磷肥添加與土壤水分管理對兩種砷污染土壤中糙米總砷濃度及砷物種分佈的影響

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୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢғނၗྍᄤၭᏢଣၭ཰ϯᏢس ᅺγፕЎ

Department of Agricultural Chemistry College of Bioresources and Agriculture

National Taiwan University Master Thesis

ᕗޥబуᆶβᝆНϩᆅ౛ჹٿᅿઈԦࢉβᝆύᕫԯ!

ᕴઈᐚࡋϷઈނᅿϩթޑቹៜ!

The effects of phosphorous application and soil water management on total arsenic concentration and arsenic species distribution in brown

rice grown in two arsenic-contaminated soils

ߎᇅզ Pei-Ling Chin

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻഋ൧፣ റγ Advisor: Zueng-Sang Chen Ph.D.

ύ๮҇୯΋ԭ႟ѤԃΎД

July, 2015

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I

(3)

ᖴ ᖴᇞ!

ᆉᆉ຾Εβፓჴᡍ࠻೭ঁεৎ৥ςԖΎԭӭঁВηǴႥਔ೚ӭӣᏫᗺᅀӧЈ ᓐǴࡐགᖴεৎޑόսᔅշǴளаᡣ೭ҁፕЎ໩ճޑֹԋǶځύǴനाགᖴޑࢂ

ৱৣ ഋ൧፣௲௤ޑࡰᏤǴ௲Ꮴ଺ࣴزᔈԖޑᙣ཈ᄊࡋǴаϷਔதࡘԵԾρޑࣴ

زԖคόىϐೀǴԴৣᕴૈӧԭԆϐύǴܜޜ຾Չ΋ԛΞ΋ԛޑ૸ፕǴϩ٦Ծρ ޑ࿶ᡍፋǴᡣךుڅᡏ཮ډǴيࣁഋԴৣޑᏢғࢂҹࡐ۩ᅽޑ٣௃ǴԴৣᖴᖴாǼ!

གᖴہ঩୯ҥύᑫεᏢ ၽျ҇௲௤ǵ୯ҥࡀܿࣽמεᏢ!!೚҅΋௲௤ǵ୯

ҥѠ᡼εᏢ ׵ၲྍ௲௤Ϸ Цۘᘶ௲௤ӧፕЎ΢๏ךޑࡌ᝼کࡰ҅Ǵ٬ҁࣴز

ૈ׳уֹ๓ǶЀځགᖴၽԴৣӧεᏢਔයޑගឫǴӧ 4B06 ჴᡍ࠻ޑ૽ግΠǴᏢ ډ଺ჴᡍޑཷۺک୷ᘵǴ྽ਔࢂԴৣࡌ᝼ךԵࣴز܌೭చၡǴ๏Ծρӭ΋ঁᒧ᏷

ޑᐒ཮ǴᡣךΠۓ،Јѐय़ჹ೭ঁࡷᏯǴᖴᖴၽԴৣޑࠀᓰک௲ᇧǶӕਔΨाག ᖴӧύᑫεᏢβᝆᕉნࣽᏢسҺ௲ޑԴৣॺǴεᏢѤԃӧԴৣॺޑ௲ᏤΠಎჴޑ Ꮲಞβᝆ࣬ᜢፐำǴΑှѫػ࿤ނβᝆϐख़ाǴ٬ךаيࣁβᝆΓԶགډӀᄪǶ

ന௭όளޑ൩ឦβፓჴᡍ࠻ޑεৎΑǼٿԃٰޑරδ࣬ೀǴ΋ଆୖᆶεελ λޑࣴ૸཮ǴӅӕ࿶ᐕȨ΢ξΠੇȩޑ௦ኬՉำǴ೿ࢂךࣔ຦ޑᡏᡍکӣᏫǶག ᖴჴᡍ࠻࿤ૈޑշ౛ॺλᐪǵల㗟ǵৎᆝǵ࣬ᅼǵறᗪǵѠስǴ੝ձᖴᖴλᐪ໺

௤Нዿᅿ෌΢ޑ࿶ᡍаϷВதޑᜢЈ; གᖴߓԿᏢۊӧჴᡍکғࢲ΢ޑಒЈග ᗺ; གᖴৎᑫᏢߏவࣴزᚒҞޑวགྷډ่݀૸ፕ΋ၡ΢εΚޑᔅԆ; གᖴεታৣ

᐀ࠄޑుڹ/ຼ҃१୸Ǵᡣαܺόభޑךॺӧᆵ᡼ΨૈӞډၰӦޑቶܿऍ१; གᖴ

዗Јޑੀ౺ᕴࢂόჇځྠޑှเჴᡍ΢ᎁၶޑᜤᚒǴ؂ԛޑ૸ፕ೿஥๏ך΋٤ཥ ޑ࣮ݤکှញǴӕਔΨჹգགډόӳཀࡘǴԖਔࣁΑୢୢᚒԶэҔډգᕷԆޑ΢

੤ਔ໔; གᖴமε٠Ъаᖝךࣁ኷ޑΟՏᏢߏۊȋ٩৥ǵ࢙ᑣǵҭ֡ǴӭᖝԖգ ॺޑႳΚ࣬շک࿶ᡍ໺܍Ǵӧգॺޑྣ៝کႴᓰϐΠǴᡣך଺ঁന۩ᅽޑλᏢۂ;

གᖴ౲ӭᏢ׌ۂȋᜩ༝ǵᅼচǵণॕǵηᓪǵႭϡǵྤ๔ޑက਻࣬ਇǴਔத೏ך ܦѐ଺धΚǵᔅԆჴᡍǴԖਔᗋा೏ۺک᠋ךܤ࡜Ǵ੿ࢂٌधգॺ୚Ǽ׆ఈգॺ

೿ૈ໩ճޑ౥཰Ǵ٠ࣁԾρޑࣴزԶགډᠠ໹Ƕ

ӧჴᡍኧᏵޑϩ݋Бय़Ǵ܌۩Ԗ஑཰ޑი໗ Lab 221 ڐշǴགᖴ቉্ޑ੦ྼ

(ۊ)ǵ٫ृǵធ܃ǵࡹᒆޑᔅԆǴаϷߪֻᏢߏک଼፵Ꮲߏӧჴᡍ΢ޑࡌ᝼Ǵ྽

ฅᗋԖᒃངޑᙁ࢙രӃғǴགᖴգ΋ޔаٰޑഉՔϷх৒ǴϐࡕΨा΋ଆуݨ!

གᖴεᏢޑ࠻϶ॺȋ݅ەǵ໥఼ǵ޼ࣔǵߪ໡Ǵջ٬౥཰ࡕεৎӚԾ΋БǴӧ೯

ૻ೬ᡏ΢ޑ࣬ϕуݨѺ਻Ǵϝૈ୼གڙډჹ۶ԜޑᜢЈǶགᖴߓ᝵ǵߓᒘΜ൳ԃ

ٰޑང࣬ᒿǴᗋ੝Ӧ߻ٰୖу౥ڂǴᆶیॺ΋ӕϩ٦഻৹ࢂന໒Јޑ٣௃Ƕ གᖴค࡜ค৷Ѝ࡭ךޑৎΓȋݿݿǵ༰༰ǵঢঢǴᕴӧ؂ঁఁӣৎޑڹ္Ǵ

ௗډԴݿԴ༰ޑღڮೱᕉ⟚ǴΠ௘ၮࡕ࣮ډঢঢઠӧၡα฻ࡑ๱ךǴᖴᖴգॺ๏

ךᅈᅈޑངǴௗΠٰ፺ډךٰྣ៝գॺǼ

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I

ᕗ

ᕗޥబуᆶβᝆНϩᆅ౛ჹٿᅿઈԦࢉβᝆύᕫԯ!

ᕴઈᐚࡋϷઈނᅿϩթޑቹៜ!

ߎᇅզ ᄔा

१ԯςԋࣁΓᜪឪΕઈޑ೼৩ϐ΋ǶНዿჹᕗޑ֎ԏᆶઈޑ਼ϯރᄊᓬ༈ނ ᅿ(As(V))٬Ҕ࣬ӕޑ໺ᒡ೼৩Ǵٿޣ཮ӧਥ೽ౢғᝡݾ֎ԏǴ຾Զफ़ե෌ᡏϣ ޑઈᐚࡋǶฅԶǴНዿߏයғߏӧᗋচНϩნݩǴӧԜރᄊઈ٠ߚа As(V)ࣁЬ

ाނᅿǶҁࣴزճҔόӕҖ໔Нϩᆅ౛Ǵ٬Нዿᅿ෌ӧ࣬ჹၨ਼ϯޑНႫکރ ᄊǴ჋၂аబуόӕᕗޥҔໆ׭ڋНዿ֎ԏઈǶࣴزβᝆᒧҔΒ݅سϷѳᙼسϐ ߄βǴځઈᐚࡋࣣࣁ 10 mg kg^-1(Eh10 Ϸ Pc10)Ǵ٠аΓπబуઈԿ 20 Ϸ 40 mg kg^-1 (Eh20 Ϸ Pc40)ǶӚೀ౛βᝆϩձࡼҔΟᅿᕗޥೀ౛(150, 525, 900 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1)а ϷٿᅿНϩೀ౛(੆НǵႫک)Ǵ੆Нೀ౛ࣁНዿғߏຼයӄำ߄य़੆Н 5~6 cmǴ НႫکೀ౛ࣁዿԯ౽෌ࡕ 15 Ϻϣ੆НǴϐࡕᆢ࡭βᝆϾሜНႫکރᄊ(ᏹբࠠۓ ကࣁβ߄ౢғֽ೽ᑈНϐНϩރᄊǴคβᝆ߄ቫϐ෨НՏ)Ƕ

ࣴز่݀ᡉҢНႫکೀ౛ૈ٬βᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏ΢ϲǴ׭ڋ៓ᗋচྋှǴ٬

ઈ೏֎ߕӧ៓਼ϯނ΢Ǵफ़եϾሜНύઈᐚࡋǶԶٿᅿНϩೀ౛ΠǴࡼҔᕗޥჹ ϾሜНઈᐚࡋؒԖᡉ๱ቹៜǶΒ݅βᝆӧНϩೀ౛Ϸᕗޥೀ౛ΠǴዿ仮Ϸᕫԯޑ ઈᐚࡋ֡คᡉ๱ৡ౦ǶѳᙼβᝆаНႫکೀ౛ёᡉ๱फ़եዿ仮ϷᕫԯύઈᐚࡋǴ ᕗޥೀ౛่݀໻ӧႫکೀ౛ΠࡼҔ 900 kg P2O5 ha^-1Ǵё٬ѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40) ዿ仮ઈᐚࡋᡉ๱Πफ़(p<0.05)ǴᕫԯઈᐚࡋᗨԖΠफ़ᖿ༈Ǵՠ҂ၲ಍ी΢ᡉ๱ৡ ౦ǶᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋᆶᚈҘ୷ઈ(DMA)ᐚࡋևؼӳޑ҅࣬ᜢ(R²=0.97)Ǵόፕᕫԯᕴ ઈᐚࡋࣁՖǴځΟሽઈ(As(III))ᐚࡋεऊᆢ࡭ӧ 0.2 mg kg^-1Ƕᗨฅᅿ෌ӧڙԦࢉ

ޑѳᙼβᝆ(Pc40)ᕫԯઈᐚࡋຬၸ 1 mg kg^-1Ǵՠεӭаࢥ܄ၨեޑԖᐒઈ(DMA) ӸӧǴ٠ߚठᕎ܄ޑคᐒઈ(As(III))Ǵӧዿԯ१Ҕϐ଼ந॥ᓀϝࢂၨեޑǶ ᜢᗖຒǺઈǵઈނᅿǵᕫԯǵβᝆНϩᆅ౛ǵᕗޥǶ

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The effects of phosphorous application and soil water management on total arsenic concentration and arsenic species distribution in

brown rice grown in two arsenic-contaminated soils

Pei-Ling Chin

Abstract

Previous studies have reported that human beings would expose to arsenic (As) by consumption of rice (Oryza sativa

L.). Rice roots absorb phosphate and arsenate

(As(V)) through the same transport pathway. Therefore, P application is assumed to decrease As concentration of rice via competitive absorption by rice roots. However, paddy rice is grown under the reducing condition which As(V) is not the predominant As species. To create more aerobic condition during the rice growing period, we involved a water management which keeps soil saturated in comparison with conventional flooding in this study. Simultaneously, P was applied to evaluate its inhibition effects on As absorption by rice. The topsoils of Erlin soil (Eh) and Pinchen (Pc) were collected. Background As concentration of both soils were 10 mg As kg^-1 (Eh10 and Pc10). A portion of each soil was artificially spiked with As to reach the levels of 20 and 40 mg kg^-1for the Eh and Pc soils, respectively (Eh20 and Pc40).

Treatment consisted of three P levels (150, 525, 900 kg P2O5 ha^-1) and two water management (flooding and saturating). For the flooding treatment, the water head wad kept at 5~6 cm depth above soil surface throughout the rice cultivation. For the saturation treatment, flooding was conducted after transplantation for only 15 days and then the soils were kept saturated (operationally, saturated means that partial waterlogged condition with no water head above the soil surface).

The results show that compared to conventional flooding, the soil redox potential increased under with saturation treatment, which inhibited reductive dissolution of iron (hydr-) oxides. Thus As concentrations of pore water were low because the As

II

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III

adsorption capacity remained high. However, As concentration of pore water were no significant difference among P treatments. In the Eh soils, neither water managements nor P treatments, the As concentrations of straw and brown rice were not significantly different. In the Pc soils, As concentrations of straw and brown rice decreased under saturation treatment. Only under the saturation treatment, the significant decreases of As concentrations in straw could be found after P application at 900 kg P2O5 ha^-1 in the Pc40 soils (p<0.05). The As concentration of brown rice slightly decreased by P treatment, but there was no statistical significance. The positive correlation between the concentration of total As and DMA in brown rice were found (R²=0.97). As(III) concentration of brown rice approximately maintained 0.2 mg kg^-1. Although total As concentration of brown rice exceeded 1 mg kg^-1 in the Pc40 soils, arsenic species was predominated by dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) but not the highly toxic inorganic arsenite (As(III)), which indicates that consuming rice may not pose high health risks in this study.

Keywords: Arsenic, Arsenic species, Brown rice, Soil water management,

Phosphorus fertilizer.

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IV

Ҟ Ҟᒵ

ύЎᄔा... I मЎᄔा... II Ҟᒵ...IV კҞᒵ...VI ߄Ҟᒵ... VII

΋ǵ߻ق... 1

ΒǵЎ᝘ӣ៝... 3

2.1 ઈޑϯᏢࠠᄊ... 3

2.2 ઈӧᕉნύޑࢬթ... 7

2.3 ჏ࠄѳচՋࠄݮੇઈύࢥ౜ຝ... 9

2.4 ᜢ෠ѳচઈᆶբނޑᜢ߯... 10

2.5 βᝆቹៜઈԖਏ܄ޑӢη... 12

2.5.1 Нϩᆅ౛... 12

2.5.2 ᕗޥబу... 14

2.6 ઈᆶዿԯ... 16

2.7 βᝆНϩᆅ౛ჹዿԯޑቹៜ... 18

2.8 ᕗکઈӧዿԯύϐ໺ᒡ... 20

2.9 ࡼҔᕗޥቹៜ෌ނჹઈϐ֎ԏ... 21

Οǵ׷਑ᆶБݤ... 23

3.1 βᝆኬࠔϐ௦໣... 25

3.1.1 Β݅βس(Eh) ... 25

3.1.2 ѳᙼβس(Pc) ... 25

3.2 βᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦ϩ݋... 25

3.2.1 βᝆНϩ֖ໆ... 25

3.2.2 βᝆ pH ॶ ... 26

3.2.3 βᝆႝᏤࡋ... 26

3.2.4 βᝆಈ৩ϩ݋... 26

3.2.5 βᝆԖᐒᅹ֖ໆ... 28

3.2.6 βᝆԖਏ܄ᕗ... 29

3.2.7 βᝆԖਏ܄ႇ... 30

3.2.8 βᝆคۓ׎៓ǵ᎑ǵᒰ... 30

3.2.9 βᝆෞᚆ៓ǵ᎑ǵᒰ... 31

3.2.10 βᝆ༾ໆϡનϷख़ߎឦ֖ໆ... 31

3.2.11 βᝆᕴઈᐚࡋ ... 32

3.3 ΓπઈԦࢉβೀ౛... 32

3.4 ᕗޥࡼҔೀ౛... 33

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V

3.5 βᝆНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛... 33

3.5.1 βᝆႫکೀ౛(Saturating) ... 33

3.5.2 βᝆ੆Нೀ౛(Flooding) ... 33

3.6 ࣧਭೀ౛... 34

3.7 ࣧਭ၂ᡍ... 34

3.7.1 ਭ୻చҹ... 34

3.7.2 βᝆྋనઈǵᕗǵ៓ϡનଓᙫϩ݋... 35

3.7.3 βᝆ pH Ϸ਼ϯᗋচႝՏෳۓ ... 35

3.7.4 ੰᙝ্ᆅ౛... 36

3.8 ෌ᡏ௦ԏ... 36

3.9 Нዿ෌ᡏϩ݋... 36

3.9.1 ዿ仮ǵᕫԯઈᐚࡋ... 36

3.9.2 ᕫԯઈނᅿϩ݋... 39

3.10 ಍ीϩ݋... 39

Ѥǵ่݀ᆶ૸ፕ... 42

4.1 ၂ᡍβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦... 42

4.2 НዿғߏຼයβᝆϾሜНᅱෳ... 44

4.2.1 βᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏϷ pH ॶޑᡂϯ ... 44

4.2.2 Нϩᆅ౛ჹβᝆϾሜНઈᐚࡋޑᡂϯ... 47

4.2.3 బуᕗޥჹβᝆϾሜНઈکᕗᐚࡋޑᡂϯ... 50

4.2.4 Нϩᆅ౛ჹβᝆϾሜН៓ᐚࡋޑᡂϯ... 53

4.4 ዼಈϷዿ仮ౢໆ... 56

4.5 ዿ仮ઈᐚࡋ... 59

4.6 ᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋ... 63

4.7 ᕫԯઈނᅿᐚࡋ... 68

4.8 ᕫԯ१Ҕϐ॥ᓀຑ՗... 74

ϖǵ่ፕ... 75

ϤǵୖԵЎ᝘... 76

Ύǵߕᒵ... 88

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VI

კ კҞᒵ

კ 1ǵԾฅࣚύόӕઈނᅿࠠᄊǶ...4

კ 2ǵԾฅࣚύޑઈൻᕉǶ...5

კ 3ǵβᝆύޑઈൻᕉǶ...6

კ 4ǵઈޑ Eh-pH კǶ ... 13

კ 5ǵᕗለᡶᆶ਼ϯ៓׎ԋᛙۓϐϣ୮ᒱӝނǶ...15

კ 6 ၂ᡍ୷ҁࢎᄬǶ...24

კ 7ǵȝJ/ షӝઈނᅿ኱ྗࠔϐ HPLC-ICP-MS კ᛼Ƕ ... 40

კ 8ǵНዿғߏය໔ٿᅿβᝆӧٿᅿНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛Πβᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏکβᝆ pH ॶޑᡂϯǶ...46

კ 9ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅کѳᙼβᝆӧٿᅿНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛ΠϾሜНઈᐚࡋޑᡂ ϯǶ...49

კ 10ǵНዿғߏය໔Οᅿᕗޥೀ౛βᝆჹϾሜНઈᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ...51

კ 11ǵНዿғߏය໔Οᅿᕗޥೀ౛βᝆჹϾሜНᕗᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 55

კ 13ǵٿᅿβᝆӧٿᅿНϩᆅ౛ϷΟᅿᕗޥೀ౛Πዿ仮ઈᐚࡋǶ...62

კ 14ǵٿᅿβᝆӧٿᅿНϩᆅ౛ϷΟᅿᕗޥೀ౛ΠᕫԯઈᐚࡋǶ...66

კ 15ǵΒ݅Ϸѳᙼβᝆύዿ仮ઈᐚࡋکᕫԯઈᐚࡋϐᜢ߯Ƕ...67

კ 16ǵᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋᆶઈނᅿуᕴᐚࡋϐ࣬ᜢ܄Ƕ...70

კ 17ǵٿᅿβᝆӧٿᅿНϩᆅ౛ϷΟᅿᕗޥೀ౛ΠᕫԯઈނᅿᐚࡋǶ...72

კ 18ǵᕫԯύ As(III)ᆶ DMA ᐚࡋჹᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋϩթკǶ ... 73

ߕᒵკ A1ǵβᝆНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛: Ⴋکރᄊ; ੆НރᄊǶ ... 88

ߕᒵკ A2ǵόӕ pH ΠઈނᅿޑှᚆރᄊǶ ... 89

ߕᒵკ A3ǵዿԯғߏຼයϷځНϩᆅ౛(΋යբ)Ƕ ... 90

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VII

߄ ߄Ҟᒵ

߄ 1ǵ۟ҡǵ؈ᑈނکβᝆޑङඳઈᐚࡋǶ...8

߄ 2ǵబуᕗჹ෌ᡏઈᐚࡋޑቹៜǶ...22

߄ 3ǵᕫԯ኱ྗࠔ ERM^®-BC211 ᕴઈᐚࡋϐӣԏ౗Ƕ ... 38

߄ 4ǵଯਏૈన࣬ቫ݋ሺՍᖄϩ݋ᏹբచҹǶ...40

߄ 5ǵᕫԯ኱ྗࠔ ERM^®-BC211 ઈނᅿᐚࡋϐӣԏ౗Ƕ ... 41

߄ 6ǵ၂ᡍβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦Ƕ...43

߄ 7ǵዿ仮ౢໆፄӢηϩ݋Ƕ...57

߄ 8ǵዼಈౢໆፄӢηϩ݋Ƕ...57

߄ 9ǵόӕࣧਭ၂ᡍ၂ᡍೀ౛ಔӝΠϐНዿዿ仮ౢໆ(ଳख़)Ƕ ... 58

߄ 10ǵόӕࣧਭ၂ᡍ၂ᡍೀ౛ಔӝΠϐНዿዼಈౢໆ(ଳख़)Ƕ ... 58

߄ 11ǵዿ仮ઈᐚࡋፄӢηϩ݋Ƕ ... 61

߄ 12ǵᕫԯઈᐚࡋፄӢηϩ݋Ƕ...65

߄ 13ǵᕫԯคᐒઈ(As(III))ፄӢηϩ݋Ƕ ... 71

߄ 14ǵᕫԯԖᐒઈ(DMA)ፄӢηϩ݋Ƕ ... 71

ߕᒵ߄ A1ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅চۈβᝆ(Eh10) pH ޑᡂϯǶ ... 91

ߕᒵ߄ A2ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅ઈԦࢉβᝆ(Eh20) pH ޑᡂϯǶ ... 92

ߕᒵ߄ A3ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼচۈβᝆ(Pc10) pH ޑᡂϯǶ ... 93

ߕᒵ߄ A4ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40) pH ޑᡂϯǶ ... 94

ߕᒵ߄ A5ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅চۈβᝆ(Eh10)਼ϯᗋচႝՏޑᡂϯǶ ... 95

ߕᒵ߄ A6ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅ઈԦࢉβᝆ(Eh20)਼ϯᗋচႝՏޑᡂϯǶ ... 96

ߕᒵ߄ A7ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼচۈβᝆ(Pc10)਼ϯᗋচႝՏޑᡂϯǶ ... 97

ߕᒵ߄ A8ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40)਼ϯᗋচႝՏޑᡂϯǶ ... 98

ߕᒵ߄ A9ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅চۈβᝆ(Eh10)ϾሜНઈᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 99

ߕᒵ߄ A10ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅ઈԦࢉβᝆ(Eh20)ϾሜНઈᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 100

ߕᒵ߄ A11ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼচۈβᝆ(Pc10)ϾሜНઈᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 101

ߕᒵ߄ A12ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40)ϾሜНઈᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 102

ߕᒵ߄ A13ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅চۈβᝆ(Eh10)ϾሜНᕗᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 103

ߕᒵ߄ A14ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅ઈԦࢉβᝆ(Eh20)ϾሜНᕗᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 104

ߕᒵ߄ A15ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼচۈβᝆ(Pc10)ϾሜНᕗᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 105

ߕᒵ߄ A16ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40)ϾሜНᕗᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 106

ߕᒵ߄ A17ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅চۈβᝆ(Eh10)ϾሜН៓ᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 107

ߕᒵ߄ A18ǵНዿғߏය໔Β݅ઈԦࢉβᝆ(Eh20)ϾሜН៓ᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 108

ߕᒵ߄ A19ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼচۈβᝆ(Pc10)ϾሜН៓ᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 109

ߕᒵ߄ A20ǵНዿғߏය໔ѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40)ϾሜН៓ᐚࡋޑᡂϯǶ ... 110

ߕᒵ߄ A21ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧΒ݅চۈβᝆ(Eh10)ዼಈǵዿ仮ౢໆϷਲ਼ଯǶ... 111

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VIII

ߕᒵ߄ A22ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧΒ݅ઈԦࢉβᝆ(Eh20)ዼಈǵዿ仮ౢໆϷਲ਼ଯǶ ... 112

ߕᒵ߄ A23ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧѳᙼচۈβᝆ(Pc10)ዼಈǵዿ仮ౢໆϷਲ਼ଯǶ ... 113

ߕᒵ߄ A24ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40)ዼಈǵዿ仮ౢໆϷਲ਼ଯǶ ... 114

ߕᒵ߄ A25ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧΒ݅চۈβᝆ(Eh10)ዿ仮ϷᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋǶ... 115

ߕᒵ߄ A26ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧΒ݅ઈԦࢉβᝆ(Eh20)ዿ仮ϷᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋǶ ... 116

ߕᒵ߄ A27ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧѳᙼচۈβᝆ(Pc10)ዿ仮ϷᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋǶ ... 117

ߕᒵ߄ A28ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40)ዿ仮ϷᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋǶ ... 118

ߕᒵ߄ A29ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧΒ݅চۈβᝆ(Eh10)ᕫԯઈނᅿᐚࡋǶ... 119

ߕᒵ߄ A30ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧΒ݅ઈԦࢉβᝆ(Eh20)ᕫԯઈނᅿᐚࡋǶ ... 120

ߕᒵ߄ A31ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧѳᙼচۈβᝆ(Pc10)ᕫԯઈނᅿᐚࡋǶ ... 121

ߕᒵ߄ A32ǵНዿᅿ෌ӧѳᙼઈԦࢉβᝆ(Pc40)ᕫԯઈނᅿᐚࡋǶ ... 122

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1

΋ ΋ǵ߻ق

߈ԃٰǴઈςԋࣁӄౚᜢݙޑᕉნԦࢉނǴჹܭΓᡏٰᇥઈڀԖଯठᕎ܄Ǵ ୯ሞᕎੱࣴز࿿ஒઈӈࣁಃ΋ભठᕎނ)Class 1, nonthreshold carcinogen*)IARC, 1987*ǶШࣚ΢ڙډઈԦࢉޑӦ୔ߚதቶݱǴх֖ऍࢪǵኻࢪǵߚࢪϷ٥ࢪ೿ڙ ډઈޑࢥ্(Sahoo et al., 2013*Ǵځύۏу܎ӧ1983ԃᛈวΓᜪў΢നε໣ᡏઈύ ࢥ٣ҹǴᏤӢܭ྽ӦӦΠНڙઈԦࢉǴόޕ௃ޑ྽Ӧۚ҇ϝ໯ҔаϷឲ෸ၭҖ܌

ठǴԶѠ᡼ӧ1950ԃՋࠄݮੇ჏ကᑜکᆵࠄᑜޑਜ਼ဌੰ٣ҹǴջࣁઈӒ্Γᡏޑ ख़ाਢٯǴӕኬΨࢂӢࣁՋࠄݮੇӦ୔ۚ҇٬ҔઈᐚࡋၸଯϐӦΠН܌ठǶΓᜪ ឪΕઈޑ೼৩ନΑ΢ॊ໯Ҕ֖ઈӦΠНǴќѦ΋Ьा೼৩ࣁឪ१֖ઈឲ෸ϐբ ނǶНዿࣁ٥ࢪख़ाޑЬ१Ǵ࣬ၨܭځдዼᜪբނНዿૈ׳ԖਏޑճҔઈ(Su et al, 2010)ǴЪځғߏຼයε೽ϩޑਔ໔ೀӧઈԖਏ܄ၨଯޑ੆НރᄊǴаϷሡाε ໆឲ෸НޑહᅿБԄǴ΋ѿឲ෸НڙډԦࢉǴНዿΨᜤ଒ԜϵၮǴа΢চӢ٬ள НዿԋࣁΓᜪឪ१ઈޑЬा೼৩ϐ΋Ƕ

ઈለ(H₃AsO₄)ᆶᕗለ(H₃PO₄)ޑϯᏢ่ᄬ࣬՟Ǵӧβᝆ.෌ނس಍ύޑՉࣁΨ Ԗ࣬՟ϐೀǴԶ෌ނჹᕗޑ֎ԏаϷઈޑࢥ্Ǵڙډ෌ނᅿᜪǵઈނᅿǵғߏϟ

፦аϷ၂ᡍᕉნ܌ठ(Wang et al., 2009)Ƕᕗૈ୼ᙖҗᚆηҬඤբҔ࿼ඤр֎ߕӧ βᝆ៓਼ϯނ΢ޑઈǴቚуβᝆύઈޑғނԖਏ܄Ǵ೷ԋբނаϷ१ҔբނޑΓ ᜪڙ্(Hossain et al., 2009; ླྀǴ2012a; Brackhage et al., 2014)Ƕќ΋Бय़Ǵઈᆶ ᕗ཮ϕ࣬ᝡݾНዿਥ೽ޑ֎ߕՏ࿼аϷᝡݾਥಒझጢ΢࣬ӕޑၩᡏ(Meharg and Macnair, 1992; Wang et al., 2009; Talukder et al., 2012; Jiang et al., 2014)Ǵ٬Нዿჹ ઈޑ֎ԏڙډ׭ڋǶᕴԶقϐǴᕗکઈӧβᝆ-෌ނس಍ޑҬϕբҔЬाڗ،ܭ ٿᗺ: ΋ǵᕗޑቚу٬֎ߕӧ៓਼ϯނޑϖሽઈಥߕ; Βǵᕗکઈᝡݾ෌ނਥಒ झጢ΢ޑ೯ၰ(Chen et al., 2005)Ƕ

Нϩᆅ౛Ψࢂफ़եНዿ෌ᡏϣઈᐚࡋޑБݤϐ΋(Xu et al., 2008; Arao et al., 2009)ǴઈԦࢉβᝆײҖރᄊઈޑғނԖਏ܄ၨНҖեǴӢࣁβᝆઈᆶ៓ނ፦ᗖ

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2

่ࠠᄊڙډβᝆ਼ϯᗋচნݩ܌ׯᡂ(໳Ǵ2013)Ǵβᝆ਼ϯރᄊΠઈނᅿаϖሽ ઈࣁЬǴϖሽઈЬाࠠᄊа஥ॄႝࣁЬ(H₂AsO₄^-, HAsO₄^2-)Ǵ৒ܰࣁβᝆύ៓਼ϯ ނ܌֎ߕ(McGeehan et al., 1992)ǴϸϐǴβᝆᗋচރᄊΠઈᆶ៓ྋрǴ٬ளઈӧ βᝆύޑ౽୏܄ቚуǴԶԜਔޑઈނᅿ߾аΟሽઈࣁЬ(Takahashi et al., 2004)Ƕ

ֆ(2014)ࡰрబу10७ᕗ௢ᙚࡼҔໆ(276 kg P₂O5/ha)ϝคݤᢀჸډ׭ڋНዿ Ѵभڙઈࢥ্ǴচӢёૈԖٿᗺ: ΋ǵᕗޑబуໆϝόىᆶβᝆύޑઈᝡݾНዿ

֎ԏ; ΒǵӧНዿғߏޑ50Ϻ္௦ӄำ੆НޑНϩᆅ౛Ǵ٬ளϾሜНޑઈނᅿа ΟሽઈࣁЬǴ٠ߚࢂૈᆶᕗᝡݾНዿ֎ԏޑϖሽઈǶࣁΑׯ๓΢ॊٿᗺǴၲډబ уᕗԖਏ׭ڋዿԯ֎ԏઈޑਏ݀ǴҁࣴزගଯᕗޑబуໆаϷճҔНϩᆅ౛ϐႫ کೀ౛Ǵ׆ఈӧዿԯό෧ౢޑ௃ݩǴቚуβᝆޑ೯਻܄Ǵफ़եβᝆύΟሽઈޑԖ ਏ܄Ǵ٬ϖሽઈૈᆶᕗϕ࣬ᝡݾਥ೽֎ߕՏ࿼Ǵ຾Զफ़եНዿჹઈޑ֎ԏǶࣁΑ ᕕှబуᕗޥکНϩᆅ౛ჹόӕβᝆ܄፦ύޑਏҔǴҁࣴزᒧҔٿᅿβᝆ܄፦ό ӕϐᆵ᡼ж߄܄βᝆǴϩձࣁᄆϯޑΒ݅سϷਲ༜ޑѳᙼسǶٿᅿ၂ᡍβᝆϐ୷ ҁ܄፦ӧ߻ΓЎ᝘ςԖֹ᏾࣬ᜢࣴز(஭Ǵ2012)ǴΒ݅βᝆࣁύᡵ܄ϐᦍ፦ᝆ βǴѳᙼβᝆࣁለ܄ϐᗹβЪڀԖଯໆϐ៓਼ϯނǴҗβᝆ܄፦௢ෳΒ݅βᝆύ ઈکᕗԖਏ܄ࢂଯܭѳᙼβᝆǴᕗޥబуೀ౛ૈफ़ե෌ᡏϣઈᐚࡋǴჹᅿ෌ӧΒ

݅βᝆޑНዿёૈԖၨܴᡉޑਏ݀ǶԶΒ݅βᝆ҆፦ឦᗹ݈۟ؑᑈβࣁ௨Нόؼ ϐβᝆǴϸϐǴѳᙼβᝆ൤֖៓਼ϯނё٬βᝆಈηጤ่Ǵ٬ϐ׎ԋၨεϐიಈ ϷϾሜǴᔅշβᝆ೯਻௨НǴНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛ૈफ़ե෌ᡏϣઈᐚࡋǴჹᅿ෌ӧѳᙼ βᝆޑНዿёૈԖၨܴᡉޑਏ݀ǶฅԶ੿ჴ௃ݩࣁՖǴϝሡ຾΋؁Ҕჴᡍѐ᛾ܴǶ

ӢԜǴҁࣴزҞޑࣁӧႫکНϩೀ౛ΠǴᕗޥబуܭΒ݅ᆶѳᙼβᝆࢂցૈ

Ԗਏ׭ڋዿԯਥ೽ჹઈޑ֎ԏǴ຾Զफ़եНዿ෌ᡏϣઈᐚࡋǶќѦǴόӕઈނᅿ ჹΓᡏ܌೷ԋࢥ܄ΨԖ܌όӕǴൂᏧෳۓᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋςคݤբࣁ१Ҕዿԯϐ॥

ᓀຑ՗ϐ٩ᏵǴ܌а཮௖૸ᕗޥబуϷНϩᆅ౛ჹᅿ෌ӧΒ݅ǵѳᙼβᝆύᕫԯ ઈނᅿޑቹៜǶ

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3

Β ΒǵЎ᝘ӣ៝

2.1 ઈޑϯᏢࠠᄊ

ઈ(Arsenic)ϯᏢϡન಄ဦࣁAsǴࣁ5A௼ϡનǴচηׇࣁ33ǴதྕதᓸΠࣁ ڰᄊޑ៓ԪՅᜪߎឦǶઈࣁΓᡏߚѸ໪ϡનǴЪ೏୯ሞᕎੱࣴزಔᙃ(IARC)ۓࣁ ठᕎނϐ΋Ǵઈ཮ЇଆҜጥǵޤǵᆮાǵطǵ๝ޑठᕎ܄ǴΨ཮ᏤठЈՈᆅ੯ੰ

Ϸڥ֎ၰޑ੯ੰ(Ng et al., 2003; Halim et al., 2009; Johnson et al., 2010; Martinez

et al., 2011)ǶӧԾฅࣚύઈதаคᐒᄊϐઈለਥ(AsO

43-

)ǵ٥ઈለਥ(AsO33-

)аϷ ԖᐒᄊϐൂҘ୷ઈ(monomethylarsonic acid, MMA)ǵᚈҘ୷ઈ(dimethylarsinic acid, DMA)฻ઈނᅿӸӧ(კ1)ǶჹΓᜪٰᇥคᐒઈޑࢥ܄ᇻଯܭԖᐒઈǴࡪྣࢥ܄ε λ٩ׇࣁAs(III) > As(V) > MMA > DMAǴаԴႵࢥ্၂ᡍ่݀ځъठԝᏊໆ (LD50) As(III)ࣁ15~42 mg/kgǴAs(V)ࣁ20~800 mg/kgǴDMAࣁ1200~2600 mg/kgǶ Զკ2ǵკ3ϩձࣁԾฅࣚϷβᝆύޑઈൻᕉǶ

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4 კ 1ǵԾฅࣚύόӕઈނᅿࠠᄊǶ

Fig. 1 Structural formulae of arsenic species.

(Meharg and Zhao, 2012)

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5 კ 2ǵԾฅࣚύޑઈൻᕉǶ

Fig. 2 Arsenic cycle in nature.

(კТٰྍ:Asxban Technologies, http://asxban.com/arsenic-poisoning)

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6 კ 3ǵβᝆύޑઈൻᕉǶ

Fig. 3 Arsenic cycle in soil.

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7

2.2 ઈ

ઈӧᕉნύޑࢬթ

ӧ 88 ᅿԾฅϡન྽ύǴઈӧӦෘύޑᙦ൤ࡋ௨Ӝಃ 47Ǵѳ֡ઈᐚࡋࣁ 1.5 mg/kgǴ߄ 1 ࣁ۟ҡǵ؈ᑈނکβᝆޑङඳઈᐚࡋ(Vaughan, 2006)ǶӧԾฅᕉნ ΠǴઈޑࢬթ೸ၸОξቔว܈හ݅Оؠஒ֖ઈނ፦តණԿε਻ύǴ೸ၸߘН؈फ़ ԿӦ߄Ǵќ΋Бय़Ǵ۟ዀհࠅࡕ׎ԋ֖ઈ᝜ނǴ࿶ߏਔ໔ޑ॥ϯբҔញрԿᕉნ ύǴઈ཮ᆶ៓ǵ౷ǵႃǵᙻ׎ԋ᝜ނǴٯӵ໳៓᝜(pyrite, FeS₂)ǵ໢໳(realgar, AsS)ǵ ሟ໳(orpiment, As2S3)Ƕ

Γᜪ٬ҔઈᏊ஽ΦЪቶݱǶӧ 17 Шइ҃໒ۈ٬Ҕࢥ܄ཱུଯޑคᐒઈ(ઈለ

ႉǵઈለ້)բࣁఠᙝᏊ٬ҔǴቶݱҔܭ௓ڋාऄຝሷᙝޑғߏϷා޸ޑଳᔿᏊǴ Զऍ୯ᕉߥ࿿ӧ 1987 ԃ࿣ЗคᐒઈᏊǴԶׯҔࢥ܄ၨեޑԖᐒઈᏊǴࠅς೷ԋ

྽ Ӧ ޑ β ᝆ ઈ Ԧ ࢉ (Williams et al., 2007a) Ƕ ࢶ լ ؅ ઈ (Roxarsone, 3-nitro-4- hydroxyphenyl)ࣁ΋ᅿԖᐒઈᏊǴబуܭৎ࿥Ⴉ਑྽ύǴࣁғߏߦ຾Ꮚ٬ҔǴҗ ܭࢶլ؅ઈόܰ೏ϩှǴ٬ளৎ࿥ᕨߡύ֖Ԗ 35~43 mg/kg ޑઈǴԶৎ࿥ᕨߡத

೏྽բԖᐒ୴ޥ٬ҔǴӧεഌ๮ࠄӦ୔ၭ҇߾ಞᄍஒৎ࿥ᕨߡޔௗࡼҔܭНዿ ҖǴբࣁНዿғߏ܌ሡϐේޥǴӧНҖᕉნΠ׳཮٬ளᕨߡύޑઈԖਏ܄ගଯǴ

຾Զගଯዿԯύޑઈᐚࡋ(ቅǴ2009b)Ƕሐϯઈለል(Copper chromated arsenate, CCA)தҔܭЕ׷ٛᆭᏊǴ౜Ϟӧऍ୯ሐϯઈለልόӆ೏٬ҔܭՐӻҔ೼Ǵՠᗋ

ࢂё೏Ҕܭπ཰Ҕ೼Ǵӧ 2003 ԃऍ୯๮౰Ⴅ੝୔᝾֋Ǵऩٽูௗ᝻ၯ኷൑ޑ֖

ሐϯઈለልϐЕᇙၯ኷Ꮤ׷Ǵёૈ཮Ԗᑡᕎޑ॥ᓀǴࡕٰ஑ৎᏢޣࣴزԜ॥ᓀࢂ

ཱུեޑǴ٠ࡌ᝼࠸ูᄗၸᏔ׷ࡕाӃࢱЋωૈ຾१(஭Ǵ2007)Ƕ

೸ၸΓᜪࢲ୏ϐ௦᝜ǵࡼҔၭᛰکޥ਑ǵ٬Ҕ֖ઈឲ෸Н฻฻Ǵ٬ளβᝆᎁ ڙઈԦࢉǴ຾΋؁ࢥ্ᅿ෌ӧβᝆ΢ޑբނǴቚуΓᜪ१Ҕϐ଼ந॥ᓀǴѠ᡼ೕ

ۓϐβᝆԦࢉᅱෳ኱ྗࣁ 30 mg/kgǴᆅڋ኱ྗࣁ 60 mg/kg (ᕉߥ࿿Ǵ2011)Ǵ٠ӧ 2013 ԃႣ֋অ҅βᝆԦࢉᆅڋ኱ྗ཮٩Ӧ୔ԶԖ܌όӕǴၭ཰ҔӦǵ໯ҔНН

ྍН፦ߥៈ୔ᆶ΋૓Ӧ୔ࣁ 30 mg/kgǴπ཰Ϸౢ཰ஏ໣୔ᆢ࡭ 60 mg/kgǶ

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8 ߄ 1ǵ۟ҡǵ؈ᑈނکβᝆޑङඳઈᐚࡋǶ

Table. 1 Arsenic concentrations in rocks, sediments and soils.

۟ҡ/؈ᑈނ/βᝆ ઈᐚࡋѳ֡ॶ

(mg/kg)

ઈᐚࡋጄൎॶ (mg/kg)

Ҏݓ۟ 2.3 0.18~113

Ӽξ۟ 2.7 0.5~5.8

޸஢۟ 1.3 0.2~15

݈۟ 18 0.5~143

ݝ۟/ੇ࣬।۟ 3~15 < 490

ࣳ۟ 4.1 0.6~120

ҡԪ۟/қ໦ҡ 2.6 0.1~20.1

ᇃว 3.5 0.1~10

ྡ᝜ - 0.3~35000

ݞࢬ؈ᑈނ(Шࣚѳ֡ॶ) 5 -

(Vaughan, 2006)

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9

2.3 ჏

჏ࠄѳচՋࠄݮੇઈύࢥ౜ຝ

1950 ԃж҃යǴѠ᡼ՋࠄݮੇӦ୔ᛈว҃ఋ୏ેՈᆅߔ༞੯ੰǴЋဌ҃ఋ Ոనคݤࢬ೯և๋໵ՅǴࡺаȨਜ਼ဌੰȩԶளӜǶ΋໒ۈੱރࣁѤަ҃ᆄԖհǵ ഞǵ᝚ޑག᝺Ǵࡕයࣁੵภᜤऐ٠Ԗᝄख़ޑᚯੴǴԶ໵Յᚯੴ཮೴ᅌᘉεۯ՜Ǵ ӧ྽ਔޑݯᕍБԄѝԖᄒަ΋೼ǶࢉੰӦ୔аΖඓྛΠෞࠄчٿ۞ޑ჏ကᑜѲ೓

ᙼǵကԮໂکѠࠄᑜᏢҘᙼǵчߐໂᔭੇໂᙼਢٯനӭǴԜӦ୔߈ੇభϔϐН፦

ၸយό፾ӝ໯ҔǴЪۚՐΓαቚуǴࡺ྽Ӧۚ҇໒ۈࡩ௚׳ుޑϔ(ుࡋࣁ 30~100 m)Ǵؕڗ఩Н໯ҔǴࡕٰωว౜೭٤ుϔНϐઈ֖ໆଯၲ 0.4~0.6 mg/LǴКଆ኱

ྗѠ᡼໯ҔНН፦኱ྗ 0.01 mg/L (ᕉߥ࿿Ǵ2012)ଯр൳Μ७ǴԶഋ(1974)ǵම (1985)฻Ꮲޣፓࢗว౜໯ҔుϔНКଆ໯ҔభϔН׳৒ܰளډਜ਼ဌੰǴ᛾ܴਜ਼ဌ

ੰӢࣁ໯ҔӦΠНԶٰ(ഋǴ2004)Ƕ

౥(1995)ෳۓ჏ࠄѳচۭቫ؈ᑈނᡉҢѳ֡ઈᐚࡋࣁ 9.8 mg/kgǴЪНύઈᐚ ࡋЬाᆶ؈ᑈނύޑԖᐒނԖᜢǶഋ(2003)ჹ჏ࠄѳচཥܿϷᒸ෫ٿӦ؈ᑈނύ ઈ֖ໆፓ่ࢗ݀ᡉҢǴ۟Ј؈ᑈނύޑઈЬाᆶ៓(ణ)਼ϯނ่ӝ(84 %)Ǵځԛ ࣁᆶԖᐒނǵ౷ϯނ่ӝ(13 %)Ƕҗܭ჏ࠄѳচӦΠНቫߏයೀӧཱུᗋচރᄊ ΠǴ٬ள֎ߕӧ៓(ణ)਼ϯނ΢ޑઈǴᒿ๱៓ޑᗋচྋှ(Fe²⁺)Զ೏ញрԿНᡏ ύǴ྽ᗋচᕉნၲډ౷ለਥϐᗋচႝՏਔǴ౷ᚆη཮ᆶ Fe²⁺่ӝ׎ԋ౷៓᝜ނǴ

٬ઈӆ֎ߕܭ౷៓᝜ނ΢ǴՠӕਔΨ཮ڙ༾ғނ໽ϯǴ٬ځ਼ϯஒઈញрӆ຾Ε НᡏǴќ΋Бय़ǴӢࣁ჏ࠄѳচӦΠН൤ԖԖᐒނ(ᆭ෌ނ፦)ǴԖᐒނёᆶઈ຾

Չ⽼ӝஒઈߥ੮ԿНᡏ(ቅǴ2009a)Ǵ΢ॊচӢ٬ள၀Ӧ୔ӦΠНӭԃࡕϝᆢ࡭

ଯઈᐚࡋǴ܌۩྽ਔѠ᡼࣪ࡹ۬ᆶ჏ࠄεӥ຾ՉࡌҥԾٰНቷǴஒਜ਼ξᓐکቺ୷ Н৤ޑНǴЇډՋࠄݮੇਜ਼ဌੰ౰ՉӦ୔Ǵ1970 ԃжύයӄ೽ۚ҇೿Ԗଳృޑ Нྍёа٬Ҕ(ഋǴ2004)Ƕ

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10

2.4 ᜢ

ᜢ෠ѳচઈᆶբނޑᜢ߯

Ѡчѱࡹ۬ਥᏵ2004ԃࡋȨѠчѱβᝆख़ߎឦፓࢗीฝȩϷ2005ԃࡋȨѠч ѱβᝆϷӦΠНፓࢗीฝȩ่݀ᡉҢǴՏܭᜢ෠ѳচϐч׫ᙦԃࢤ΋λࢤ೽ϩၭ

ҖβᝆઈᐚࡋᇻຬၸβᝆԦࢉᆅڋϐ኱ྗǴӢԜܭ2006ԃࡋȨᆵчѱၭӦβᝆख़ ߎឦઈ֖ໆፓࢗϷࢗ᛾ीฝȩଞჹᜢ෠ѳচ຾Չ׳຾΋؁ޑፓࢗǴх֖βᝆઈϐ

ٰྍǵԦࢉᐚࡋϷጄൎǵၭӦբނᅿ෌ϩѲፓࢗϷ१Ҕ॥ᓀϐຑ՗(஭Ǵ2007)Ƕ

่݀ᡉҢᜢ෠ѳচऊ120ϦഘၭӦ߄β(0~15 cm)ઈᐚࡋࣁ6.60~499 mg/kgǴ

္β(15~30 cm)ࣁ6.37~506 mg/kgǴઈᐚࡋຬၸβᝆԦࢉᆅڋ኱ྗॶ(ɪ60 mg/kg) य़ᑈऊ63ϦഘǴϟܭᅱෳॶکᆅڋॶ(30~60 mg/kg)ޑय़ᑈऊ38ϦഘǶаᜢ෠ѳচ βᝆઈᐚࡋङඳॶᕴໆ5.5ϦᏒѐ՗ᆉǴѦٰઈϐᕴໆऊࣁ61.5ϦᏒωૈ٬ள၀Ӧ

୔ԦࢉԿԜଯઈᐚࡋǴΓࣁπ཰௨ܫԦࢉᐒ౗όεǴࡺٰྍёૈࣁԾฅ౜ຝ೷ԋ (஭Ǵ2007)Ƕ຾΋؁ѐϩ݋βᝆઈԦࢉޑϩթ௃׎Ǵว౜ᆶឲ෸෤ၰϩթԖଯࡋ

࣬ᜢǴፓࢗว౜၀Ӧ୔Ԑයම࿶ЇҔᕘН΢ӥᆶᕘНΠӥޑНឲ෸ၭҖǴЪӧᕘ

ෝྛ΢ෞ(ч׫ྛ)ݞ׉ޑ੝ۓ۟ቫύว౜ઈᐚࡋ֖ໆཱུଯϐઈႉ៓᝞᝜ނǴ᝞ᜪ

᝜ނࢂОξ዗ࢨӢफ़ྕှᓸբҔԶ؈ᐘޑ่඲ނ፦ǴӧதྕதᓸΠ׎ԋᛙۓϐ᝜

ނǴ٠ό཮ӆஒઈញܫܭНᡏύǴࡺᜢ෠ѳচβᝆઈϐٰྍᔈ၀ࢂҗӦ዗كྕࢨ НԶٰǴЇҔ֖ઈϐྕࢨН༊ࢬϐྛНឲ෸܌Ꮴठ(ύѧӦ፦ፓࢗ܌Ǵ2007)Ƕ

ᗨฅᜢ෠ѳচβᝆઈᐚࡋᝄख़ຬ኱Ǵՠӭԃٰғౢрޑբނࠅคࢥ্౜ຝǶ

᝵฻Γ(2012)ࣴزᡉҢᅿ෌ӧβᝆઈᐚࡋ12.6~545 mg/kgޑᜢ෠ѳচǴᕫԯᕴઈ ᐚࡋጄൎӧ0.173~0.327 mg/kgǴѠ᡼٠คुۓ१ԯઈᐚࡋᆅڋॶǴаᐞࢪǵફՋ

ើǵቺ୯ǵ಻ើϷӑࡋჹܭዼᜪբނઈᐚࡋޑᆅڋ኱ྗ1 mg/kg FWբࣁྗ߾Ǵᜢ

෠ѳচғౢޑᕫԯӧ१Ҕ΢ϝࢂӼӄޑǶᅿ෌चᡀጱکἊᆻჹځౢໆคᡉ๱ৡ ౦Ǵ߄ҢؒԖౢғࢥ্ቻރǴᗨฅઈᐚࡋౣଯܭ΋૓ѱ൑ǴՠᇻեܭઈԦࢉ୔Ǵ ጫ๼ઈᐚࡋ٩ׇࣁἊᆻ>ъ่ౚသथ>ယသथ>चᡀጱǶᜢ෠ѳচԖਏ܄ઈᐚࡋե ЬाᘜӢܭ൤֖คۓ܄៓᎑(ణ)਼ϯނǴஒઈ֎ߕज़ڋઈޑ౽୏ǴԜѦǴβᝆ҆

፦ࣁӼξ۟Оξނ፦Ǵβᝆևୃለ܄ǴΨૈफ़եઈޑ౽୏܄Ƕќ΋Бय़Ǵ྽Ӧၭ

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11

҇ӧНዿϩ䕒ය཮຾ՉᠴҖೀ౛Ǵ׭ڋβᝆύޑઈ۳ዼಈಕᑈǴऩ྽ӦНϩᆅ౛

ό྽ǴНዿϝԖڙઈࢥ্ϐ॥ᓀǶܭࢂ໳(2013)ԃճҔϖᅿНϩᆅ౛ჹғߏӧᜢ

෠ѳচዿԯઈᐚࡋޑቹៜǴӧ᏾ঁዿԯғߏຼයೱុ੆Нೀ౛ᕫԯઈᐚࡋӧ 0.2~0.9 mg/kgǴᡉ๱ଯܭځдНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛Ǵ܌۩ዼಈಕᑈаࢥ܄ၨեޑԖᐒઈ ࣁЬǴ१ҔౢԾᜢ෠ѳচϐբނ॥ᓀຑ՗่݀ϝӧӼӄጄൎϣǶ

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12

2.5 β

βᝆቹៜઈԖਏ܄ޑӢη

βᝆࢂ΋ঁፄᚇޑ໣ӝᡏǴቹៜઈԖਏ܄Ϸ౽୏܄ޑӢηԖࡐӭǴٯӵβᝆ

፦ӦǵpHǵEhǵԖᐒᅹǵᕗǵޖ฻฻Ǵу΢ӧԾฅࣚύઈа೚ӭނᅿӸӧǴቚ уΑβᝆቹៜઈԖਏ܄ޑᡂӢǶԶҁ၂ᡍаНϩᆅ౛کᕗޥబуբࣁҁჴᡍޑ௓

ڋᡂӢǴаΠٿঁക࿯཮଺຾΋؁ޑϟಏǶ

2.5.1 Нϩᆅ౛

ઈނᅿ৒ܰᒿ๱βᝆ਼ϯᗋচᕉნԶׯᡂ(კ 4)ǴӢԜβᝆНϩნݩࢂቹៜ ઈԖਏ܄ख़ाޑӢηϐ΋ǶTakahashi et al. (2004)౗Ӄ٬Ҕӕ؁ᒟ৔ϐ X Ӏ֎ԏ Ӏ᛼ݤǴаߚઇᚯ܄ளޕβᝆڰ࣬΢ઈނᅿޑϩѲ௃׎ǴXANES ่݀ᡉҢӧβ ᝆ਼ϯރᄊΠǴаϖሽઈࣁЬǴԶӧβᝆ੆НރᄊΠǴаᗋচᄊϐΟሽઈࣁЬǴ ӧβᝆϾሜНύΨԖ࣬ӕޑᖿ༈(Xu et al., 2008)Ƕ೚ӭЎ᝘ࡰрӧβᝆύ៓ϯӝ ނࢂቹៜઈ౽୏܄നЬाޑӢηϐ΋(Arao et al., 2009; Xu et al., 2008; Takahashi

et al., 2004; Hu et al., 2013; Violante et al., 2012; Yamaguchi et al., 2011)ǴӢࣁઈ৒

ܰ֎࡭ӧ៓(ణ)਼ϯނǴӧ੆НރᄊΠǴ៓཮೏ᗋচྋှஒઈញрǴЀځࢂΟሽ ઈǴӢࣁ࣬ၨܭѝаϣ୮ᒱӝᗖ่ޑϖሽઈǴΟሽઈёаճҔϣ୮کѦ୮ᒱӝᗖ

่Ǵࡺځ౽୏܄Кၨଯ(Yamaguchi et al., 2011)ǶԶόӕ܄፦کᜪࠠޑ֖៓᝜ނΨ

཮ѐቹៜ៓ޑᗋচྋှکઈޑ౽୏܄Ǵଞ៓᝜(JRHWKLWH Į-FeOOH)ύޑ៓ၨόܰ

೏ᗋচྋှǴԶคۓࠠᄊޑН៓᝜(ferrihydrite, Fe(OH)₃)ύޑ៓ၨ৒ܰ೏ᗋচྋ

ှǴՠځྋှࡕёૈᆶځд഍ᚆη׎ԋԛભ᝜ނᅶ៓᝜؈ᐘ(magnetite, Fe3O4)Ǵ ϸԶගٮ׳ӭ֎ߕઈޑՏ࿼Ǵफ़եઈޑ౽୏܄(Meharg et al., 2012)Ƕ

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13

კ 4ǵઈޑ Eh-pH კǶ(ઈǵᒰǵ៓ᐚࡋ֡ࣁ 10^-4 MǶ)

Fig. 4 Eh-pH diagram for the system As-H₂O system. Activities of As, Mn, and Fe were all taken to be 10^-4M.

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14

2.5.2 ᕗ

ᕗޥబу

ӧβᝆӳ਼ރᄊΠаઈለᡶ(AsO43-

)ࣁЬाނᅿ炻ᕗለᡶ(PO43-

)ᆶઈለᡶϯ Ꮲ܄፦Ϸ่ᄬ࣬՟Ǵٿޣӧβᝆύ೏ᇡࣁа࣬ӕᐒڋ֎ߕܭβᝆ߄य़΢ǴЪ཮ϕ

࣬ᝡݾβᝆύޑ֎ߕՏ࿼(Roy et al., 1986)Ƕᗨฅβᝆа஥ॄႝ಻ࣁЬǴՠӧНϯ

਼ϯނޑ߄य़தڀԖᚈႝ܄፦(amphoteric)ǴЪ஥ႝ܄፦ڙډβᝆpH܌ׯᡂǴӧ ለ܄ᕉნΠǴڀԖଯໆ៓᎑ణ਼ϯނϐβᝆǴ֎࡭഍ᚆηޑኧໆࣗԿёаଯၸ໚

ᚆη(Bohn et al., 2001)ǴᕗለᡶᆶઈለᡶӧβᝆύЬा֎ߕܭ៓ǵ᎑ǵᒰ਼ϯނǴ

׎ԋᛙۓϐϣ୮ᒱӝނ(Hingston et al., 1971)(კ5)Ƕᕗለᆶઈለϐှᚆதኧ࣬߈ (H3PO4: pK1 = 2.12, pK2 = 7.20, pK3 = 12.40; H3AsO4: pK1 = 2.20, pK2 = 6.97, pK3= 11.53)ǴฅԶǴᕗለᡶᡏᑈКઈለᡶλǴ܌஥ޑႝ಻ஏࡋၨଯǴᆶβᝆᗖ่ૈΚ

ၨமǴࡺᕗ཮ᓬӃ֎࡭ӧβᝆ߄य़΢(Woolson et al., 1973)ǴViolante et al. (2012) аόӕβᝆ᝜ނ௖૸ઈለᡶϷᕗለᡶϐᝡݾ֎ߕǴӕਔуΕ࣬ӕᐚࡋϐઈለᡶک ᕗለᡶǴว౜֖៓᝜ނ(goethite)֎࡭ၨӭޑઈለᡶǴคۓ֖ࠠ᎑᝜ނ(gibbsite)֎

࡭ၨӭޑᕗለᡶǴᒿ๱pHቚуᕗለᡶКઈለᡶ׳৒ܰ೏βᝆ܌֎࡭Ƕ

݅฻Γ(2008)ӧѠ᡼ઈ֖ໆୃଯӦ୔຾Չᕗޥబуჹઈϐಥߕ௖૸Ǵբࣁբ ނࠔ፦ϷۚՐ॥ᓀϐຑ՗ǴᒧҔKH₂PO₄ˣK₂HPO₄ˣCa₃(PO₄)₂ϐΟᅿᕗޥǴ่݀

ᡉҢྋှࡋଯޑKH2PO4ˣK2HPO4బуໆᆶઈޑಥߕᐚࡋևޔጕ҅࣬ᜢǴՠྋှ

ࡋեޑCa₃(PO₄)₂ջ٬уΕP 600 mg/kgβᝆಥߕઈᐚࡋϝคᡉ๱ׯᡂǴࣗԿԖफ़ եޑᖿ༈ǴKH2PO4ˣK2HPO4ࡼҔܭᡵ܄Ъڀଯᐚࡋ້ϐβᝆǴᕗለёૈ཮ᆶ້

׎ԋᜤྋࠠᄊǴᕗᐚࡋफ़եаठၨϿઈϐಥߕǴќ΋Бय़ǴNeupane and Donahoe (2013)ࣴزᡉҢబуᕗለ້ёаԖਏ᏾ݯઈԦࢉβᝆǴӕਔబуᕗᆶ້ܭઈԦࢉ

βᝆύǴёૈౢғCa-Pi-As(V)ޑӅ؈ᐘǴफ़եβᝆύઈޑ౽୏܄ǴЀځӧᡵ܄

ᕉნΠઈޑ౽୏܄ཱུեǶ

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15

კ 5ǵᕗለᡶᆶ਼ϯ៓׎ԋᛙۓϐϣ୮ᒱӝނǶ

Fig. 5 Phosphate and Fe oxides form stable inner-sphere complexes.

(Ryden et al., 1973)

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16

2.6 ઈ

ઈᆶዿԯ

ᖄӝ୯ᙂၭಔᙃ(Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO)ӧ2004ԃаȨRice is lifeȩࣁαဦǴࡰрዿԯࢂШࣚ΢നख़ाޑЬ१ϐ΋(FAO, 2004)Ƕך୯܌ӧޑ٥ࢪࢂਭ୻ዿԯޑᕴय़ᑈനӭΨࢂໆനεޑࢪǴऊэӄౚޑ 90%ǴځύΞаࠄ٥ǵܿࠄ٥ǵܿ٥ࣁЬाғౢ୔ୱǴځዿբਭ୻य़ᑈϩձऊ5.4ǵ 4.9Ϸ3.3щ࿤ϦഘǴϩձऊэ٥ࢪᕴय़ᑈޑ39.9ǵ35.5Ϸ24.3ʘ (ླྀǴ2012b)ǴΞ аӑࡋکύ୯ዿԯౢໆຬၸӄౚъኧǶԶ٥ࢪዿԯ੃຤ໆԾ1960ԃ؂Γ85ϦА΢

ϲԿ1990ԃ؂Γ103ϦАǴ1990ԃԿ2010ԃᆢ࡭ӧ؂Γ90-100ϦАϐ໔Ǵᇻଯܭ ӄౚޑѳ֡1.6७(Samarendu, 2013)ǶԶѠ᡼ዿԯਭ୻य़ᑈऊࣁ25.86࿤Ϧഘ(΋ය բу΢Βයբ)Ǵ2007~2009Οԃѳ֡ౢໆऊࣁ146࿤ϦഘዿዼǴ2012ԃ಍ी؂ԃ

؂Γ੃຤ໆѳ֡ࣁ45ϦАқԯ(Չࡹଣၭہ཮Ǵ2014)ǴեܭШࣚѳ֡ॶǶ

ฅԶ१ԯࠅԋࣁΓᜪ࿶җ१ނឪΕઈޑЬा೼৩ϐ΋ǴӢࣁዿԯ࣬ၨܭځд ዼᜪբނૈ׳ԖਏޑճҔઈǴᖐٯٰᇥǴዿԯޑ໺ᒡ߯ኧ(transfer factor, TF=shoot As/soil As)ऊࣁ0.8Ǵ࣬КϐΠεഝکλഝޑ໻0.1Կ0.2(Williams et al., 2007b)Ǵନ ԜϐѦǴዿԯߏයғߏӧઈԖਏ܄ଯޑНҖᕉნǴᏤठಕᑈၨଯޑઈᐚࡋǶԶ⟻

ಈಕᑈϐઈނᅿаคᐒᄊޑΟሽઈ(As(III))کԖᐒᄊޑᚈҘ୷ઈ(DMA)ࣁЬǴԶ

⟻ಈಕᑈϐઈނᅿǴ཮ᒿ๱ᅿ෌Ӧ୔کዿԯࠔᅿԖ܌όӕǴኻऍӦ୔ᅿ෌ޑᕫԯ ઈނᅿаDMAࣁЬǴ٥ࢪӦ୔аΟሽઈࣁЬ(Zhao et al., 2013)Ƕ୷ҁ΢ዿԯਥ೽

ёа֎ԏӚᅿઈނᅿǴ֎ԏคᐒઈޑೲ౗ଯܭԖᐒઈ(Abedin et al., 2002c)Ǵՠӧ

෌ᡏϣ໺ᒡޑೲ౗ࠅࢂԖᐒઈଯܭคᐒઈ(Raab et al., 2007)Ƕ!

ዿԯڙઈޑԦࢉЬा࿶ၸΟঁ೼৩Ǻឲ෸НǵβᝆаϷၭᛰǴឲ෸Нکβᝆ ઈԦࢉШࣚ΢аࠄ٥ǵܿࠄ٥നࣁᝄख़Ǵ࡞ѯԜ୔Ψࢂ΢ॊ܌ᇥዿԯޑЬाౢ

ӦǴՠӵ݀೭٤֖ઈዿԯ࿶ၸຩܰࢬ೯Կځд୯ৎǴஒ཮٬֖ઈϐዿԯᘉණ׳ᇻ ЪቹៜޑΓαϷӦ୔׳ࣁቶݱ(Meharg and Zhao, 2012)ǶZavala and Duxbury (2008)

ࡰрӄౚዿԯύ֖ઈ҅தጄൎӧ0.08-0.20 mg/kgǴSchoof et al.ӧ1999ԃፓࢗѠ᡼

ዿԯᕴઈऊࣁ0.3 mg/kg(ᗲख़)Ǵคᐒઈऊࣁ0.07 mg/kg(ᗲख़)ǴԶӧ߈යፓࢗѠ᡼

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17

Җ໔१ԯઈᐚࡋጄൎӧ0.09-0.34 mg/kg(໙Ǵ2011)Ǵ่݀ᡉҢѠ᡼१Ҕϐዿԯࢂ

ౣଯܭѳ֡ᐚࡋǶଷ೛ԋΓᡏख़ࣁ60ϦАǴа؂ԃқԯ੃຤ໆ45ϦАǵ१ԯઈᐚ ࡋጄൎ0.09-0.34 mg/kg(ଷ೛ઈނᅿаคᐒઈࣁЬ)ѐीᆉǴ߾؂Γ؂ຼ࿶җԯޑ ឪڗϐઈ֖ໆऊࣁ1.3-5 ȝJNJ bwǴаШࣚፁғಔᙃ(WHO)ӧ1989ԃኩु؂Γ؂

ຼ؂ϦАᡏख़ឪ१คᐒઈനε৒೚ज़ॶ(Provisional Tolerance Weekly Intake, PTWI) 15 ȝJNJ EZࣁ୷ྗ(WHO, 1989)Ǵ୯Γൂ೸ၸԯ܌ឪڗϐઈ֖ໆࣁPTWI ޑ8.6-33.3%ǶѠ᡼Ҟ߻ଞჹ१ԯख़ߎឦज़ໆ኱ྗҞ߻໻ज़ܭᙿǵႉаϷ؄Ǵઈ

֖ໆ٠҂Ԗᆅڋ኱ྗ)ፁᅽ೽१ᛰ࿿Ǵ2013)Ǵύ୯εഌ१ԯᆅڋѝज़ܭคᐒઈǴ ᆅڋ኱ྗࣁ0.2 mg/kg (ύ๮Γ҇Ӆک୯ፁғ೽Ǵ2012)ǶԶᖄӝ୯୯ሞ१ࠔݤڂہ

঩཮(Codex Alimentarius Commission)Ǵܭ2014ԃ7ДӧВϣґ໒཮،᝼؂ϦАқ ԯคᐒઈໆόளຬၸ0.2డլ(Codex, 2014)Ƕ

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18

2.7 β

βᝆНϩᆅ౛ჹዿԯޑቹៜ

НዿғߏຼයёϩࣁᔼᎦғߏයǵғ෗ғߏයаϷԋዕයǴаᅿ෌ӧ዗஥Ӧ

୔ޑዿԯࣁٯǴᔼᎦғߏයऊࣁ 60 Ϻǵғ෗ғߏයऊࣁ 30 Ϻǵԋዕයऊࣁ 30 ϺǴғػӄයऊࣁ 120 Ϻ(4 ঁД)(ߕᒵკ A3)ǶӧНዿғߏຼයԖΟঁਔࢤሡा

௨НᠴҖǴಃ΋ঁਔ໔ࢂ΋යዿऊࣁ 35~40 ϺǴΒයዿ߾ࢂ 20~25 ϺǴԜਔᠴҖ

٬βᝆНϩόىॐ٬ዿԯਥسӛΠғߏǴёႣٛॹҷϐ౜ຝวғǴନԜϐѦǴё

ٛЗβᝆӢߏය੆НౢғமᗋচϐԖࢥނ፦Ǵёૈ཮׭ڋНዿޑғߏǴ௨НԖճ ܭ਼ϯϩှǶಃΒঁਔ໔ࢂϩ䕒ಖයԿѴᕞ׎ԋය߻ǴԜਔ௨Нёа׭ڋคਏϩ 䕒ޑౢғǴᗉխ଺όѸाޑᎦϩੁ຤ǴಃΟঁਔ໔ࢂ⟻ಈԋዕයϐࡕǴҗܭၭᐒ ڀሡाΠҖ௦ԏǴҖ္ϼၸݝᔬ߾཮ߔᛖԏᛘϐπբǶԶНዿғߏຼයԖٿঁਔ ࢤሡाుНឲ෸ǴϩձࣁѴᕞ׎ԋයϷܜᕞයǴӧԜਔ໔ሡाံىεໆޑНϩϷ ᎦϩǴࣁ،ۓ⟻ಈޑ࿩ჴ౗کౢໆޑᜢᗖ(஭Ǵ1988; Չࡹଣၭہ཮Ǵ2015)Ƕ

җԜٰ࣮ǴНዿКଆځд⟻ᜪբނǴၨߏޑғߏຼයӧઈԖਏ܄ଯޑ੆Нᗋ চރᄊΠǴ፾྽ޑҖ໔Нϩᆅ౛ς೏᛾ჴёаԖਏफ़ե෌ᡏϣઈᐚࡋǶXu et al.

(2008)ճҔࣧਭ၂ᡍǴ٬ዿԯғߏӧٿᅿНϩރᄊǴϩձࣁҖ໔৒НໆаϷ੆Н ଯܭβ߄ 2 ϦϩǴ่݀ᡉҢ੆Нೀ౛ޑ⟻ಈᕴઈᐚࡋଯр 10~15 ७Ǵᕴઈѳ֡ᐚ ࡋϩձଯၲ 2 mg/kgǴᗨฅ੆Нೀ౛ޑ⟻ಈઈᐚࡋεӭаࢥ܄ၨեޑԖᐒઈ׎Ԅ ӸӧǴՠϝԖऊ 0.5 mg/kg ޑคᐒઈǴଯр҂੆Нೀ౛ϐ 2.6~2.9 ७ǶԜ၂ᡍβᝆ ઈᐚࡋ໻ࣁ 25 mg/kgǴࠅᅿрઈᐚࡋӵԜଯޑዿԯǴᆶߏය੆НϐНϩᆅ౛Ԗஏ Ϫᜢ߯Ƕ

Arao et al. (2009)ԃࣴزࡰрܜᕞ߻ΟຼᆶࡕΟຼ຾Չӳ਼Нϩᆅ౛Ǵ⟻ಈ ઈᐚࡋԖനեޑ่݀Ƕന٫ޑНϩᆅ౛ૈ٬βᝆᆢ࡭ӳ਼ރᄊǴ׭ڋઈޑ౽୏

܄ǴՠβᝆНϩნݩΞόԿܭ٬Нዿ෧ౢǶ஭(2012)௖૸ѤᅿНϩᆅ౛ჹᕫԯઈ ᐚࡋϐቹៜǴ่݀ᡉҢܜᕞ߻Οຼβᝆӳ਼ೀ౛ၨჹྣಔ(ᄍՉНϩᆅ౛)׳ૈफ़ եᕫԯઈᐚࡋǶ໳(2013)ԃΨԖ΋ठ܄ޑ่݀Ǵаዿԯғߏຼයӄ੆Нೀ౛ࣁჹ

ྣಔǴA/F ೀ౛(ܜᕞය߻ᆢ࡭βᝆӳ਼ރᄊǴܜᕞࡕߥ࡭βᝆ੆Нნݩ)کӄғ

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19

ߏຼයβᝆНϩႫکೀ౛ࣁ௢ᙚϐβᝆНϩᆅ౛ǶฅԶǴճҔНϩᆅ౛फ़եዿԯ ઈᐚࡋ཮ڙډόӕβᝆ፦Ӧ܌ज़ڋǴ௨Нόؼޑβᝆᜤаᆢ࡭βᝆӳ਼ރᄊǴܭ

ࢂǴഋ(2014)ճҔዿෘߦ຾βᝆ೯਻܄Ǵᙖаቚу௨Нਏ౗Ǵᗨฅዿෘޑబуё аၲډԜҞޑǴՠዿෘޑࡼҔ٬ள༾ғނזೲϩှǴϸԶ٬βᝆևமᗋচރᄊǴ फ़եౢໆϷቚуᕫԯઈᐚࡋǶ

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20

2.8 ᕗ

ᕗکઈӧዿԯύϐ໺ᒡ

ᕗለᡶ(PO43-

)ᆶઈለᡶ(AsO43-

)ϯᏢ܄፦Ϸ่ᄬ࣬՟ǴНዿਥ೽ಒझጢ΢ޑ

໺ᒡ೯ၰคݤஒٿޣ୔ϩǴӢԜઈለૈճҔᕗለ໺ᒡ೼৩೏Нዿ֎ԏǶAbedin et

al. (2012)ճҔНહਭ୻НዿǴ่݀ᡉҢᒿ๱ቚуᕗለޑబуໆǴНዿჹઈለޑ֎

ԏໆӧখ໒ۈܴᡉΠफ़Ǵϐࡕ೴ᅌᖿܭѳ጗Ǵ٥ઈለ߾όڙቹៜǴ᛾ܴబуᕗё а׭ڋઈለޑ֎ԏǴᆶεഝک้Л૛ޑ่݀࣬ӕǶ࣬ჹޑǴӧ෌ނલᕗރᄊΠǴ

཮ၸࡋ߄౜ᕗለᙯၮη(phosphate transporters, PTs)୷ӢǴуೲᕗለޑ֎ԏǴӕਔ ΨՔᒿቚуઈለޑ֎ԏǴ٬લᕗ෌ނ৒ܰڙډઈޑࢥ্(Raghothama, 1999)Ƕ

٩ᏵНዿਥ೽ޑᕗለᙯၮηჹᕗޑᒃکΚǴёϩࣁଯᒃکΚکեᒃکΚǴ

ଯǵեᒃکΚޑᕗለᙯၮηᕗᐚࡋϩձࣁȝ0ǵmM ฻ભǴԶᕗ৒ܰ೏βᝆ܌ڰ

ۓǴਥ೽֎ԏᕗለᐚࡋޑ Kmॶӧ 2~10 ȝ0 (Kmॶࣁ෌ނၲ΋ъനε֎ԏೲ౗ਔ

܌ሡޑᐚࡋ)Ǵ܌аНዿӧβᝆύЬा٬ҔଯᒃکΚޑᕗለᙯၮη(Barger 1984;

Raghothama 1999)ǶԶઈለޑ Kmॶऊӧ 1.8~14 ȝ0Ǵᆶᕗለৡ౦όεǴՠࢂНዿ ჹᕗለޑ֎ԏೲ౗εܭઈለǴᕗለനε֎ԏೲ౗(V_max)КઈለଯрΒԿΟ७ (Abedin et al., 2012c)ǶԶଯᒃکΚޑᕗለᙯၮηҗ PHT1 ৎ௼ޑ 13 ঁ୷Ӣ

OsPht1;1ȉOsPht1;1 ܌ፓ௓Ǵόӕ୷ӢӧНዿ֎ԏᕗለޑၡ৩ύǴӚԾתᄽόӕ

ޑفՅǴٯӵ OsPht1;8(ᙁᆀ OsPT8)߄౜ӧਥ೽߄ҜಒझаϷਥಳس಍ύೱௗယ ޑӦБ(Jia et al., 2011)ǴჹܭНዿޑߏำၮᒡᕗለϷઈለࢂࡐख़ाޑǴWu et al.

(2011)ࣴزࡰрၸࡋ߄౜ OsPT8 ཮ቚуᕗለکઈለ֎ԏໆǴઈለޑ֎ԏໆࣗԿε ܭᕗለ(Meharg and Zhao, 2012)Ƕ

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21

2.9 ࡼ

ࡼҔᕗޥቹៜ෌ނჹઈϐ֎ԏ

ઈჹ෌ނޑࢥ্ำࡋǴόૈѝҗઈޑᐚࡋղᘐǴԶࢂҗβᝆྋనύޑᕗઈК

ٰ،ۓ(Geng et al., 2005)ǴHurd-Karrery(1939)ճҔНહਭ୻λഝǴගрྋనύᕗ ઈКԿϿा 5 ωૈ׭ڋઈޑࢥ܄ǴGeng et al.(2005)Нહਭ୻НዿԿѴभǴӧబу 30ȝ0 ᕗ(KH₂PO₄) ёа෧጗ 10 ȝM As (Na₃AsO₄)ޑࢥ܄ǴRumberg et al. (1960) ӕኬճҔНહబуᕗёफ़եઈለჹ෌ނޑࢥ܄ǴԶ߄ 2 ࣁ༼᏾߈ԃٰϐࣴزǴ௖

૸బуᕗჹ෌ᡏઈᐚࡋޑቹៜǶεठ΢ٰ࣮ǴӧНહਭ୻Πబуᕗޥё٬෌ނԖ ਏ׭ڋჹઈޑࢥ্Ǵՠࢂӵ݀෌ނᅿ෌ӧβᝆύࠅᜤаගϲβᝆԖਏᕗᐚࡋǴᕗ ޥࡼΕβᝆࡕǴѝԖλ೽ϩ຾Εβᝆྋనԋࣁ෌ނёճҔޑԖਏ܄ᕗǴε೽ϩ೏

ڰۓԋόᛙۓǵᛙۓǵόܰҬඤޑᕗǴЪ৒ܰڙβᝆለᡵࡋ܌ቹៜǴӧ pH5.5-7.0 ᕗޑԖਏ܄നεǴӧեܭ 5.5 ޑለ܄βᝆ৒ܰڙ៓ǵ᎑ϷځНӝ਼ϯނ֎࡭Ǵӧ ଯ ܭ 7.0 ޑᡵ܄βᝆ߾೏້کᗔϷځᅹለᡶ؈ᐘ (ֆǴ2010)ǶJacobs and Keeney(1970)ӧᦍ፦ᝆβᅿ෌ҏԯؒԖ෧጗ઈࢥ܄Ǵ൩ࢂӢࣁβᝆჹᕗԖଯڰۓ

৒ໆǴω٬Ԗਏᕗቚуޑᐚࡋόᡉ๱Ǵՠᅿ෌ӧեઈ጗ፂ܄ޑࣳβ΢Ǵᗨฅᕗޑ Ԗਏ܄ᡂଯǴՠࢂΨගଯҏԯύઈޑࢥ܄Ƕ

Talukder et al. (2012)ӧНዿᅿ෌ය໔٬ҔႫکНϩೀ౛Ǵ٠Քᒿ፾ໆᕗޥޑ బуǴ٬Нዿ෌ᡏϣઈᐚࡋफ़եǴԶӧ੆ННϩᆅ౛уᕗޥࠅؒԖԜ౜ຝǶ֖ઈ 40 mg/kg ޑβᝆӧႫکНϩೀ౛ΠǴᕗޥޑబуவ 0 mg/kg ቚуԿ 25 mg/kgǴࡾ

ዿ(aman)کоዿ(boro)ዿ仮ύޑઈᐚࡋϩձΠफ़ 4.10 mg/kg ک 6.22 mg/kgǴԶబ уᕗޥࡕዿዼઈᐚࡋৡॶεऊӧ҅ॄ 0.1 mg/kg ϐ໔Ƕՠ྽ઈᐚࡋߚதଯ(1000 mg/L)ਔǴջ٬ᕗઈКၲ 10 Ψคݤ׭ڋઈޑࢥ܄(Walsh and Keeney 1975)Ƕ

బуᕗޥ཮ቚуβᝆઈޑ౽୏܄ǴՠࢂΞ཮ᆶઈᝡݾНዿਥಒझጢ΢࣬ӕޑ

໺ᒡ೯ၰǴу΢βᝆύޑ pHǵ៓਼ϯނǵ਼ϯᗋচႝՏǵНϩ֖ໆǵ፦ӦǵԖ ᐒނ֖ໆǵβᝆύޑ༾ғނ฻Ӣη೿཮ѐቹៜᕗکઈޑԖਏ܄Ǵ׆ఈᙖҗబуᕗ ޥफ़ե෌ᡏ֎ԏઈǴβᝆྋనޑᕗઈКࣁՖԿϞϝ҂ԖӅ᛽Ƕ

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22 ߄ 2ǵబуᕗჹ෌ᡏઈᐚࡋޑቹៜǶ

Table. 2 Impact of different phosphorous treatments on arsenic concentration of plants.

હբБԄ! ਭᅿ෌ނ ෌ᡏઈᐚࡋ ୖԵЎ᝘!

βહ! ҏԯ ΢ϲ Jacobs and Keeney(1970) Нહ! ้Л૛ Πफ़ Meharg and Macnair (1992)!

Нહ! Ꮃ૛ Πफ़ Meharg and Macnair (1994)!

Нહ ้Л૛ ΢ϲ Quaghebeur and Rengel (2001)!

Нહ! ᡒᇂስ׀ᑱ Πफ़ Wang et al. (2002)!

βહ! ዿԯ คᡉ๱ৡ౦ Abedin et al. (2002a)!

Нહ! ዿԯ คᡉ๱ৡ౦ Abedin et al. (2002b)!

Нહ! ዿԯ Πफ़ Abedin et al. (2002c)!

βહ! ᡒᇂስ׀ᑱ Πफ़ Tu and Ma (2003)!

Нહ! ዿԯ Ԗ΢ϲԖΠफ़

Liu et al. (2004)!

βહ! चᡀጱ

သथ

΢ϲ Cao and Ma (2004)

Нહ! ዿԯ ਥǺफ़ե

ಳǺ΢ϲ

Geng et al.(2005)!

βહ! ዿԯ ΢ϲ Hossain et al. (2009)!

Нહ! ዿԯ Πफ़ Wang and Duan (2009)!

βહ λഝ Πफ़ Pigna et al. (2010)!

Нહ ᡒᇂስ׀ᑱ Πफ़ Lou et al. (2010)!

Нહ ዿԯ Πफ़ Hing et al. (2011)!

βહ ዿԯ ΢ϲ Wu et al. (2011)!

βહ ዿԯ Πफ़ Talukder et al. (2012)!

βહ ዿԯ Ԗ΢ϲԖΠफ़ ླྀ࣓฻ (2012)!

βહ ้Л૛ ΢ϲ /HZLĔVNDDQG Karczewska (2013)!

βહ/Нહ ӑࡋ޺๼ Нહ;Πफ़

βહ;΢ϲ

Bolan et al. (2013)!

Нહ! ዿԯ ΢ϲ Kumar et al. (2013)!

Нહ! εഝ Πफ़ Shaibur et al. (2013)!

βહ λഝ ΢ϲ Brackhage et al. (2014)!

βહ ዿԯ Πफ़ Jiang et al. (2014)!

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23

Ο Οǵ׷਑ᆶБݤ

ҁࣴزଷ೛βᝆНϩᆅ౛ёа٬Нዿᅿ෌ӧၨ਼ϯޑރᄊΠǴගଯβᝆྋన ύ As(V)ޑКٯǴ٬ As(V)کᕗӧ෌ނਥ೽ౢғᝡݾ֎ԏǴ׆ఈᙖҗబуᕗޥё аफ़եНዿ෌ᡏϣઈᐚࡋǶ၂ᡍ୷ҁࢎᄬӵΠ(კ 6)Ǵ௦໣ᆵ᡼ᄆϯϐΒ݅βس Ϸਲ༜ѳᙼβسǴٿᅿβᝆӚڗ΋೽ϩβᝆ଺ΓπઈԦࢉჯػǴӧβᝆးࣧϐ

߻ǴচۈϷઈԦࢉβᝆϩ݋ځ୷ҁ܄፦Ƕќ΋Бय़ǴНዿ࿶ػभԿΟယសࡕ౽෌

ԿࣧਭǴ໒ۈ຾Չᕗޥೀ౛ϷβᝆНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛Ǵӧ၂ᡍය໔ࡼ᠀ၭᛰ଺ੰᙝ্

ϐᆅ౛ǴΨ཮ۓයໆෳβᝆྋనϐ pHǵEhǵઈǵᕗǵ៓ᐚࡋǴНዿԋዕࡕϩ݋

ዿ仮کᕫԯޑᕴઈᐚࡋǴаϷᕫԯޑઈނᅿǴаΠക࿯཮ӆ଺׳຾΋؁ޑϟಏǶ

(35)

24 კ 6 ၂ᡍ୷ҁࢎᄬǶ

Fig. 6 The basic framework of research.

Β݅ǵѳᙼس βᝆ௦໣

βᝆྋన pHǵEh Ϸ ઈǵᕗǵ៓ᐚࡋ

ଓᙫϩ݋

βᝆ୷ҁ

܄፦ϩ݋

Нዿࣧਭ၂ᡍ (ᕗޥࡼҔೀ౛ǵ βᝆНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛)

Нዿػभ

ੰᙝ্ᆅ౛

ΓπઈԦࢉ

βᝆჯػ Нዿዼಈౢໆǵዿ仮Ϸ

ᕫԯઈᐚࡋϩ݋

ᕫԯઈނᅿϩ݋

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25

3.1 β

βᝆኬࠔϐ௦໣

3.1.1 Β݅βس(Eh)

Β݅βسࣁᄆϯᑜ୔ୱय़ᑈനεϐβسǴΨࢂѠ᡼ڀж߄܄ޑၭҖβᝆǴβ Յࣁསᐌ᡻ԪՅǴ҆፦ࣁҡԪ܄ᗹ݈۟ԴؑᑈβǶ၂ᡍβᝆ௦໣ԾᄆϯᑜΒ݅ᙼ য়ഗ΋ೀখԏԋ΋යዿբޑၭҖ(186291 mE; 2641676 mN)ǴஒӦ߄෌ਲ਼౽໒௦໣

ၭҖ߄β0Կ20ϦϩǶ

3.1.2 ѳᙼβس(Pc)

ѳᙼβسࣁਲ༜ѱ୔ୱय़ᑈനεϐβسǴԜೀआᝆࣁђؑᑈނ܌׎ԋǴ॥ϯ ਔ໔ΦᇻǶ၂ᡍβᝆ௦໣Ծਲ༜ѱύᚱ୔୷࿎௲ܗ૖௲୸ѓୁ΋ೀখԏԋށ૛ޑ

ၭҖ(268773mE; 2763331 mN)ǴஒӦ߄෌ਲ਼౽໒௦໣ၭҖ߄β0Կ15ϦϩǶ

Β݅ǵѳᙼسβᝆӧ࿶ઈԦࢉβᝆ߻ǴӃڗ፾ໆβᝆ຾Չ॥ଳǵᑃ࿗ǵషϬ ٠ၸ10 meshᑔᆛ(ᑔϾޔ৩2 mm)Ǵ຾Չβᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦ϩ݋Ƕ

3.2 βᝆ୷ҁ౛ϯ܄፦ϩ݋

3.2.1 βᝆНϩ֖ໆ: ख़ໆݤ(Gardner, 1986) 1. ગໆ 25 mL ᐨ݆ख़Ǵ٠૶ᒵ݆ख़(W1)Ƕ

2. уΕऊ 20 g βᝆԿᐨ݆ύǴ૶ᒵ݆ηу॥ଳβख़(W₂)Ƕ

3. ࿼ܭ੗ጃύа 105°C у዗ၸڹǴ੗ଳځβᝆНϩǴ႖Ϻவ੗ጃ৾рܫΕଳ ᔿҝύհࠅԿ࠻ྕǴӆԛગڗ݆ηу੗ଳβख़Ǵ૶ᒵځ᠐ॶ(W3)Ƕ

Нϩ֖ໆԭϩ౗(͐_ww)ɨ(Нख़ʏ॥ଳβख़) × 100%

ɨ[(W2ɡW3)ʏ(W2ɡW1)] × 100%

4. ਠ҅ϐβख़ɨ॥ଳβख़ɡ(॥ଳβख़×͐wwʏ100)

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26 3.2.2 βᝆ pH ॶ(Thomas, 1996)

1. ϩձа pH4, 7, 10 ኱ྗ጗ፂྋనਠ҅ pH ෳۓሺ(ऩβᝆࣁለ܄җ pH7, 4 ਠ҅Ǵβᝆࣁᡵ܄җ pH7, 10 ਠ҅)Ƕ

2. ڗऊ 20 g βᝆܭ 100 mL ༟ጤᐨ݆ύǴуΕ 20 mL ѐᚆηН(βǺН=1Ǻ 1)ǴӆҔ࣒෇ᠳ܏֡ϬǶ

3. ѳᑽ 1 λਔǴය໔а࣒෇ᠳ܏ 1 ԛǴ٬Ҕ pH ीෳໆځॶ߻ӆᠳ܏΋ԛǶ 4. ஒςਠ҅ϐ pH ႝཱུකΕβᝆᝌੌనύǴ30 ࣾࡕ૶ᒵځ pH ॶǶ

3.2.3 βᝆႝᏤࡋ(Rhoades, 1996)

1. ڗ150-200 g βᝆуΕ፾྽ϐѐᚆηНǴ٠а࣒෇ᠳ܏٬ϐ׎ԋНႫکβ ጋ(݆ϣᔸβัૈࢬ୏ǴՠคӭᎩኩ੮Н)Ƕ

2. ᓉ࿼ѳᑽ1λਔࡕܜ਻ၸᘠǴڗᘠనෳۓځᏤႝࡋǶ

3.2.4 βᝆಈ৩ϩ݋: ֎ᆅݤ(অׯԾ Gee and Bauder, 1986) 1. ѐନᅹለᡶᜪᆶёྋ܄ᡶᜪ

ગڗऊ15 g ॥ଳβܭ250 mLᚆЈᆅύǴуΕ50 mLѐᚆηНషک֡ϬǴ ӆуΕ 10 mL 1 M NaOAc (pH 5)ǴའϬࡕᚆЈǴॹନ΢మనǶӆуΕ50 mLѐᚆηНమࢱ٠ᚆЈ௨ନమࢱనǴջֹԋᅹለᡶᜪᆶёྋ܄ᡶᜪϐ౽ ନǶ

2. ѐନԖᐒނ

аѐᚆηНஒᚆЈᆅβᝆᙯ౽Կ600 mLᐨ݆ǴуΕ10 mL 30% H₂O₂Ǵу

዗Կ90°CǴу዗ය໔໔ᘐ܄ᠳ܏٠уΕH₂O2ޔډε೽ҽԖᐒނ೏ϩှ(β ᝆᚑՅᡂ఩ǵуΕH2O2όӆౢғᡏᑈε਻ݰǵ਻ݰౢғೲࡋܴᡉफ़ե)Ǵ у዗Կ߈ଳǴջֹԋԖᐒނϩှ؁ᡯǶ

3. ѐନ៓᎑਼ϯނ

аऊ 50 mL ᘗᘔለ-ᅹለణ໊጗ፂన (уΕ 125 mL 1 M ᅹለణ໊

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27

NaHCO₃ܭ 1 L 0.3 M ᘗᘔለ໊ NaC₆H₅O₇Ƿ2H₂O ύջள)ஒ΢ॊኬࠔᙯ౽ Կ 100 mL ᚆЈᆅύǴᠳ܏ࡕᄌᄌуΕऊ 3 g ೱΒ٥౷ለ໊ Na2S2O4 (΋ԛ уΕ 1 gǴϩΟԛуΕ)٠ᠳ܏Ǵܭ 80°C Н੎ύу዗ 20 ϩដǴځ໔ᠳ܏

ኧԛǶஒኬࠔ౽ᚆН੎ǴуΕ 10 mL Ⴋکෛϯ໊ǴషӝࡕᚆЈ٠ॹନ΢

మనǶऩኬࠔϝ஥Ԗ໳ලՅǴख़ፄ߻ॊ؁ᡯǶௗ๱ϩձа 50 mL 10% ෛ ϯ໊Ϸ 50 mL ѐᚆηНమࢱ٠ᚆЈ௨ନమࢱనǴջֹԋ៓᎑਼ϯނϐ౽ ନǶ

4. ஒβኬᙯ౽Կ250 mL ᐨ݆ύǴ٠࿼ܭ੗ጃύа105°C੗ଳഢҔǶ

5. ᆒગ10 g੗ଳβኬܭߎឦᠳ܏݆ύǴइᒵβख़ǴуѐᚆηНԿъᅈǴӆу Ε10 mL 5%ୃᕗለ໊(Na-hexametaphosphate)ྋనǴаႝ୏ᠳ܏ᐒᠳ܏10 ϩដǴஒኬࠔ೯ၸ270 mesh ᑔᆛȐᑔϾޔ৩ȝPȑǴᑔᆛΠௗ1 L؈फ़฿Ƕ ஒ੮ӧᑔᆛ΢ࣳಈࢱΕаϐख़ໆϐᐨ݆ύǴ੗ଳࡕગख़ջࣁ10 gβύϐࣳ

ಈ֖ໆǶ

6. уΕѐᚆηНԿ؈फ़฿٠ۓໆԿ1 LǴஒ؈फ़฿࿼ܭࡡྕ܊ύǴаᠳ܏኶

кҽᠳ܏ࡕᓉ࿼΋ۓਔ໔(ӵΠ߄)Ǵа25 mL ۓໆ֎ᆅܭనय़Π10 cmೀ

֎ڗ25 mLኬࠔ(12ࣾϣֹԋ)Ǵᙯ౽Կаϐख़ໆϐᐨ݆ύ੗ଳગख़Ǵஒગ ளᗹಈख़४΢40 ७ջࣁ10 gβύϐᗹಈໆǶᦍಈ֖ໆ߾җς؃ளϐࣳಈ ᆶᗹಈ֖ໆीᆉԶளǶ

7. ٩ᏵStokes’ LawளрӧόӕྕࡋΠǴᓉ࿼ਔ໔ӵΠ߄:

ྕࡋɗ ᓉ࿼ਔ໔(hr)

18 8.41

20 8.00

22 7.63

24 7.28

26 6.95

28 6.65

30 6.37

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28

ऩෳໆྕࡋ҂ܭԜጄൎύǴ߾аᓉ࿼ਔ໔= -0.1696 ×[ѳ֡࠻ྕ

]

+ 11.399 ؃ ள؈फ़ਔ໔ߏࡋǶ!

8. ीᆉࣳಈǵᦍಈکᗹಈКٯࡕǴӆჹྣऍ୯ၭ཰೽рހϐβᝆΟف፦Ӧ კǴᘜᜪኬࠔβᝆ፦ӦǶ

3.2.5 βᝆԖᐒᅹ֖ໆ: Walkley–Black ᔸԄ਼ϯݤ(Nelson and Sommers, 1982) 1. ၂Ꮚᇙഢ

1.1 1N ख़ሐለႇ (K2Cr2O7) ྋనǺஒख़ሐለႇܭ 105°C Π੗ଳٿλਔǴ ગڗ 49.04 g ྋܭѐᚆηНύǴۓໆԿ 1 LǶ

1.2 0.5 N ౷ለ٥៓ሓ (Fe(NH₄)₂(SO₄)₂Ʉ6H₂O) ྋనǺગڗ 196.065 g ౷ ለ٥៓ሓྋܭѐᚆηНύǴ٠уΕεऊ 20 mL ᐚ౷ለٛЗ؈ᐘౢғǴ ᓉ࿼հࠅࡕǴۓໆԿ 1 LǶ

1.3 ΒशữࡰҢᏊǺગڗ 0.5 g Βशữྋܭ 20 mL ѐᚆηНϷ 100 mL ޑ ᐚ౷ለύǶ

2. ગڗ 0.5 g ॥ଳβܭ 500 mL Οفᒷ׎౟ύǴуΕ 10 mL 1 N ख़ሐለႇྋ నǴкϩའᕏ٬ྋనᆶβᝆషӝ֡ϬǶ

3. уΕ 20 mL ᐚ౷ለǴའᕏషӝ֡Ϭࡕᓉ࿼ 30 ϩដǶ

4. уΕ 200 mL ѐᚆηНǵ10 mL 85 % ᐚᕗለϷ 30 ᅀΒशữࡰҢᏊǶ 5. а 0.5 N ౷ለ٥៓ሓྋనᅀۓԿಖᗺ(ᚑՅᡂϯǺས໳ĺుᙔ๋ĺᙔᆘ)Ƕ

ќ଺ٿঁޜқ၂ᡍीᆉ؃ளβᝆԖᐒᅹ֖ໆǶ 6. βᝆኬࠔύԖᐒᅹ֖ໆ(O.C) %ीᆉБԄǺ

10×(1-Vs/Vb)×(1.0 N)×1/4×12×(1/1000)×1.3×(100/W)×100 % V_sǺβᝆኬࠔޑ٥៓ྋనᅀۓໆ

VbǺޜқኬࠔޑ٥៓ྋనᅀۓໆ WǺβᝆኬࠔख़ໆ

1.3Ǻӣԏ౗ᙯඤӢη

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29

3.2.6 βᝆԖਏ܄ᕗ: Bray-1 ݤ(Bray and Kurtz, 1945) 1. ၂Ꮚᇙഢ

1.1 0.025 N HCl-0.03 N NH₄F ๧ڗనǺуΕ 25 mL 0.5 N HCl Ϸ 15 mL 1 N NH₄F ܭ 500 mL ۓໆ౟ύǴаຬપНۓໆԿڅࡋǶ

1.2 షک၂ᏊǺ15 mL ޑ✘ለሓྋనǵ50 mL H₂SO₄ྋనǵ5 mL ଚҡለᎌ

ႇྋనک 30 mL ascorbic acid ྋనǴషکԶԋǶ

1.2.1 ✘ለሓྋన: ڗ 4 g ✘ለሓ((NH₄)6Mo7O24Ƿ4H₂O)ྋܭຬપН ύǴӆаຬપНۓໆԿ 100 mLǶ

1.2.2 H2SO4ྋన: ஒ 70 mL ᐚ H2SO4ॹΕ 400 mL ຬપНύǴӆаຬ પНۓໆԿ 500 mLǶ

1.2.3 ଚҡለᎌႇྋన: ગڗ 0.2728 g ଚҡለᎌႇྋܭຬપНύǴۓໆ Կ 100 mLǶ

2. ᔠໆጕᇙഢ

2.1 ϩձ֎ڗ 0ǵ1ǵ2ǵ3ǵ4ǵ5 mL ޑ 5 mg L^-1ᕗ኱ྗనܭ 25 mL ۓໆ

౟ύǴளډᐚࡋ 0ǵ0.2ǵ0.4ǵ0.6ǵ0.8ǵ1 mg L^-1ϐᕗᔠໆጕǶ 2.2 уΕ 4 mL షک၂ᏊǴаຬપНۓໆԿڅࡋ٠֡ϬའਗǴځᐚࡋϩձ

ࣁ 0ǵ0.2ǵ0.4ǵ0.6ǵ0.8ǵ1.0 mg L^-1Ƕ

3. ગڗ 1 g ॥ଳβܭ၂ᆅύǴуΕ 10 mL 0.025 N HCl-0.03 N NH4F ๧ڗనǴ

᎜ᕏ 40 ࣾ (Votex)Ƕ

4. а Whatman No.42 ᘠરၸᘠǴᇆ໣ᘠనܭ 30 mL ༟ጤ౟ύߥӸǶ

5. ڗ 2.5 mL ᘠనǵ4 mL షک၂ᏊаຬપНۓໆԿ 25 mLǴ֡Ϭའਗࡕᓉ࿼

ևՅ 30 ϩដǶ

6. аϩӀӀࡋी(shimadzu UV-120-01)Ǵܭݢߏ 882 nm ෳۓǴ૶ᒵ֎ӀॶǶ 7. ჹྣᔠໆጕǴीᆉβᝆܜрనύԖਏ܄ᕗᐚࡋǶीᆉБԄǺ

βᝆܜрనύԖਏ܄ᕗᐚࡋ(mg L^-1) = [(ኬࠔ֎Ӏॶɡޜқ֎Ӏॶ)ɡᔠໆ ጕᄒຯ]ʏᔠໆጕ௹౗×ีញ७౗

8. βᝆኬࠔύԖਏ܄ᕗᐚࡋीᆉБԄǺ

βᝆኬࠔύԖਏ܄ᕗᐚࡋ(mg kg^-1)ɨβᝆܜрనύԖਏ܄ᕗᐚࡋ×ܜрన ᡏᑈ(10 mL)ʏ[॥ଳβख़(1 g)×βᝆНϩਠ҅]

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30

3.2.7 βᝆԖਏ܄ႇ: Mehlich No.1 method (Mehlich, 1953) 1. ၂Ꮚᇙഢ

1.1 0.05 N HCl-0.025 N H₂SO₄ܜрనǺуΕ 50 mL 1 N HCl Ϸ 25 mL 1 N H₂SO₄ܭ 1 L ۓໆ౟ύǴаຬપНۓໆԿڅࡋǶ

1.2 5ǵ10 mg L^-1ႇ኱ྗనǺϩձ֎ڗ 5ǵ10 mL 100 mg L^-1 ႇ኱ྗనܭ 100 mL ۓໆ౟ύǴаຬપНۓໆԿڅࡋǶ

2. ગڗ 5 g ॥ଳβܭ 125 mL Οف౟ύǶ

3. уΕ 20 mL 0.05 N HCl-0.025 N H2SO4ܜрనǴ٠а᎜ᕏᏔ᎜ᕏ 5 ϩដǶ 4. а Whatman No.42 ᘠરၸᘠǴᇆ໣ᘠనܭ 30 mL ༟ጤ౟ύߥӸǶ

5. аОฃӀࡋी(flame photometer, Sherwood Model 410, Cambridge, UK)ϩ ձෳۓ 5ǵ10 mg L^-1ႇ኱ྗనࡕǴෳۓኬࠔǴ٠૶ᒵ᠐ॶǶ

6. ीᆉβᝆܜрనύԖਏ܄ႇᐚࡋǶीᆉБԄǺ

βᝆܜрనύԖਏ܄ႇᐚࡋ(mg L-1) = [(ኬࠔ֎Ӏॶɡޜқ֎Ӏॶ)ɡᔠ ໆጕᄒຯ]ʏᔠໆጕ௹౗×ีញ७౗

7. βᝆኬࠔύԖਏ܄ႇᐚࡋीᆉБԄǺ

βᝆኬࠔύԖਏ܄ႇᐚࡋ(mg kg^-1)ɨβᝆܜрనύԖਏ܄ႇᐚࡋ×ܜр నᡏᑈ(20 mL)ʏ[॥ଳβख़(5 g)×βᝆНϩਠ҅]

3.2.8 βᝆคۓ׎៓ǵ᎑ǵᒰ: ૛ለሓݤ(McKeague and Day, 1966) 1. ᆒગ0.5 g βᝆ(ሡၸ100 mesh)ܭ50 mL ᚆЈ౟ύǶ

2. уΕ30 mL૛ለሓྋన(ଛ࿼Бݤࣁ0.175 mol/L૛ለሓషӝ0.1 mol/L૛

ለǴӆаHCl܈NH4OHፓpHԿ3)Ƕ 3. ᒿջᗉӀа120 rpm᎜ᕏ2λਔǶ

4. ஒᝌੌనа4000 rpmᚆЈ10ϩដǴԏڗ΢మనǴۓໆǵၸᘠ(ȝP)ǵี

ញ ࡕ Ǵ а ག ᔈ ጠ ӝ ႝ ዀ ܫ ৔ Ӏ ᛼ ሺ (ICP-OES, Perkin Elmer, Optima 2000DV))ෳۓྋనύ៓ǵ᎑ǵᒰᐚࡋǶ

5. ኬࠔߥӸӧ໵སೀǴᗉխ૛ለਥӀϩှ೷ԋ៓؈ᐘǶ

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31

6. ऩβᝆࣁҡԪ፦βᝆǴᔈ٣Ӄѐନᅹለ້Ƕ

3.2.9 βᝆෞᚆ៓ǵ᎑ǵᒰ: DCB ݤ(Mehra and Jackson, 1960) 1. ᆒગ0.5 gβᝆ(ሡၸ100 mesh)ܭ100 mL ᚆЈ౟ύǶ

2. уΕ0.3 M, 40 mL ᘗᘔለ໊(Sodium citrate, Na₃C₆H₅O₇¸2H₂O)ᆶ1 M, 5 mL ᅹለణ໊(Sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3)кϩᆶβᝆషکǶ

3. ܭН੎ኲ(75-80ʚ)ύу዗10 ϩដǴ࣒෇໔ྂᠳ܏ϐǴуΕ1 g ೱΒ٥౷

ለ໊(Sodium dithionite, Na2S2O4)Ǵᠳ܏΋ϩដ٬ځషӝ֡ϬǴ؂ϖϩដ ໔ྂᠳ܏ǹऩኬࠔ៓֖ໆଯ(βՅୃआ)Ǵ߾ӆуΕ1 g ೱΒ٥౷ለ໊Ǵҥ ջᠳ܏΋ϩដǴϐࡕΜϩដϣ໔ྂᠳ܏ǴऩβኬϝࣁआፃՅǴ߾ख़ፄ΢

ॊ؁ᡯǴޔԿβᝆևԪՅǶќѦݙཀྕࡋόຬၸ80ʚᗉխdithioniteϩှǴ ёૈ཮׎ԋFeSǶ

4. ኬࠔհࠅࡕуΕ10 mL Ⴋکෛϯ໊ྋనкϩషϬࡕǴᚆЈڗ΢మనǴۓ ໆǵၸᘠ(ȝP)ǵีញࡕǴаགᔈጠӝႝዀܫ৔Ӏ᛼ሺ(ICP-OES)ෳۓ ྋనύ៓ǵ᎑ǵᒰᐚࡋǶ

3.2.10 βᝆ༾ໆϡનϷख़ߎឦ֖ໆ: ЦН੃ϯݤ(অׯԾᕉᔠ܌Ǵ2003)

1. ᆒગ1.0 gβᝆ(ሡၸ100 mesh)ܭ50 mLࠆۭᐨ݆ύǴҔऊ1 mLѐᚆηНዎ ᔸβᝆǴӆуΕ10 mLЦНའਗ֡ϬǴᙟᇂᒮ࣒ዟ٠у዗Կऊ95±C (চۈ БݤࣁճҔख़ߎឦ੃ϯϐϸᔈ౟Ǵગ3 gβᝆуΕ28 mLЦН)Ƕ

2. ࡭ុ଑ࢬԿྋనഭऊ5 mLǶӆуΕ5 mLЦН٠࡭ុу዗Կऊߥ࡭଑ࢬǴ ख़ፄԜ؁ᡯԿϸᔈᖿܭᛙۓǴԿϿऊ໪4λਔǴޔԿβᝆౣև౜ԪқՅǴ ӆ౽ନᒮ࣒ዟ٠у዗٬ྋనᇃวԿऊ2 mLǴհࠅԿ࠻ྕǶ

3. ஒྋనуΕ፾ໆѐᚆηН٠࿶ӭԛዎࢱࡕǴۓໆԿ100 mLǴӆаȝP ᘠጢၸᘠܭኬࠔᆅύǴ٠ڗ፾ໆᡏᑈีញǶሡݙཀޑࢂኬࠔ୷፦ለᐚࡋ

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32

ᔈӧ10%аΠǴനӳ2%-5%ለᐚࡋǴᗉխለᇑሺᏔǶ

4. а2% HNO3྽୷፦ଛ࿼0-10 ppmϐᔠໆጕǴаICP-OESෳۓβᝆЦНܜр ᙿǵልǵᎋǵሐǵᙻǵႉᐚࡋǶϩှෳۓၸำҭ೛࿼ޜқᏹբᆶኬࠔख़ ፄᏹբ(ख़ፄኬࠔ࣬ჹৡ౦ԭϩК໪ϟܭ80-120%)Ǵ٠ӕਔϩ݋኱ྗβᝆ SRM2710ϷCRM2003(ӣԏ౗໪ϟܭ80-120%)Ǵዴߥϩ݋ኧᏵࠔ፦Ƕ

3.2.11 βᝆᕴઈᐚࡋ: HNO₃/H₂O₂੃ϯϩှݤ(অׯԾ Meharg and Rahman, 2003) 1. ᆒગ0.2 gβᝆ(ሡၸ100 mesh)ܭ100 mLϩှᆅǴуΕ5 mLᐚฮለǴᓉ࿼ၸ

ڹǶ

2. ႖ВǴஒу዗᝗у዗Կ60°CǴӧ60°CΠуΕΟԛ1mLޑ30%ᚈ਼НǴ؂ԛ ໔႖20ϩដǴӆ೴ᅌϲྕԿ120°CǴ٬ኬࠔ੃ϯ3λਔ(চۈБݤࣁ΋ԛу Ε3 mLޑ30%ᚈ਼НǴࣁΑᗉխϸᔈၸࡋቃਗ਼ǴࡺϩΟԛуΕ)Ƕ

3. հࠅࡕǴஒ੃ှనаຬપНۓໆԿ50 mLǴӆа ȝPᘠጢၸᘠǴڗۓ ໆᘠన࿶ᗋচǵีញࡕаణϯނғԋচη֎ԏӀ᛼ሺ(HG-AAS, Perkin Elmer, AA200)ෳۓβᝆᕴઈᐚࡋǶϩှෳۓၸำҭ೛࿼ٿख़ፄޜқᏹբ ᆶΟख़ፄኬࠔख़ፄᏹբǴ٠ӕਔϩ݋኱ྗβᝆCRM2003Ǵዴߥϩ݋ኧᏵ ࠔ፦Ƕ

3.3 Γ

ΓπઈԦࢉβೀ౛

ෳໆΒ݅سǵѳᙼسβᝆϐઈᐚࡋǴޕځচۈઈᐚࡋऊࣁ 10 mg/kg (Eh10, Pc10)Ǵӆа Na₂HAsO₄•7H₂O НྋనబуܭβᝆύǴᇙഢΓπઈԦࢉβǴϩձ٬

ளΒ݅سβᝆઈᐚࡋගϲԿ 20 mg/kg (Eh20)ǴѳᙼسβᝆઈᐚࡋගϲԿ 40 mg/kg (Pc40)Ƕ

ᇙഢΓπઈԦࢉβᝆБݤӵΠǺҖ໔௦໣ϐβᝆ॥ଳǵᑃ࿗ǵషϬ٠ၸ 3 2 1 mesh

ᑔᆛǴӚڗΒ݅سǵѳᙼسβᝆऊ 65kgǴӃబу፾ໆԾٰНஒଳβዎᔸӆуΕ

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33

Na₂HAsO₄•7H₂O НྋనǴ٠ፓ᏾βᝆНϩნݩԿҖ໔৒НໆǴࡑԿ॥ଳࡕǴӆ΋

ԛᑃ࿗ǵషϬ٠ၸ 3 2

1 mesh ᑔᆛǵуԾٰНԿҖ໔৒НໆϐНϩნݩǴዴߥઈᐚ

ࡋ֡ϬϩଛӧβᝆύаϷβᝆઈᐚࡋϐѳᑽǴջֹԋٿԛޑଳྒྷҬඹઈჯػβᝆǶ ઈჯػֹԋϐβᝆ࿶॥ଳǵᑃ࿗ǵషϬ٠ၸ

8

5mesh(ᑔϾޔ৩ 15.9 mm)ᑔᆛԶ

ࡕးࣧ(Wagner 1/5000 a pot)Ǵ٬؂ࣧβᝆుࡋऊࣁ 15 cmǶഭᎩβᝆڗ፾ໆ຾΋؁

ᑃ࿗ǵషϬ٠ၸ 10 mesh ᑔᆛǴӆஒԜᅿ෌߻βᝆຟӸܭ༟ጤᡞύаഢВࡕϩ݋Ƕ

3.4 ᕗޥࡼҔೀ౛

Β݅سکѳᙼسβᝆ຾ՉΟᅿᕗޥࡼҔೀ౛ǴϩձуΕ150 kg P2O5/ha (1P)ǵ 525 kg P₂O₅/ha (3.5P)ǵ900 kg P₂O₅/ha (6P)Ǵа1P྽բჹྣಔǴа߻Γ࿶ᡍࣁٯǴ

ࣧਭ၂ᡍࡼҔޥ਑ໆሡࣁҖ໔௢ᙚࡼҔໆϐΟ७Ǵωૈ٬Нዿᅿ෌ӧࣧਭᆶҖ໔

่݀࣬߈ǴࡺஒҖ໔௢ᙚࡼޥໆϐΟ७྽բ1PǴޥ਑௢ᙚࡼҔໆЬाୖԵբނࡼ

ޥЋн(ύ๮ޥ਑ڐ཮Ǵ2005)Ƕᕗޥೀ౛аᕗለΒణ້(Ca(H2PO4)2¸H2O)ଛᇙԋН ྋనᄊǴܭНዿᅿ෌߻΋ࢃයᆶ୷ޥ΋ଆࡼҔǶ

3.5 βᝆНϩᆅ౛ೀ౛

3.5.1 βᝆႫکೀ౛(Saturating)

Нዿ౽෌ࡕٿࢃයԿዼಈкჴය໔٬ࣧਭβᝆϾሜНᆢ࡭НႫکރᄊ(ߕᒵკ A1a)Ǵᏹբࠠۓကࣁβ߄ౢғֽ೽ᑈНϐНϩރᄊǴᆶ੆Нೀ౛(Flooding)ޑৡձ ӧؒԖβᝆ߄ቫϐ෨НՏǴ٬਼਻ܰܭᘉණԿβᝆϾሜаᔼ೷࣬ჹ੆Нރᄊϐӳ

਼ᕉნ(໳Ǵ2013; Talukder et al., 2012)Ƕ

3.5.2 βᝆ੆Нೀ౛(Flooding)

Нዿ౽෌ࡕٿࢃයԿዼಈкჴය໔βᝆ߄य़ᆢ࡭ऊ 5~6 cm ϐ෨Нᓐ(ߕᒵკ A1b)Ǵֹӄߔ਼๊਻ᆶβᝆޔௗௗ᝻(໳Ǵ2013; Talukder et al., 2012)Ƕ

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34

3.6 ࣧ

ࣧਭೀ౛

Β݅سϷѳᙼسޑচۈβᝆϷઈჯػβᝆ(Eh10, Eh20, Pc10, Pc40)Ǵϩձ຾Չ Ⴋک(S)Ϸ੆Н(F)Нϩೀ౛ϷΟᅿᕗޥೀ౛(1P, 3.5P, 6P)Ǵ؂ঁೀ౛3ख़ፄǴࡺ2ᅿβ ᝆ Ø 2ᅿઈᐚࡋ Ø 2ᅿНϩᆅ౛ Ø 3ᅿᕗޥೀ౛ Ø 3ख़ፄ = 72ࣧǶ

؂ࣧऊગڗ3.2ϦАβᝆܭਭ୻ࣧ(Wagner 1/5000 a pot)Ǵ٬؂ࣧβᝆుࡋၲ15 cmǴးࣧࡕǴࣣ໪ࡼҔНዿғߏ܌໪ޑ୷ҁޥ਑ǴࡼҔޥ਑ࣁϯᏢޥ਑ଛ࿼ԋН ྋనᄊǴӧНዿᅿ෌߻΋ࢃයࡼҔǶޥ਑௢ᙚࡼҔໆЬाୖԵբނࡼޥЋн(ύ๮

ޥ਑ڐ཮Ǵ2005)Ǵේޥаֿન((NH2)2CO)ࡼҔǴࡼҔໆࣁ400 kg N/ha(Ӣࣁҁ၂ᡍ ࣁࣧਭ၂ᡍࡺࣁҖ໔၂ᡍϐΟ७ޥ਑ҔໆǴΞၸѐ၂ᡍᡉҢቚࡼේޥёගଯѠࠄ 11ဦౢໆǴӢԜේޥࡼҔໆӆัቚ)Ǵႇޥаෛϯႇ(KCl)ࡼҔǴࡼҔໆࣁ150 kg K₂O/ha(Җ໔၂ᡍϐΟ७ޥ਑Ҕໆ)ǴᕗޥаᕗለΒణ້(Ca(H₂PO₄)₂)ࡼҔǴࡼҔໆ

ୖـ3.3࿯ᕗޥࡼҔೀ౛Ƕ

ࡼޥਔයϷϩଛ౗(%)ӵΠǺ

୷ޥ% කઙࡕ20Ϻ% Ѵᕞ׎ԋਔ% уᕴ%

ේޥ 50 30 20 100

ᕗޥ 100 - - 100

ႇޥ 40 40 20 100

3.7 ࣧਭ၂ᡍ

3.7.1 ਭ୻చҹ

၂ᡍВයࣁ 2013 ԃ 9 ДԿ 2014 ԃ 1 ДǴ၂ᡍНዿࠔᅿ௦ҔѠࠄ 11 ဦ (Oryza

sativa L. cv Tainan 11)ǴѠࠄ 11 ဦࢂѠ᡼Ҟ߻ᅿ෌य़ᑈനቶϐНዿࠔᅿǴࡺᒧҔԜ

ࠔᅿ྽၂ᡍ׷਑ǶӦᗺӧ୯ҥѠ᡼εᏢғނၗྍᄤၭᏢଣߕ೛Γπ਻ং࠻(В/ڹྕ

ࡋ௓ڋӧ 30°C/25°C)ǴࣧਭՏ࿼ճҔ໶ኧ߄௦ֹӄᒿᐒ௨ӈǶ

Нዿᅿη࿶੃ࢥࡕػभԿΟယសઙभǴӆ౽෌ΕӚਭ୻ࣧǴ؂ࣧᅿ෌΋ਲ਼Н ዿǴࣁΑӃ٬౽෌ࡕޑѴभ፾ᔈཥᕉნǴ౽෌ࡕНϩᆅ౛ᆢ࡭ٿࢃය੆Н 1~2 cmǴ

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35

ϐࡕӆ຾Չ၂ᡍϐНϩᆅ౛(ୖـ 3.4 ࿯Нϩᆅ౛ೀ౛)ǴӢࣁНዿҁيঁᡏғߏڀ Ԗৡ౦Ǵӧ౽෌ࡕޑٿࢃයϣว౜ԖѴभғߏ੝ձόؼǴ߾཮ܘଆӆவػभዬ΢

౽෌΋ਲ਼ཥޑѴभǶࡼޥБय़ନΑᕗޥӧ୷ޥਔӄ೽уΕǴේޥکႇޥ໪ࡼҔଓ ޥǴӧකઙࡕऊ 20 ϺࡼҔಃ΋ԛଓޥ(120 kg N /ha, 60 kg K2O/ha)ǴѴᕞ׎ԋය(ක ઙࡕಃ 61 Ϻ)ࡼҔᕞޥ(80 kg N/ha, 30 kg K₂O/ha)Ƕ

3.7.2 βᝆྋన(ϾሜН)ઈǵᕗǵ៓ϡનଓᙫϩ݋

Нዿࣧਭܭઙभ౽෌ࡕಃ15ǵ36ǵ57ǵ75ǵ124ВܜڗβᝆྋనǴϺኧޑ೛ۓ ϩձж߄НዿӚঁғߏයǺϩ䕒໒ۈǵϩ䕒ύයǵനεϩ䕒යǵܜᕞයǵԋዕයǶ ܜڗβᝆྋన٬Ҕβᝆྋన௦ኬᏔ(Rhizon soil moisture samplers,Netherlands)Ǵ௦ ኬᏔ߻ᆄࣁ10ϦϩߏϐқՅӭϾᒃН܄ᘠጢಔԋǴύ໔ࣁ೸ܴϐۯߏᆅǴࡕᆄࣁ ೱௗଞ฿ϐௗᓐǶஒ௦ኬᏔ௹45ࡋفකΕβᝆύǴ٬10ϦϩߏϐқՅӭϾᒃН܄

ᘠጢֹӄؒΕβᝆύǴࡑβНѳᑽࡕǴճҔଞ฿๏ϒ௦ኬᏔࡼу΋ঁܜΚǴ٬β ᝆྋనளаவβᝆ຾ΕԿଞ฿ύǴࡑԿଞ฿ϣޑβᝆྋనԏ໣Կऊ20 mLǴஒβᝆ ྋనа0.45 ȝPᘠጢၸᘠ٠౽Ε׫ᛰ౟ϣǴᒿջуΕ0.4 mLᐚฮለ(ለϯёᛙۓβᝆ ྋనύᚆηޑሽኧǴٛЗ؈ᐘౢғǴӕਔΨё׭ڋ༾ғނғߏǴቚуβᝆྋనߥ Ӹਔ໔)Ƕځύӧ57ǵ75ǵ124ВܜڗβᝆྋనӢࣁ෌ਲ਼ߏεу΢Вྣமਗ਼ᇃวණזǴ Ⴋکೀ౛ϐࣧਭβᝆϾሜНܜڗόܰǴࡺӧ຾ՉܜڗНྋన߻΋ډٿλਔǴӃу НԿႫکރᄊӆ຾ՉௗΠٰޑჴᡍǶβᝆྋనઈᐚࡋаHG-AASෳۓǴᕗǵ៓ᐚࡋ аICP-OESෳۓǶ

3.7.3 βᝆ pH Ϸ਼ϯᗋচႝՏෳۓ

ෳۓβᝆpHϷ਼ϯᗋচਔ໔ܭ΢ॊܜڗβᝆྋనޑ߻΋ϺǶҔςਠ҅ϐЋග ԄpH meterکፄӝԄқߎႝཱུམଛЋ࡭ԄႝՏीǴϩձෳۓࣧਭύβᝆpHॶکβ ᝆ਼ϯᗋচႝՏ(Ehॶ)Ƕ

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36 3.7.4 ੰᙝ্ᆅ౛

ӧНዿϩ䕒߃යࡼҔуߥןǴफ़ե૨ᛳൡғǴനεϩ䕒යϐ߻຾Չٿൻᕉϐ ᆕӝၭᛰϐቔࡼ(΋ൻᕉࣁΟϺǴϺኧϐ໔႖ 2~3 Ϻ)ǴٛЗጼǵΒϯጻᙝǵዿ዗ੰǵ ಒ๵܄ዼ࢏ੰ฻ੰᙝ্Ǵځύዿ዗ੰӧஏഈԄϐΓπ਻ং࠻ٛݯ׳ࢂ֚ᜤǴࡺӧ Нዿϩ䕒යکܜᕞයϩձӆቔᛰǴٛЗယዿ዗ੰϷᕞዿ዗ੰǶ

3.8 ෌

෌ᡏ௦ԏ

Нዿԋዕࡕ຾Չ௦ԏǴԏപ߻Ӄໆෳ٠૶ᒵ؂ࣧНዿਲ਼ଯ(Ծβय़ԿനߏယТ ޑଯࡋ)ǵᕞኧǵᕞख़(ଳǵᗲख़)ǵዿ仮(ଳǵᗲख़)Ǵዿዼکዿ仮ܭ70°CΠ዗॥ଳᔿ ԿϿΟϺǴ٬ځख़ໆԿࡡख़Ǵዼಈӆ຾΋؁аԾ୏ಥෘᐒಥෘࡕ୔ϩԋዿෘϷᕫ ԯǶௗ๱ஒ੗ଳϐᕫԯǵዿ仮а෌ᡏᑃ࿗ᐒણ࿗Ǵણ҃а֨᜘೓ߥӸ࿼ܭٛዊጃ ύǴаഢВࡕϩ݋Ƕ

3.9 Нዿ෌ᡏϩ݋

3.9.1 ዿ仮ǵᕫԯઈᐚࡋ: HNO3/H2O2੃ϯϩှݤ(অׯԾ Meharg and Rahman, 2003) 1. ᆒગ0.2 g ᑃ࿗ϐ෌ᡏኬࠔܭ100 mL ϩှᆅǴуΕ5 mLᐚฮለǴᓉ࿼ၸ

ڹǶ

2. Ӄܭ60±CΠу዗1λਔǴӆஒ3 mL 30%ၸ਼ϯణϩΟԛуΕǴ؂ԛуΕ1 mL (চۈБݤࣁ΋ԛуΕ3 mLޑ30%ᚈ਼НǴࣁΑᗉխϸᔈၸࡋቃਗ਼Ǵ

ࡺϩΟԛуΕ)Ƕ೴ᅌϲྕԿ120±CǴ٬ኬࠔ੃ϯ3 λਔǶ

3. ኬࠔհࠅࡕǴۓໆ(25 mL)ǵၸᘠ( ȝP)ǵีញ(10७)Ƕᕫԯ੃ှనઈ ᐚࡋаགᔈጠӝႝዀܫ৔Ӏ᛼ሺՍᖄ፦᛼ሺ(ICP-MS, Agilent 7700x, Agilent Technologies)ෳۓǴᔠໆጕᐚࡋࡌ᝼ӧ0~1 ȝJNJǶዿ仮ኬࠔ߾а HG-AASෳۓઈᐚࡋǶ

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4. ϩှෳۓၸำҭ೛࿼ޜқᏹբǵኬࠔख़ፄᏹբǴ٠ӕਔ຾Չ኱ྗ෌ᡏϩ

݋Ǵዴߥϩ݋ኧᏵࠔ፦ǴԶᕫԯ኱ྗࠔࣁERM^®-BC211 (rice flour)ځӣԏ

౗ϟܭ100 ~ 128% (߄3)Ƕ

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߄ 3ǵᕫԯ኱ྗࠔ ERM^®-BC211 ᕴઈᐚࡋϐӣԏ౗Ƕ Table 3 The recovery of arsenic concentration of brown rice.

ID Sample conc. Certified conc. Recovery ---ȝg/kg--- %

STD1 292 260 112

STD2 311 260 120

STD3 332 260 128

STD4 267 260 103

STD5 279 260 107

STD6 261 260 100

STD7 277 260 107

STD8 280 260 108

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3.9.2 ᕫԯઈނᅿϩ݋(অׯԾ Huang et al., 2012)

1. ᆒᆀ0.5 g ᑃ࿗ϐ෌ᡏኬࠔԿ100 mLϩှᆅǴуΕ5 mL 0.28 M ฮለྋ నǴа၂ᆅਁᕏᏔ(vortex mixer)ஒኬࠔᆶ๧ڗᏊషϬࡕᓉ࿼30ϩដ(চۈ Бݤࣁ1.5 gǴуΕ15 mL 0.28 Mฮለ)Ƕ

2. ܭ95ʚу዗1.5λਔǴࣁΑٛЗᕫԯኬࠔӧϩှᆅۭ೽؈ᐘ׎ԋ༧ރᄬ

೷Ǵ؂႖ъλਔаvortex mixer᎜࿗Ƕ

3. ኬࠔհࠅࡕǴа0.01 MᕗለۓໆԿ25 mL٠ၸᘠ(ȝP)Ƕаଯਏૈన࣬

ቫ݋ሺՍᖄགᔈጠӝႝዀ፦᛼ሺ(HPLC-ICP-MS, HPLCሺᏔϩ݋ᏹբచ ҹӵ߄4)ϩ݋๧ڗనѤঁઈނᅿ(As(III)ǵAs(V)ǵDMAǵMMA)ϐᐚࡋ(ઈ ނᅿϩᚆკ᛼ӵკ7)Ƕ

4. ϩှෳۓၸำҭ೛࿼ޜқᏹբǵኬࠔख़ፄᏹբ٠ӕਔ຾Չ኱ྗ෌ᡏϩ

݋Ǵ኱ྗࠔࣁERM^®-BC211 (rice flour)ځӣԏ౗ϟܭ84 ~ 107% (߄5)Ƕ 5. ᕫԯᕴઈᐚࡋ(HNO3/H2O2๧ڗǴICP-MSϩ݋)ᆶઈނᅿᕴکᐚࡋ(0.28 M

HNO3๧ڗǴHPLC-ICP-MSϩ݋)࣬ᜢ܄ϩ݋ୖـ4.7࿯ᕫԯઈނᅿᐚࡋǶ

3.10 ಍

಍ीϩ݋

ᒧҔٿᅿβᝆ(Β݅سǵѳᙼس)ǴٿᅿβᝆϐઈᐚࡋϩձԖٿঁભձ(চۈβ ᝆઈᐚࡋǵΓπѦబуϐઈԦࢉβᝆ)ǴࡺԖѤᅿβᝆ(Eh10ǵEh20ǵPc10ǵPc40) ࣁНዿϐғߏచҹǶҁ၂ᡍ௦ፄӢη၂ᡍ೛ीǴЬाೀ౛ӢηࣁΟᅿᕗޥೀ౛(1Pǵ 3.5Pǵ6P)аϷٿᅿβᝆНϩᆅ౛БԄ(Ⴋکǵ੆Н)ǴӃаᡂБϩ݋(analysis of variance, ANOVA)ᔠۓೀ౛໔ࢂցӸӧᡉ๱ৡ౦Ǵӆаനλৡ౦ෳᡍݤ(Fisher’s Least Significant Difference, LSD)຾Չೀ౛֡ॶКၨǴᡉ๱Нྗࣁp=0.05ǴаSAS 9.4 ೬ᡏ಍ीϩ݋Ƕ

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߄ 4ǵଯਏૈన࣬ቫ݋ሺՍᖄϩ݋ᏹբచҹǶ Table. 4. The analytical conditions of HPLC.

HPLC (Agilent 1260 series with auto-sampler) Column Anion exchange column

(PRP-X100, 250Ø4.1 mm, 10 ȝm, Hamilton Company) Mobile phase 20 mM NH4H2PO4 (pH 5.6)

Flow rate 1.5 mL/min

Injection volume 50 ȝL

Run time 11 mins

კ 7ǵȝJ/ షӝઈނᅿ኱ྗࠔϐ HPLC-ICP-MS კ᛼Ƕ

Fig. 7 HPLC-ICP-06FKURPDWRJUDPRIȝJ/PL[DUVHQLFVSHFLHVVWDQGDUG

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