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୾ঢ়ึ৥ःف ಒΝڣಒΚ෉

2007

Ԓ 12 У ॳ 69-92

ژ՚РቹϜ୾τᐤѭȈ

༂ϧԈޠཌྷᢏစᡜᇅज୾ޠ

Ϝ୾Ᏹަထ

۞ಉ࿆

* ԞጉС෉Ȉ2007 Ԓ 5 У 30 С ௦ڨС෉Ȉ2007 Ԓ 12 У 15 С

* ѯᢋτᏱ࢈ݾᏱःفܛःفҢȄདᗃѯτ୾ึܛڟֆёีҐНȂٯདᗃୢӫቸጉ ΢ܛණяޠ᝙ີཏُȄ

ᄣ्

ΥɒԒхߒȂ༂ϧԈ᎐ژ၍ဓпІᓎࡤ࿳ᐎΫϥԒрఛᄲ᎜Ȃ೼ ࢳਣ෉Ѡпᇴ࢑Ᏹ೛Ңీޠᙾ௻ᘉȂ༂ϧԈᙥҦڐӲᏺᓄଅख़Π࿌ਣ ЗϜ೩Ӽኛᘖޠ௒ᆲȂѠᇴ࢑Սٙޠ៞ҪٯйវඵՍϐޠ౪܉ޠΚҐ ਫȄҐНл्ᙥҦᎨ᠟ᐍ౪༂ϧԈձࠣІڐу၅щၑშᄈ༂ϧԈІڐ ౪፤୉౪၍ᇅӲ៬Ȃၑშ׳я༂ϧԈӶ࿌хϜ୾ᏱःفϜޠ՞ဋȂٯ й௄༂ϧԈᇅϜ୾ᏱަထޠᄈၘϜȂ२ུᔯຝ࿌ਣज୾ޠϜ୾ःفަ ထѠ૗ڏԥޠ࢛ٳୱᚡȄ ᜱᗥມȈ༂ϧԈȃϜ୾τᐤѭȃज୾ޠϜ୾ःفȃᅖᏱȃ՚РϜЗ

Ȯ࿳ᐎΫϥԒȯᏒᆔ࢑ΚഌᝓᙲޠᏱ೛຀ձȂ ࠔԥ຀ћЊћົ౫ᄃޠჳГ੬፵ȌȌȄ! Ȅ ˕˕John Updike1

൧ȃࠊّ

2000Ԓ 1 У 8 СȂпȮ࿳ᐎΫϥԒȯΚਫ⪢ᖑ୾ርޠ๽၃ᐤѭᏱঢ় ༂ϧԈӱЗ᠛੿ึ੿ംܼ઺ङȂуޠΚҢਗ਼ΤΠ೩ӼΡԪτ᏾෉໣Ϝ୾ २्ޠึ৥ໍโȂᗷดϛ૗лᏳ೼ٳٲӈޠໍ՘Ȃկ࢑уޠᒒٙစᡜࠔ ᡲуӶСࡤпᐤѭᏱঢ়ձ࣐Κঐਡᢏ޲ਣȂԥΠϛӤޠ౐ΤຝഐȄΡԪ τ᏾๗؃ࡤ॓⁆ज୾Ȃ൸᠟ज୾ഛॗ୥ᒘτᏱȂٻуᙥҦࡤ༖Ᏹ໡ۗࣽ ژज୾ᇅϜ୾ޠϛӤ2 ȄՅࡤ؂Ӷஞ՚਴τᏱڦூུᆹᏱᏱςȃᆉςпІ ᐤѭᏱീςᏱ՞ȂᙥҦ಴ᚕ༉ಜϜ୾ѭᏱРݳȂу׳ژΠΚঐၑშѵܼ Ϝ୾ȃࠔ౐Τ౪၍Ϝ୾૖๝ޠѭᏱِ࡚Ȅ կуܛءԥདྷژޠ࢑Ȃупঐ΢စᡜȃ΢ҢলᏱᒋӬᐤѭᏱଌጜܛ ஊᎵޠτᐤѭᢏȂณ፤Ӷज୾ܗ޲Ϝ୾ޠᏱ೛ަထȂ֊ٻӶуӱȮ࿳ᐎ ΫϥԒȯΚਫᖑӫᝈକϟࡤȂϬดڨژ፵ᅹ3 Ȅуޠ୾ҖឪॗۣٙϸȂณ ፤Ӷথ፾Τज୾ਣܗ޲ᘫϾजᝳӼԒпࡤȂഎΚޣٻ΢ณݳ௦ڨуޠϜ ୾םຬȞChina imageȟȂηϛ᜺௦ڨуޠϜ୾Ᏹڐᄃϛ࢑൑હщᅗҖఋ лဏޠѭᢏ4 ȇӶᄈܼϜ୾ःفޠஆҐ୆೪αȂ༂ϧԈᄈ༉ಜᏱ೛ϸऌޠ ཏُηٻуᇅज୾Ᏹ೛ࣩੀੀϛΤ5 Ȅᒟڗޠ࢑ȂуޠτᐤѭᢏӶѯᢋޠ ᐤѭᏱ೛୽ηڨژ״ຠȂеԸීଲςຠ፤уޠȮϜ୾τᐤѭȯࡿяȈȶȞԫ

1

John Updike: “The Long and Reluctant Stasis of Wan-Li”ȂԞΤ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȯτᐤ ѭϛཽຉᕼȯȂp473Ȅ 2 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂpp.128-130Ȅ 3 ቔखঘȂȲᐤѭᇅՍҦ—ຠ༂ϧԈޠᐤѭ౪܉ȳȂȮུѭᏱȯȂ13:3Ȃ193-240ȇചҔ ୾ȂȲ༂ϧԈޠ౫хϾ፤ख़ᇅ՚РᐤѭȳȂȮུѭᏱȯȂ14:2Ȃ155-192Ȅ 4 IbidȂpp.133-138Ȃpp.449-450Ȅ 5 IbidȂp322Ȃp564Ȅ

ਫȟԥਣґռ୉ΠЋႇӠຬϾޠ྆ࢃȂ᠟ٿഥ჌࢑Κঐѵ୾΢ӶඣቹϜ ୾ȌȌȷȇᠼᝊโఁ௳ࠍ؂ԍᎡޠࡿяȈȶ׭༊ЦԫȂ߰మᆤ፤αίѡϭȂ ѠоȉȷпІȶש᠟༂ӒҢਫȂሆ࣐ڐુнϜ୾ࡧདྷȃНᏱȃ᛻೛ȌȌ ϟளᜌܛᡚȄȷ6_{೼ٳຠ፤ᗷดϛΚۢ૗઎ҔЇ࢏༂ϧԈޠϜ୾ᏱޠᏱ೛} ቌঅȂկࠔҔѠᡘұ༂ϧԈᇅϜ՚Ᏹ೛ࣩϟ໣ޠৰ຾Ȅ ༂ϧԈ೾ႇڐՍٙϜ୾စᡜ౱ҢΠΚঐϜ୾ᢏȂٯйוగ૗пԫձ ࣐ΚঐᆤᢏϜ୾ȃ࡛ҴུޠϜ୾םຬޠ፤ख़РݳȂࣦՎ૗ଭᄈ༉ಜؐΤ ౫хޠᐤѭᘟບ໡৥Κ৉ःفРݳȂ࡛Ҵ൷ؒᖓᛯႇџᇅ౫Ӷޠȶτᐤ ѭȷȂկӶτӼޠϜ՚Ᏹ޲ࣽٿࠔࢌુнᏱ೛ࡋᢏܓȂέณݳ೾ႇ༉ಜᏱ ߟϸϏίޠऌᏱᔯᡜȄ Ӷ೼ኻޠᝓ२ᄈҴޠᢏᘉϟίȂשউ၏Ԅե౪၍༂ϧԈпІуޠϜ ୾ᏱȉڐᢏᘉեٿȉڐϜޠࡋᢏեӶȉөᆎ״ຠ௄ե౱ҢȉԄեϘ૗Ӷ ಁӼ״ຠίҔጃޠᇰᜌуޠτᐤѭȉՅ༂ϧԈ೏ӶΝႮԒхज୾Ϝ୾ः فަထޠѫΚ८ȂڐԇӶέڏԥϨቅኻޠཏဏȉ

ະȃ༂ϧԈᙐϮ

Κȃ༂ϧԈޠߗхϜ୾စᡜ

Π၍༂ϧԈޠಒΚؐӶܼໍΤуᇅߗхϜ୾ޠ੬ੇᜱ߾ȂуӶՍ༉ ϜՍၿȈȶש࡭ѾяҢӶϜ୾࢈ݾޠഷմᘉȌȌᡲש૗ᑜُԚםޠᐤѭȂ ᐄпᜍᄃڸ၅щשܛᎨ᠟ޠϲৡȄȷ7 ดՅϛ༊ڐܛٙ೏ޠਣхȂуӶਣ хϜܛձޠᒶᐆȂпІڐࡤܛழ๞уޠ᎐ႅȂηഎԥ೩ӼϛӤܼள΢ϟ ೏Ȃٻу૗؂௦ߗᐤѭึ৥ᇅᙾ׸ޠᜱᗥᘉȂᡲуԥΠϛӤܼਣ΢ޠϜ

6 ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȃpp.47-48Ȅ 7 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂp232Ȅ

୾စᡜȂՅࡤٗяϜ୾ȂໍՅึ৥я೼ᆎયӶϜ୾ϟѵȂࠔέ૗౐Τঢ ݚϜ୾ޠѭᢏȄ ༂ϧԈ 1918 ԒҢܼ෺ࠓߞؔȄуޠЯᒒ༂ᎫҪٿՍ෺ࠓΚঐঢ়ၿϜ ဤޠӵлঢ়৴ȂԒሇਣ൸ԥᐩࠕޠҖఋཏᜌȂܛпՍဵᆎห8_{Ȃ෇୥ᇅө} ᆎ୾Җឪԟ෉ࣁ୞ȂఽҒђΤӤ࿘ཽȂՄΤᆌ࡛ᗀݢஇп๋߰୞ུॗȂ Յࡤᝏᇴ೩஥හђΤӤ࿘ཽȂٯйӶҖ୾ԚҴࡤᐋӉ೩஥හޠ୥ᒘߞȂ ୥ᇅΡԪ९ڽೞ਑ίᅱȂᓏٳӱԫോѷҢڽȂഷಥᄈܼ९ڽѷџΠ߭܉Ȃ ֊ٻӶ᏾ЅᔝཝҢޠၾᇴίϬดณ୞ܼ଀Ȅ༂ᎫҪӶ༂ϧԈяҢޠࠊΚ Ԓଞя९ڽߖӲ෺ࠓȂуӶ୾ҖឪϜޠၦ౐စᐤȂпІᇅ೩஥හޠᜱ߾Ȃ ٻуСࡤஆܼၿဏณݳӕӶࠓٶጾϮҰ࢈᠍ίᒘᙜȂܼ࢑ӶӵР࢈ۻ௄ ٲႮ࢒ϏձȂЯᒒޠ९ڽစᡜழ๞༂ϧԈޠଷΠԒ҃ޠ೵ጐҢࣁȂѫѵ ൸࢑Яᒒוగуউъכȶϛ्࿌࢈ࡋܗॗ΢ȃ؂๙ᄈϛ्࿌९ڽឪ΢ȷȂ ӱ࣐ȶ९ڽឪ΢ѷం൸Ԛ࣐੩ςȂկ९ڽឪ΢ޠስೠԚѓਣ൸Ѡ૗Ԛ࣐ ॗሩȄȷ9_{ดՅȂСҐᇅϜ୾ޠ᏾ލӶу׈Ԛࠓ໡τᏱႬᐡϏโޠᏱཿࠊ} ᛗึȂуഷಥᗚ࢑ᇅЯᒒڦூΠڟឋȂӶΡΫྒਣܺతϑစ᎑܂Ԛഎޠ ᏱཿȂђΤॗਯԚ࣐୾ҖឪޠΚӌφ10_{ȄଷԫϟѵȂ༂ϧԈޠЯᒒ੽๞} уޠȂᗚԥᄈܼٙϸޠڿஉ྆܉Ȃ༂ϧԈԒሇਣᇅЯᒒፚІϊࢷΥ໵ӱ ߞ෉۩՟СҐȃൊནСҐНϾՅΤᝳਣȂ༂ᎫҪᡚ೦ޠᇴȶ࣐Ϩቅ೼ኻ ޠऽ୾΢ཽԄԫޠณৼȷȂ֊ٻуࡤٿΤᝳज୾֊ٻୱЗณཝȂϲЗࠔ҇ ໹དڨژ҇໹ӪϑစႇзЯᒒ၍ᇴޠ्҇11_Ȅ пαᆎᆎӱષᗷดծоٻ༂ϧԈࣽକٿ࢑ঐᄖᓟᄖ׏ޠЉҢ୾Җឪ ΢Ȃկ࢑ڐᄃΚϹᄈуٿᇴȂୌดӱષޠԚӌτܼΚϹȄуӶ 1938 Ԓ௄

8 ༂ϧԈȂ1988Ȃpp.225-226ȄڐϜηࡿяȂ༂ᎫҪޠ९ڽၦᐤଷΠ༂ϧԈ௄ڐЯ πϜூޤȂη෇ӶݎٶҦᔝཝҢ֚ޤഌӌȄ 9 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂpp.245-251Ȅ 10 ༂ᎫҪᗷดϛוగڌφђΤ୾ҖឪȂկٯߩӓดᄈҖఋІ୾ঢ়ᅒϛᜱЗȂӶ༂ϧ Ԉъכࠊ܂௄ॗਣȂуߓұȈȶ೼ൠ᏾ލשউ๙ᄈϛ૗ᒰȷȄ୥ُ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂ p252Ȅ 11 ༂ϧԈȂ1988Ȃpp.227-228Ȅ

ॗࠊӱ࣐ӶߞؔޠȮ׫᏾СൣȯϏձՅᇅᄒݲؔԚ࣐ࡊЅȃ๗һलߞԱȂ ࣦՎᇰᜌΠҥᅖȂӶٙᜟ೩Ӽ݊ЅၾᇴђΤӔ౱ឪޠ௒םϟίȂשউѠ пདྷُӔ౱ឪᄈуη࿌ดཽ࢑Κঐᒶ໷ȂՅٲᄃαη࢑ԄԫȄկ༂ϧԈ ϟܛпᒶᐆԚ࣐୾ҖឪॗۣȂϛ࢑୊τޠཏᜌםᄙܗ޲ঢ়৴नෂ๊ڐу ӱષȂϛᒶᐆӔ౱ឪѬ࢑൑હӱ࣐ȶȌȌуউఁޠ࢑෭ᔟ᏾ȂٯϛӬש ޠदπȄȷ12_{ȂӶ೼ኻޠਣхϜȂȶȌȌঐ΢Ѭ૗ᓷᓷ௦ڨуউӶᐤѭα} ׹ᅌޠِՔȂՅӼ኶΢࢑Ҧঐܓڸୌดርႅٿ؛ۢયӶ঻ΚᜟȄȷ13 Յࡤ༂ϧԈࠊ܂ԚഎϜѶॗਯڨଌȂᐋӉ௷ߞࣃᎺ໵ࠓᜟࣩȂ೼ࢳ ҢࣁٻуΠ၍Ꮢᆔ࢑ପറᆡًޠ୾ҖឪςսȂӶϲӵηȶ҇໹Ӷ්݃ޠ Ңࣁ఩ӈίႇࣁȄȷ14_{ȶϛѬӶࡤ༖၅๞αሊሊᆏϛα౫хȂॗۣ֊ٻ} щᅗུԓ᏾೛ଌጜᅗ๩ዦ՗ȂࠔηϛூϛܜᇰϬ࢑ٖ٘ςսޠቌঅᢏխ Παॴȷ15_{Ȃȶשউ౴ཿҢΚίഌ໦ηึញςսፚϛαଌጜȄשউѬ्у} উϛӶ్ߧᇅᅺ੾ࡅૐίೞܵঈ੿ԬȂၷࣞ࿁ޠॗςϛױᐡᜱᅂ༄ۈ୑ я፳ᇅρধȂϑ឵࿳۸ȷ16_{Ȃαख़਱پᡘ౫я౫хϾޠॗ໦ࣃᎺӶϜ୾} ϲഛҐٙ൸ڏԥҮࣾޠ੬፵ȂӶଡκᇅᚃᕜϛًϛᘟึҢίȂ၅щࡤޠ ςս؂࢑ц΢དژ૥ভȂԥޠϛ༊ณݳྜྷ೾ȂࣦՎҢ౪Зහαഎณݳଌ ጜȂ࿌༂ϧԈདྷ्׾ᡑуউޠܓੀໍ՘ଌጜਣȂуޠ୚ۣᒧϜடτጫуȈ ȶղউ೼ٳॗਯٿޠ΢Ճ࢑Սп࣐࢑Ȋདྷױ೼ᆎ΢׾ആԚॗ΢ȉߟഎء ԥȊ17_{ȷկ࢑ӶϜ୾ϲഛޠҢࣁ௒םίȂђαુн౫хϾޠኊսښ࡚Ȃ} ܛኊூޠςսϛ༊ϛ٘᚟ȂᜳпଌጜȂ਴Ґᜳпձ࣐౫хϾഌ໦ޠஆᙄȄ 1941Ԓ༂ϧԈӱЯᒒႇзߖ໑Ȃ२ߖॗ໦ࡤӒᐋӉНᙜȂࡤٿೞᐋ Ӊ᎓ࢿ୾஡ॗޠ୥ᒘٯೞࣃ܂Ӡ࡚Ȃ॓ೱ೪ҴུΚॗޠᖃഌȂӱՅԥᐡ ཽߒԪ௦ដऽज๊ѵ୾ςսȂٯйᄈѭड़ࡅ੽ίӠຬȄ๗ଌࡤ୥ᇅᎺӠ

12 ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȃp2Ȅ 13 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂp224Ȅ 14 IbidȂp10Ȅ 15 ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȃp370Ȃp402Ȅ 16 ༂ϧԈȂ1991aȂpp.92-98Ȅ 17 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂpp13-15Ȅ

ॗձ᏾Ȃᙾ᏾ྞጠөӵȂࣦՎၮᓎಒΫѳ૟ޫ໦உ՘៝ࣕӉଡ଼Ȃᆎᆎȶऽ ࠎȷޠ᏾ᕽᗷดഎпচӉ᏾ӵଅ޲ޠٙϸёၸܼτϵൣȂٯ໲๗࣐Ȯጠ іϟ᏾ȯΚਫȂկ࢑ӤኻΚൾඣቹଳκСॗαடޠൠෂȂӶൣαѬ࢑ሇ ඣసቹ18_{ȂࠔӶӲᏺᓄϜழ๞у፞Ӽད།Ȃᄇញኴשϟ໣ႇџ΢Ңޠৰ} ຾ϟಡཌྷȂኈ៫܅ԫ޲Ѡ૗Ѭ࢑ӱ࣐ೞܺӶΠ೼ኻޠ՞ဋαȂՅო΢Ң ୌดᇅณள19_{Ȅ᏾ࡤޠစᔽѷזȃ୾ҖឪᇅӔ౱ឪޠ᏾ލȂഀӤп܂ޠ} စᡜȂഎпϛӤ८Ӫᡲ༂ϧԈࣽژΠϜ୾౫ԥޠᐡᄻϛ٘п೏౪࿌ࠊܛ ८ᄈޠୱᚡȂ୾Җឪޠ࢈ۻ๗ᄻᗷดϑစԥΠ׾๢Ȃկ࢑ࠔԄӤ౫хϾ ޠॗ໦Ȃณݳூژަཽ๗ᄻޠМࡼȂ֊ٻԥΠ՚Ͼޠ๗ᄻȂկϲഛϬด ྄࡚ဤࡤȂ൸ᆘ૗ԥ౫ߝܗ޲өᆎනֆȂӱ࣐ુнϸପޠᆔၿȂٲᄃα ηѬ࢑ആԚณݳ੒Ͼޠ֩ᜳ20_Ȅ ༂ϧԈޠߗхϜ୾စᡜѠᇴ࢑ᇅΡԪτ᏾ᆨஞ๗ӬȂ೼Ԫ᏾ލϛ༊ ࣐у໡ఃΠСࡤࠊ܂ज୾ޠ࠷ᐡȂηпᒒٙစᐤᜍᄃΠτഌϸޠϜ୾຾ ᚕ౫хԥӼሊȂпІ׾९ԄեڨژϜ୾਴౐ဢڿޠަཽ๗ᄻܛښङȂϛ ༊ަཽϜુнྜྷ೾ᇅഀ๗ޠښ࡚ȂࣦՎєৡॗሩпІτ໕ςսޠៃࣙη എ࢑ၽձ࿌ਣަཽ҇ሰޠКࢳȂܼ࢑࿌ดϛ૗೾ႇ౫хϾϏཿަཽޠᔯ ຝዀྦ21_{ȄᓎਣᛕᖞԬκޠ᏾ލпІϲ᏾ϜޠҮࣾ؂ᡲуԥΠڽၽႲۢ} ፤ޠলᏱࡧՄРӪȂ΢ޠڽၽϜԥ೩ӼޠٲӈӶϛѠޤϜлᏳ຀ΚϹȂ Κঐ΢ᗷด૗஋ձ࣐Սϐڽၽޠл৛Ȃկ܂܂ณݳࣽяӶߞሊޠಂӏί ೼ኻޠ՘ཽ࣐ԥϨቅኻޠኈ៫Ȃᒶᐆϛ༊ԥ४ȂՅй܂܂ϑစӶᐤѭึ ৥ޠ૖๝αພۢΠ22_{ȄпαᆎᆎစᡜᗷดࣽծϛକಂՅႮ࿦ȂկࠔԄӤ} ೼ٳٲӈኈ៫уޠ΢ҢᢏΚૢȂӶࡤٿኈ៫ΠуӶᏱ೛ःفαޠᇰᜌȂ ໍՅᄻԚࡺෲяуޠϜ୾τᐤѭޠΚ༶ࡺშȂԚ࣐ڐϜϛѠ܈ຝޠ੬Ք

18 ༂ϧԈȂ2006Ȃp47Ȅ 19 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂpp.47-48Ȅ 20 IbidȂp256Ȅ 21 IbidȂpp232-236Ȅ 22 IbidȂpp.238-241Ȅ

ϟΚȄܼ࢑೼ኻޠ੬ՔᗷดӶ༂ϧԈޠᏱ೛຀ձϜߓ౫ၷϛఽྀȂկ࢑ Ӷᗀख़ڐϜ୾ᇰᜌޠ྆܉םԚਣȂуܛӗᖟޠپφȂଷΠڐ஠ߞޠ්݃ Ϝ୾ѵȂτӼഎٿՍܼԟԒޠ୾ҖឪॗਢҢీȄ

Ρȃ༂ϧԈȃज୾

᏾ލ๗؃ࡤȂ༂ϧԈ२ུࡧՄΠґٿޠ΢Ң೤დȂ᏾ލޠ฽ྮᅛଞȂ ॗ΢ޠٙϸϑစೞె༅ޠ୾ϲޒݸᇑႇȂ؂ᕹޠ࢑Ȃᓎ຀୾Ӕᜱ߾ޠС ᅛᆨ஼Ȃܼ࢑уٙӶݎіࠊጤ؈Ո݃ᏍίُᜌΠ୾Ӕϲ᏾ޠזᄎ23_ȂӶ 1946 Ԓ೾ႇՄᒶࠊ܂ज୾ഛॗ୥ᒘτᏱڨଌȂᘫ୾ࡤ൸ӉНᙜȂ1949 Ԓ൸ӉᎺСхߓყყߞԨз݃ޠᓎ௄୚ۣȂٯ෇хᜓጾϮҰ๞ϡബջߢ ࿅ޠણჱᙅȂӱԫூпᒒٙᇅബջߢ࿅һፚȄկԨз݃ᓎࡤӱဩύཽឋ ٲӈϛூϑՅೞѣӲȂ༂ϧԈࠍӶԫਣᇅڐΚӤଞןȂᓎԨз݃฼ኸߖ ୾ࡤ௄СҐޣ௦ࠊ܂ज୾׿᠟Ᏹ՞Ȅ24 ॔जࡤޠ༂ϧԈႅژΠ२ུۢ՞ՍשޠୱᚡȄӶஞ՚਴ޠఁ௳ܗӤ ᏱȂᄈܼڐ෇Ӊ୾Җឪॗۣޠٙϸ؂ђఄདȂٻڐ҇໹ࡧՄԄեӲᔗᄈ ܼ୾Җឪ೴Եณ૗ആԚϲ᏾ѷంޠࡿ௢Ȃज୾ᗷด๞Π୾ҖឪဵᆏΡΫ ቈजߝޠ၅ֆȂկ࢑ॗ໦ٯءԥூژщϸޠ၇റڸ၅๞ȂݢᏣ๊යဋܼ ณᜱᆨ्ϟӵȂ༂ϧԈᖟяпίپφȂ1946 ԒਣᐍঐݎіޠΚɒϥᚅԾ ᅀኇજϛົႇΚξึȂංϸយ൸ཽึৣࢲᅿȇ၅ֆϜηєࢃज୾ॗٲ៬ ୱყޠ໡᎜Ȃڐߝ᚟ѠпᎵࣁΡΫϥঐϜ୾৲઼ഌ໦ȂୱᚡηҔԄуܛ

23

ᜱܼ೼ࢳစᡜȂ༂ϧԈ෇Ӷ 1958 ԒϥУဵޠ Pacific Historical Review ϜึߓНത “Some Observations on Manchuria in the Balance, Early 1946”Ӳᔗज୾ࠊᎺቸ໩ᖃ ስٲ O. Edmund Clubb ޠНതȂп࣐ٙх౪Ѩц᎓ࢿ୾୥ᒘޠٙϸӲᔗڐϜ࢛ٳ ᄈ୾Җឪॗ໦ᇅࡿදޠࡿ௢Ȅ 24 ᜱܼԫٲӈҐҒȂ༂ϧԈඣख़Ϝ஡ڐຝ࣐ϛ൑હՅѠ૗ழԥജᒘܗۣൠିލޠܓ ፵ȂՅᄈԫуη෇စ֩ᘚՍϐޠґٿ࢑֐ཽڨኈ៫ȂկᐄڐٲࡤூՍॗਯӤᏱޠ ੒ਁȂڐଞןȶ׈ӓӬо೤ۢȷՅଅᓄαറພȈȶ၏ॗۣᔗҘሊϛӶېӉܗဓңȷȂ ᄈԫ༂ߓұᚭΠΚπ੊Ȅ୥ُȮ༂ݭߨύȯp152~171Ȅԫٲӈ࢑֐ኈ៫ڐࡤ॔ज ःفࣦՎᘫϾजᝳ๊ࠍӶөਫϜְณණІȂկᐄڐܛख़Ȃ२ߖਯ༫࢑ڐՍ᏾ࡤ߰ ԥࡧՄޠяၰϟΚȄ

ᇴȈȶڎ୾ޠᡞ፵ࣻৰЋሊȂޣ௦ᒰ՗ཽழٿ࡟τޠୱᚡȄڐᄃᚗРഎ࡟ ณޤȌȌȷ25_{Ȅу࿧ژਡ΢ޠࡿ௢Ȃԥਣ௵ڦΠٙӶڐϜޠӲᔗȂԄӶ} ϛᘟ८ᄈ೴Եณ૗ޠࡿ௢ਣȂуᇴȈȶשϛ෇֐ᇰ୾Җឪޠ೴ԵᆼϾȂש ѬוగࡿяȂ೴Ե࢑ѷంޠ๗ݏȂϛ࢑঩ӱȄȷ༂ϧԈࡿяуᄈϜ୾ޠ ៞ៗϛ࢑яՍΚᆎᠯ༈ȂՅ࢑ᄈܼࢌԇަཽ๗ᄻณݳ׾ᡑޠฯЗȂٯй Ӷᇰޤژ೼ኻޠࠊණϟίȂוగණяΚঐϜ୾૗஋ೞ౪၍пІᡲϜ୾Ս ש።ᎍޠޫ໣26_Ȅ Ӷज୾ޠҢࣁϜȂଷΠࡼ៊ϛᘟᄈαख़ࡿ௢ໍ՘៞ៗϟѵȂᒋΤज ୾Ңࣁη࢑༂ϧԈܛ८࣐ޠ२τୱᚡȄณݳпऽᇮໍ՘һፚᇅቹձϛ༊ ٻуܺతΠུᆹᏱޠଌጜȂᙾՅٗӪᐤѭᏱ27_{ȂՅӶ܂ࡤޠᏱ೛ቹձϜȂ} уηӱ࣐ณݳ׈ӓජඬऽНՅڨژ״ຠȶȌȌӱ࣐ש҇໹пՍϐ׈ӓณ ݳජ௢ޠᇮّٿਫቹȂ״ຠঢ়ѠпሇܿࡿᜍשዂҾಐܮȂࡧདྷጴ ఼ȌȌȷȄ28_{ѫΚঐӶज୾ޠୱᚡࠍ࢑ᆱࡼҢॏޠୱᚡȂ൸שউޠၦਠٿ} ࣽȂ༂ϧԈԟԒҢࣁґԚԒࠊࠍٸᒧঢ়ϜȂՅࡤࠍτӼਣ໣߇ຳӶॗਢ ҢࣁϜȂՍᒘҢॏޠਣ໣ϛӼȂดՅ॓⁆ज୾෉໣Ȃܛԥຳңഎ҇໹Ս ᝱ȂਣԒϑήΫѳྒȂࠔӶөᆎ҉ϏϟϜᄉᄉ᎐ႅਚ׸Ȃณ፤࢑ᇮّྜྷ ೾ܗ޲࢑ᄈܼ೩ӼҢࣁஆҐளᜌȂࣦՎϜԒ҉Ϗ޲ٙϸҐٙഎ࢑Κᆎ֩ ᘚȈȶ֊ٻשԥՍϐޠቌঅᢏȂпѵӶޠցᘟٿࣽȂשޠՍ൶ηϛѠ૗Ҙ ሊϛ୞཯Ȅড়ܑѷంޠདញΚޣԇӶȂԥਣ࡟དྷܺతߞ෉пٿޠᏮିȂ ӱ࣐೼ᆎᏮିծоᅟณಥᘉȄȷկ࢑ȶשึ౫пഽΩᗉᓁཽ౱ҢΚۢޠ ᅗ٘དȌȌᗚѠп҉ખ۟ஜޠདញȄשޠՍҦདᇅ዆ᢏлဏٿՍܼשޠ Ս๞Ս٘ȌȌש൸ณݳӶϜ୾ԥ೼ኻޠစᐤȷ29_{ڐΤძज୾ਣณܛٸ᏶} ޠฑኍȂпІᄈґٿޠϛጃۢȂӶԫഎѠпࣽяȇดՅ༂ϧԈӶڐϜܛ

25 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂpp.135-138Ȅ 26 IbidȂpp.451-452Ȅ 27

IbidȂpp.125-126ȂуᙾӪᐤѭޠ঩ӱҔ࢑ӱ࣐ࠊ८ܛණІޠ Pacific Historical

Review αܛёีޠНതȄ

28

IbidȂp70Ȅ

29

ᇴ஡ഽΩᙾඳ࣐౫ߝޠစᐤȂ࢑ӶϜ୾ܛณݳစᐤޠȂ೼ኻޠစᡜηԚ ࣐у܂ࡤϜ୾םຬϜ࡟२्ޠΚഌӌȂη൸࢑༉ಜަཽϜഽΩณݳԥਞ ࢻ୞ୱᚡȄ ϟࡤуᘫϾ࣐ज୾ϵҖȂϛ༊ٻуЗ౪αདژԥႃЯᒒޠᢏ܉ȂӶ ԋٴ൤෉໣η෇Ԟژҥᅖޠ߭ӈȂڐϜȶஏᙾཱུұש࣐ٙᡑ࿾޲ޠᔎ׋ ӵ՞ȷ30_{ȄҦуӶਫϜܛඣख़ޠЗ௒ٿࣽȂуՍޤጃᄃڨژҥᅖޠ፞Ӽ} ᔔֆȂӱԫᄈܼԫᆎᜱЗ࿌ด૗஋௦ڨȂӶЗϜᄈܼՍשޠٙϸᇰۢȂ ᗷดϛᘟޠᙥҦӲ๏᜹ծޠୱᚡՅՍש޼ۢȂկ࢑ڐϜᄈܼڻ᎐ޠಂӏ ޠϛԋȂࠔӱԫՅ؂ᡘூ݃ᡘȄ

ήȃ༂ϧԈ຀ख़

༂ϧԈՍ௄ึߓ࿳ᐎΫϥԒпࡤȂԚ࣐๽НѭᏱࣩഷᄲ᎜ޠձঢ়ϟ ΚȄуഷԟޠձࠣ࢑ึߓܼൣિՅࡤᇕ໲Ԛਫޠ᏾ӵНᏱȮጠіϟ᏾ȯ Ȟ1946ȟȂՅࡤуޠീς፤НȮ݃хޠᅞၽȯܼ 1964 ԒึߓȂՅࡤ෇୥ ᇅጢቹȮ݃хӫ΢༉ȯȃȮቕᐞϜ୾ѭȯٯڟֆ؄ङ࿅ໍ՘ȮϜ୾ޠऌᏱ ᇅН݃ȯޠःفȂڎ΢ٯйӔӤึߓΠȶThe Nature of Chinese Society: A Technical Interpretationȷ31ΚНȂ೼ԪࠊࡤົႇΫԒޠӬձစᡜ๞ϡ༂ϧ Ԉޠτᐤѭᢏ࡟ӼఃึȂٯйСࡤ༂ϧԈηਣளЖख़НϜᇅӬձਣܛ౱ ூژޠ྆܉Ȃձ࣐ڐτᐤѭᢏᘉޠஆҰ32_{ȄӶ೼ࢳ෉໣ϜȂуூژຳҔ} ఽᇅࠥդݎٴःفϜЗޠ᜔ֆȂՅூп׈ԚȮΫϳзख݃хϜ୾ϟଓ࢈ ᇅใԞȯΚਫȂดՅӶяޏαංစݱ׸ȂഷࡤҐਫٯґٸॏฬԞΤȮࠥ դݎٴःفᘏਫȯȂ׾ҦቕᐞτᏱяޏަяޏȄᓎࡤ༂ϧԈӶज୾ޠޠᏱ

30 IbidȂp197Ȅ 31

Needham, Joseph and Huang, Ray, “The Nature of Chinese Society: A Technical Interpretation,” Journal of Oriental Studies (Hong Kong), 12:1-2(1974), pp. 1-16; East and West (Rome), New Series, 24:3-4 (1974), pp.381-401.

32

༂ϧԈȂ1988Ȃpp.93-109ȄѫѵѠُ༂ϧԈȲ؄ङ࿅๞שޠኈ៫ȳȂ঩ёၸܼȮᐤ ѭУёȯȂ88:102-113ȂҼԞᓄܼ༂ϧԈȮᜱ߾ξ࿳२ȯȂpp.37-63Ȅ

೛Ңీٯϛ໸ႀȂଷΠȮϜ୾ٯϛઢઝȯӼԪೞܣ๙Ȃпय೼ҐਫՎϭ ґ૗яޏȂуηӶ 1979 ژ 80 Ԓ໣ೞ઺ङԏҴτᏱ၍ဓȄ ༂ϧԈޠхߓձȮ࿳ᐎΫϥԒȯΚਫޠяޏηစႇ፞Ӽ፵ᅹȂȶ୧ཿ ܓޠਫ୧ᇰ࣐೼Ґਫᔗ၏һҦτᏱяޏަȂՅτᏱяަᇰ࣐שᔗ၏џ׳ ஠ཿޠਫ୧ȌȌጉφϛ࢑пᏱ೛፤Нޠ༉ಜםԓቹԚޠȌȌםԓЩϲৡ ؂२्Ȅȷ33_{Ȃ঩Ґוగڎ޲૗Ԛ࣐ࣻህࣻԚޠఁऌਫޠȮϜ୾ٯϛઢ} ઝȯпІȮ࿳ᐎΫϥԒȯഷಥഎӼစݱ׸34_{ȂՅѬԥࡤ޲ூпҦढᏈτ} ᏱяޏȄดՅᓎ຀Ȯ࿳ᐎΫϥԒȯяޏԚ࣐ᄲ᎜ਫȂٯйኅᕖԂຠ35_Ȃ ࠔϑณݳਘӲуೞ၍ဓޠᒹᏻȄՅࡤ༂ϧԈӶ๽Няޏࣩᖑ݃τᏢȂՅ ഛ៊яޏΠಁӼਫᝳȂєࢃၷ࣐Ᏹ೛ޠ፤Н໲ȮܺቷᐤѭޠຝࣩȯȂԚ࣐ ࢛ٳज୾ᏱਯఁऌਫޠȮϜ୾τᐤѭȯ36_{Ȃ२ུۢဏၦҐлဏпІᔯຝ} Ϝ՚ึ৥ޠȮၦҐлဏᇅΡΫΚзखȯȂຠۢጾϮҰᐤѭۢ՞ޠȮ௄τᐤ ѭޠِ࡚᠟ጾϮҰСଅȯ37_{Ȃᜱܼᐤѭޠ฼጖Н໲Ȯሁሌݭ੹ፚϜ୾ᐤ} ѭȯȂпІڐуၷϛಓӬᏱ೛ᡞپޠН໲ȮӵіЉࠓఅѡϭȯȃȮߗхϜ୾ ޠяၰȯȃȮᜱ߾ξ࿳२ȯȃȮུਣхޠᐤѭᢏȈ՚Ᏹ࣐ᡞȂϜᏱ࣐ңȯȃȮτ ᐤѭϛཽຉᕼȯ๊ȇ༂ϧԈη෇စп؄ட݂ޠ์ӫяޏȮߞؔҪऺೈȯ пІȮئٶ෥ჳȯڎҐϊᇴȂуޠӲᏺᓄࠍᗷด׈Ԛܼ 1983Ȃկᖑ݃҇ ໹ԬࡤϘ஡ਫጉһ๞яޏަȂᓎࡤܼ 2001 ԒԚਫȄ௄αख़ਫҭϜשউѠ пࣽژȂ༂ϧԈӶΥɒԒхߒ෉Ȃ࿳ᐎΫϥԒяޏࡤȂτӼ኶ึߓޠН തഎၷ௦ߗᆤख़ȂՅၷЎಓӬᏱ೛ᡞپޠ຀ձȂȮၦҐлဏᇅΡΫΚзखȯ ΚਫᗷดᡞپαಓӬȂկ࢑пΚҐङϥԼॳޠ஠ਫȂ፤ख़ࡅѼලȃೊ៍ȃ ऽ୾๊ԟ෉ၦҐлဏ୾ঢ়ȃज୾ȃСҐȃ኉୾๊׾ໍࡤໍΤၦҐлဏޠ ୾ঢ়ȂпІݳ୾ȃ߽୾ȃϜ୾๊ᐤစ९ڽϘໍΤၦҐлဏޠ୾ঢ়Ȃٯй

33 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂpp.82-85Ȅ 34 IbidȂp499Ȅ 35 IbidȂp591, p596Ȅ 36 ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȃp48Ȅ 37 уӶਫϜՍᆏӱၦਠ෥ુȂณ௄୉ԥقಜϟݨមȂԄԥሰ्Ѭ૗пࡤӕяᏱଲޏȄ ୥ُ༂ϧԈȂ1994bȂp433Ȅ

्२ུ࡛ҴၦҐлဏޠᡞقȂ೼ኻޠ॓ᐋծоႇ२Ȃٯйᄈܼ՚РᏱ೛ ࣩՅّȂ༂ϧԈԂ჌ηϛڏԥ፤ख़೼ቅτޠୱᚡޠѠ࡚߭ȞcredibilityȟȄ

୥ȃ༂ϧԈޠϜ୾ᇅলᏱᢏ

༂ϧԈޠলᏱᢏኈ៫ΠуѭᏱःفޠᇰᜌȂՅ೼ᘉηڨژѯᢋѭᏱ ࣩΚٳᏱ޲ޠ״ຠȂկᇅڐᇴу௦ڨΠΚᐍ৉ޠ՚Рڽۢ፤ȃҭޠ፤Ȃ ϛԄᇴуޠစᡜᇅ೼ٳᢏᘉ࠷ӬȄӱԫשউӶԫᙥҦуܛڨژޠ״ຠձ ࣐ЖϮȂၑშ२ུ࡛ᄻуޠলᏱᢏϜ२्྆܉ޠึ৥Ȅ Ӷᄈܼ༂ϧԈޠলᏱᢏޠ״ຠϜȂഷᡘ຀ޠΚᘉ൸࢑ଭᄈуޠѭᏱ Ϝޠҭޠ፤ȄചҔ୾ఁ௳ࡿя༂ϧԈޠᐤѭቹձϜȂӶ࿳ᐎΫϥԒяޏ ϟࠊޠ౫хϾ፤ख़ၷϛ݃ᡘȂՅࡤࠍȶпᐤѭлဏޠӤ௒ࣽࡠ༉ಜȂࠔ έпҭޠ፤ޠᇮّቹձ౫хѭȷ38_{Ȅቔ۠ঘఁ௳п༂ޠဠဠӱӔឪٙϸ} ೞ೏؛Ȃ؂౐ڔޠࡿя༂ϧԈȶϛ޼џᔯଇᐤѭϜޠঐ΢ȷȶȌȌԄեၑ ຀ᅿΩџᘜ಴ᆎᆎ४ښᇅ؃ᑪȌȌഎϛӕ࢑у຀२ޠୱᚡȷȶуಥܼூژ ΠΚঐ๗፤Ȉ೼ΚϹȺៃࣙȻȌȌ௄Ⱥߞ෉Ȼޠِ࡚ٿࣽȂ࢑ȺӬ౪Ȼ ޠȷȂᇰ࣐༂ӱ࣐ҭ࿞Π୾Ӕϟ໣ޠᄟቒȂ҇໹၍ម೼ٳٲӈޠึҢϛ࢑ ୌดȂܼ࢑уණяΠᐤѭޠߞ෉Ӭ౪ܓȂٯйᇰ࣐ᐤѭޠึ৥Ω໕ٿՍ ܼӓཏעȞgeneral willȟȂՅቔఁ௳ܛ״ຠޠҔ࢑೼ᆎױঐ΢࿌ձᐤѭစ ख΢Ȟagentȟޠҭޠ፤39_{Ȃӱԫࠉ৶Π΢᜹࿌ίҢԇޠ२्Ȃη෶ЎΠ} ΢ձ࣐ঐᡞȃՍשޠՍҦޠཏဏȂᡲ΢ծоԚ࣐ᐤѭϜޠᙣᒉᜁȂܛ௄ ٲޠևΩᜳпЇ࢏яᐤѭޠ઎Ҕक़ၭȂՅᓎਣѠ૗࣐ΠѵӶϛѠޤޠҭ ዀদჵঐ΢ޠΚϹȄ ଷΠαख़״ຠጃᄃࡿяҭޠ፤ޠႲ೪ᇅ४ښȂηѠпױ༂ϧԈޠѭ ᏱলᏱᢏٸྲڐ૖๝ໍ՘௱ᅌȂࣽژҭޠ፤ޠ౸ၭȂดՅȂуӶ௦ڨ೥

38 ചҔ୾Ȃ2001Ȃpp.156-162Ȅ 39 ቔ۠ঘȂ2002Ȅ

ፚϜ൸෇စᒒՍፚژȈȶ״ຠשޠਫȌȌಒΡᆎᇴש࢑ҭޠ፤Ȃשቹਫء ԥ٦ቅτޠಂӏȌȌש࢑࡟ᄃርޠȂٯءԥᇴΚঐަཽΚۢᡑԚࡪቅ ኻȂש࢑਴ᐄՍϐޠ΢ҢစᡜڸᐤѭޤᜌȂញூϜ୾Ҕ්຀೼ঐРӪ ٗȌȌȄȷ40_{ดՅȂӶ༂ϧԈޠ៞ҪᇅᏱ޲ᄈуޠࡿ௢ϟ໣Ȃ्Ԅեџ} ౪၍೼ኻޠ၍᠟αޠৰ౵ںȉ Ӷࠊ८ޠҢ҂ᙐϮϜѠпࣽژȂ༂ϧԈᡞཽژΚঐ΢ޠಂӏᇅᒶᐆ ڏԥ೩Ӽ४ښȂܛпӶΚঐ੬ۢޠᕘძϜȂ΢ᇅ΢ϟ໣ޠࣻഈᇅࣻϤِ Քᜱ߾τӼഎ឵ୌดȂٯй࡟ᜳԥ઎Ҕົ຺ࡧኍ૗ІޠߞሊಂӏȂࣦՎ ܛձޠᒶᐆҦ๗ݏٿࣽȂѠ૗਴Ґϛ࢑঩Ґܛདྷ჌ޠȄپԄуՍϐӶ୾ Ӕڎឪϟ໣ޠᒶᐆࡿЖуࡤٿሊٗ੖ѵȂՅ୾ҖឪޠٙϸέӶСࡤႺڨ ፵ᅹȂ೼ٳ࢑у࿌СᒶᐆਣܛࣽϛژޠȄՅ௄ѫΚঐِ࡚ٿࣽȂࣻၷܼ ѵӶԇӶޠѽτަཽ๗ᄻȂঐ΢ޠ૗ΩܛІ૗׾ᡑޠ྄ЎȂ֊ٻጾϮҰ ηณݳҴڔ׾ᡑϜ୾ޠަཽ๗ᄻՅӶକߒ҇໹ᇅॗሩ׃ڟȂйСࡤᇅө ᆎ༉ಜ࢈ݾަཽ๗ᄻ׃ڟȂпؒӶӓ୾ಜΚޠஆᙄα൷ؒ׾९41_ȄՎܼ ༂ϧԈՍٙޠစᡜȂձ࣐ॗۣޠуӶಜெഌ໦ਣηϛூϛᇅ༉ಜޠထಁ Зᄙ׃ڟȂՅณݳпԥखࡢޠॗٲࡿද՘ٲȄ༂ϧԈᇴȈȶӶτഛਣхޠ ୞༅ϜȂ࡟Ў΢૗ᄈࠊഋ୉ᄖۼޠ҉ᆘȌȌѬԥӶഷࡤਣ׌ᛨۢϜȂϘ ૗஡ࠊࡤޠٿӱџݏȂࣽூఽྀȄӱԫ؂ოᐤѭޠึ৥Ȃԥуޠ೤ࡢȄ ᇅϟࣻၷȂঐ΢ϛ༊Ω໕ཌྷᖢȂڐܛᢏᄇȂηᜳпᒌ໕ӓ׌Ȅȷ42_೼ᗷ ดϬด࡟௦ߗҭޠ፤ޠՔீȂկӶڐϜᄈܼ΢᜹૗Ωࡼᖿຏᛅᅹޠ΢Ґ ՔீȂࠍሊሊτႇΠऌᏱԓ҇ดܓึ৥ޠ஽።ȇڐϜϛ҇ด࢑ᄈܼ΢ޠ ՍҦཏעޠᅒຝȂՅ࢑ҦՍٙစᡜѵܺяΚᆎп޼ۢ΢ޠՍҦཏע࣐Ӓ ؛఩ӈȂໍΚؐ஽።΢ޠᒶᐆӶ๗ᄻ४ښϜഷࡤܛӔᄻޠ๗ݏȂΚР८ ԥၿ኉ᇅަཽቌঅ๊ҔӪܝΩȂկѫΚР८ࠍԥᕘძڸᐤѭӱષޠܝΩȂ

40 ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȃp435Ȅ 41 ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȃpp.121-127Ȅ 42 IbidȂpp.2-3Ȅ

ࡤ޲хߓ΢᜹ႇџܛҜޠᓀᇳȂᐤѭޠ઎ᄃၰ৸ࠍϮܼڎР८ϟ໣Ȅ43_ܛ пᖄц΢᜹ӶڐϜڨژ४ښȂկࠔґ҇Ѭ࢑ᐤѭޠളᓽȂՅ࢑࿌ᐤѭ΢ ޑЖስٗӪ׾९ਣȂഎ҇໹न॓຀२२ᕘძޠ๗ᄻᇅᐤѭޠႇџȄ ҔԄࠊ८෇စණژޠȂ༂ϧԈҢࣁӶϜ୾ٗӪᙾ࠯ޠΚঐ२्ਣ ෉Ȃ೼ᆎቒ੩ᡑ୞ޠᕘძٻу҇໹ึ৥яΚঐӓ८ޠ΢ҢলᏱп၍មу ޠөᆎစᐤȂ࣐Ϩቅ೼ٳϛًޠಣᙒӶಁ΢ӬΩίϬดᜳпᙾᡑȃ࣐Ϩ ቅцу൶ིޠϘහϟςᒶᐆᄡดϛӤޠҴൠٻᚗРયӶᐤѭޠᄈҴ८ȉ ्၍๏೼ኻޠୱᚡȂ๏਱࡟ᡘดϛᔗӓ࢑ӉեΚРޠࡧኍϛڻȂՅ࢑೏ ӶᐤѭޠࢺࢻϜȂΚঐ΢ޠΩ໕ᇅຝഐഎϛ٘пװᙾӓ׌Ȃ࿌Κঐ΢ၑ შпົ຺ܛ೏ޠަཽޠਣхໍ՘׾९ȂՅϛ៬ΚϹࢌԇޠަཽ๗ᄻୱ ᚡȂ٦ቅ೼ኻޠ՘࣐Ȃ༂ϧԈ์ίϛᘟණІеԋҰᇅ஼۩Ҕޠ׾९44_Ȃ ׾९ϛ༊ณݳழٿਐᑺȂՅ܂܂ԥྒྷྟܓޠਞݏȄ༂ϧԈলᏱᢏޠ౱ҢȂ Ѡпᇴ࢑ӒҦঐ΢ܼ֩ަཽ๗ᄻՅҢȂՅࡤӶᐤѭϜ׳ژΠ೼ᆎਞ౦մ ဤޠ࢈ݾ๗ᄻޠ਴ྜȂуӶ࡛ᄻᇰᜌᡞقޠႇโϜȂᇅڐᇴၑშ׳൷ґ ٿޠ҇ดȂϛԄᇴ࢑࣐Π౪၍ႇџޠᐤѭȂٯܺίႇџޠєປ܂ࠊᗛໍȂ ՅӶ೼ኻޠႇโϜȂ༂ϧԈܗ೩၍๏ΠՍϐп܂֩ඌޠ࢛ٳҢڽཏဏȄ

နȃ༂ϧԈޠѭᏱึ৥૖๝

௄ࠊ८ܛϮಞޠ༂ϧԈޠԟԒҢࣁϜȂשউࣽژΠуޠҢࣁစᡜԄ եᄈуޠϜ୾ᇰᜌпІলᏱᢏആԚΠኈ៫ȂуޠϜ୾စᡜޣ௦ޠᇅߗх Ϝ୾ޠึ৥ࣻഀ๗ȂӱԫӶуޠ፤ख़ϜȂשউѠпਣਣࣽژуޠ຀ಂᘉ ࢑ᇅуޠՍٙစᡜΫϸ௦ߗޠȄ༂ϧԈ೏ӶϜ୾ᐤѭޠᙾ׸ϟαȂяٙ ܼ༉ಜަཽՅڨߗх՚Рᆔ౪αޠߞ೏ܛڗᐮȂ؛Зདྷ्пՍٙޠևΩ ׾ᡑϜ୾ަཽȂٯй࣐Սϐ᎝αኅᗰޠτၿȂ೾܂ΚঐѓԚӫ൸ޠґ

43 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂp575Ȅ 44 ༂ϧԈȂ1993Ȃpp.163-170Ȃpp243-250ȇ༂ϧԈȂ1989Ȃpp.242-247Ȅ

ٿ45_{Ȅկ࢑࿌уԥᐡཽ௦ដϜ୾ϲഛၼ؇ਣȂуࠔึ౫਴౐ဢڿޠަཽ} ๗ᄻ਴Ґϛৡу୉яӉե׾ᡑȂᚗРޠᇰޤৰ຾ϑစτژณݳᔕ၅Ȃࣦ Վདྷ्ᡲՍٙޠ՘୞૗౱ҢཏဏȂ୳ΚޠРݳȂ൸࢑ױՍϐޠᢏᘉଞϾȂ ໍΤࠊ౫хޠҢࣁȂϘ૗஋೏౪ΚϹޠୱᚡȂ֊ٻӶାԄ৲ߞޠ໧઼η ϛپѵȄЩԄȂуউ௄ٿѬԥΚ৉ॗ݉Ȃ࿌Ѩцഌಥܼኧί٘஋෢໷ᇨ ձॗ݉Ȃϲഛࠔءԥ٘஋ޠٽೳ୧ණٽҁਠ๊Ȃܛпࡤ༖ۣ҇໹ࠊ܂຺ ࠓ௵ຶҪՔҁਠȂՍ՘൷׳࢘Քȃ୙ນϏ΢ϟࡤȂϘԥᒳݳ๞ϡςսΚ ৉෈хޠॗ݉46_Ȅ ೼ኻޠࢉٲᇴ݃Π࣐ϨቅуཽᇴȂϛӤᡞښίᒰ՗ᜳпึҢཏဏȂ ηѠпᡲשউ؂ђΠ၍Ȃ࣐եӶϜजᚗРϤࣻΠ၍ޠႇโϜȂᚗРӶ౐ ቺޠྜྷ೾α਴Ґુнᄈၘᇅ౪၍ޠ҂ѯȄԄե၍ម೼ኻޠୱᚡ҇ۢ֩ᘚ Π༂ϧԈ࡟εȂӶഷԟ෉ᜱܼ᏾ࡤݎіޠ຀ձϜȂуᄈܼ୾Җឪޠѷం ൸ᗚϬด୒Ӫ᏾೛ቺ८ޠ၍មȂՅณݳ౐ቺ௥ف୾Җឪ࣐եณݳڦூԚ ѓȄΚޣژࡤٿуЖໍःفስ஀ѵޠঐ΢စᡜᇅ׊ᢏຝഐ๗ӬȂϘ၍ម ΠϜ୾ᇅߗхϾޠੀੀϛΤȄ ༂ϧԈޠѭᏱःف໡ܼۗуޠീς፤НȂȮ݃хޠᅞၽȯȂڐϜःف Πτၽݭᄈܼ݃хϜ୾ޠኈ៫ȂՅяоΚૢᏱ޲ܛႲਠޠȂуഷࡤூژ ޠ๗፤࢑Ȉτၽݭᗷดழ๞Ϝ୾ࠓіၽᒰΚۢޠ߰ւȂկ࢑೼Р८ޠਞ ઊ࡟Ў૗ᘘІ҂ҖȂӱ࣐ᄈ්ܼ݃ՅّȂуܛ२ຝޠ࢑ަཽޠᛨۢܓՅ ϛ࢑ึ৥ȇѫѵȂ୾ঢ়Ӷпၽݭ࣐ϏڏпႁԚ೩ӼϜѶܛሰޠၦྜၽᒰ ਣȂٲᄃαٯءԥՄኍԚҐȂпयၽᒰϛစᔽȂђαڐуᆎᆎӱષȂٻ ၽݭԥ४ޠ߰ւܓЇՅ४ښΠ්݃Ѡ૗ޠึ৥РӪ47_{ȄӶԫȂ༂ϧԈޠ} τᐤѭᗷดᗚءԥ׈ӓԚםȂկ࢑ࠔϑစࣽя༉ಜަཽϜޠࢻ೾ୱᚡܛ ആԚޠϛًኈ៫ȂՅ؂τޠᝪ๗ܛӶ࢑Ȉࢻ೾ޠୱᚡᄈܼ༉ಜϜ୾ޠۣ ჊ᡞقٿᇴȂ਴Ґ൸ϛ࢑Κঐय़Ϲሰ्၍؛ޠୱᚡȂЇՅ؂Ѡ૗࢑݃Ћ

45 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂp7Ȅ 46 IbidȂp14Ȅ 47 ༂ϧԈȂ2005Ȃpp.226-233Ȅ

ડп७ȂԥЗ׼ښҖ໣ึ৥ޠ҇ด๗ݏȄկ࢑Ӷԫਣ༂ϧԈޠϜ୾ᇰᜌ Ϭด࢑឵ܼၷ࣐ຯߗϜ୾ޠȂуᜱϹ්݃࢈ۻӶଓ࢈ᡞښαޠМᚕખ ࿦ȂՅуӶ࿌ਣܛூژޠ๗፤࢑Ȉۣ჊ᡞښஆܼࡧདྷαޠ४ښϛ᜺ཏ׾ ᡑԚ࣐Κঐпᕖւ࣐ᏳӪޠަཽȂ࢈ۻᗷด᜺ཏ๞ϡҖಁஆҐҢࣁޠߴ ሬȂկ࢑ϛ᜺ཏଢؒؾւആԚၿ኉౏ോ48_{Ȅԫਣޠ༂ϧԈᗷดԥΠΚঐ} ኸਣܓޠ๏਱ȂՅ೼ኻޠ๏਱ٯءԥົя๽ᇮޠᐤѭःفަထ૗௦ڨޠ ጓ൝Ȃկ࢑пࡤ៊ޠึ৥ٿࣽȂᡘดᗚϛ૗ᅗ٘༂ϧԈᄈܼϭСϜ୾ୱ ᚡޠଢୱȂ҇စᜱܼࢻ೾ޠϸݚᗷด၍មΠуӶѭᏱःفϜޠᏱ೛ୱ ᚡȂϬดณݳ၍ម࣐ե౫хϜ୾စᡜᇅ՚Рณݳྜྷ೾ޠ֩ඌȄ ༂ϧԈޠѭᏱٿՍܼՍٙޠϜ୾စᡜܛ༮ആޠϜ୾םຬȂՅࡤᇅу ܛڨژޠѭᏱଌጜ๗ӬȂӱԫՅԚםޠτᐤѭл्ѠпҦпίංঐ੬ኊ ඣख़Ȉ 1. τᐤѭѭᢏл஼ױᐤѭޠஆᘉ܂ࠊ௱Ȃп౪၍ᐤѭٲӈ࣐եпש উܛࣽژޠРԓึҢȂӶٲӈึҢޠ࿌ਣȂ֊ٻࣽծКඬτ᠍ޠ ΢ηϛѠ૗઎Ҕࣽఽуޠ՘࣐ܛழٿޠኈ៫ȂࣦՎӶަཽ๗ᄻᇅ ᐤѭНϾ૖๝ޠ४ښίȂуޠᒶᐆ྄࣐ԥ४ȂՅુнՍҦȄуױ ೼ኻޠᢏᘉЩൖ࣐ΚঐߞᓍၿȂ֊ٻጐᅿΚঐ΢ޠΚҢηณݳࣽ ഇȂܛп҇໹ױᐤѭޠಂӏܝߞȂϘ૗ࣽяڐ૖๝49_Ȅ 2. ަཽ๗ᄻѠϸ࣐αቺᇅίቺȂ༉ಜަཽᇅ౫хަཽޠৰրଷΠӶ ܼαίቺ๗ᄻᄻആпѵȂ؂Ӷܼ૗֐пϜቺޠݳࡢᇅ׭೛ᖓᛯႁ ԚαίԥਞޠϤ୞ᇅһࢻȂࣦՎ࢑ႁژܛԥޑࣦࠣՎഽΩഎ૗Ս Ҧࢻ୞ᇅһܿޠ኶Ԇαޠᆔ౪ȂΚ୾स࢑૗஋ႁԚ೼ኻޠโ࡚Ȃ ࠍ࢈ۻѬሰ्ݨ२ߝᒋೳᄍ࢈๋Ȃ൸૗஋τयජඬӓҖΠ50_Ȅ 3. ኶Ԇαޠᆔ౪Ȃη൸࢑ໍΤၦҐлဏᆔ౪ޠਣхȂӔԥпίήঐ ੬ኊȈၦߝኅހޠࢻ೾ȃစ౪΢Ϙϛϸᒒ౶ޠ໳ңٻစ౪ᇅܛԥ

48 IbidȂpp.231-232Ȅ 49 ༂ϧԈȂ1985Ȃpp.329Ȅ 50 ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȃpp.230-231Ȅ

᠍ϸᚕȃ׭೛αӱષޠӓዻၽңȂپԄһ೾ȃ೾߭ȃማ՘ȃߴᓏ ๊ȄՅуࡿя೼ٳӱષޠ໡৥ԥᒧݳࡢᇅ౱᠍Ӷनࡤޠၽձ51_Ȅ 4. ѫѵ൸࢑ः᠟ᐤѭਣܛᒞޠ׭೛៞ᜍȂη൸࢑ϛᄈᐤѭ΢ޑ௵ڦ ၿ኉αޠ״ຠȂӱ࣐٦ѬཽᙐϾୱᚡȂՅณݳڟֆשউΠ၍ୱᚡȂ Յᐤѭ؂ϛ࢑༉ଅᡞȂܛпᔗ၏пϛӤܼᄈঐ΢ඣख़ޠಂӏȂ௄ ၷτޠِ࡚џ౪၍ᐤѭึ৥ޠ૖๝52_Ȅ

Ӄȃ༂ϧԈޠѭᏱᇅ՚Р

༂ϧԈޠϜ୾ᏱϲӶึ৥૖๝ڸуޠϜ୾စᡜࣻϤ๗ӬȂࣻϤէ ᜍȇᄈѵȂу२ུᔯຝႇџҢࣁРԓȂٯйӬ౪၍មөᆎ౫ຬпӲᔗѵ Ӷ፵ᅹȂᗷดڐϜԥՍש៞ៗȂկ࢑ٯϛ࢑రณၿ౪ޠՍשӬ౪ϾȂՅ ࢑ᒋӬΠՍשޠলᏱᢏᘉпІϜ୾စᡜࡤȂાΤΚঐ௄Ϝ୾ϟѵᔯຝϜ ୾ޠРԓȂၑშٻ༉ಜϜ୾૗஋ڸᡑ؂ϜޠߗхϜ୾ᄈၘޠႇโȂ༂ϧ Ԉ्୉ޠϛ༊࢑ױᙾᡑϜޠϜ୾҂ಌໍΤ՚Рޠ૖๝Ȃ؂ױᐤѭ܂ࠊ ௱ȂٻᚗР૗஋Ӷ؂ߞޠᐤѭ૖๝ίϤࣻ౪၍ٯйໍ՘ྜྷ೾Ȅ Ӷᇅ՚РޠᏱ೛ަထໍ՘ᄈၘਣȂ౱ҢΠԄί೩ӼୱᚡȈ 1. ፤ख़ޠࡋᢏܓȈᄈܼ࢛ٳज୾Ᏹ޲ՅّȂуޠ፤ख़୞ᐡೞᇰ࣐࢑ Κঐࠊ୾ҖឪॗۣȂၑშᙥ຀೼ኻޠ፤ख़ȂᄈܼՍٙ೴Եᆼంޠ ુᘉໍ՘៞၍Ȃٯй஽ϾՍٙޠၿ኉Ҕ࿌ܓȂࣦՎԥԄϜ୾ၾᇴ ყȂ࢑ழԥւઊ੬ੇनෂпІ੬ੇҭޠၑშ҉Τज୾ަထޠ53_Ȅ ᗷด೼ኻޠ፵ᅹϛཽ࢑ܛԥޠज୾Ᏹ޲ܛӔٵȂկ࢑࣐ٙϜ୾ ΢пІᘫϾࡤޠ๽၃ٙϸȂҖఋлဏޠዀᡇۗಥᜳпᇅу׈ӓ ಴ᚕȄ

51 ༂ϧԈȂ2004Ȃp140Ȅ 52 ༂ϧԈȂ1991bȂp472Ȅ 53 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂpp.132-139Ȃpp.449-450Ȅ

2. ᜱܼᏱߟϸऌޠୱᚡȈ༂ϧԈԟԒᗷดпःف්݃ଓ࢈ѭ࣐କ ᘉȂկ࢑ᄈуՅّȂԄݏ൑હп౫хᏱଲϲޠᏱ೛ϸऌٿϸݚϜ ୾Ȃ਴Ґณݳூژ઎ҔޠϜ୾םຬȂՅѬ࢑ᄈܼ࢛ٳϜ୾ၦਠณ ཏဏޠஃऄȂᡘұяձ޲ޠϛ॓ೱȂӱ࣐೼ኻޠᏱऌϸϏٯϛ૗ Ї࢏я࢈ݾಣᙒޠ๗ᄻᇅโזȄپԄຳҔఽ஡༂ϧԈޠȮΫϳз ख݃хϜ୾ϟଓ࢈ᇅใԞȯଛһစᔽᏱ஠ঢ় Dwight Perkins ቸࢦ ਣȂᚗР֊ᄈܼԄեቹձଓ࢈ѭпІ࢑֐ᔗ၏пॏ໕စᔽᏱϸݚ ්݃Ϝ୾ཏُϸݣȂᄈ༂ϧԈՅّȂ೼ኻޠःفٯϛ឵ܼစᔽᐤ ѭȂՅ؂჌࢑Κૢᐤѭ54_Ȅ 3. Ӥਣуηᄈ࿌ਣѭᏱःفަထϜȂܛԥᏱ޲ᝰࣻᒶᐆཌྷᢏޠःفϸ ݚՅණя״ຠȂȶשٯϛݡ፭஡Ϝ୾ᐤѭϹ༶ϹбȂࠔءԥٲӒႲ དྷژԄեᗚ঩࣐ᐍᡞȄȷՅуηܜᇰȂ೼ኻޠᢏᘉԚ࣐ȶשڸӤ՘ ڸᒚӔٲޠഷτሬᛥȄ55_{ȷՅуܛ᎐ڨޠഷτ״ຠϟΚȂη൸࢑у} ޠτᐤѭၑშ၍؛ЋӼୱᚡȂՅ೼ٳୱᚡᄈڐуᏱ޲Յّ࢑ሊሊົ яуՍϐޠ஠ߞስ஀ጓᛠޠ56_{Ȅ༂ϧԈޠ೼ᆎᢏᘉᇅуޠলᏱᢏਁ} ਁࣻᜱȂӶᏱ೛ϸऌпІୱᚡޠ׊ᢏᇅཌྷᢏαȂ༂ϧԈᇰ࣐೼ٳୱ ᚡӶᐍঐަཽ๗ᄻα࢑܅ԫഀ๗ޠȂ୆ԄӶᄈܼᐍᡞޠϜ୾ءԥӓ ८ޠᇰᜌਣȂ൸ၑშб८ޠ၍؛࢛ٳཌྷᢏቺԪޠୱᚡȂ٦ቅϜ୾ࢌ ԇޠѭਠЇՅѠ૗Ԛ࣐ᇳᏳܓޠӱષȂپԄ଼්ۣ݃ҦҖ໣Ꮅ෦Ȃ ӶȮЋۡᄃᓄȯαᗷดଅᓄԥؑԒޠ኶ԆȂկ࢑ڐϜޠ኶Ԇٯߩᄃ ርಜॏȂՅ࢑ۣРпႲۢޠᖆ෦౦ॏᆘ57_{Ȃस࢑ϛՄኍᄃር௒םՅ} пԫໍ՘စᔽःفȂࠍѠᇴ࢑ѷϟరᚅৰϟξ٩Ȅ

54 IbidȂpp.307-310Ȅ 55 IbidȂp560Ȅ 56 پԄ༂ϧԈޠȮၦҐлဏᇅΡΫΚзखȯΚਫȂпІуӶ܂ࡤܛึߓޠөᆎНത ϜȂᄈܼϜݎӁල៍୾ঢ়ȃӠ๊࡚୾ޠึ৥ණяϐُȂשউഎѠпࣽяȂ༂ϧԈ ޠτᐤѭᢏՎԫȂϑစᜳпூژ༉ಜޠᐤѭःفަထޠ௦ڨȂӱ࣐ڐܛ௱ኅޠѠ ᇴ࢑ᄈܼஆҐলᏱᢏȃРݳ፤α׈ӓϛӤޠΚᆎᢏᘉΠȂՅҔԄڐՍϐܛޤȂу Ӷཌྷᢏःفαޠஆᙄۧґ෈у࡛ҴΚঐڏԥ٘஋Ᏹ೛ࡅగޠӵ՞Ȅ 57 ༂ϧԈȂ1988Ȃpp.58-59Ȅ

4. ၍ဓॴݱȈ༂ϧԈᇅϜ୾ᏱަထޠᄈၘȂଷΠαख़ୱᚡϟѵȂу ᎐ژ၍ဓηхߓΠज୾Ϝ୾ᏱዦዙӶϳɒԒхژΝɒԒхҒޠ੒ ଞȂଷΠூژޠၦֆ෶ЎϟѵȂᏱਯᇅज୾ᏱҢ࢑֐᜺ཏ౐Τᇰ ᜌϜ୾ȃࣦՎᄀѠ௦ڨ఼ᖢՅѠ૗ᓀᇳޠᇰᜌȂ࢑ڐϜ؂२्ޠ ୱᚡȄӶуூژ઺ङԏҴτᏱဓ໳ਣȂ၏ਯ௵՘ΠпᏱҢ΢኶ॹ пᏱϸ኶ࡤȂ҂ְϸᐋఁᏱᙜೱ๞ϡఁ৲ٯйຠᠧޠ FTE ښȂ༂ ϧԈӶѷџΠ঩Ґ࣐ۢτᏱഌ҇ঔޠȶٴࢹН݃Ᏻ᠟ȷࡤȂFTE ຠϸα൸ᡘூ۩ܼ৶༗ȂՅᏱҢউᄈܼᏱಭϜ୾ϛ༊ᑺ፹఼ᖢȂ ᇰᜌη܂܂ԥᓀᇳȂϛෂ੊пІϜ୾ᏱఁᙜޠႺڸη࢑ѫΚঐኈ ៫ޠ२्ӱષȄ58_{կ༂ϧԈࡿяޠୱᚡϜഷц΢དژΚଭُ՗ޠ} ࢑Ȉȶשೞ၍ဓਣȂ࢑઺඾૮୳Κఁ௳Ϝ୾ᐤѭڸСҐᐤѭޠՃ ৲ȌȌ੽Ӷ઺඾૮ਯ༫ޠȂ࢑Ϋή՞ӓᙜޠᐤѭقఁ৲Ȃӓഌഎ ఁज୾ѭȃђ਍τѭȃڸ՚ዊᐤѭȷ59_{ᗷดу෇စདྷпຨ೫ථए} ၍໳नࡤޠ࢈ݾജᒘȂկഷಥϬดณݳ׳ژ٘஋ޠӤٲ࣐уձᜍ ՅձጬȄ60

ഛȃ๗፤Ȉ༂ϧԈழ๞שউޠЇࡧ

༂ϧԈޠϜ୾စᡜȃϜ୾ᏱпІуᇅ՚РᏱ೛ަထޠፑऐȂϛ༊Ї ࢏Πуޠ੬ੇ୾Җឪٙϸᇅ๽၃ٙϸໍΤज୾Ᏹ೛ަထਣޠϛᎍᔗȂ؂ खᓄΠΚঐ௄Ᏹ೛ަထѵໍΤᏱ೛ަထਣȂ౱ҢᎍᔗϛًՅ҇໹ԥܛ። ᎍޠႇโȄ༂ϧԈᒶᐆΠ᝸៊஁ࡼՍϐޠᢏᘉȂՅױ܂ࡤޠڦӪҦᏱ೛ ᙾӪᄈܼτಁޠஆҐѭᢏ྆܉ޠ׾ആȂ೼ЇᔗΠΚঐ΢Ӷ८ᄈرڿޠᏱ ೛ަထਣԄեໍ՘Ї׫ȂηӱԫԍᎡޠЇ࢏яΠ၏Ᏹ೛ަထ࿌ਣܛڏԥ ޠҮࣾȄ

58 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂpp.473-479Ȅ 59 ༂ϧԈȂ2001aȂp81Ȅ 60 IbidȂpp.96-97Ȅ

ࡼ҂ՅّȂ༂ϧԈޠᐤѭᢏٯߩ൑હޠ࣐Սש៞၍ܗ޲Җఋлဏڦ ӪȂՅ࢑ၑშᔕ၅Ϝ՚Рᐤѭһཽਣ܅ԫณݳ።ڸႇџޠޒݸȂᏒᆔ࢛ ᆎโ࡚αծоϬดᗵ֥ᙾӪȶ౫хϾȷޠ҇ดȂկ࢑пܛٙ೏ޠਣхп Іܛ८ᖞޠ֩ძՅّȂၦҐлဏϾծоϬด࢑࿌ਣЩၷ૗ኅ࣐௦ڨޠΚ ঐ၍؛ϟၿȂҔԄ༂ϧԈޠᐤѭᢏȂࡤ΢ᄈܼ֊ٻԥܛ๗፤ȂηѬ࢑ᄈ ܼуޠᢏᘉᇅ΢Ңб८ᙐϾՅூٿȄᄈܼ༂ϧԈȂԄե໡৥уޠᐤѭᢏ ᇅ՚РϜ୾ѭᏱޠᄈၘȂϘ࢑অூࡤ΢ݨཏޠȄ

୥ՄНᝧ

஠ਫ

༂ϧԈȂȮܺቷᐤѭޠຝࣩȯȂѯіȈϱఒȂ1988Ȅ ༂ϧԈȂȮሁሌݭ੹ፚϜ୾ᐤѭȯȂѯіҀȈਣൣНϾȂ1989Ȅ ༂ϧԈȂȮӵіЉࠓఅѡϭȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ1991aȄ ༂ϧԈȂȮၦҐлဏᇅΡΫΚзखȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ1991bȄ ༂ϧԈȂȮϜ୾τᐤѭȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ1993Ȅ ༂ϧԈȂȮ࿳ᐎΫϥԒȯȂѯіȈѯᢋॶೳȂ1994aȞቩॐΡޏȟȄ ༂ϧԈȂȮ௄τᐤѭޠِ࡚᠟ጾϮҰСଅȯȂѯіҀȈਣൣНϾȂ1994bȄ ༂ϧԈȂȮߗхϜ୾ޠяၰȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ1995Ȅ ༂ϧԈȂȮᜱ߾ξ࿳२ȯȂѯіҀȈਣൣНϾȂ1998Ȅ ༂ϧԈȂȮུਣхޠᐤѭᢏȈ՚Ᏹ࣐ᡞȂϜᏱ࣐ңȯȂѯіҀȈѯᢋ୧ଡ଼Ȃ 1998bȄ ༂ϧԈȂȮ༂ݭߨύȈ༂ϧԈӲᏺᓄȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ2001aȄ ༂ϧԈȂȮΫϳзख݃хϜ୾ϟଓ࢈ᇅใԞȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ2001bȄ ༂ϧԈȂȮτᐤѭϛཽຉᕼȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ2004Ȅ ༂ϧԈȂȮ݃хޠ዁ၽȯȂіٶȈུ࢒Ȃ2005Ȅ ༂ϧԈȂȮጠіϟ᏾ȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ2006Ȅ ؄ட݂຀Ȃ׉ᆇ໵ណȂȮߞؔҪऺೈȯȂѯіҀȈਣൣНϾȂ1990Ȅ ؄ட݂ȂȮئٶ෥ჳȯȂѯіҀȈᖓစȂ1997Ȅ

෉ё፤Н

ചҔ୾ȂȲ༂ϧԈޠ౫хϾ፤ख़ᇅ՚РᐤѭȳȂȮུѭᏱȯȂ12Ȉ2Ȃ pp.155-192Ȅ

ቔ۠ঘȂȲᐤѭᇅՍҦ—ຠ༂ϧԈޠᐤѭ౪܉ȳȂȮུѭᏱȯȂ13Ȉ3Ȃ pp.193-240Ȅ

Constructing Chinese

Macro-history in the West:

Ray Huang's Micro-observation

and the US China Studies

Community

Hsiang-Jui Meng

Abstract

In the early 1980's, Ray Huang lost from his tenure and professorship at State University of New York, New Paltz Branch. However, shortly after that, his masterpiece "1587, A Year of No Significance" was published and widely received positive reviews. The period turned out to be the turning point of his academic career. His memoir, which he started composing the draft then, had on the on hand reflected his upset feelings at the moment, and it had also on the other hand served as his last protest against the China Studies Community in

the United States which at the same time conveyed his theorization model of Chinese history. By means of conducting a survey on Huang’s major publications with the assistance of some papers on him, the article strives to construct a different understanding on Huang and his theory and thus relocating Huang in the contemporary China Studies field. Through the process of examining the interaction between Huang and the field, the article seeks to explore the latent problems rooted in the post-war China studies community in a different perspective.

Keywords: Ray Huang, Chinese Macro-history, US China Studies, Sinology, western center.