣍ᖂீᓰ࿓ऱ։ઝิ៣ীኪΰࡌఆᏚΔ2000Ι႓ᅇΔ1999ΙBeane,1998αΖ ഗءՂΔ։ઝऱֱڤਢԫጟᖂઝवᢝऱᙇᖗࢤז।Δ،ૹီᖂઝփԫࠄࠃኔΕ
ঞΕࡉݾ౨ऱጲᑵΰBernstein, 1975αΔ܀থլૹီڕ۶ലຍࠄঞࡉݾ౨ሎشࠩ
టኔسխΔຍࠌᖂಖᖋऱڗნࢨਢݾ౨Δԫࠄսڇ࿇୶ऱࢨᄅऱૹՕ ಛஒৰᣄ࣋ࠩߓอऱઝؾዌխΖ
ኙඒஃۖߢΔڇ։ઝᓰ࿓խΔඒஃࡳװݙګܑԳࢬެࡳऱψᓰ࿓ωΔהଚ ਢᓰ࿓ऱ൷گृࡉኔਜृΔຂނඒړܛױΔڇຍጟრᢝীኪऱ९ཚࠫ
ՀΔඒஃ୲࣐؈װ࿇୶ऱ౨ԺΔהଚᖂऱਢܑԳऱवᢝΔۖॺਢ۞աऱΰࡌఆᏚΔ 2000ΙጉᖠᥞΔ2002αΔඒᖂऱ৹ଐტՈᚨྥۖسΔኙஃᇷᔆਢԫՕᐙΖ
ᅝྥΔᓰ࿓อᖞऱؘྥࢤլᚨీڇ֘ኙ։ઝᓰ࿓ऱഗ៕ՂࠐᥨΔฅຶΔ
ྤᓵਢᓰ࿓อᖞࢨ։֏Δຟਢ᥆࣍ᓰ࿓ૠऱψ֫ωۖॺψؾऱωΖԫጟૠլ ᅝऱᓰ࿓Δྤᓵ،၀ऱᑑ᧘ਢอᖞࢨ։ઝΔຟڶ֜ՕऱඒߛრᆠΖอᖞᓰ࿓
ᥬψੌωچۯΔཬഗ࣍،ءᔆ౨ᨃᖂޓࠠრᆠ֏ΰ႓ᅇΔ1999αΔؚధᖂ ઝၴऱሶᠦ֗ၸᐋࢤΔᏺףᖂઝवᢝऱኔشࢤΔڂۖআၞᖂऱᇞ֗ᚨشΰ႓ ਙໃΔ1998αΖ
ؾছڶᣂᓰ࿓อᖞऱᓵ૪ઌᅝڍΔᖂृଚൕլٵऱߡ৫༼נอᖞऱᑓڤΕᣊ
ীࡉ࠷ٻΰޕࡗശΕᑛᐝඕΔ2000Ι႓ਙໃΔ1998Ι႓ᑽΔ1999ΙBeane, 1997αΔ ٵழՈኙอᖞᓰ࿓ᠲऱࠐᄭΔኔਜֱڤ֗ඒᖂڜඈ༼נኔࠏ۸ᢞΖڇඒᖂՂΔ Ոڂຍंᓰ࿓ޏسנڍፖႚอඒᖂڶܑऱֱڤΔڕΚՕցඒᖂΔ։ઝඒ ᖂΔᠲඒᖂΔᜤઝඒᖂΖኙᖂீඒߛኔ೭ՠ܂ृۖߢΔ່૰֊ᏁऱΔࠀ լਢڇહຍࠄټဲΔۖਢ༳༽ᓰ࿓อᖞऱഗءᄗ࢚Δࠀ౨אᔞᅝऱޡᨏ࿇୶נ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 41
ᓰ࿓ΔףאኔਜΖ 2.อᖞᓰ࿓հૠঞ
อᖞᓰ࿓ૠऱֱڤઌᅝڍց֏ΖءᔆՂΔᓰ࿓อᖞऱრᆠࠀլਢኙऱΔ
ڶഄԫऱ܂ऄΔ،ᚨᇠਢԫଡࠠڶᐘࢤऱᄗ࢚ΔױאࠉᖕኔᎾऱൣउףאᓳᖞ ΰ֮ᆖΔ2000αΖؾছڇഏփբڶૉեխ՛ᖂ࿇୶נլ֟ࠠڶᏝଖऱอᖞኔࠏ ΰֱᐝྶΔ1999Ι׆ߐႆΔ1999ΙᏥભ୧Δ1999αΖຍࠄூࠏΔֺለೣٻඒᖂऱ
ᗑૠΔٽඒᖂऱቤΔኔਜอᖞඒᖂΔࠌᖂسڇवᢝΕݾ౨ΕൣრᏆ
ࡉଡԳسᆖ᧭ขسอᖞᖂΰChabonneau, 1995αΔᖞଡᖵ࿓ਢඒஃٽࠡהԳ Փ܂อᖞΰࠏڕΚ։ิٽ܂ᖂαࡉᖂسଡԳอᖞΰ࠹הԳࢨඒஃऱ࠰ܗαΔၞۖ
᧢ګᖂس೯อᖞΰܛᑗ࣍۞ᖂαΰᆺຑᆁΔ2000αΖ
ᓰ࿓อᖞऱૠֱڤױאਢڍᑌ֏ऱΔڶഄԫऱ܂ऄΔ༳༽ψᖂسਢ ᖂऱ᧯ωΔൕ࢚Εփ୲ൣቼऱૠΕ೯ऱڜඈΔࠩေၦऱֱऄΔ༼ࠎᖂس ڇسᇙױאᇞشऱሎ܂᧤ᙀΔᨃᖂࠠڶრᆠ֏Δٚ۶ݮڤऱอᖞֱ
ڤ݁ਢױאආ۩ऱΔඒஃຘመૠ࢚ऱ৬ዌΔࠐ֘৸۞աඒᖂ۩೯ፖංऱመ
࿓ΔຍՈਢඒஃറᄐګ९ऱؘ܂ऄΖ 3.ᓰ࿓อᖞऱᛀီਐᑑ
อᖞᓰ࿓ऱૠփොਢאψᖂس᧯ωࠐ܂࿇୶ऱၗΖ༉ᓰ࿓ऱኔ೭ ᐋ૿ۖߢΔ∥֟լؘऱᙑᎄᚓᇢΔಾኙᐙᓰ࿓ኔਜऱ༓ႈ᧢ڂߓอࢤऱ
৸ەࡉቤਢڶؘࠡࢤΖഏփᖂृᆺຑᆁ಼ Parksΰ1997αऱฃቹ৬ዌנᓰ
࿓อᖞऱᛀီਐᑑΔൕ࢚ࠩඒஃറᄐव౨Ε۩ਙᇷᄭΕቸၷԳΕอᖞՠࠠࢨ ݾֱ૿ऱᛀီΔ༼ࠎᐉီउࡉംᠲ৸ەհᅃΖءઔߒᖕኔᎾᏁޣΔף אଥإΔូנ࢚Εव౨Εᖂسᆖ᧭ΕᇷᄭΕ࠰ٵቸၷ֗อᖞֱऄքՕᐋ૿Δ ڇᓰ࿓อᖞኔਜছԫጵᨠࢤ։࣫Δၞۖףאᇭᤩ᠏֏Δ܂ᓰ࿓ኔਜऱኔ೭ە ၦࠉᖕΖ
4.ᓰ࿓อᖞհૠޡᨏ
ലࠟଡᖂઝࢨࠟଡאՂऱᖂઝհၴյઌᣂᜤऱᓰᠲאለࠠᐖऑࢤऱᠲףא อᖞΔਢؾছഏփൄߠऱᓰ࿓อᖞֱڤΰ֮ᆖΔ2000αΖࠡਢא൶ᠲ
ு֨Δ࠰ܗᖂسڇመ࿓խᤚवᖂઝၴऱᣂএΖBeaneΰ1998αࢬ༼֗ऱᄗ࢚อᖞᓰ
42ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
࿓ΔՈຝ։ᆵኔࠩվऱอᖞኔࠏխΖ،ਢאխ֨ᠲದរΔ൶ፖᠲ ઌᣂऱᄗ࢚ࢨᨠ࢚Δ٦࿇୶ૠᔞ֊ऱ೯ΔؚధᖂઝᡲΔ៶طψᠲᄗ
࢚೯ωૠΔሒࠩอᖞऱؾᑑΖڼ؆Δլᓵᖂઝᖞٽࢨᄗ࢚ᖞٽΔլᚨও
ૻᖂઝࢨ೯Δᚨ༉ᠲඒޗەၦᑑᄷΖ
۟࣍อᖞᓰ࿓ࢬ௫֗ऱᖵ࿓Δጵٽ Fogarty & Stoehrΰ1995αΔJacobsΰ1989α
֗ޕࡗശΰ2000αऱᨠរΔՕીױ։քଡޡᨏΔᎅࣔڕՀΚ (1)ᆰԺᖿᛯٺᣊᠲ
(2)ᙇᖗᔞ֊ᠲ
(3)ᚵᠲᓰ࿓ؾᑑፖૠอᖞਮዌ (4)࿇୶ඒᖂ೯
(5)ቤඒᖂေၦ (6)ᛀுอᖞᓰ࿓ૠ
ጵٽߢհΔอᖞᓰ࿓ऱ࿇୶ᚨࡳڇඒஃࢬၞ۩ऱᓰ࿓ૠഗ៕հՂΖඒஃ ڇቤอᖞऱᖵ࿓խΔڶߓอऱװەᐞൣቼऱփොΔފዝψ܂ެࡳωऱߡۥΔ ࠀבᓯኔᎾඒᖂ۩೯Ζᖞଡኔᔌᖵ࿓ਢࠠڶ֘ઊ৸ەءᔆΔءઔߒኙඒஃሎ৸ᖵ
࿓ऱ൶ಘΔܛਢڇಘᓵኙᇩյ೯խΔ࠰ܗඒஃ᠖۞աऱ৸ە᧤ᙀࠀᑢᓰ࿓อ ᖞऱటᆠΔ৬مඒஃऱറᄐव౨ፖॾ֨Ζ
෮ăࡁտ͞ڱăซҖՎូ̈́ࡁտ̍
ΙȃंـПݲ
ءઔߒאፕקؑԫࢬխীഏا՛ᖂۯԫڣ్ඒஃ֗ࠟۯኔඒஃኙ
ွΔ൶ߒڇᓰ࿓อᖞൣቼխΔࠡڕ۶ሎش۞ݺૠΕ۞ݺᙇᖗΕ۞ݺᤚवΕ۞
ݺ൳֗۞ݺଥإ৵ᎁवݾ౨࣍อᖞᖵ࿓խΖሒڼઔߒؾऱΔءઔߒආ شᔆऱֱऄΔ៶طᨠኘΔ৵ኙᇩᖄٻհ৫ජᓫΕྡྷរᓫΕ֮ٙ։࣫ࠐ൶ ߒඒஃհ৵ᖵ࿓Δຫ૪ڕՀΚ
(Ι)࡙ఐፙ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 43
৫ජᓫਢܓشኙᇩᆖ᧭ࠌ࠹ृ࣐࣍ԱᇞչᏖਢ৵ᎁवΔՈਢ៶طઔߒ ऱመ࿓ല৵ᎁवऱᨠ࢚ᆵኔࠩᓰ࿓อᖞऱኔ܂ᆖ᧭խΖڼ؆ᓫመ࿓Ոᨃ࠹
ृኙઔߒृ࿇ംΔ៶אᚥܗ࠹ृࠠ᧯֏ࠡംᠲΔ٦ຘመઔߒृڃംᠲאᎈ࿇
࠹ृམڶሎش৵ऱᆖ᧭Ζڕڼᠨٻյ೯ᨃڼޓࠠ᧯༳༽֗༴૪ࠡ৵ᖵ࿓Ζ ڇءઔߒխΔ৫ජᓫᙅ༛༓ႈঞΚ
1.ජᓫൣቼૠΚءઔߒڇ৫ජᓫመ࿓խΔࠌඒஃۖլኘऱኪ৫֗
ឆۖլᤚհᎁवݾ౨ฃΔຘመ۞ྥൣቼऱኙᇩመ࿓।ሒנࠐΔઔ༉ृףԵ࠰ٵ ඒᖂิΔ٥ٵፖอᖞᓰ࿓ऱՠ܂Δࠀڇյ೯ಘᓵխΔܑૠ֧ᖄڤհජᓫൣ
ቼΔᨃ࠹ඒஃޓ౨᧯ኘԫٻլఎრऱ۞ݺኪ৫֗ᎁवΖජᓫൣቼ৵ᎁ वኙᇩΔۖ٦ԫڻऱජᓫழၴ։ܑڇอᖞ೯հছΕհၴΔא֗հ৵Ζ
2.৵ኙᇩऱૠፖ࿇୶ΚԱڶய֧ᖄ࠹ඒஃኙଡԳ৵ᎁवฃऱ۞
ݺ൶ߒΰself-probingαΖઔߒ՛ิऱګലࠉଡԳऱᆖ᧭֗റᄐवᢝΔૠஃஈጲ ళΰcognitive apprenticeshipαհኙᇩൣቼΖՈ༉ਢઔߒृലފዝᑓᒤΰmodelαऱ ߡۥΔආشٌյඒᖂΰreciprocal teachingαΰBrown, 1987αհጲళΔᨃ࠹ृ౨ൕ റ୮قᒤΰmodelingαऱመ࿓ດޡൕس֫ࠩറ୮ല۞աऱኪ৫۞ྥ।ሒΔՈലឆ პհᎁवฃΔຘመ৸ە࣋ಬΰthink aloudαܧנࠐΖངߢհΔᅝઔߒृऴ൷ᇞ
ᤩΕقᒤ৵ኙᇩழΔފዝऱਢ۔ஃऱߡۥΔۖᅝઔߒृᔞழᔞழ֧ᖄ࠹ඒஃ
೯ᘜԵኙᇩழΔފዝऱঞਢඒᒭΰcoachαऱߡۥΔᅝ࠹ृດዬᑵ൜ኙᇩऱݾ
؏֗ঞΔ౨ᔞ֊ऱ।ሒଡԳհኪ৫֗ᎁवฃழΔঞઔߒृലດዬ྇֟قᒤऱ ߡۥΔࡉ࠹ृీڇٵԫֽؓՂΔڕ֖ࣛऱᣂএΔאࠌኙᇩመ࿓ޓྤওૻࢤΖۖ
৵ኙᇩऱഗءᑓڤץܶΚ
(1)ຫ૪ࢤംᠲΚഗءऱΔڃܛױऱΰ࣍࣋ಬ৸ەၸαΖ
(2)։࣫ࢤംᠲΚᏁኙ۞ݺऱणउ܂ᖞΔଳ࣫թױڃऱΰ࣍࠹ृ۞ݺᨠ ኘ։࣫ࠡอᖞੌ࿓αΖ
(3)ᢞࢤംᠲΚڇኙᇩऱመ࿓խΔطյ೯ऱრߠٌངݙګΰ࣍ྡྷរቸ᧯ᓫαΖ 3.ྡྷរቸ᧯ᓫΰfocus groups interviewαΚྡྷរᓫਢطԫᆢࠠڶٵᔆࢤ ऱψᑑऱኙွωࢬิګΔאቸ᧯ᓫݮڤ٥ٵኙਬԫࡳᠲ࿇।რߠΖቸ᧯ګ
ऱิګԫપڇ 6 ۟ 10 ԳհၴΔױီൣउፖઔߒؾऱᐘࢤᓳᖞΖࠡؾऱڇ࣍
44ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
፦ႃՕၦᔆ֏ᇷறΔᚌរਢ౨ൕᓫመ࿓խڶய߰ຒچ፦ႃࠩ᠆༄ऱᇷறΔא
৵ᥛઔߒՠࠠ࿇୶հࠉᖕΖءઔߒᚵኙፖอᖞᓰ࿓հඒஃၞ۩ቸ᧯ᓫΔݦ ඨ࠹ඒஃڼ౨ຘመٽ܂ᖂΰcooperative learningαհጲళΔፖהԳ։ࠆଡԳ հኪ৫֗ᎁवࢬტΔࠀຘመڕڼऱवᢝ։ࠆΔኙ۞աࡸآኘᤚऱ߷ຝ։ૹᄅტ࠹Ζ
(Π)ᇄᢎᄆȞparticipant observationȟ
ፖᨠኘຏൄٌ៣ထઔߒृऱᨠΔแᦫΔ࿇ംࡉᓫΰ႓ᅗྶΔ1991αΔؾ ऱਢ៶طᨠኘΔԱᇞԳଚऱॾ࢚Δࠀڶߓอچ܂ګᇷறಖᙕΔ༼ࠎԱᇞਬଡွ
ऱᨠរΔऄΔࢨᇞᤩΖፖᨠኘऱֱڤᄎڂઔߒؾऱլٵΔۖڶլٵֱڤΔء ઔߒආψխ৫ऱፖωڇൣቼ܂ᨠኘΔؘழ༼ംፖಘᓵΖ
Πȃंـ࢜ᄺᇄ؏
(Ι)ंـ࢜ᄺ ߠՀቹ 1Ζ (Π)ंـ؏
ءઔߒڇፕקؑਬԫխীഏا՛ᖂၞ۩Ζࡉᖂீ۩ਙۯ࠷٥ᢝ৵Δݮګ ψᓰ࿓อᖞඒᖂቸωΔګץਔԿۯઔߒ՛ิګ֗ 4 ۯഏ՛ԫڣ్ඒஃ֗Բۯኔ
ඒஃΖ
ઔߒ՛ิଈ٣ܫवඒஃᆢઔߒؾऱΕֱڤΔ֗ቃཚؾᑑΔࠀ୶אٽ܂ഗ
៕រΔ٥ٵݙګᓰ࿓೯ऱᇨრΖڇઔߒၞ۩հࡨΔ٣Ⴤᐊψᓰ࿓อᖞᛀီਐᑑ
।ωΔᒔኔەၦ۞ߪऱ࢚Εव౨Εᖂسऱᆖ᧭֗ױᛧऱᖂீ֭གࡉॣޡऱอᖞ
ֱڤΔݮګ٥ᢝ৵Δ։ܑ൷࠹ઔߒ՛ิऱජᓫΔઔߒ՛ิଈڻقᒤ৵ኙᇩऱൣ
ቼΔᨃඒஃቫᇢނឆპհᎁवฃຘመ৸ە࣋ಬܧנࠐፖءڻઔߒऱࠡխԫ ۯᇷඒஃΔመװམፖਬՕᖂඒࢬਐᖄΔڶᣂψᓰ࿓อᖞωऱઔߒֱூΔ܀
ᆖ᧭լࠋΔਚڇॣཚኙઔߒԳऱտԵڶࢬඈࢴΔᛜທڜ٤ྤᡶऱಘᓵ़ၴΔ ᨃፖඒஃᣋრດޡലឆპ৸ە࣋ಬנΔઔߒृक़၄լ֟ழၴᇞᤩઔߒؾऱ֗।
ሒრΔࠀڇছࠟڻᨠኘ೯խΔႛڇԫலᨠኘಖᙕΔڃ㕘ԫࠄऄΔאࠌኙᇩ መ࿓ྤওૻࢤΖڇรԿڻᨠኘ೯֗ජᓫխΔթףԵ৵ࢤኙᇩΔઔߒृലᨠኘΕ ජᓫΕᙕᐙࢬհᇷறࠉψ৵ᎁवݾ౨։ᣊ।ωດයᐊृூΰprotocolαΖ൷
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 45
৬ዌ৵ᎁवฃհ৬ᤜ ᖂᖵ ࢤܑ
ᖜٚ೭
ࣚ೭ڣᇷ
ٚඒઝؾ এΡᡐ
፞แಛᐌϞᔮຜࡾ
ᛀྒྷ࢚ อᖞऱრᆠ֗ᣊী
ٽයٙ
ᛀྒྷव౨ ඒᖂറᄐव౨ อᖞᎁव ᛀྒྷᖂسऱᆖ᧭ ٣ໂवᢝ
Ꮑޣ ᖂኪ৫ ᛀྒྷᇷᄭѧ۩ਙ֭ག
ᛀྒྷอᖞֱऄѧᣊীΕኔਜ࿓ݧ ᛀྒྷԳѧ৬مቸၷऱܺᣄΕิ
៣։ՠΕᇞެܺቼհኙ
ࡣ೩ᇯޣᐣแ
ࡣ೩ΰmeta cognitive skillα ᤚኘΰawarenessα
ૠቤΰplanningα ຑΰconnectingα
൳ΰmonitoringα ଥإΰtunningα
፞แಛᐌᐣแ ᆰԺᖿᛯᠲ ᙇᖗᔞ֊ᠲ ઔᚵᠲᓰ࿓ؾᑑ
ૠอᖞਮዌ
࿇୶ඒᖂ೯
ቤඒᖂေၦ ᛀுอᖞᓰ࿓ૠ
ฐᘈፙ
৵ኙᇩᖄٻհ ଡԳ৫ජᓫ
ፖᨠኘ ᐷᐊ֘ઊؤಖ МᝦϷݙ
ყ 1! ȶωఀৱӵಛᐌცϛࡣ೩ᇯޣϞϷݙȷंـ࢜ᄺყ ᛀྒྷ࢚
ᛀྒྷव౨ ᛀྒྷᖂسऱᆖ᧭
46ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ထၞ۩อᖞᓰ࿓೯ΔൕᙇᖗᠲࡨΔ۟ᛀுૠַΔڇመ࿓խၞ۩ࠟڻ৫ජ ᓫΔࠀ࿆ᙕΖڇ೯ၞ۩խΔၞ۩Կڻ৫ජᓫΔৱ೯ޔ৵Δၞ۩ԫڻ
ྡྷរቸ᧯ᓫΔگ࠷ᇷறࠀᛀಘΖઔߒृലࢬᇷறղאូᣊอᖞΔ༉ࠡ۩
ᣊীኴᐊګଡூ։࣫ܫΖ່৵ࠉᖕ։࣫ܫΖ (έ)ंـώڎ
ءઔߒೡૹᔆऱઔߒΔڶᘸԵᨠኘΕ༴૪ፖᇞᤩΔਚࠡॾ৫ፖய৫լ౨א ᑇᖕေࡳհΖڇઔߒመ࿓խΔലՕၦࠌشᙕଃᖲΕᙕᐙᖲΔނ࠹ඒஃऱሎ৸ ᖵ࿓ݙᖞऱಖᙕፖ։࣫Δઌॾ࠹ඒஃࢬ༴૪ऱ৵৸ەലڶԫࡳऱױᔾ৫ ΰGuba & Lincoln, 1985αΖءઔߒࢬࠌشհՠࠠຫ૪ڕՀΚ
1.ᨠኘ֗ජᓫಖᙕ।
ঁ࣍ಖᙕݙᖞᖵ࿓֗ජᓫհመ࿓Δءઔߒृᒳ፹ԫٝᨠኘ֗ජᓫಖᙕ।Δ ڂൎᓳඒஃၴڼऱኙᇩಘᓵ֗ᢞΔਚ֮ڗऱಖᙕΔኙ೯փ୲Δජᓫխ ऱ֘ᚨ֗۩݁ઊฃΖط࣍٤࿓ᙕᐙΔಖᙕڕڶᙊዥΔױشᙕᐙᇷறᇖךհΖࠟ
ۯൕࠃಖᙕऱઔߒृΔڕࢬಖሉऱփ୲ԫી৫መ܅Δঞ٦ຘመᙕᐙ܂ၞԫޡऱ
։࣫Εֺለ֗ଥإΖ 2.वݾ౨։ᣊ।
ء։ᣊ।এەڶᣂᓵ֮֗ΰޫዊթΔ1995ΙClark, 1989; Jacob & Paris, 1987; Sternberg, 1985α࿇୶ۖګΖലٺႈ৵ݾ౨ၴ൷ࢬ֘ᚨנࠐऱ۩։ᣊΔ ຫ૪ڕՀΚ
(1)ૠΚڇၞ۩อᖞ೯ழΔࢬԫຑۭޡᨏऱެࡳΔࠡփොץਔؾᑑऱຫ ૪Δ֧ᖄሎ৸ΕᙃᢝᙑᎄΕቃྒྷױ౨࣠Εழၴ։ΕᇷᄭܓشքՕᣊ۩Ζ
(2)ᤚवΚץਔԱᇞΕ৸ە۞աڇൣፃΕ۩ΕԳݺᣂএ֗ଡԳᔆֱ૿ऱ णउ֗࿇سऱڂΖ
(3)ຑΚ౨ᖄ֧ࣹࠡრԺࡉუऄࠩૹऱಛஒរࠀ౨இլؘࠨᖿΙٵழ Ո౨شਝڶऱवᢝࠐᖂᄅऱवᢝΖ
(4)൳Κച۩ૠࠀᙟழᨠኘ۞աऱऄਢܡإᒔΖ
(5)ଥإΚەு֗ᓳᖞऱإᒔࢤΙࠡփොץਔڇ֨խڶڶ۩ᑑᄷΔवሐ۶ ழሒګڻ్ؾᑑࠀ౨ބנᙑᎄΔנଥإΖ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 47
ڇፖ࠹ඒஃජᓫ৵Δലᓫփ୲ᣊΔอૠࠟټઔߒृ։ᣊհԫી࿓৫Δ ઔ࠷ԫીᑑᄷ৵Δ٦ၞ۩ᒳᒘΖ
3.ᓰ࿓อᖞᛀီ।
ء।ԯە Parksΰ1997α֗ᆺຑᆁΰ2000αऱฃቹ࿇୶ۖګΖਢ༼ࠎ ڇኔਜᓰ࿓อᖞছኙᐙኔਜऱ༓ႈ᧢ڂߓอࢤऱ৸ەΖڼ।ؐ٨ၞ۩ᓰ࿓
อᖞছᚨ৸ەऱᓰᠲΔխၴࠉݧᜰנᛀီ࢚Εव౨Εᖂسᆖ᧭ΕᇷᄭΕԳΕ
ֱऄքଡᐋ૿ऱ༓ႈംᠲΔױࠎઊ৸׳ೡუऄΖ 4.֘ઊؤಖ
ᨃፖඒஃ༉ಝᒭֱூխΔڶᣂᓰอᖞᖵ࿓ٺၸ೯֘ઊڤຫ૪Ζൎ ᓳ৵ᎁव౨ԺऱሎشΔඒஃቔᚐڇຫ૪խጐၦװڃუመװࢬᖂऱઌᣂፖ
ኔอᖞൣቼऱᚨشΰ۞ݺຑ౨ԺαΔٵழኙ۞ݺ।٨נរΔࠀ༼ޏၞհሐ ΰ۞ݺଥإ౨ԺαΔኙ۞ݺኪ৫ऱΰ۞ݺᤚवα֗ᖵ࿓ऱ൳Δຟࠠ᧯ऱຫ૪Ζ
(Ѳ)ၥਟϷݙ
ආԿᐋ։࣫ऄΔ։࣫ঞە StraussʿʳCorbinΰ1990αฮᓵΰgrounded theoryαհ࿓ݧࡉֱऄΖ
1.รԫᐋ։࣫Шၲ࣋ᒳᒘ։࣫
ࠉᖕᨠኘΕජᓫΕધᙕ֗ᙕᐙࢬᇷறΔലޢԫۯ࠹ඒஃڇอᖞ೯ছΔ
೯խ֗೯৵ජᓫ֘ᚨΔດයᐊګூΰprotocalαΔ٦ࠉᖕψ৵ᎁवݾ౨։
ᣊ।ωΔലூດႈᒳᒘΔڕ࣠ࠡ֘ᚨਢྤயऱΔঞڇ։ᣊᒘհ৵ףΰЁαᇆΔྥ
৵ղאូอᖞΔ༉ᖞࠩٺᣊऱψݾ౨։ᣊԫᥦ।ωΔڶܗԱᇞٺݾ౨։܉ᄗ उΔࠀ܂ݶຒჼ༈հ֧Ζ
2.รԲᐋ։࣫Шၗംᠲ։࣫
ᖕᓰ࿓อᖞኔ܂խࢬᣊូऱၗംᠲףא։࣫Ζၗംᠲԯਢᖕᖵڻಘ ᓵհྡྷរۖݮګอᖞࢤംᠲΔຍࠄംᠲٍ֘ᚨנەृڇመ࿓խࢬᣂࣹऱᘋᔊ រΖڼၸ։࣫༼ࠎ٦ڻڃᖞଡอᖞመ࿓Δၞ۩۩೯৵ઊ৸ΰreflection on actionα ऱᖲᄎΔຍࠄംᠲऱڃٍܗԱᇞڇอᖞᖵ࿓խԫࠄᄗ࢚ळរऱ᠖Ζ
3.รԿᐋ։࣫Шᤜᠲ։࣫ࡉᇭᤩ
ᆖመছࠟڻ։࣫ऱመ࿓Δڶܗኙᖞଡ֮ٙᇷறऱᑵ൜࿓৫ΔڼၸΔ٦ڻᔹ
48ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ᦰࢬڶધᙕΔૹิࠡᖞ᧯ᔚኢΔࠀ༈ބឆܶڇٺᣊಘᓵࠃٙխ֗ઠٺൣቼհૹ
ᤜᠲΔא֗ኙᇷறࢬ༴૪ऱᓯڍࠃٙહ৵ऱრᆠ܂ለᐋऱංΔאቫᇢૹᄅ ৬ዌנᄅऱᇞΖ
(Ϥ)ंـᄇຫ
ءઔߒհኙွΔፕקؑਬխীഏا՛ᖂԫڣ్റٚඒஃ 4 ۯΖ
ஃظΚٚඒஃΔඒᖂᆖ᧭ԼڣΔᖑڶ᠆༄ऱඒᖂኔ೭ᆖ᧭Δམڍڻᖜٚᓰ
࿓อᖞ״ႃԳΖ
ஃԬΚٚඒஃΔඒᖂᆖ᧭քڣΔᖑڶ᠆༄ऱඒᖂኔ೭ᆖ᧭Δؾছᖜٚᖂڣ ᓰ࿓״ႃԳΖ
ஃׇΚٚඒஃΔඒᖂᆖ᧭ڣΔᖑڶ᠆༄ऱඒᖂኔ೭ᆖ᧭Ζ ஃԭΚٚඒஃΔඒᖂᆖ᧭ԫڣΔࠠᖺদऱඒᖂᑷݵΖ
ણăࡁտඕڍᄃ൴ன
ءઔߒൕԼڣԶִԲֲࡨ۟ԼԫִॣԿଡִཚၴΔ᜔٥ᖵᆖ 15 ڻψխ৫
ፖωհᨠኘΔڇอᖞ೯ছၞ۩Բڻ৫৵ජᓫΖ೯ၞ۩խΔച۩Կڻ৫
ᓫΖ೯ޔΔ٦ၞ۩ԫڻྡྷរᓫΖءઔߒലඒஃڇࠡၴࢬ௫ऱ৵ᎁव ݾ౨։อᖞ೯ছ֗อᖞ೯ၞ۩խࠟၸಘᓵΖ
Ιȃಛᐌࣀଢ଼໌ࠉ
ፖઔߒऱඒஃΔڇอᖞ೯ၞ۩ছΔ٣Ⴤᐊψᓰ࿓อᖞᖞᛀီਐᑑ।ωΔ։
ܑኙ۞ߪऱ࢚Δอᖞव౨Δᖂسऱᆖ᧭֗ᖂீ֭གॣޡေ۷Δ٦ኙอᖞᠲ ऱᙇᖗΔؾᑑऱઔᚵΔਮዌऱૠΔ೯ေၦऱቤנಘᓵΖઔߒ՛ิᔞழ
ፖΔፖඒஃ৵ኙᇩಘᓵΔࠀڇಘᓵ೯ޔΔא৫ජᓫऱֱڤኙઌᣂംᠲ
܂ၞԫޡऱᑢΖઔߒ࣠ڕՀΖ
)Ι*ఀৱᙤҥՌרឈޣᄇಛᐌۡဎҡᅸဎ!
ឈྥඒஃଚፖڍڻீ؆ઌᣂऱᓰ࿓อᖞઔಘᄎ֗ՠ܂ܽΔ܀ኙอᖞփොऱ ᇭᤩΔࢨփ୲ऱ᠏֏Δսೖఎڇψᓤ፹ωܑԳऱψᓰ࿓ګωՂΖຍխၴඒஃऱ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 49
ψᤚवωᄎᐙᓰ࿓ૠऱߨٻΖ
ന߈೭൳ԃрހΨΑࡐεޑᆒΚѐբጓ௨ፐҁǴКଆаךॺ٬Ҕ
ጓҁޑፐҁٰՉፐำܰޑӭǴдॺଞჹλܻ϶ޑૈΚςᔅ ךॺ߃ፐำࢎᄬޑೕჄǴځჴፐҁӧךॺЋਔǴךॺѝࢂ
ၨಒޑፓǶаᗋؒԖ೭ᅿፐҁਔǴךॺሡाࡐεޑፓǶȐৣ
Ҙ 900806ȑ
ךံкᗺ൩ࢂ໒ۈךॺע܌Ԗፐҁ᎙᠐ၸǴӆѐ࣮ፐҁϣϐ໔ ޑ࣬ᜢ܄Ƕӆٰ൩ࢂԵቾډਔ໔کଛӝᏢਠεࠠࢲǴՠനЬाᗋࢂа ᏢғރݩǴ൩ԃભᏢғԶقдॺখΕਠǴӵ݀ӧ୯ᇟ܈ғࢲޑፐำύ ԖϙሶёаଛӝᏢғݩޑӦБǴךॺ൩аᏢғރݩکፐำ࣬ϕଛ ӝǶٗӵ݀ӧᏢයύΞখӳ࿘ډᏢਠεࠠࢲǵȐࡾহࣿоȑ܈
ВךॺԋࣁԋፐำЬᚒޑٰྍǶȐৣΌ 900806ȑ
௲ৣ೯தӧᒧۓ௲ࣽਜࡕǴᙌ᎙കǴפрࣽӅ೯ޑ܄Ǵ ע೭٤ൂϡಔӝଆٰǴԋύЈЬᚒǴനࡕਣঁЬᚒӜᆀǶӧୢ
ډаύЈЬᚒࣁື༸ޑीࢂցૈᔅշ௲ᏢਔǴ௲ৣॺගрԾρޑᢀᗺǶ
ٗ՟ЯࢬܭᅿԄǴुۓคᜢᆙाޑεҞǴךளؒԖӭεჴ
፦շǴฅڋुঁຼЬᚒᗋࢂԖѸा܄ޑǴӵ݀೭ঁЬᚒёаЇᏤ р௲ᏢڀᡏҞǴගٮ௲ᏢၗྍڐշǴٗωԖཀကǶȐৣΌ 900814ȑ ೭ᏢයΟεύЈЬᚒϐȬਔӀȭǴځΠϩࣁӚຼ௲ᏢЬᚒǴךॺв ಒٰቩຎพǴӚຼޑ௲ᏢЬᚒ֖ࡴӧȬЬᚒȭ೭ঁύЈЬᚒΠǴ ٿޣᗨӸӧ໘ቫ܄ǴՠӚຼޑ௲ᏢЬᚒ໔લЮᜢᖄ܄ǵس܄ᆶ໘ቫ܄Ǵ ᏤठӚຼЬᚒ໔ۓՏόܴǴؒᒤݤ࣮рࣁϙሶ೭ຼЬᚒाӃǴٗຼЬᚒ ӧࡕǶࡽؒԖׇǵ۶Ԝᜢᖄ܄ΨኳጋǴமӦΠঁЬᚒǴךளؒԖ ཀကǶȐৣҘ 900814ȑ
ךளؒٗሶᕪǴႽȬਔӀȭ൩ࢂаৎࣁЬືǴຼޑ௲ᏢЬᚒ
50ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ၟৎǵৎΓ࣬ᜢǶаךॄೢޑᇟЎࣽࣁٯǴ൩ࢂख़ჹৎޑᢀགǵ ᆶৎΓޑᜢ߯ǹኧᏢࣽȨӧ൳ᗺដȩΨૈۯ՜ډৎޑࢲǴᢀჸ
ᒵৎΓޑϺբ৲ǹғࢲࣽȨεЋλЋȩЬाࢂᆶৎΓ࣬ೀޑϩǴ ೭٤ࢂനڀᜢᖄޑǶȐৣЧ 900814ȑ
ඒஃอᖞᠲփ୲ࢬەၦऱڂైאਝڶඒઝփ୲Δڕڶᆏᐜࢨீփ
೯ױٽऱঁᘜԵඒᖂ೯խΖอᖞऱ᧤ᙀਢ༈ބٺ۞ᏆխઌᣂऱवᢝΔ
ᠲऱ܂شڇ࣍ቤࡳԫଡᒤΔ۟ਢԫࠄಛஒ᜔ࡉऱψټጠωۖբΖൕٺᖂ ઝխࢬ༼נऱ൶ಘփ୲ڍψࠃኔωΰfactαΔለ֟ψᄗ࢚ωΰconceptαΙඒஃ
آᆖ৸Δᖇऴ൷ᜤუΔྤऄ֧࿇ለᐋڻऱอᖞᖂΔຘመኙᇩΔ ڶᖲᄎᨃඒஃሂๅੌऱਮΔ٦ڻװᇞᦰࢬܮگऱٺጟᓰ࿓ᇷಛΔኙอᖞࡳ
ᆠլٵऱᇭᤩΖ
)Π*ఀᏰငᡛޟӻᄀؚۡՌר๖ࡣ೩ᇯޣϞ৵!
ڇૠᠲ೯ழΔඒஃᎁ۞ݺ։ᣊ౨Ժࡉመװऱඒᖂᆖ᧭Δױאެࡳୌ
ࠄᖂઝऱցױאิٽڇԫದΔୌࠄփ୲ԫࡳץܶࠡփΖ
ाעব٤ЬᚒܫӧଆǴԴৣӧፕਔԖόӕޑཀـǶךॺӧᘜᜪਔǴ ᚒᜪ՟ܫଆǴԖਔΨаϣ఼բྗǶǾǾᔈ၀ࢂϩᜪૈΚ،ۓব٤ ёܫଆփǶ௲ӭΑǴတҐϣ൩ӸԖࡐӭኳԄǴԾฅ൩ૈעӭཷۺ բᖄ่ǶȐৣҘ 900814ȑ
ךωٿԃǴаӧৣଣǴ௲ԖගၸཷۺკǴёࢂךவؒགྷၸाע ѬҔӧวЬᚒਔǴךॺᗋाעനԋޑٰ৾ϩᜪΠǴёૈࢂ௲ޑ όΦփǴᗋӧᄗ࡛ኬωૈᡣᏢғԖӝޑཷۺǶȐৣ 900814ȑǶ ךΨགྷाೱ่࣬ᜢᏢಞϣԋঁЬᚒǴՠԛѝૈԵቾډ࣬՟٣ჴ ޑೱ่Ǵ٤ࣴಞਔৎ܌ගډவӚᏢࣽύפрёаᖄ่ޑཷۺǴך
ளࡐ֚ᜤǴவԖ××ހޑ௲ύפёаᘜଆޑǴךॺ೭ಔԴৣӧ೭ Бय़ॹࢂԖӳޑೱ่ΚǶȐৣ 900814ȑǶ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 51
ඒஃڇլٵᖂઝၴൎࢮᣂএΔٞቹຑࢬڶઌ२ऱᠲޗΔݮګᖂ᧯Δ ࢬڶऱຑ౨Ժওૻڇٺઝցၴऱૹิ։ᣊΔڶڇवᢝᄗ࢚Ղ᠏֏ۼΔ ຍጟࠉᖕ।ᐋࠃኔ܂ຑၗऱ৸ەᑓڤΔᨃඒஃະԵψຑඒᖂωऱ࿖
ቼΖ
)έ*ᙤҥࡣ೩ᄇၗওғᄇಛᐌ྅܈Ϟᇯޣ!
ඒஃڇዌ৸ᖞଡᓰ࿓೯ழΔ࢙ฃு֨ऱૹಛஒΔآലᠲփ୲܂ߓอࢤ ऱܧΖࠃኔՂᓰ࿓࿇୶ਢԫଡയऱመ࿓Δඒஃڕڶᖂઝറᄐव౨֗ᓰ࿓
ૠऱᄗ࢚Δਢৰլ୲࣐ᖂઝवᢝၴऱᣂᜤࢤΰጉᖠᥞΔ2002αΖ
ڇ৵ኙᇩխΔઔߒृᇢቹᨃඒஃሂๅਝڶอᖞऱݮڤΔԱᇞᠲ࠷ޗլᏁ
ૻ࣍אၢՒΔᆏᐜ೯ࢨᖂீࠏ۩೯խ֨Δࠌᖞଡૠੌ࣍ݾࢤᖙ܂
ऱψඈ٨ิٽωΖ
ࣴǺȨၸѐգॺ೭٤ፐำǴ՟ЯၨமፓӚࣽൂϡޑख़ಔǴΨख़ ٣ჴᖱॊǴ೭ኬޑीǴգளǾǾȩ
ৣҘǺȨךளӧਔ໔Ԗज़ΠǴ೭ኬ okǴՠӳႽԛךᖱֹΑǴܿՋԖ ൩ֹΑǶȩ
ࣴǺȨգࢂᇥᖱֹᏢғΨ᠋ֹΑǴдॺΨؒᒤݤԖۯ՜ޑૈΚǻȩ
ৣҘǺȨჹǴႽךॺමаȬᐋȭࣁЬᚒǴ୯ᇟࣽᖱᐋޑู၃ǴኧᏢࣽ൩ѐ ໆᐋޑଯࡋǴऍೌፐฅ൩ࢂฝᐋΑǴғࢲፐᗋλܻ϶ਠ༜୮Ǵ ϟಏᗭᐋǴՠঁࢲ่״ࡕǴך໒ۈࡘԵ೭ኬޑၸำૈ๏Ꮲғ࡛
ሶኬޑૈΚǻȩ
ࣴǺȨႽࢂᢀჸޑૈΚǾǾȩ
ৣΌǺȨჹǴჹǴႽ೭ᅿૈΚǴջ٬ך௲ֹΑǴᏢғᗋёۯុΠѐǶȩ
ࣴǺȨᏢғᏢΑᢀჸǴдӧਠ༜္ǴёаᢀჸǴᢀჸҘᙝǴдڀԖΑ ᢀჸޑ୷ҁૈΚǴঁڈᐟдߡёၮҔ೭ঁૈΚࡘԵΠѐǶٗգঁЬ
52ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ᚒཷۺाख़ཥࢎᄬǻȩ
ৣΌǺȨᔈ၀փǴӵ݀๏ᏢғૈΚࢂനख़ाǴךॺਥҁόሡाۓाעࡐ ӭᏢࣽܫٰǴࢂ༏ǻȩ
ࣴǺȨؒԖΓೕۓाܫࡐӭᏢࣽǴঁᏢࣽൂϡޑǴவᕵޑ Бӛۯ՜ΨࢂёՉޑǶख़ᗺࢂϣޑᡄᒠࢂϙሶǻգाևޑཷۺ۶Ԝ ໔ޑᜢᖄࢂϙሶǻȩ
ৣҘǺȨ܈ךॺ၀ᆛ܈ډკਜᓔעȬᐋȭୟǴȬᢀჸԾฅғᄊȭޑਜ פрٰ࣮Ƕȩ
ৣΌǺȨךวךॺ௲ᏢᏢࣽޕόىਔǴीрٰޑܿՋࢂࡐጥభǶȩ
ࣴǺȨᏢࣽޕΑǴೱ่ૈΚߡቚமǶȩ
ৣΌǺȨჹୟǴࢂךዕޑᚒǴၶډҺՖޑᚒୢǴךଭെଆᙑޑ
ᡍǴᗋૈᖐϸΟǴᡫࢲளࡐǶȩ
ৣҘǺȨךॺёа၂၂࣮ǴӧޑऍമፐӼ௨ᏢғܗӑǴךॺ൩עȬᐋ ယȭ೭ঁЬᚒрٰǴ࣮࣮ӵՖᎦᏢғᢀჸᐋယޑૈΚǶȩ
ࣴǺȨԖؒԖགྷၸёаவԖޑፐำᆜाѐ൨פЬᚒǴႽډϤԃભԖব ٤ೕۓǴکԖጓрٰޑፐҁКၨΞǾȩ
ৣΌǺȨࢂୟǴा௲ৣֹӄԾጓ௲ϼ֚ᜤǴע௲ࣽਜکᆜाޑૈΚК
ၨǴӆଞჹᒪᅅޑϩǴբံкǴவ೭္բۯ՜ᇻКעൂϡکቼբ
ԖཀကӭΑΞǾȩȐፋ 90.08.26ȑ
ઔߒृፖඒஃຘመኙᇩΔڼᑢอᖞऱრᆠΔڇޏ᧢֨ཕᑓڤ৵Δঁ౨ൕ ڍૹߡ৫װઊီᠲᄗ࢚ਢܡኙᖂسऱवᢝอᖞڶྤრᆠࢤΖڇຍመ࿓խΔඒஃ ᤚवᖂઝवᢝऱૹࢤΔᖑڶ᠆༄ᖂઝહནΔթ౨ڇᄗ࢚ᖂՂݙᖞऱۼΔ ൎ֏۞ݺຑऱ֗۞ݺᙇᖗऱ౨ԺΖ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 53
ڇಘᓵመ࿓խΔڶለڍඒᖂᆖ᧭հඒஃࣔ᧩ֺψᄅ֫ωඒஃޓ౨ᤚवംᠲࢬ ڇΔࠀଥإഗᑓΔנᐘࢤऱޏ᧢Ζᄅ֫۔ஃڇรԿڻյ೯ಘᓵխΔዬ౨ല۞ա ឆპऱ৸ەᝑנࠐΔሂๅψಳᙟृωऱߡۥΖ
ڼ؆Δᖕψ৵ᎁवݾ౨։ᣊ।ωΔ௫່ڍऱ৵ݾ౨۞ݺຑ౨ԺΖ ᇷඒஃڇᛧψംᠲᖄ֧ω৵Δঁլឰჼ༈៱ڶᆖ᧭Δᚨٽᄅऱࠨᖿ܂נ
৸ەՂऱޏ᧢Ζ۞ݺᤚव౨Ժঞ֘ਠڇࢬڶ۔ஃߪՂΔڇٌյಘᓵխΔڼ࿇
ኙψอᖞωຍႈٚ೭ऱኪ৫ڶࢬլٵΔլ٦ᎁᓰ࿓ૠ߷Ꮦࠠڶլᒔࡳࢤ֗լ ڜტΔኙ࠰ٵٽ܂ආإ૿ऱऄΖ
Πȃಛᐌࣀଢ଼໌ϛ
อᖞऱኔᔌਢڇඒխኔᎾၞ۩ඒᖂ೯Δຍፖඒஃᤚवऱอᖞૠլԫࡳ
ઌٵΔ،࠹ࠩඒփسኪ֮֏ፖൣቼ౧ऱ೯ۖᐙࠩ೯ऱኔਜΰጉᖠ ᥞΔ2002αΖނ٣ছऱૠ᠏֏ԫຑۭ֘ᚨ۩೯Δࠡࢬ௫ऱ৵ݾ౨ᐙ೯
ၞ۩ऱګפፖܡΖءઔߒڇԼִՂڲၞ۩إڤอᖞ೯ΔאψᖫᆺωᠲΔא ഛᕆᖂسࠠڶᨠኘீႼسኪ౨ԺഗᄷΔመ࿓խΔઔߒ՛ิၞ۩ԿڻජᓫΔፖ հඒஃࠀᐷᐊ۞աऱઊ৸ฮಖΔᇷற։࣫ڕՀΖ
)Ι*ಛᐌޟᙽϽᇄᄂ፺ԤᒦՌרឈޣᇄՌר๖Ϟࡣ೩!
อᖞᠲፖ೯าႈऱᒔࡳլრ࠺ထᖂ೯ऱኔᔌΖඒஃኙᖞଡ೯Ꮭଖ ऱᤚवΔ᠏֏ኙᓰ࿓वᢝऱຑΔ֗ኙᖞଡ೯መ࿓ऱ൳ଥإΔթਢᨃᓰ࿓
೯ψڶயωऱૹᣂΖ
ךளךޑ௲ᏢҞޑࢂाᡣᏢғவਠ༜ύѐᢀჸᐋယǴவύѐᔅշд ॺѐᢀჸεԾฅૈΚਔǴךޑ௲ݤ൩کၸѐόӕǴךࣗԿགྷѐΑှ
ᏢғޑȨགȩǴ೭ᅿᡏᇡޑቹៜךჹϣǴ௲ޑᑔᒧǶȐৣҘ 901020ȑ
ၸჹ၉ǴךКၨࡘԵډӵՖעޑᄬགྷᙯᡂԋჴሞޑ௲ᏢՉǴ
ᎦᢀჸΚࡐӳǴՠ࡛ሶѐၲԋǴ೭ύ໔൩ᡣךགྷډךѸჹ೭ፐ ำࡐᆒዕǴωىаᡣךૈᙯᡂԋޑ௲ᏢࢲǾǾȐৣΌ 901020ȑ
54ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ךሡाࡐӭೱ่փǼך࣮ӭံк௲ǴᒿਔёᖄགྷډӵՖע೭٤ܫ ډךޑ௲ᏢࢲύǴႽפόډЕഞޑယηǴکдচࠠᜪ՟ޑᗋԖব٤ǻ ךᒿਔӧၗکნύҬϕೱ่ǶȐৣΌ 901020ȑ
ᓰ࿓อᖞ೯ൕඒஃኙᓰ࿓Ꮭଖऱᤚवࠩຘመ᠏֏᧢ګԫߓ٨ඒᖂ೯Δຍ խၴመ࿓ڶᘸൎ௺۞ઊΔᖕ۞աኙᓰ࿓Ꮭଖװᇭᤩवᢝփ୲Δൎ֏ࢬઔᦰᇷற ፖඒᖂൣቼၴऱຑΔࠀ൳ޢԫඒᖂޡᨏΔൕڍֱಛஒ܂נଥإװᆵኔอᖞኔ ᔌΖ
)Π*ᆠዣՌרᅿᇄՌרওғϞࡣ೩!
ᇷඒஃڇᖞଡ೯խΔຘመᖂسऱ֘ᚨΔᛀီ۞աඒऄਢܡٽᔞࠀ܂נଥ إΖ
ךӧ૽ግλܻ϶ቪԖᜢᐋޑ 50 ӷอЎਔǴλܻ϶Ԗܤǵό഻ቪ
ຝǶՠࢂךҁيܴқ೭ࢂঁၸำǴλܻ϶ၸࢤਔ໔൩ёаᔈ ΑǴךԾρόϼӭޑঅ҅Ƕӵϐךමाλܻ϶࣮ނკ᠘ᅐฝǴ ёࢂวԖ٤λܻ϶٠ό࣮ǴϸԶךӧፐѸঅ҅Ծρচҁ௲Ꮲ Ҟѐ௲λܻ϶ӵՖ࣮კ᠘ᅐฝǴёૈѝၲԾρ௲ᏢҞޑъԶςǶ ȐৣҘ 901014ȑ
ӵ݀ࢲՉόճޑ၉ǴךѐᔠຎፐำࢲޑᜤܰำࡋǴჹλܻ϶
ࢂόࢂӝǻӆٰ൩ࢂϙሶӦБྗഢό܈όǻȐৣΌ 901014ȑ
ኙ࣍ച۩መ࿓۶ᄎ۞೯֏ऱ൳۞ա۩Δᇷඒஃᎁਢ۞աऱψഗء פωؚऱړΞΞΖ
ךӧ٣Ӄଷۓ٤ёૈวғޑރݩǴӵᇥךϐ࿘ၸ೭ঁރݩǴ
ٗঁރݩǴϺӧೀǴёࢂךԖѺ୷ҁфǴΨך၂Α A БݤؒԖ ਏǴך൩၂ B БݤǵC БݤǵD БݤǾǾᕴԖঁБݤԖਏΑǴٗӧך ޑᏫ္य़Ǵך൩ע೭ঁԖਏޑБݤঁဦǴ೭ঁࢂࡐख़ाޑǴ
ٗך൩ஒ೭٤Бݤբ٤ᘜયᆶǾǾȐৣΌ 901014ȑ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 55
ӧीฝՉၸำύǴᏢғϸᔈࢂᔅշךॺளډӣ㎸ǶΨ൩ࢂᇥচӃךॺ
܌ႣයޑѬ٠όۓวғǴ܌аךॺӧՉޑၸำύόᘐѐᢀჸǴ ԶவᏢғϸᔈύѐᕇளӣ㎸ǶӵᇥךॺѝԖεཷޑࢲࢎᄬǴёࢂ
ךॺӧࢲύ٤λಒޑঅ҅ǶȐৣҘ 901014ȑ
ඒஃظᝫ༼נଡԳᔆ֗መװࢬஃࢭऱಝᒭፖ۞ݺ൳౨ԺڶᣂΖڶࠄԳ
ክ࣍ࡐࡳऱᑓڤΔܛࠌᖑڶᑇԼڣඒᖂᆖ᧭ΔՈྤऄኘᤚ۞աऱ؈ᎄၞۖ܂נᓳ ᖞΖۖඒஃᖑڶإٻऱ۞ݺᄗ࢚֗ለऱ۞ݺய౨Ոᄎআࠌ۞աװլឰ܂ଥإΖ
ᇷඒஃڇച۩መ࿓ঞक़Օຝ։ழၴڇψݙګၞ৫ωΔኙ࣍ᖂس֘ᚨྤᄈ
֗Ζ
ԖӳӭܿՋाϯǴਔ໔ΨӳᇴǴӵ݀ӀࢂᖱॊΨᗋӳǴՠࠅԖࢲा
ଛӝǴעᏢғр௲࠻ѦǴӀࢂᆅજׇ൩ъፐǴࢲֹࡕ৾
٤ୢᚒԵᏢғǴวдॺѝယηޑᚑՅǴഗӭރǴਥҁόाගډ܌
ᒏᢀჸΚޑᎦǶࢂךϯޑૈΚԖୢᚒګǻᗋࢂᆅԖୢᚒǻᗋࢂ
ঁፐำीԖୢᚒǻȐϸ࣪҄Ǵৣ 901018ȑ
ᅝඒஃᖞଡಛஒߓอؘႊװሎ܂ψၞ৫ω֗ψփ୲ωழΔ۞ྥڶᠰ؆
़ၴװᨠኘᖂس֘ᚨΖࠠڶ۞ઊ֗᠆༄ඒᖂᆖ᧭հඒஃࠠڶለړऱᄗ࢚ࢤᇞΔ ኙඒᖂੌ࿓ڶለڍऱഗءݾ౨֗ᏆࡳฃΔڂڼڇՠ܂ಖᖋխ۾ᖕᄕ़֟
ၴΔ۞ྥڶᕉԺװᛀီ۞աऱඒᖂֱڤࠀ܂נଥإΖ )έ*ՌרॎหϞϫᡗϚٗ!
۞ݺૠփොΔץਔழၴ։ΔᇷᄭܓشΔؾᑑऱຫ૪Δ֧ᖄሎ৸Δቃྒྷױ ౨࣠༓Օᣊ۩Ζڇอᖞᖵ࿓խΔඒஃڇቃྒྷױ౨࣠֗ᇷᄭܓشՂለ౨༳
༽Δኙ࣍ழၴ։֧֗ᖄሎ৸Ղംᠲ່ՕΖ
ךததѝ៝ࢲޑՉǴבਔ໔ϩଛǴ٤ႣഢӳाЇᏤᏢғፕ ޑᚒόࢂኦ़ၸѐǴ൩ࢂคݤၲډႣයགྷǶךᔈ၀ᕭ෧ࢲҞǴ ՠԛᗋࢂँวރݩབளѨѐขᗺǾǾȐৣЧ 901026ȑ
56ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ך೯த๏Ծρीฝ߄ǴעाՉޑҞቪΠٰǴѬёᔅךᆫขǴ ѝाՉ௲Ꮲ൩ԖϼӭߚႣයރݩวғǴךѸᒿਔ focus ࢲЬືǴ όाಥਔϼΦǴाୢᏢғޑୢᚒǴᗨᒿਔׯᡂǴՠЬाϩᗋࢂள ቪΠǴᒿਔගᒬǴց߾ளࡐܰӧਔ໔ѨǶȐৣҘ 901026ȑ ךளीฝکᅱࢂᡏޑǴঁࢂႣӃޑǴঁࢂόᘐՉύޑǴգ ٣ྗഢӭΑǴႣགྷΑ܌ԖރݩǴϪ൩ႽࢂԾϸᔈǴޔ
ΠѐǴԶЪᗋёޜрϩတҐٰᢀჸᏢғډۭΑှΑؒǾǾȐৣΌ 901026ȑ
೯ছቃ৸ᄷໂऱڍኒΔᐙ೯ၞ۩խழၴᇷᄭऱ༳༽Δᅝ۞ݺऱಛஒಖ ᖋၦྤऄ๛֜ڍऱาႈழΔሎشૠ।ΕඒூΔ۟՛ݻΔຟ౨ኙψፋྡྷωΕψ༼
ᙌωڶࢬܗఛΔ೯ੌ࿓լᄎፖቃཚ࣠၏መՕΖ
)Ѳ*ആႆࡣ೩ᄇၗȂఀৱϞࡣ೩ᇯޣቹԩԤܚඪЀ!
৵ᎁव౨ԺೈԱݾ؏ऱሎش؆Δᝫץਔኙवᢝփ୲ऱᇭᤩΔޅေ֗ޓၞԫ ޡࠠڶ৬ࢤ֗໌რऱ৬ᤜΖ
ඒஃڇอᖞᖵ࿓խΔԫၲࡨ౨ኙਝڶඒᖂउ༼נψࠃኔຫ૪ωΔዬڻऱڇ ಘᓵΕ֧ᖄ֗ᢞխΔ౨ኙᠲᄗ࢚Δ೯ૠ֗ေၦֱڤ౨܂ፋྡྷࢤऱޅေΖ
อᖞᖵ࿓ൎᓳऱਢඒஃհၴऱٽ܂֗ኙᇩ৸Δൕψ܂ᖏωࠩψႃ᧯Ⴟ ᆠωΔຍኙ९ཚ۞ૻ࣍ඒឆߏࢤऱඒஃۖߢΔྤጊਢԫጟਗᖏΖൕᖵڻऱᨠኘፖ ජᓫխ࿇Δඒஃܛࠌᆖൄሎش৵ݾ౨Δ܀ڇ৵ኙᇩፖ֧ᖄհՀΔթֺለ౨
ၞԫޡऱലࠡუऄ܂ለࠠ᧯ऱᎅࣔΖངߢհΔඒஃᆢឈࠠໂਬጟ৵ݾ౨Δ܀থ լԫࡳኘᤚΔ៶طઔߒൣቼऱૠᨃඒஃൕலᨠृऱߡ৫Δ۞աឆპऱ৵
৸ەᖵ࿓Ζᆖመ֧ᖄࠐઊီ۞աΔڕڼឆპऱ৵ݾ౨Δࠌ౨ګࣔ᧩ऱฃΔ ޓၞԫޡፖהԳ։ࠆࢨಘᓵΔ༼֒۞ݺ৵ᎁवᐋڻΖ
Ѳȃ๖፣ᇄ࡚ដ
៶ط৵ኙᇩᖄٻऱ৫ජᓫΔءઔߒᛧીऱᓵڕՀΚ
(ԫ)ᖕψ৵ᎁवݾ౨։ᣊ।ωΔඒஃڇอᖞᖵ࿓ছऱዌ৸ૠΔሎش່ڍ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 57
ऱਢ۞ݺຑ౨ԺΔ֠אࠠڶ᠆༄ඒᖂհඒஃྥΖ
(Բ)ᖕψ৵ᎁवݾ౨։ᣊ।ωΔඒஃڇച۩อᖞ೯խΔᙟழሎشऱ۞
ݺ൳౨Ժ֗۞ݺଥإ౨ԺΔࠡխᇷඒஃፖᄅ֫ඒஃၴսژڶψᔆωፖψၦω ՂऱฆΖ
(Կ)ຘመ৵ኙᇩΔᨃඒஃૹᄅኙอᖞ౧ൣቼ༼נٽࡵऱᇭᤩፖܒឰΖࠀ
៶طംᠲᖄ֧Δലឆპऱ৵৸ەᖵ࿓֏પࠠ᧯ᎅࣔΔڇ։ࠆፖኙᇩၴΔ࿇୶ റᄐᆢ᧯ऱ࠰ΰcollaborationα֮֏Ζ
()৵ᎁवݾ౨հ࿇୶ڶᘸ۞ݺ֘৸Δᖂઝറᄐव౨֗᠆দඒᖂᆖ᧭ऱ৬ ዌΖ
(ն)৵ᎁवݾ౨ױ៶طಝᒭۖڶࢬ༼֒Ζ
ൕ৵ᎁवऱߡ৫ࠐ࿇୶ඒஃڶᣂᓰ࿓อᖞऱኔ܂౨ԺΔਢ៶طഏ՛ඒஃፖ ઔߒ՛ิګࢬขسऱီᘜٽࠐઌյᖿ࿇ᓰ࿓࿇୶ऱറᄐ౨ԺΖؾছΔอᖞᓰ
࿓ڶڍەᑓڤΔඒஃڕ۶ᇭᤩΔലຍࠄಛஒૹᖞิ៣৬ዌګהଚၞ۩ᓰ࿓
࿇୶ழऱኔ೭वᢝΔਢآࠐڇᓰ࿓อᖞઔߒᏆխ֗ৱၲ࿇ऱΖٵழΔഏփ؆ऱ ᖂृՈൕլٵऱ૿ٻࠐ࿇୶৵ᎁवݾ౨ಝᒭ,ڕ࣠౨ނຍԫঞᘜԵվᓰ
࿓อᖞൣቼΔ৬ዌנԫಝᒭฃΔᅝޓ౨ڶܗ࣍อᖞᓰ࿓უऱᆵኔፖፖඒஃ റᄐ࿇୶ऱኔᔌΖ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
ֱᐚၼΰ2000αΖڣԫᓰ࿓ᖂᏆհอᖞΖ፞แᇄఀᏰ۟ѐΔ4ΰ1αΔ 1-18Ζ
ֱᐝྶΰᒳαΰ1999αΖоਮ༪࣏кᚠޟಛᐌఀᏰࣀଢ଼೩ॎΖፕקΚፕקؑمஃᒤᖂೃॵ
ኔ᧭ഏا՛ᖂΖ
׆ߐႆΰ1999αΖሀધհኄႼഏխᖂீءۯᓰ࿓อᖞᖲࠫऱᛜທᖵ࿓Ζሉ࣍խဎ اഏඒޗઔߒ࿇୶ᖂᄎΰᒳٱαΔΞԑΙೱ፞แंଆོ፣МȞήȟȈᗚө፞แཱིकϯ ΰ 287-299αΖፕקΚඒઔᖂᄎΖ
ض٠༚ΰ1999αΖᓰ࿓ጼᄷঞፖᖂᏆቤ։ΚᖂᏆऱ։໊ΕዌګΕอᖞፖඒߛ֮
֏णΖሉ࣍խဎاഏඒޗ࿇୶ᖂᄎΰᒳٱαΔΞԑΙೱ፞แंଆོ፣МȞΰȟȈᗚ ө፞แཱིकϯΰ 112-127αΖፕקΚඒઔᖂᄎΖ
58ʳ ௲ػࣴزт! ಃ 49 ᒠ! ಃ 1 ය
ڹڜ߶ΰ1999αΖኄխൣԳΚڣԫᓰ࿓ΖఀىၥਟᇄंـȂ37Δ 19-22Ζ
ޕࡗശΰ2000αΖᠲอᖞᓰ࿓հ࢚ፖૠΖሉ࣍խဎاഏᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂᖂᄎΰᒳαΔ፞
แಛᐌᇄఀᏰΰ 255-286αΖፕקΚཆཕ֮֏Ζ
ޕࡗശΕᑛᐝඕΰ2000αΖಛᐌ፞แ౩܈ᇄᄂ፺ΖፕקΚ֨נठषΖ
ޕࣔख़ΰ1995αΖࡣ೩ᇯޣޟଋጛᇄ຺൬ᡝᏰಬΖ۩ਙೃഏઝᄎറᠲઔߒΔNSC84- 2413-H-194-004Ζ
ޫዊթΰ1995αΖഏ՛ᖂسհ৵ᎁववᢝፖઝີᔹᦰᇞΖҕఀىंـѐȂ2Δ
81-139Ζ
ࡌఆᏚΰ2000αΖᓰ࿓อᖞፖᓰ࿓։֏Ζሉ࣍խဎاഏᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂᖂᄎΰᒳαΔ፞แಛᐌ ᇄఀᏰΰ 3-26αΖፕקΚཆཕ֮֏Ζ
ࡌිହΰ1999αΖᓵڣԫऱอᖞംᠲΖሉ࣍խဎاഏᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂᖂᄎΰᒳαΔΞԑΙ ೱ፞แϞఖΰ 53-78αΖፕקΚཆཕΖ
ࣥ՞Ε്ནΰ1993αΖϛҡࡣ೩ᇯޣȃଢ଼ᐠ߬܈ᇄኵᏰᏰಬϞᜰ߽ᄲфኵᔖҢᚠኵ Ᏸ๊ਝݎϞຟեϛҡࡣ೩ᇯޣȃଢ଼ᐠ߬܈ᇄኵᏰ၌ᚠ๊Ϟᜰ߽ंـΖ۩ਙ
ೃഏઝᄎറᠲઔߒΔNSC82-0301-H-003-006Ζ
ਲݳΰ1999αΖ৵ᎁवᖄٻհኔඒஃய౨ಝᒭΖሉ࣍ఀىᄂಬޟڐጒᇄᄂ፺Ᏸं
ଆོ፣МΖፕקΚഏمፕஃᒤՕᖂΖ
ஊᙩᐂΰ2000αΖᓰ࿓อᖞऱᣊ৸ፂΚᓫ৵ᓰ࿓ऱอᖞΖሉ࣍խဎاഏᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂᖂ ᄎΰᒳαΔ፞แಛᐌᇄఀᏰΰ 339-368αΖፕקΚཆཕ֮֏Ζ
്ਞᘋΰ1995αΖЪЖ౩ᏰڐΖፕקΚࣟဎΖ
്ནΰ1992αΖ۞ݺᓳᖞΔ೯ᖲॾ࢚Δᙇᖗฃፖ܂ᄐ।ᣂএऱઔߒዄ۞ݺᓳᖞಝᒭ ᓰ࿓ய࣠հေ۷ΖҳᇃᢊৱσఀىЖ౩ᏰൢȂ36Δ 201-243Ζ
ඒߛຝΰ1998αΖҕఀىࢲΞԑΙೱ፞แᖂᆪᆪौΖፕקΚඒߛຝΖ
ຫ८ᗊΰ1998αΖᘬᖂृڇψ۞ݺᤚኘωᓰ࿓հᖂᖵ࿓ፖಳ᠋ய࣠ઔߒΖϛሄᏲ ᏰൢȂ7Δ 116-153Ζ
֮ᆖΰ2000αΖอᖞᓰ࿓ඒᖂցऱૠΖሉ࣍խဎاഏᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂᖂᄎΰᒳαΔ፞แ ಛᐌᇄఀᏰΰ 339-368αΖፕקΚཆཕ֮֏Ζ
႓ਙໃΰ1998αΖ፞แ८ޟ౩܈ᇄᄂ፺ΖፕקΚዧ֮Ζ
႓ᅇΰ1999αΖᓫᓰ࿓อᖞאڣԫषᄎઝࠏΖሉ࣍խဎاഏඒޗઔߒ࿇୶ᖂ ᄎΰᒳٱαΔΞԑΙೱ፞แंଆོ፣МȞήȟȈᗚө፞แཱིकϯΰ 252-257αΖፕקΚ ඒઔᖂᄎΖ
႓ᅗྶΰ1991αΖ፴ޟఀىंـПݲΖፕקΚ֨נठषΖ
דৱ ፐำნύ୯λ௲ৣࡕᇡޕϐϩࣴزʳ 59
႓ᑽΰ1999αΖൕᓰ࿓อᖞऱრᆠፖᑓڤ൶ߒڣԫᄅᓰ࿓հᄂΖሉ࣍խဎاഏඒ ޗઔߒ࿇୶ᖂᄎΰᒳٱαΔΞԑΙೱ፞แंଆོ፣МȞΰȟȈᗚө፞แཱིकϯΰ
305-323αΖፕקΚඒઔᖂᄎΖ
ᆺຑᆁΰ2000αΖխ՛ᖂ࿇୶อᖞᓰ࿓հኔ೭ᓰᠲࡉኙΖሉ࣍խဎاഏᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂᖂᄎ ΰᒳαΔ፞แಛᐌᇄఀᏰΰ 315-338αΖፕקΚཆཕ֮֏Ζ
ጉᖠᥞΰ2002αΖϛωᏰ፞แ८ᇄఀᏰ८ཱིΖፕקΚඒߛ֮֏Ζ
Ꮵભ୧ΰ1999αΖഏا՛ᖂᠲอᖞᓰ࿓ૠॣ൶Ζሉ࣍խဎاഏඒޗઔߒ࿇୶ᖂᄎΰᒳ ٱαΔΞԑΙೱ፞แंଆོ፣МȞήȟȈᗚө፞แཱིकϯΰ 275-286αΖፕקΚඒઔ ᖂᄎΖ
ᔤࣔ९ΰ2000αΖඒᖂऱრොፖᑓڤΖሉ࣍խဎاഏᓰ࿓ፖඒᖂᖂᄎΰᒳαΔ፞แಛᐌᇄ
ఀᏰΰ 153-182αΖፕקΚཆཕ֮֏Ζ
ᤰߠፂΰ1999αΖڣԫᓰ࿓ፖඒஃറᄐ࿇୶հኔਜฃΖሉ࣍խဎاഏඒޗઔߒ
࿇୶ᖂᄎΰᒳٱαΔΞԑΙೱ፞แंଆོ፣МȞήȟȈᗚө፞แཱིकϯΰ 258-274αΖ ፕקΚඒઔᖂᄎΖ
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