ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩϷߔᛖӢનϐࣴز!
A Study of Implementary Status and Impedimentary Factors of
Physical-Educational Amusement Camps of Schools in Hsinchu Area
!! ׅች !Hui-Ping Wu! ԏҹВයǺ97 ԃ 4 Д 20 ВǹௗڙВයǺ97 ԃ 8 Д 2 В! !
ᄔ!ा!
ҁࣴزԑӧᕕှཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩϷߔᛖӢનǶ ځԛǴϩКၨόӕङඳᡂڙ၂ޣܭߔᛖӢનϐৡ౦ǶаȨཥԮӦӚભᏢਠ ᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩፓୢڔȩࣁࣴزπڀǴଞჹཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠϐᡏػػ ᔼ୍܍ᒤΓࣁჹຝǴӅᕇளԖਏୢڔ 130 ҽǶਥᏵჴሞፓ܌ளၗǴϩ ձаඔॊ܄ϩϷൂӢηӭᡂໆᡂ౦ኧϩीБݤՉϩǶ่݀วǴΐ ΜϖᏢԃࡋཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᡏԖᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐᏢਠࣁ 94 ܌ǴؒԖᖐᒤޑ Ꮲਠࣁ 36 ܌ǹځύǴԖᖐᒤޑᏢਠܭࢲ่״ࡕԖє໒ϐᏢਠीԖ 55 ܌ǴؒԖ є໒ޑᏢਠीԖ 39 ܌ǶځԛǴᖐᒤᡏػػᔼޑᏢਠӭࣁԾՉᒤǴЪаᒤ ᅿᔼ໗ࣁᓬӃԵໆǹԶᔼ໗ϣ߾аൂ܄፦ࣁЬǴᔼ໗ၮҞКٯനଯޣࣁ Җ৩Ǵᡏࢂаౚᜪၮനڙ߆ǹӧᔼ໗ਔ໔Бय़ࣁᖐᒤܭൣපଷය໔Кٯന ଯǴԶࢲਔ໔аೱុΒຼВ 2ɴ3 λਔࣁӭǴЪаҔᏢਠӦՉࢲࣁЬǶ ӆޣǴᔼ໗ୖᆶჹຝаλᏢғࣁനӭǵୖᆶΓኧࣁ 21-40 ΓКٯനଯǴЪٰྍ εӭࣁᏢғԾՉॄᏼǹԶᔼ໗௲ৣϷπբΓЬाҗਠϣ௲ᙍπᏼҺǴ٠٬Ҕ ਠϣቶኞϷਠϣȐѦȑຠ࠹ੇൔБԄ࠹ǶԜѦǴཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤ ᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનаȨ٬Ҕज़ڋȩനଯǴȨঁΓᇡޕલЮȩനեǶԶόӕቫ ભᏢਠǵόӕঁΓ܍ᒤᡍǵϷᏢਠၸѐᖐᒤᡍᆶցϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓǴ ܭӚᄬय़ߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨၲᡉৡ౦ǹόӕᙍձϷ܄ձϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓ ǴܭӚᄬय़ߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨ҂ၲᡉৡ౦Ƕ ᜢᗖຒǽػᔼǵߔᛖӢનAbstract
The purposes of this study were to understand the implementary status and impedimentary factors of physical-educational amusement camps of Hsinchu elementary/secondary schools and compare the differences in the factors, which impede the undertakers of physical-educational amusement camps with different background variables. The studying subjects were the undertakers of the physical-educational amusement camps in Hsinchu’s schools and the studying tools were “Questionnaire of Implementary Status of Physical-Educational Amusement Camps of Hsinchu
୯ҥҬ೯εᏢ!ᡏػ࠻!ᖱৣ)೯ૻբޣ)!
Elementary/Secondary Schools”, and reclaimed 130 valid questionnaires. The data collected from practical investigation were handled by the statistical methods of frequency, percentage and one-way MANOVA, etc. As the results, the implementary status of 2007’s physical-educational amusement camps of Hsinchu schools were 94 schools that held physical-educational amusement camps and 116 schools hadn’t held. In the 36 schools, there were 55 schools that held review meetings and 39 schools hadn’t held review meetings. The most camps were held by schools and one camp was the first choice. Athletics camps took the largest proportion in camp sports items, and ball game was the most popular, the time of camps was mostly held in summer or winter vacations. For the activity time of camps, continuous and 2~3 hours every day took the largest proportion. Schools were most frequently used for the place of camps. The participants of camps mostly were elementary school students, and the group with maximum camp participants was 21-40 members. The source of camp expense, most were paid by students. For the source of camp teachers and stuffs, most were the teachers in their own schools. For the promotion, most were by posting posters and distribution promotion material inside and outside of schools. The highest impedimentary factor of holding physical-educational amusement camps for Hsinchu schools was “the restriction of budget” and the lowest was “personal recognition”. Different-level schools, different undertaker’s personal experience and school’s experience in holding such physical-educational amusement camp were more evident impedimentary factors, while different positions and genders of the undertakers of physical-educational amusement camps were less evident impedimentary factors.
Keywords: amusement camp, impedimentary factors !
൘ǵᆣፕ!
ǵୢᚒङඳ! ߙϿԃ໘ࢤ҅ೀܭيЈวԋዕޑᜢᗖਔයǴᆒΚк؊ǵ഻൨ڈᐟǵ ᆣόᛙЪલЮӼӄགǴऩؒԖ҅ዴղᘐǴόλЈ൩ౢғୃৡՉࣁǶฅԶǴᒿ ࣽמВཥД౦Ǵ֎ЇߙϿԃޑࢲຫٰຫӛܭᓉᄊᖂӀ൞ᡏޑুБԄǴЀ ځࢂႝတϷᆛၡޑวǴుుቹៜ٠ׯᡂߙϿԃޑҶ໕ғࢲࠠᄊǴӆуࡹ۬ჹ ܭӝߙϿԃࢲϐ܌ᆶࡼޑගٮǴεໆόىȐՉࡹଣЬीೀǴ1994ǹՉࡹ ଣߙᇶǴ1997ǹׅችǴ2001ǹ݅ࡌӦǴ1996ǹᓉਗǴ2000ǹቅનࣿǴ1997ȑǴ คݤᅈىߙϿԃࢲ܌ሡǶਥᏵཥԮѱࡹ۬ჸֽϿԃ໗Ȑ2002ȑीϿԃҍ ᡉҢǴϿԃҍа୯ଯύȐᙍȑϐӧᏢᏢғКٯനଯǴҍচӢӭࣁৎόᆅ ௲ǵڙܻ϶ӕᏢቹៜǴҍᐒҭࣁҬ϶όǴёـϿԃܰڙӕᏆቹៜϷኳүǹ ҭԖࣴزࡰрߙϿԃୖᆶόؼҶ໕ࢲჹୃৡՉࣁԖᡉޔௗቹៜȐЦలζǴ1995ȑǶ୷ܭॊচӢǴৎߏϷࡹ۬໒ۈݙख़ߙϿԃӧൣǵපଷϷଷВޑҶ໕ࢲǴ ׆ఈၸୖᆶ҅ޑҶ໕ࢲǴקวӢፐϷϲᏢޑᓸΚǴၲډҶ໕௲ػޑҞޑǶ Ҷ໕ၮёගϲԾךཷۺǵԾߞϷԾ൧ȐMcAuley, Blissmer, Marquez, Kramer, and Katula,2003ȑǶନԜϐѦǴୖᆶҶ໕ၮёߦЈ଼நǵޗ଼நǵႣٛҍ ϷݯᕍӭБय़ϐਏȐธǴ1992ȑǶBlolandȐ1987ȑගрߙϿԃୖᆶҶ໕ ࢲё٬ߙϿԃԖᐒᡏᡍԋ൩ᆶૈΚǵගϲബΚϷ߄ၲૈΚǵᕇளԾךԋߏ ᆶԾךᇡӕǵߦԾךჴ٠วΓғཀကǵวঁΓΓᆶ፦ǵวޗᆶ Γሞמѯǵၲډ܈ᆢЈ଼நǵаϷߦᏢਏǶԜѦǴIso Ahola, Allen, and ButtimerȐ1982ȑࡰрߙϿԃୖᆶҶ໕ࢲКᗉ໒Ҷ໕ࢲޑߙϿԃၨࣁ଼ந ᅈ ى Ǵ Ъ ԋ ф ᡍ ё ቚ Ҷ ໕ ୖ ᆶ ሡ Ǵ Ԗ շ ܭ ෧ ե ߙ Ͽ ԃ ϐ ୃ ৡ Չ ࣁ ȐCollingwood and Englsgerd, 1997ȑǹᆕ܌ፕǴҶ໕ࢲࣁᎦߙϿԃ଼நޑي ЈϷวΓ፦ϐख़ाᜢᗖǴҭቹៜߙϿԃ҂ٰၮಞᄍޑᎦԋǴӢԜǴӵ Ֆၸ҅ዴޑҶ໕ࢲБԄǴᏤЇߙϿԃ҅ዴሽॶᢀǴᎦಖيၮಞᄍǴႣٛ ߙϿԃҍǴჴࣁ௲ػவΓڅόϐπբǶ ௲ػܭ҇୯ 85 ԃुۓȨύλᏢፐࡕϷଷයᡏػػᔼȩϐჴࡼচ߾ࡕǴ׳ ܭ҇୯ 88 ԃ 11 ДϦթϐȨӚભᏢਠᡏػჴࡼᒤݤȩύಃΜѤచܴЎೕۓǺӚਠ ᔈၮҔፐᎩਔ໔܈ଷයǴۓයᖐᒤᡏػػᔼǴкϩගٮᏢғୖᆶҶ໕ၮϐᐒ Ǵ٠፟ϒݤྍ٩ᏵȐࢫЎǴ2000ȑǶΞܭ҇୯ 96 ԃ 7 ДϦѲȨזࢲीฝȩБ ਢǴ96 ԃࡋೕჄᒤȨႴᓰᆶᇶᏤӚભᏢਠቚуᡏػၮਔ໔ȩϷȨൣଷᏢғז ࢲᔼȩǶஒᡏػػᔼᘉεԿӚભᏢਠǴᡣ܌ԖᏢਠૈԖബߙϿԃ҅ၮҶ ໕ࢲϐ୷ᘵǶਥᏵၸѐࣴزࡰрǴεӭኧᏢୖуᡏػػᔼࡕ߄ҢᅈཀǴ Ъ׆ఈᝩុೕჄᒤȐׅችǴ2007ǹֈߎᑻǴ2000ǹ୯ৱǴ2003ȑǶёـߙϿ ԃჹܭᡏػػᔼޑ഻ӳϷሡǶঁԋфޑᡏػػᔼ໗ǴЬᒤǵ܍ᒤൂՏନ ाԖ୍ܺ၈Ǵޕǵ٣ೕჄǵՉᎍБԄǵΓΚၗྍϩଛǵᏔഢޑԖ ਏճҔǴঁᕉό۹ຎǴයаന࣪ޑளډന٫ਏȐቅЎᅼǵ ଼ऍǴ2002ȑǶᡏػػᔼԿϞǴӧཥԮӦӚભᏢਠᖐᒤޑࣁՖǴࢂ ցၲډՉϐਏǻԶၸำύϐߔᛖӢનࣁՖǻයૈᙖҗҁࣴزϐ่݀Ǵૈᡣ ӚൂՏᕕှཥԮӦᖐᒤᡏػػᔼޑݩϷߔᛖӢનǴ׳ख़ຎߙϿԃᏢғҶ໕ ၮಞᄍϐᎦԋǴଞჹߔᛖӢન൨ှ،БਢǴ٠ࣁཥԮӦࡹ۬௲ػൂՏ ᡏػػᔼϷӚભᏢਠᒤᔼ໗ϐୖଜǶ!
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ΒǵࣴزҞޑ! ȐȑᕕှཥԮӦӚભᏢਠᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩϷߔᛖӢનǶ! ȐΒȑКၨόӕङඳᡂϐ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનϐৡ౦Ƕ!!
ΟǵӜຒှញ! Ȑȑᡏػػᔼ! ҁࣴز܌ࡰᆀϐᡏػػᔼǴ߯а௲ػܭ҇୯ΖΜΖԃϦթϐȨӚભᏢਠ ᡏػჴࡼᒤݤȩύ܌ගӚਠᔈၮҔፐᎩਔ໔܈ଷයǴۓයᖐᒤᡏػػᔼǶ! ȐΒȑཥԮӦӚભᏢਠ! ҁࣴز܌ࡰᆀϐཥԮӦӚભᏢਠࣁཥԮѱϷཥԮᑜӦϐεଣਠǵଯύȐᙍȑǵ୯ύϷ୯λǴόх֖ѦᝤᏢਠǵӦϩ܈ϩਠǶ! !
ມǵࣴزБݤ!
ǵࣴزჹຝ! ҁࣴزаཥԮӦȐх֖ཥԮᑜϷཥԮѱȑΐΜϤᏢԃࡋεଣਠǵଯύ Ȑᙍȑǵ୯ύǵаϷ୯λࣁࣴزჹຝǴଞჹᡏػػᔼϐ୍ॄೢΓՉፓǴ ਥᏵ҇୯ΐΜϤԃȨཥԮᑜѱ௲ػीȩ܌ϦѲޑीၗᡉҢǴԌନ୯ሞᏢਠǵ ୯ύϩϷ୯λϩਠǴΐΜϤᏢԃࡋεଣਠ 8 ܌ǵଯύ 13 ܌ǵଯᙍ 5 ܌ǵ୯ ҇ύᏢ 39 ܌ǵ୯҇λᏢ 114 ܌ǴӅीԖ 179 ܌ᏢਠǴᕴी 179 Γ಄ӝҁࣴز܌ሡ ϐڙ၂ΓࣁࣴزჹຝՉදǶ Βǵࣴزჴࡼࢬำ! ҁࣴزܭ 96 ԃ 11 ДԿ 97 ԃ 1 Д໔ǴаཥԮӦӚભᏢਠᡏػػᔼϐ୍ ॄೢΓჴࡼୢڔፓǴҗܭࣴزϐΓΚϷਔ໔ϐज़ڋǴӢԜҁࣴز௦ແБԄ ՉǴϩᏢਠҗࣴزޣᒃॅڙ၂ᏢਠՉୢڔࡼෳǴӅวр 179 ҽୢڔǴকନค ਏୢڔࡕǴӣԏԖਏୢڔࣁ 130 ҽǶஒӣԏϐԖਏୢڔуаጓዸǵฦᒵǴճҔ SPSS for Windows 10.0ीး೬ᡏՉϩǴаඔॊ܄ीǵӢનϩǵߞਏࡋԵᡍǵ ൂӢηᡂ౦ኧϩीБݤՉඔॊᆶᡍϩǶ!
Οǵࣴزπڀ! Ȑȑୢڔϣ ҁࣴزЇҔȨᆵчѱύλᏢᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩፓୢڔȩȐׅችǴ2001ȑǴ ՉӢનϩϷߞਏࡋԵᡍࡕǴঅׯԋȨཥԮӦӚભᏢਠᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩ ፓୢڔȩࣁҁࣴزπڀǴୢڔϣх֖ჴࡼݩǵߔᛖӢનаϷ༤เޣ୷ҁၗ ΟঁҽǶځύჴࡼݩीх֖ൂᒧᚒϷፄᒧᚒǴаճ༤เޣ٩Ӛਠჴࡼ ݩ༤เǹԜѦǴߔᛖӢન௦Ҕլϖໆ߄ȐϩձࢂǺֹӄ಄ӝǹǺъ಄ӝǹ 1Ǻֹӄό಄ӝȑࣁϩБԄǶ ȐΒȑୢڔߞਠࡋϩ ҁࣴزϐߞࡋϩ߯а Cronbach’s Į ߯ኧڗໆ߄ޑϣठ܄ǶԶਏࡋΏ௦ ҔҞϩϷӢનϩࡌᄬҁࣴزπڀϐਠࡋǶҁࣴزໆ߄ϐߞਏࡋϩ่݀Ǻ ൩ߔᛖӢનໆ߄ϐߞࡋϩǴᕴໆ߄ϐ Įɨ.952ǴӚϩໆ߄ϐ Į ॶϟܭ.702ɴ.899 ϐ໔ǶځԛǴਏࡋϩБय़ǴӢનϩࡕǴڗрȬՉࡹၗྍલЮȭ8 ᚒǵȬࢲ ၗྍલЮȭ8 ᚒǵȬᏢਠၗྍલЮȭ8 ᚒǵȬঁΓᇡޕલЮȭ5 ᚒǵȬᏢٰྍόىȭ 5 ᚒϷȬ٬Ҕज़ڋȭ2 ᚒϤঁᄬय़Ǵᡏှញᡂ౦ໆၲ 64.26ʘǶᙖҗҁࣴ زπڀϐ Į ॶᆶಕᑈှញᡂ౦ໆளޕǴҁࣴزπڀᔈԖؼӳϐߞࡋᆶਏࡋǶୖǵ่݀!
ǵཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩ!җ߄ 1 ӄᡏኬҁϐ܄ϩଛளޕǴԖਏኬҁ୍ܺܭεଣਠԖ 5 ΓǴ ՞ 3.9ʘǴଯύȐᙍȑԖ 14 ΓǴ՞ 10.8ʘǹ୍ܺܭ୯ύԖ 31 ΓǴ՞ 23.9ʘǹ୍ܺ ܭ୯λԖ 80 ΓǴ՞ 61.5ʘǶځύаᏼҺȨಔߏȩᙍՏࣁനӭǴӅԖ 112 ΓǴ՞ 86.2 ʘǹځԛࣁᏼҺȨЬҺȩᙍՏǴԖ 12 ΓǴ՞ 9.6ʘǹԶаȨ௲ৣȩᙍՏϐКٯന ϿǴѝԖ 6 ΓǴ՞ 4.2ʘǶ܄ձБय़Ǵڙ၂ޣࣁت܄ޣԖ 88 ΓǴ՞ 67.7ʘǹԶڙ ၂ޣࣁζ܄ޣԖ 42 ΓǴ՞ 32.3ʘǶ܍ᒤᡏػػᔼϐᡍБय़Ǵڙ၂ޣаȨ4 ԃ аȩޣനӭǴӅԖ 49 ΓǴ՞ 37.7ʘǹځԛࣁڀȨคᡍȩᡍޣǴԖ 39 ΓǴ ՞ 30ʘǹԶаڀȨ1 ԃȩϷȨ3 ԃȩᡍޣࣁനϿǴѝԖ 13 ΓǴ՞ 10ʘǶᏢਠၸ ѐᖐᒤᡏػػᔼБय़Ǵڙ၂ޣаȨ4 ԃаȩޣࣁനӭǴӅԖ 43 ΓǴ՞ 33 ʘǹځԛࣁȨόමᖐᒤȩޣǴԖ 24 ΓǴ՞ 18.5ʘǹԶаȨ1 ԃȩϷȨ2 ԃȩޣࣁ നϿǴԖ 20 ΓǴ՞ 15.4ʘǶ ߄ 1 ӄᡏኬҁϐ܄ϩଛ ᡂ ಔ ձ ΓኧȐԛኧȑ ԭϩКʘ ୍ܺᏢਠ εଣਠ 5 3.85 ଯύȐᙍȑ 14 10.77 ୯ύ 31 23.85 ୯λ 80 61.54 ᙍՏ ЬҺ 12 9.23 ಔߏ 112 86.15 ௲ৣ 6 4.62 ܄ձ ت 88 67.69 ζ 42 32.31 ܍ᒤᡏػػᔼ୍ϐᡍ คᡍ 39 30.00 1ԃ 13 10.00 2ԃ 16 12.31 3ԃ 13 10.00 4ԃа 49 37.69 Ꮲਠၸѐᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ όමᖐᒤ 24 18.46 1ԃ 20 15.38 2ԃ 20 15.38 3ԃ 23 17.69 4ԃа 43 33.08 ! ȐΒȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᡏػػᔼݩ! ӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᡏػػᔼԛኧϩଛ่݀ளޕǴཥԮӦӚભ ᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋԖᡏػػᔼޑᏢਠࣁ 94 ܌Ǵ՞ 72.3ʘǹؒԖᖐᒤޑᏢਠࣁ 36 ܌Ǵ՞ 27.7ʘǶӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤКٯаଯύȐᙍȑനଯǴࣁ 85.7ʘǹځԛࢂε ଣਠǴࣁ 80ʘǹӆځԛࣁ୯λǴ՞ 77.5ʘǹ୯ύᖐᒤКٯനեǴࣁ 51.6ʘǴࣴ ز่݀ӵ߄ 2 ܌ҢǶ ȐΟȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ኧҞ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼኧҞаᅿࣁᓬӃԵໆǴ՞ 42.6ʘǹځԛ٩ׇࣁǺ ΟᅿȐ25.5ʘȑǵΒᅿȐ11.7ʘȑǵϖᅿȐ11.7ʘȑǹၨϿᏢਠᖐᒤѤᅿаϐᡏػػ ᔼǴ՞ 8.5ʘǴࣴز่݀ӵ߄ 3 ܌ҢǶ ȐѤȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ԭϩКϖϐၮҞ җ߄ 4 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐၮҞϐ่݀ளޕǴᡏڙ၂ޣ܌ᖐ ᒤᡏػػᔼϐၮҞКٯϖӜǴനଯޣࣁҖ৩Ȑ13.5ʘȑǴځԛࣁෞݚȐ11.2
ʘȑǴௗ٩ׇࣁᝣౚȐ9.9ʘȑǵԳౚȐ9.0ʘȑǵКٯനϿࣁਫౚȐ7.2ʘȑǶ ߄ 2 ӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᡏػػᔼԛኧϩଛᄔा߄ ࢂ ց λ ी dz ᅿ ᜪ Ꮲ ਠ N % N % N % εଣਠ 4 80.0 1 20.0 5 3.8 ଯύȐᙍȑ 12 85.7 2 14.3 14 10.8 ୯ ύ 16 51.6 15 48.4 31 23.9 ୯ λ 62 77.5 18 22.5 80 61.5 ӄ ᡏ 94 72.3 36 27.7 130 100.0 ߄ 3 ӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᡏػػᔼኧҞϐԛኧϩଛᄔा߄ ᅿ Β ᅿ Ο ᅿ Ѥ ᅿ ϖᅿа λी ᅿᜪ Ꮲਠ N % N % N % N % N % N εଣਠ 1 25.0 1 25.0 1 25.0 0 0.0 1 25.0 4 ଯύȐᙍȑ 4 33.3 3 25.0 0 0.0 1 8.3 4 33.3 12 ୯ ύ 6 37.5 5 31.3 2 12.5 2 12.5 1 6.3 16 ୯ λ 29 46.8 15 24.2 8 12.9 5 8.1 5 8.1 62 ӄ ᡏ 40 42.6 24 25.5 11 11.7 8 8.5 11 11.7 94 ߄ 4 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ԭϩКϖϐၮҞ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠn1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 Գౚ 27.3% ᝣౚ 17.5% Җ৩ 26.5% Җ৩ 13.0% Җ৩ 13.5% 2 ෞݚǵᆛౚ 18.2ʘ ෞݚǵᆛౚǵԳౚ 12.5% ᝣౚ 14.7% ෞݚ 11.6% ෞݚ 11.2% 3 ᝣౚǵ௨ౚǵ ਫౚǵᘄౚ 9.1ʘ ਫౚ 10.0% מᔐ 11.8% ޔ௨፺ 10.9% ᝣౚ 9.9% 4 Җ৩ 7.5% ᘄౚ 8.8% ځд 8.0% Գౚ 9.0% 5 ௨ౚǵናౚ 5.0% ෞݚǵ௨ౚǵ ᆛౚǵԳౚ 5.9% ਫౚ 21.30% ਫౚ 7.2% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ ȐϖȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ϣ җ߄ 5 ளޕǴᡏᏢਠԖ߈ΖԋȐ77.7ʘȑӧᒧᖐᒤᡏػػᔼਔϝаൂ ܄፦ࣁЬǹځԛࣁӭϡၮಔӝȐ25.5ʘȑϷӭϡፐำಔӝȐ4.3ʘȑǹӚભᏢਠϐ ௨ׇҭ࣬ӕǶ
߄ 5 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ϣԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠn1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 ൂ܄፦ 100.0% ൂ܄፦ 83.3% ൂ܄፦ 62.5% ൂ܄፦ 79.0% ൂ܄፦ 77.7% 2 ӭϡၮಔӝ 0.0% ӭϡၮಔӝ 16.7% ӭϡၮಔӝ 37.5% ӭϡၮಔӝ 25.8% ӭϡၮಔӝ 25.5% 3 ӭϡፐำಔӝ 0.0% ӭϡፐำಔӝ 8.3% ӭϡፐำಔӝ 0.0% ӭϡፐำಔӝ 4.8% ӭϡፐำಔӝ 4.3% 4 ځд 0.0% ځд 0.0% ځд 0.0% ځд 0.0% ځд 0.0% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ ȐϤȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ਔ໔ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼޑਔ໔ӭаපଷȐ63.6ʘȑϷൣଷȐ41.4ʘȑࣁЬǹ ځԛࣁຼ҃ٯଷВȐ25.3ʘȑϷຼԿຼϖፐࡕȐ19.2ʘȑǴᒧځдਔ໔ᖐᒤϐ ᏢਠࣁനϿȐ2.0ʘȑǹԶӚቫભᏢਠϐ௨ׇҭᆶᡏ௨ׇεठ࣬ӕǴࣴز่݀ӵ ߄ 6 ܌ҢǶ ߄ 6 ཥԮӦӚભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ਔ໔ԭϩКᄔा Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠn1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 75.0%පଷ පଷ 68.4% පଷ 66.7% පଷ 59.6% පଷ 63.6% 2 25.0%ൣଷ ൣଷ 47.4% ൣଷ 39.4% ൣଷ 40.4% ൣଷ 41.4% 3 ຼ҃ϷٯଷВ0.0% ຼ҃ϷٯଷВ 21.1% ຼ҃ϷٯଷВ 21.2% ຼԿຼϖፐࡕ 29.8% ຼ҃ϷٯଷВ 25.3% 4 ຼԿຼϖፐࡕຼ0.0% Կຼϖፐࡕ 10.5% ຼԿຼϖፐࡕ 9.1% ຼ҃ϷٯଷВ 29.8% ຼԿຼϖፐࡕ 19.2% 5 ځд 0.0% ځд 5.3% ځд 3.0% ځд 0.0% ځд 2.0% ! ȐΎȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ࢲਔ໔ җ߄ 7 ளޕǴӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼࢲਔ໔аೱុΒຼ 2ɴ3 λਔന ӭǴ՞ 50.0ʘǹځԛ٩ׇࣁೱុຼВ 3ɴ4 λਔȐ44.7ʘȑǵځдȐ41.5ʘȑǵ ΟϺΒڹȐ2.1ʘȑǹനࡕࣁΒϺڹǴ՞ 1.0ʘǹځύǴځдϐᒧΞаճҔВ ፐࡕǵೱុຼВ 4 λਔа܈ຼΟΠϱਔ໔ǴЪࢲុঁДаޣࣁ ӭǶ
߄ 7 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ࢲਔ໔ԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠn1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 ೱុΒຼВ 2ɴ3 λਔ 75.0% ೱុΒຼВ 2ɴ3 λਔ 41.7% ځд 43.8% ೱុΒຼВ 2ɴ3 λਔ 54.8% ೱុΒຼВ 2ɴ3 λਔ 50.0% 2 ೱុຼВ 3ɴ4 λਔ 25.0% ځд 41.7% ೱុຼВ ˠɴˡλਔ 31.3% ೱុຼВ ˠɴˡλਔ 53.2% ೱុຼВ ˠɴˡλਔ 44.7% 3 ځд 0.0% ೱុຼВ 3ɴ4 λਔ 25.0% ೱុΒຼВ 2ɴ3 λਔ 31.3% ځд 43.6% ځд 41.5% 4 ΟϺΒڹ 0.0% ΟϺΒڹ 0.0% ΟϺΒڹ 0.0% ΟϺΒڹ 3.2% ΟϺΒڹ 2.1% 5 ΒϺڹ 0.0% ΒϺڹ 0.0% ΒϺڹ 0.0% ΒϺڹ 1.6% ΒϺڹ 1.0% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ ȐΖȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗٬ҔӦ җ߄ 8 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ٬ҔӦ่݀ளޕǴᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػ ᔼϐ٬ҔӦаᏢਠࣁЬǴ՞ 94.7ʘǴ൳ЯࢂаᏢਠӦࣁಃᓬӃǴεଣ ਠǵଯύȐᙍȑϷ୯ύϐКٯ׳ଯၲ 100ʘǹځԛ٩ׇࣁځдȐ11.7ʘȑǵޗၮ ܌Ȑ3.2ʘȑǵനϿࣁᑜѱၮȐ1.1ʘȑǶ ߄ 8 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ٬ҔӦԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠn1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 Ꮲਠ 100.0% Ꮲਠ 100.0% Ꮲਠ 100.0% Ꮲਠ 93.6% Ꮲਠ 94.7% 2 ޗၮ܌ 25.0% ځд 16.7% ځд 12.5% % ޗၮ܌ 3.2% ځд 11.7% 3 ᑜѱᡏػ 0.0% ॥ඳၯ 0.0% ॥ඳၯ 0.0% ᑜѱᡏػ 1.6% ޗၮ܌ 3.2% 4 Ϧ༜ 0.0% ޗၮ܌ 0.0% ޗၮ܌ 0.0% Ϧ༜ 0.0% ᑜѱᡏػ 1.1% 5 ॥ඳၯ 0.0% ᑜѱᡏػ 0.0% ᑜѱᡏػ 0.0% ॥ඳၯ 0.0% ॥ඳၯ 0.0% 6 ځд 0.0% Ϧ༜ 0.0% Ϧ༜ 0.0 ځд 0.0% Ϧ༜ 0.0% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ! ȐΐȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼБԄ җ߄ 9 ளޕǴᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼаԾՉᒤࣁЬǴ՞ 94.7ʘǹځԛ٩ ׇࣁࣁہૼځдൂՏᒤǴ՞ 18.1ʘǵᆶޗ௲ൂՏӝᒤǴ՞ 5.3ʘǹԶᒤၨ Ͽࣁᆶᎃ߈ᏢਠӝᒤǴ՞ 1.1ʘǶ
߄ 9 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼБԄԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠ n1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 җҁਠԾՉᒤ 100.00% җҁਠԾՉᒤ 91.7% җҁਠԾՉᒤ 100.0% җҁਠԾՉᒤ 93.6% җҁਠԾՉᒤ 94.7% 2 ᆶᎃ߈Ꮲਠӝᒤ0.0% ہૼځдൂՏᒤ16.7% ᆶޗ௲ൂՏӝᒤ6.10% ہૼځдൂՏᒤ24.2% ہૼځдൂՏᒤ18.1% 3 ᆶޗ௲ൂՏӝᒤ 0.0% ᆶޗ௲ൂՏӝᒤ 16.7% ہૼځдൂՏᒤ 0.0% ᆶޗ௲ൂՏӝᒤ 3.2% ᆶޗ௲ൂՏӝᒤ 5.3% 4 ہૼځдൂՏᒤ0.0% ᆶᎃ߈Ꮲਠӝᒤ8.3% ᆶᎃ߈Ꮲਠӝᒤ0.0% ᆶᎃ߈Ꮲਠӝᒤ2.10% ᆶᎃ߈Ꮲਠӝᒤ1.1% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀ ȐΜȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼٰྍ җ߄ 10 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼٰྍ่݀ளޕǴᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػ ᔼϐٰྍҗᏢғԾՉॄᏼКٯࣁനଯǴ՞ 33.0ʘǹനϿࣁϩӛ௲ػҙ ፎǵϩҗᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵϩҗᏢғॄᏼǴ՞ 4.3ʘǶ ߄ 10 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼٰྍԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠ n1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 җᏢғԾՉॄᏼ 50.0% ځд 33.3% ځд 50.0% җᏢғԾՉॄᏼ 40.3% җᏢғԾՉॄᏼ 33.0% 2 ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 25.0% ӛ௲ػගрҙፎ 25.0% ϩҗᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 25.0% ځд 25.8% ځд 30.9% 3 ځд 25.0% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵϩҗ Ꮲғॄᏼ 16.7% җᏢਠৎߏံշ 12.5% җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 21.0% җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 16.0% 4 ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 0.0% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 16.7% җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 12.5% ϩҗᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 11.3% ӛ௲ػගрҙፎ 12.8% 5 җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 0.0% җᏢғԾՉॄᏼ 16.7% җᏢғԾՉॄᏼ 12.5% ӛ௲ػගрҙፎ 11.3% ϩҗᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 12.8% 6 ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵϩҗ Ꮲғॄᏼ 0.0% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 16.7% ӛ௲ػගрҙፎ 12.5% җᏢਠৎߏံշ 11.3% җᏢਠৎߏံշ 9.6% 7 ӛ௲ػගрҙፎ 0.0% ϩҗᏢਠጓӈႣ ᆉǵϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 8.3% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 6.3% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 6.5% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 6.4% 8 җᏢਠৎߏံշ 0.0% җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 0.0% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵϩҗ Ꮲғॄᏼ 0.0% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉ 3.2% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 6.4% 9 ϩҗᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 0.0% җᏢਠৎߏံշ 0.0% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵ ϩҗᏢғॄᏼ 0.0% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵϩҗ Ꮲғॄᏼ 3.2% ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩ җᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵϩҗ Ꮲғॄᏼ 4.3% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ
ȐΜȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ௲ৣٰྍ җ߄ 11 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ௲ৣٰྍ่݀ளޕǴᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػ ᔼ௲ৣٰྍЬाࣁਠϣ௲ᙍπǴ՞ 86.2ʘǹനࡕࣁᏢғৎߏǴ՞ 6.4ʘǶ ߄ 11 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ௲ৣٰྍԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠ n1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 50.0% ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 100.0% ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 93.8% ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 83.8% ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 86.2% 2 ᓬذၮᒧЋ25.0% ਠѦৎᏢޣ25.0% ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ93.8% ਠѦৎᏢޣ37.1% ਠѦৎᏢޣ33.0% 3 ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ25.0% ᓬذၮᒧЋ25.0% 93.8%ځд ᓬذၮᒧЋ12.9% 25.5%ځд 4 ځд 25.0% ځд 16.7% ਠѦৎᏢޣ 31.3% ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ 9.7% ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ 24.5% 5 ਠѦৎᏢޣ 0.0% ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ 8.3% Ꮲғৎߏ 6.3% ځд 9.7% ᓬذၮᒧЋ 12.8% 6 Ꮲғৎߏ0.0% Ꮲғৎߏ0.0% ᓬذၮᒧЋ0.0% Ꮲғৎߏ8.1% Ꮲғৎߏ6.4% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ ȐΜΒȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼπբΓٰྍ җ߄ 12 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼπբΓٰྍ่݀ளޕǴᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏ ػػᔼπբΓЬाҗਠϣ௲ᙍπᏼҺǴ՞ 94.7ʘǹനϿࣁځдǴ՞ 2.1ʘǶ ߄ 12 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼπբΓٰྍԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠn1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 75.0% ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 100.0% ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 87.5% ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 96.7% ਠϣ௲ᙍπ 94.7% 2 ᓬذၮᒧЋ 50.0% ᓬذၮᒧЋ 16.7% ਠѦৎᏢޣ 18.8% ਠѦৎᏢޣ 9.7% ਠѦৎᏢޣ 10.6% 3 ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ 25.0% ਠѦৎᏢޣ 8.3% ᓬذၮᒧЋ 0.0% ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ 4.8% ᓬذၮᒧЋ 7.5% 4 ځд 25.0% ځд 8.3% ځд 0.0% Ꮲғৎߏ 4.8% ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ 4.3% 5 ਠѦৎᏢޣ 0.0% ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ 0.0% Ꮲғৎߏ 0.0% ᓬذၮᒧЋ 4.8% Ꮲғৎߏ 3.2% 6 Ꮲғৎߏ 0.0% Ꮲғৎߏ 0.0% ε࣬ᜢࣽسᏢғ 0.0% ځд 0.0% ځд 2.1% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ ȐΜΟȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼჹຝٰྍ җ߄ 13 ӚቫભᏢਠᡏػػᔼϐୖᆶჹຝ่݀ளޕǴᡏԶقǴୖуӚቫભ Ꮲਠ܌ᒤϐᡏػػᔼаλᏢғࣁനӭǴ՞ 73.4ʘǹځԛࣁ୯ύғȐ27.7ʘȑϷ ଯύᙍғȐ16.0ʘȑǹୖуჹຝٰྍനϿޑࣁځдΓγǴ՞ 2.1ʘǶ
߄ 13 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼჹຝٰྍԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠn1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 λᏢғ 100.0% ଯύȐᙍȑғ 91.7% ୯ύғ 100.00% λᏢғ 100.00% λᏢғ 73.4% 2 ୯ύғ 50.0% ୯ύғ 33.3% ଯύȐᙍȑғ 12.5% ୯ύғ 6.5% ୯ύғ 27.7% 3 ଯύȐᙍȑғ 25.0% λᏢғ 25.0% λᏢғ 0.0% ଯύȐᙍȑғ 1.6% ଯύȐᙍȑғ 16.0% 4 ځд 0.0% ځд 8.3% ځд 0.0% ځд 1.6% ځд 2.1% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ ȐΜѤȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠୖᆶᡏػػᔼᕴΓኧ җ߄ 14 ளޕᡏୖᆶᕴΓኧനӭޑಔձࣁ 21-40 ΓǴ՞ 31.9ʘǹځԛ٩ׇࣁǺ 20ΓаΠȐ20.9ȑǵ41-60 ΓȐ18.1ʘȑǵ100 ΓаȐ9.6ʘȑǵ81-100 ΓȐ9.0ʘȑǹ നϿࣁ 61-80 ΓǴ՞ 6.4ʘǶ ߄ 14 ӚቫભᏢਠୖᆶᡏػػᔼᕴΓኧϐԛኧϩଛϷԭϩКᄔा߄ 20ΓаΠ 21-40 Γ 41-60 Γ 61-80 Γ 81-100 Γ 100 Γа λी ಔձ Ꮲਠ
N
ʘ
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ʘ
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N
ʘ
N
ʘ
N
ʘ
N
εଣਠ 0 0 1 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 75 4 ଯύȐᙍȑ 2 16.7 4 33.3 3 25 0 0 0 0 3 25 12 ୯ύ 8 50 4 25 3 18.8 1 6.3 0 0 0 0 16 ୯λ 19 30.7 21 33.9 11 17.7 5 8.1 3 4.8 3 4.8 62 ӄ ᡏ 29 20.9 30 31.9 17 18.1 6 6.4 3 9.6 9 9.6 94 ȐΜϖȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ࠹БԄ җ߄ 15 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ࠹БԄ่݀ளޕǴᡏᏢਠനத٬Ҕܭ ࠹ᡏػػᔼϐБԄࣁਠϣቶኞȐ54.3ʘȑǹ٬ҔځдϷᆛၡБԄനϿǴ՞ 7.5 ʘǶ ȐΜϤȑཥԮӦӚቫᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼє໒ᔠ җ߄ 16 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼє໒ᔠ่݀ளޕǴᡏᏢਠԖє ໒ᡏػػᔼᔠϐᏢਠीԖ 55 ܌Ǵ՞ 58.5ʘǹؒԖє໒ᔠޑᏢਠीԖ 39 ܌Ǵ՞ 41.5ʘǶӚቫભᏢਠаεଣਠє໒ᔠКٯനଯǴ՞ 75.0ʘǹځԛࣁ ଯύȐᙍȑϷ୯λǴϩձ՞ 58.3ʘϷ 58.1ʘǹКٯа୯ύനϿǴ՞ 56.3ʘǶ߄ 15 ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ࠹БԄԭϩКᄔा߄ Ꮲਠ ׇ εଣਠ n1=4 ଯύȐᙍȑ n2=12 ୯ ύ n3=16 ୯λ n4=62 ӄ ᡏ N=94 1 ܭਠϣȐѦȑ ຠࢲੇൔ 50.0% ܭਠϣȐѦȑ ຠࢲੇൔ 58.3% ਠϣቶኞ 62.5% ਠϣቶኞ 59.7% ਠϣቶኞ 54.3% 2 ϩว࠹ൂ 50.0% ϩว࠹ൂ 41.7% җӚᏤৣ αᓐ࠹ 43.8% ܭਠϣȐѦȑ ຠࢲੇൔ 30.7% ܭਠϣȐѦȑ ຠࢲੇൔ 34.0% 3 ᆛၡ 50.0% ਠϣቶኞ 33.3% ܭਠϣȐѦȑ ຠࢲੇൔ 25.0% җӚᏤৣ αᓐ࠹ 24.2% җӚᏤৣ αᓐ࠹ 26.6% 4 ځд 25.0% җӚᏤৣ αᓐ࠹ 25.0% ځд 18.8% ϩว࠹ൂ 6.3% ϩว࠹ൂ 20.2% 5 ਠϣቶኞ 0.0% ᆛၡ 16.7% ᆛၡ 6.3% ځд 4.8% ᆛၡ 7.5% 6 җӚᏤৣ αᓐ࠹ 0.0% ځд 0.0% ϩว࠹ൂ 6.3% ᆛၡ 3.2% ځд 7.5% ຏǺӢҁᚒ௦ፄᒧᚒࠠीǴԭϩКΏа၀ᜪձޑϸᔈԛኧନаᢀჸॶޑ่݀Ƕ ߄ 16 ཥԮӦӚભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼє໒ᔠԛኧϩଛϷԭϩКᄔा߄ ࢂ ց λी ಔ ձ Ꮲ ਠ ̊ ʘ ̊ ʘ ̊ ʘ εଣਠ 3 75.0 1 25.0 4 4.3 ଯ ύ Ȑᙍȑ 7 58.3 5 41.7 12 12.7 ୯ ύ 9 56.3 7 43.8 16 17.0 ୯ λ 36 58.1 26 41.9 62 66.0 ӄ ᡏ 55 58.5 39 41.5 94 100.0 ! ΒǵཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐߔᛖӢનϩ! ȐȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનϐݩ! ӵ߄ 28 ܌ҢǴཥԮӦӚቫᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓᇡࣁޑߔᛖӢનǴаȬ ٬Ҕज़ڋȭϐளϩനଯǴځԛࣁȨᏢਠၗྍલЮȩǴځд٩ׇࣁǺȨՉࡹၗྍલ ЮȩǵȨᏢٰྍόىȩǵȨࢲၗྍલЮȩǴԶаȨঁΓᇡޕલЮȩޑளϩനեǶ! !
߄ 17 ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓჹܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનӚᄬ य़ளϩំ߄ ௨ ׇ ᄬ य़ ѳ֡ኧȐMȑ ྗৡȐSDȑ 1 ٬Ҕज़ڋ 3.24 1.30 2 ᏢਠၗྍલЮ 3.17 1.42 3 ՉࡹၗྍલЮ 2.83 1.28 4 Ꮲٰྍόى 2.75 1.36 5 ࢲၗྍલЮ 2.66 1.17 6 ঁΓᇡޕલЮ 2.42 1.30 ȐΒȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનϐৡ౦ Кၨ! КၨϩวǴόӕቫભᏢਠϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનύǴӧȨᏢ ਠၗྍલЮȩǵȨᏢٰྍόىȩϷȨঁΓᇡޕલЮȩᡂ֡ၲډᡉৡ౦Ǵ ୯ύϷ୯λϐ܍ᒤΓܭȨᏢਠၗྍલЮȩӢનଯܭεଣਠϷଯύȐᙍȑϐ܍ ᒤΓǹଯύȐᙍȑ܍ᒤΓܭȨᏢٰྍόىȩϐӢનଯܭ୯λϐ܍ᒤΓǹ Զ୯ύ܍ᒤΓܭȨঁΓᇡޕલЮȩϐᄬय़ளϩଯܭ୯λ܍ᒤΓǴࣴز่݀ӵ ߄ 18 ܌ҢǶ ߄ 18 όӕቫભᏢਠϐ܍ᒤΓܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨᄔा߄ εଣਠ ଯύ(ᙍ) ୯ύ ୯λ Fॶ ৡ౦Кၨ ಔձ ᄬय़ (G1) (G2) (G3) (G4) ! ! N 5 14 31 80 0.33 M -0.34 0.14 -0.06 0.02 ࢲၗྍલЮ SD 0.65 1.11 1.18 0.93 N 5 14 31 80 2.90* G1<G3 M -0.89 -0.48 0.06 0.12 G1<G4 ᏢਠၗྍલЮ SD 0.64 0.97 1.00 0.98 G2<G4 N 5 14 31 80 0.80 M -0.34 -0.30 -0.02 0.08 ՉࡹၗྍલЮ SD 0.65 0.81 0.88 1.09 N 5 14 31 80 3.16 * G4<G2 M -0.31 0.58 0.23 -0.17 Ꮲٰྍόى SD 0.45 1.06 1.01 0.97 N 5 14 31 80 2.46* G4<G3 M 0.60 -0.30 0.32 -0.11 ঁΓᇡޕલЮ SD 1.31 0.85 1.12 0.93 N 5 14 31 80 1.13 M 0.04 -0.09 -0.26 0.12 ٬Ҕज़ڋ SD 0.90 0.81 0.83 1.09 ! ! Wilk’s ȁ ॶ=.853 ɀpɦ.05
ȐΟȑόӕᙍՏϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનϐৡ౦Кၨ όӕᙍՏϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનৡ౦КၨӚᄬय़ளϩϐৡ౦КၨǴ҂ ၲᡉНྗȄᡉҢӚભᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓჹܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐߔᛖӢન Бय़ǴόӢࣁᙍՏόӕǴԶԖᡉৡ౦ӸӧǴࣴز่݀ӵ߄ 19 ܌ҢǶ! ! ߄ 2:!όӕᙍՏϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨᄔा߄! ЬҺ ಔߏ ځд F ॶ ಔձ ᄬय़ (G1) (G2) (G3) ! N 12 112 6 0.38 M 0.19 -0.01 -0.23 ࢲၗྍલЮ SD 0.77 1.04 0.52 N 12 112 6 1.04 M 0.32 -0.05 0.30 ᏢਠၗྍલЮ SD 0.89 1.01 1.02 N 12 112 6 0.81 M -0.15 0.04 -0.44 ՉࡹၗྍલЮ SD 0.73 1.01 1.34 N 12 112 6 1.44 M -0.25 0.00 0.59 Ꮲٰྍόى SD 0.79 1.01 1.07 N 12 112 6 1.58 M -0.25 0.06 -0.58 ঁΓᇡޕલЮ SD 0.62 1.00 1.44 N 12 112 6 0.31 M 0.22 -0.02 -0.02 ٬Ҕज़ڋ SD 0.48 1.05 0.79 ! Wilk’s ȁ ॶ=.907 pɧ.05 ȐѤȑόӕ܄ձϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનϐৡ౦Кၨ όӕ܄ձϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનໆ߄ύǴӚᄬय़ϐӭᡂৡ౦К ၨ่݀ளޕǴӚᄬय़ளϩϐৡ౦Кၨ҂ၲᡉНྗȄᡉҢӚભᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ ᒤΓჹܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐߔᛖӢનǴ٠όӢࣁ܄ձόӕǴԶԖᡉৡ౦ӸӧǴ ࣴز่݀ӵ߄ 20 ܌ҢǶ
߄ 20 όӕ܄ձϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨᄔा߄ ت ζ F ॶ ಔձ ᄬय़ (G1) (G2) ! N 88 42 1.70 M -0.08 0.17 ࢲၗྍલЮ SD 1.05 0.88 N 88 42 0.35 M -0.04 0.08 ᏢਠၗྍલЮ SD 1.06 0.87 N 88 42 1.53 M -0.07 0.16 ՉࡹၗྍલЮ SD 1.02 0.96 N 88 42 0.01 M 0.01 -0.01 Ꮲٰྍόى SD 1.01 0.98 N 88 42 1.87 M 0.08 -0.17 ঁΓᇡޕલЮ SD 1.05 0.88 N 88 42 2.78 M 0.10 -0.21 ٬Ҕज़ڋ SD 1.00 0.98 ! Wilk’s ȁ ॶ=.972 pɧ.05 ! Ȑϖȑόӕᡍϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨ όӕঁΓ܍ᒤᡍϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનໆ߄ύǴӚᄬय़ϐӭᡂ ᡂ౦ኧϩ่݀ளޕǴόӕঁΓ܍ᒤᡍϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનৡ ౦КၨӚᄬय़ளϩϐৡ౦КၨၲᡉНྗȄคᡍϐ܍ᒤΓӧȨࢲၗྍલЮȩ ᄬय़ϐளϩᡉଯܭԖᡍϐ܍ᒤΓǴԶӧȨ٬Ҕज़ڋȩᄬय़߾ࣁԖ ᡍϐ܍ᒤΓଯܭคᡍϐ܍ᒤΓǴࣴز่݀ӵ߄ 21 ܌ҢǶ ȐϤȑᏢਠၸѐᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨ Ꮲਠၸѐᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનໆ߄ύǴӚᄬय़ϐӭᡂ ᡂ౦ኧϩ่݀ளޕǴᏢਠၸѐࢂցමᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐᡏػػᔼ܍ ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનৡ౦КၨӚᄬय़ளϩϐৡ౦КၨၲᡉНྗȄ่݀วၸѐම ᖐᒤᡏػػᔼᏢਠϐ܍ᒤΓӧȨᏢਠၗྍલЮȩǵȨՉࡹၗྍલЮȩǵϷȨ ٬Ҕज़ڋȩΟᄬय़ϐளϩǴࣣᡉଯܭၸѐόමᖐᒤᡏػػᔼᏢਠϐ܍ᒤ ΓǴࣴز่݀ӵ߄ 22 ܌ҢǶ
߄ 21 όӕᡍϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨᄔा߄ คᡍ Ԗᡍ F ॶ ৡ౦Кၨ ಔձ ᄬय़ (G1) (G2) ! ! N 39 91 6.01* G1>G2 M 0.32 -0.14 ࢲၗྍલЮ SD 1.08 0.94 N 39 91 0.05 M -0.03 0.01 ᏢਠၗྍલЮ SD 1.01 1.00 N 39 91 0.98 M 0.13 -0.06 ՉࡹၗྍલЮ SD 0.89 1.04 N 39 91 2.87 M 0.23 -0.10 Ꮲٰྍόى SD 1.04 0.97 N 39 91 1.68 M 0.17 -0.07 ঁΓᇡޕલЮ SD 0.88 1.04 N 39 91 6.44* G1<G2 M -0.33 0.14 ٬Ҕज़ڋ SD 0.83 1.04 ! ! Wilk’s ȁ ॶ=.810 ɀpɦ.05 ! ߄ 33!Ꮲਠၸѐᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨ ᄔा߄! คᖐᒤ Ԗᖐᒤ F ॶ ৡ౦Кၨ ಔձ ᄬय़ (G1) (G2) ! ! N 94 36 3.33 ! M -0.10 0.26 ࢲၗྍલЮ SD 1.01 0.94 N 94 36 5.55* G1<G2 M -0.13 0.33 ᏢਠၗྍલЮ SD 1.02 0.86 N 94 36 4.82* G1<G2 M -0.12 0.31 ՉࡹၗྍલЮ SD 1.01 0.93 N 94 36 2.89 M -0.09 0.24 Ꮲٰྍόى SD 1.01 0.95 N 94 36 3.46 M -0.10 0.26 ঁΓᇡޕલЮ SD 1.00 0.95 N 94 36 4.68* G1<G2 M 0.12 -0.30 ٬Ҕज़ڋ SD 0.98 1.01 ! ! Wilk’s ȁ ॶ=.854 ɀpɦ.05
စǵፕ!
ǵፕ ȐȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩ 1.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᡏػػᔼݩ ӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᡏػػᔼԛኧϩଛ่݀ளޕǴཥԮӦӚ ભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋԖᡏػػᔼޑᏢਠࣁ 94 ܌Ǵ՞ 72.3ʘǹؒԖᖐᒤޑ Ꮲਠࣁ 36 ܌Ǵ՞ 27.7ʘǶ࣬ၨܭၸѐࣴز่݀ȐׅችǴ2001ȑǴᡏᏢਠᖐ ᒤᔼ໗ޑКٯቚуǴᡉҢࡹᅌڙډӚભᏢਠख़ຎǴᇡӕᡏػػᔼჹ ܭᏢғӧҶ໕ၮϷҶ໕௲ػϐշǶ 2.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ኧҞ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼኧҞаᅿࣁᓬӃԵໆǴၨϿᏢਠᖐᒤѤᅿа ϐᡏػػᔼǶԜ่݀ᆶѠчѱ܌ᖐᒤϐᔼ໗ኧҞ࣬ѐόᇻǴ߈ъԋޑᏢਠࣣ ᒧᖐᒤᅿᔼ໗ǴόӕޑࢂǴεଣਠᆶଯύȐᙍȑ܌ᖐᒤޑᔼ໗ᅿᜪၨύ λᏢӭǴၗྍၨࣁᙦǴ܈ࢂճҔόӕଷයਔ໔ᖐᒤǴ܌аԖΎԋаޑᏢਠ ᖐᒤΒᅿаᔼ໗Ǵऩૈஒၗྍ܈ᡍϩ٦ԿځдቫભᏢਠǴ࣬ߞᔼ໗ᖐᒤૈ ׳ӭϡǴ٠ගϲᔼ໗ࠔ፦ǴᡣᏢғԖ׳ӭᒧǶ 3.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ኧҞ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼኧҞаᅿࣁᓬӃԵໆǴǶԜ่݀ᆶၸѐፓ่ ݀ȐׅችǴ2001ȑႜӕǴ߈ъԋޑᏢਠࣣᒧᖐᒤᅿᔼ໗ǴόӕޑࢂǴε ଣਠᆶଯύȐᙍȑ܌ᖐᒤޑᔼ໗ᅿᜪၨύλᏢӭǴၗྍၨࣁᙦǴ܈ࢂճҔ όӕଷයਔ໔ᖐᒤǴ܌аԖΎԋаޑᏢਠᖐᒤΒᅿаᔼ໗Ǵऩૈஒၗྍ܈ ᡍϩ٦ԿځдቫભᏢਠǴ࣬ߞᔼ໗ᖐᒤૈ׳ӭϡǴ٠ගϲᔼ໗ࠔ፦ǴᡣᏢғ Ԗ׳ӭᒧǶ 4.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ϐၮҞ ᡏڙ၂ޣ܌ᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐၮҞନҖ৩ϷෞݚѦǴεӭࣁౚᜪၮ ҞǴࣴز่݀ᆶၸѐ࣬ᜢࣴزวߙϿԃ഻ངୖᆶҶ໕ၮϐᅿᜪࣁౚᜪ ၮ࣬಄ӝȐׅችǴ2001ǹကǴ1993ǹߎࢊǴ1999ǹ୯ৱǴ2002ǹ ϿᅚǴ1994ǹ௲ػǴ1998ǹቅঅ౺ǵԙྷసǵࢫӃǴ2001ǹᛥܴ૽Ǵ1999ȑǹ ҭЍᎄדǵֺᆢྦྷǵϿᅚȐ1996ȑଞჹਠߏǵ௲ৣϷᡏػΓፓ ܌ள่݀ǴىـౚᜪၮҞᆶҖ৩ǵෞݚҞࣣ࣬ڙډߙǶԜѦǴཥԮ Ӧ৶ബϦљ܌ᖐᒤϐᔼ໗ନᝣౚǵىౚǵԳౚǵౚౚᜪၮѦǴќ ԖෞݚϷഁѦ૽ᔼǴىـཥԮӦౚᜪᔼ໗ϝ࣬ڙډ߆Ƕ௲ػȐ2007ȑ ϦѲϐȨזࢲीฝȩБਢύǴܴዴࡰҢӚભЬᆅ௲ػՉࡹᐒᜢӄय़ೕჄᒤ ൣපଷǵଷВᏢғזࢲػᔼǴᒤҞϩձࣁ௨ౚǵݓೌǵᡏᏹǵጂǵ ЊѦߵᓀၮ 19 ၮǴҞޑ൩ࢂाᏢғӭௗߚᡏػ҅ፐϐόӕၮ ҞǴᎦӭኬϯၮᑫ፪Ǵ ᏢਠᔈරԜҞวӭኬϯၮҞϐᔼ໗Ƕ 5.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ϣ ᡏᏢਠԖ߈ΖԋȐ77.7ʘȑӧᒧᖐᒤᡏػػᔼਔϝаൂ܄፦ࣁЬǶ Ԝࣴز่݀ᆶᆵчѱύλᏢᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐ܄፦ᜪ՟ȐׅችǴ2001ȑǴ٠ ҂ӢӦόӕԶԖৡ౦ǶฅԶ௲ػȐ1999ȑύλᏢᡏػػᔼჴࡼाᗺύࡰҢӚਠܭᒤᡏػػᔼਔǴࢲБԄёύፐǵϩಔࣴಞǵୖᢀೖୢǵ௦ ࣴزǵᢀነᄽግǵၮਓၯǵიநၯᔍБԄՉǶЪᎄדȐ1996ȑϐࣴ زวǴᏢғၨ഻ӭϡϯϐᔼ໗ϣǴჹྣϐΠǴᡉฅό಄ӝᏢғሡǶϸ ԶدΓҾ܌ᖐᒤޑᔼ໗ϣନΑၮמѯޑ૽ግѦǴᗋх֖ၯᔍϷ٤ DIY ӭϡϯޑፐำಔӝǴ࣬ၨᏢਠεӭаԖৣၗϷӦᏔԖज़ၗྍೕჄൂ ፐำǴၨϿаᏢғሡीǴલЮ֎ЇΚǴऩૈ่ӝ҇໔Ҿीӭϡϯፐ ำಔӝǴஒё෧ᇸᏢਠᐱҥբֹԋᔼ໗ޑॄᏼ٠҉ុᔼǶ! 6.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ਔ໔ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼޑਔ໔ӭаපଷϷൣଷࣁЬǹځԛࣁຼ҃ٯଷ ВǶҗܭൣපଷਔ໔ၨߏǴᏢғፐॄᏼၨᇸǴୖуཀᜫΨКၨଯǴЪᔼ໗ё Ӽ௨ޑਔ໔ΨၨԖቸ܄ǴӢԜǴᐒᜢიᡏᒧᖐᒤᡏػػᔼਔǴεӭаප ଷϷൣଷࣁᓬӃԵໆǴځԛωᒧຼ҃ٯଷВȐᎄדǴ1999ȑǶਥᏵֈߎ ᑻȐ2000ȑޑࣴزࡰрǴӧࢲᒤਔᐒǴନΑൣපଷϐѦǴຼ҃ᆶຼВҭᔈ ೕჄᒤǶќ௲ػܭ҇୯ΖΜΎԃࣴۓȨΖΜϤᏢԃࡋύλᏢຼҶΒВػ ᔼ၂ᒤाᗺȩȐࢫЎǴ2000ȑǴ൩ࢂࣁӢᔈຼҶΒВϐࡹǴ٬ᖐᒤᔼ໗ޑਔ ໔ёቸ܄ၮҔǴҭ෧ᇸӚਠᖐᒤࢲϐॄᏼǴ٬ᡏػػᔼૈӄБࣁวචҶ໕ ௲ػϐфૈǶ! 7.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗ࢲਔ໔ ӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼࢲਔ໔аೱុΒຼ 2ɴ3 λਔനӭǴځԛࣁ ೱុຼВ 3ɴ4 λਔǴЬाࢂӢࣁᔼ໗ӭᖐᒤܭൣපଷ܌ठǶࣴز่݀ᆶ ၸѐፓัԖрΕǴᏢғᇡࣁൣපଷࢲਔ໔ၨޑӼ௨ࣁϖϺѤڹǴځԛ ωࣁೱុٿຼϺ˟ɴˠλਔȐᎄדǴ1996ȑǶֆቺฑȐ1997ȑޑࣴزҭЍ ᏢғᆶৎߏᓬӃԵቾၸڹՐஎࠠޑᔼ໗ǴϐࡕωԵቾϺ۳߇ϐᔼ໗Ǵ ӵԜӼ௨Ьाё෧ᇸ܍ᒤΓܭᏢӼӄϐॄᏼǴҭё෧Ͽ१எӼ௨Ѝ рǹՠཥԮӦݩϝаೱុԿΒຼВኧλਔޑКٯനଯǴջ٬دΓҾ ܌ᖐᒤϐᔼ໗ҭࢂӵԜǴᏢΨѝૈௗڙВ۳߇ϐᔼ໗ࢲǶ҂ٰᏢਠऩԵ ໆᏢғϷৎߏޑሡǴёܭຼҶΒВ܈ൣපଷය໔ǴஒᏢਠՉࡹǵࢲၗྍӭ уӝǴᒤอයѦஎࠠػᔼࢲǴᕭอᔼ໗ВኧǴନӼ௨ၮ࣬ᜢፐำѦǴ ቚуიநǵᚃᜢၯᔍǴܭڹ໔Ӽ௨ᇶᏤ܄ࢲǴவᔼ໗ύёᏢಞၮמ ૈϷი໗ᆒઓǴ׳ૈၲډғϷЈޑᅈىǴวචᔼ໗ӭϡϯޑфૈǶ 8.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᔼ໗٬ҔӦ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐ٬ҔӦаᏢਠӦࣁಃᓬӃǶਥᏵ௲ػ Ȑ2007ȑीᡏᏢਠၮࡼϷᓔύǴа৩ᖻϷᝣౚനදၹǴଯ ၲΐԋаǴӣᔈᏢਠᖐᒤϐၮҞǴΨӭаᏢਠӦഢၗྍىޑҞ ࣁЬǴၨϿၮҔӧਠѦӦᖐᒤᔼ໗ǶԜ่݀ᆶѠчѱϐፓว࣬ӕǴᡉฅ ჹ܍ᒤΓԶقǴᏢਠࣁᖐᒤᔼ໗ന٫܌ǹՠ൩ᏢғفࡋᇡࣁǴᏢਠςࢂѳ ਔዕޑᕉნǴલЮཥᗲགǴ܌аᏢғ഻ډޗ܈ځдӦǶӆޣǴҶ໕ࢲ ໗ঁΓёගଯߵᓀᐒޑख़ा܄ȐCarlson, Deppe, and Maclean, 1969ȑǴऩૈ ׯᡂᏢғচٰዕޑᕉნǴܭೕჄࢲӦǴፓӦӦނǵᛤᇙӦკǵ ᇥܴਜǵޜ໔ελǵӼӄ܄ǵߕ߈ᙴଣ܈࡚௱ઠϐፓǵ௲ػфૈϐϪ܄ǵ Ӧᗺҭၲ܄ȐஜξǵယటࡾǴ2000ȑǴё෧Ͽ܍ᒤΓᚆਠӼӄϐ៝ቾǴ
Ꮲғ׳ёவᔼ໗ύᏢಞߵᓀҍᜤޑᆒઓǶ 9.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼБԄ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼаԾՉᒤࣁЬǴᗲϿၸځдБԄᒤǶ่݀ ᆶၸѐࣴزፓѠчѱ࣬ӕȐׅችǴ2001ȑǴΐԋаᏢਠࢂҗᏢਠ ԾՉᒤǴᆶځдൂՏӝᒤޑКٯ࣬եǶ௲ػ׆ఈၸ࣬ᜢൂՏǴӵӄ୯ ӚϦҥεᏢǵӚύλᏢਠǵიݤΓЎ௲୷ߎٰڐշᒤǴ٠ᔕрᒤচ߾ ȐֺᆢྦྷǴ2000ȑǹЀځᡏػػᔼӝܭӚભᏢਠٰวǴԶЪऩૈ่ӝ҇ ໔ٰଛӝᒤǴёቚуځჴࡼԋਏȐࢫЎǴ2000ȑǶᏢਠᔈख़ຎᆶޗ ၗྍ่ӝϐ࣬ᜢၗૻǴ෧Ͽᔼ໗ՉਔޑߔᛖǴ׳ૈᕇளޗᇡӕ٠ၲډቶ ϐਏ݀Ƕ 10.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼٰྍ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐٰྍҗᏢғԾՉॄᏼКٯࣁനଯǴനϿࣁ ϩӛ௲ػҙፎǵϩҗᏢਠጓӈႣᆉǵϩҗᏢғॄᏼǶཥԮӦᡏػػ ᔼᖐᒤٰྍӭࣁᏢғԾՉॄᏼϷځдǴёـளᏢғᆶৎߏჹܭ٬Ҕޣб ޑᢀۺςᅌԋዕǴЪύλᏢᡏػػᔼࢲᒤϐံշԃफ़եȐࢫ ЎǴ2000ǴӆуεଣਠԾᒉྍǴၸᜪԜࢲޑᖐᒤǴஒᏢൔӜ ޑԭϩϐϖǴගਈਠ୍୷ߎȐྷǴ1999ȑǹӢԜǴᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼࢲ җᏢғԾКٯၨଯǹӆޣǴཥԮѱύλᏢᡏػߦԃගኘံ շǴа෧ᇸᏢਠᒤᔼ໗όىޑึნǴ܈෧ϿᏢғൔӜҔаቚуᏢғୖ ᆶཀᜫǶฅԶǴޑٰྍǵԏΕǵЍрکࢲ܌ట໒ᎍҞޑຑǴჹܭࢲ ࠔ፦ᆶၮҔǴԖख़εቹៜȐֆ፥ӀǴ1996ȑǴᔈుΕਡᎍБԄ ᆶࡰᏤǴаϷࢲ༅БԄፐᚒǴᕕှБय़ϐߔᛖӢનǴගϲᏢਠ ᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐཀᜫǶ! 11.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ௲ৣٰྍ ཥԮӦᖐᒤᡏػػᔼৣၗٰྍϝаਠϣ௲ᙍπࣁЬǴԜ่݀ᆶѠч ѱȐׅችǴ2001ȑፓ่݀࣬ӕǴՠᆶᎄדȐ1996ȑϐፓࡰрᔼ໗௲ৣ നӝΓᒧࣁᓬذၮᒧЋޑ่݀όӕǶЬӢࣁࣴزჹຝϐԵໆᢀᗺԖ܌ৡ ౦ǴᏢਠ൨ᡏػػᔼৣၗεӃҗਠϣৣၗЋǴБय़Ꮲਠ௲ৣό ЮᓬذၮᒧЋрيǴБय़ܭᖱৣ܈ࡰᏤҔၨૈ࣪໒ᎍǴΨၨ ܰྎ೯ڐፓǶՠჹᏢғԶقǴਠϣ௲ᙍπഖલЮཥᗲགǴऩҗҺᓬذ ၮᒧЋᏼҺᔼ໗ৣၗǴځᆒ෨ޑၮמѯёԋࣁᏢғኳጄϐჹຝǴΨࡐԖᇥ ܺΚǴѝࢂሡЍбଯܭਠϣ௲ৣដᗺΟ७ϐΓ٣ҔǴӵ݀ᗎፎޕӜၮܴࢃ ሡᚐѦЍб׳ӭҔǴзᏢਠఈϐࠅǶӆޣǴϩᡏػ௲ৣᏼҺᏢਠՉࡹπ բ܈Չਠ໗૽ግǴ܌аεϩᡏػ௲ৣཀᜫόଯȐᎄדǴ1999ȑǹࡹ۬ ൂՏᔈࡌҥߙϿԃҶ໕ၮΓϯϷྣϯϐػڋࡋȐߎࢊǴ 1999ȑǴ่ӝᡏػ࣬ᜢࣽسϐᏢғȐӵཥԮ௲ػεᏢȑǴ܈εᓬذਠ໗ᒧЋǴ ࡌҥྣڋࡋǴ٠ගٮࣴಞঅᆅၰаᎦᔼ໗ࢲϐᅿη௲ৣǶਥᏵ௲ ػी 95 ԃࡋၮᝡמᆶၮΓωӧᏢΓኧࣁ 33877 ΓǴӵԜᚳεϐ ΓωၗྍऩΕᡏػػᔼѱǴஒёගϲᔼ໗ৣၗન፦Ǵ෧ᇸᖐᒤᏢਠჹܭ ৣၗޑߔᛖǶ࣬ᜢൂՏᔈӝεଣਠᡏػ࣬ᜢࣽسঁൂڐޑΓΚၗ ྍǴࡌҥΓωၗǴᡣᏢਠǵ୷ߎϷიݤΓൂՏܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼਔǴ
ёҥջൻၗפډࢂৣၗ٠๏ϒЍජȐׅችǴ2001ȑǶ 12.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼπբΓٰྍ ᡏᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼπբΓЬाҗਠϣ௲ᙍπᏼҺǶനЬाӢન ϝࢂڙډ٬ҔϐቹៜǴ࣪ᆶΓΚǴՠࢂ௲ᙍπ឴࣊ଷයǴቚуᚐ ѦπբᓸΚǴჴᜤаӕਔ៝Ϸᔼ໗ࢲࠔ፦ǹߙϿԃҶ໕ࢲନΑӦࡼ ϐѦǴ׳ሡाԖΓٰೕჄǵϷሦȐጰਁǴ1994ȑǶЦ܃Ȑ2002ȑࣴ زҭࡰрǴҶ໕ၮػᔼπբΓᅈཀٰྍࣁࢲࡰᏤπբޣᡍǵܴዴೕ Ⴤࢲࢬำπբ٣Ǵ٠ගٮၨᓬޑᅽճڋࡋǴωૈ੮ΠΓωǶӢԜǴၸѐ ࣴزࡌȐᎄדǴ1999ȑǴᔼ໗ᇶᏤёہፎεଣਠ࣬ᜢࣽسڐշᒤǶ εᏢғᆶߙϿԃԃइ࣬߈ǴёڐշᏢୖᆶࢲǵᔼ໗ᔈϷΓሞྎ೯ғ ࢲᇶᏤπբǴڙډᏢ࣬ᅈཀޑޭۓȐֈࡌࡹǴ1998ȑǶཥԮӦх֖Ҭ εǵమεǵཥԮ௲ػεᏢ 8 ܌εଣਠǴᏱԖᙦޑΓΚၗྍǴऩૈӝε ଣਠᏢғᏼҺᔼ໗πբΓǴჹܭᡏػػᔼ׳ૈၲډቶޑਏ݀ǶԜѦǴ ہፎৎߏᏼҺπբΓ܈ကπǴёӕਔ៝ϷᏢୖᆶ٠ቚᒃηགǴஒ ᔼ໗௲ግᆶπբΓᙍೢჄϩమཱǴЈीፐำǴ٬ᔼ໗Չ׳ԖਏǶ 13.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼჹຝٰྍ ᡏԶقǴୖуӚቫભᏢਠ܌ᒤϐᡏػػᔼаλᏢғࣁനӭǶԜᆶՉ ࡹଣߙᇶϷߎًЎ௲୷ߎޑЬाୖᆶჹຝٰྍࣁλᏢғ࣬ӕȐֈࡌࡹǴ 1998ǹᎄדǴ1999ȑǴЀځ୯λᏢғፐᓸΚό՟୯ύаᏢғ؇ख़Ǵჹ ୖᆶػᔼࢲཀᜫၨଯǴৎߏΨၨૈᇡӕǹԶ௱୯იǵεᡏᕴ߯షӝόӕ ᏢڋޑᏢғȐᎄדǴ1999ȑǴ୯ύϷଯύȐᙍȑΨа၀ቫભᏢғࣁЬाٰ ྍǴཥԮӦ৶ബϦљ߾ࢂଞჹόӕቫભᖐᒤᔼ໗ǴԜৡ౦ྍܭӚൂՏ٩ࢲ ჹຝᒤόӕᔼ໗܌ޑѱ႖Ƕ! 14.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠୖᆶᡏػػᔼᕴΓኧ ᡏୖᆶᕴΓኧനӭޑಔձࣁ 21-40 ΓǴനϿࣁ 61-80 ΓǶୖᆶᔼ໗ϐᕴ ΓኧᆶᏢਠᖐᒤᔼ໗ኧҞ࣬ᜢǴѳ֡ঁᔼ໗ऊࣁ 20-40 ΓǶՠࢂ܈ࡰᏤऊ ࣁ-ΓǴКٯऊࣁ 1Ǻ10ǴӵԜΓኧᆶऍ୯ӜၮᏢਠࢲය໔ȐJohnson, Sekuls and Bernier, 1999ȑǴᔼ໗௲ግᆶᏢޑКٯࣁ 1Ǻ3 ܈ 1:4 ࣬ৡࣗᇻǴӵԜΓ ኧКٯёૈԋᆅޑ౧ѨǴЪᜤаᆢؼӳϐᔼ໗ࠔ፦ǶEarlsȐ1997ȑࡰ р௲ግէᏢޑКٯǴ೯தࣁᡏػػᔼࢲࠔ፦ᓬӍޑख़ाࡰϐǶӢ ԜǴࡹ۬ᆶᏢਠᔈӅӕှ،ΓΚϩଛޑߔᛖǴӵՖӧԖज़ၗྍϣǴᆶཥԮ Ӧ࣬ᜢࣽسޑεଣਠࡌ௲ӝբǴᡣεᏢғΕᡏػػᔼѱϐ୍ܺπ բǴගଯᔼ໗ࢲࠔ፦Ƕ 15.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ࠹БԄ ᡏᏢਠനத٬Ҕܭ࠹ᡏػػᔼϐБԄࣁਠϣቶኞǴ٬ҔځдϷᆛၡ БԄനϿǶၸѐࣴزȐߎࢊǴ1999ȑࡰрߙϿԃന׆ఈᕇளҶ໕ၮޑၗૻ ᆅၰࣁႝຎ܈ቶኞǶϞࣽמวזೲǴᆛၡ࣬วၲǴᔼࡌȐ2006ȑޑፓ ύᡉҢǴӚᑜѱޑᆛၡදϷѳ֡ӧ 5 ԋаǴځύཥԮѱǵᆵύѱǵᆵч ѱӦǴᆛၡޑදϷ׳ຬၸ 6 ԋǴ߄ҢཥԮӦ٬Ҕᆛၡ࣬ද ၹǴՠճҔᆛၡ࠹ޑБԄϸԶКٯၨϿǶӢࣁᏢਠ࠹ჹຝЬाࣁᏢғǴ܌ аճҔᏢਠၗྍ࠹ၨࣁޔௗЪ࣪໒ᎍǴՠࠅ۹ౣჹৎߏωࢂЬा
ჹຝǶНᏢଣ߾ၸ࠹ੇൔǵ࠹ൂǵൔરǵႝѠϦӅൔᏤǴၲԋԖਏ ޑ࠹ਏ݀ȐЦݷǵЦྷᡕǵᛏǴ1999ȑǶدΓҾᖐᒤػᔼޑ࠹Б Ԅ׳х֖ੇൔǵDMǵቶኞ࠹ǵႝຎາଭᐩǵޣǵᚇᇞೖǵႝ၉ࡨೖǵ ֨ൔόയݍᖐǴᅰځ܌ૈஒࢲቶࣁ࠹ǶȨߦᎍȩࢂՉᎍಔӝύࣁځਔ໔ อЪԖਏޑᑈཱུמೌǴځфૈࢂႴǵቹៜکගଯၮౢࠔϷޗޑᓬؼຝ Ȑᎄדǵֆ୯ሕǵᑵඁǴ2000ȑǶӢԜǴऩૈ๓ҔҾ่࿉БԄǴᑼΕ ՉᎍཷۺǴ࠹ࢲၗૻǵᒤᔼࢲቚуػᔼϐᚼӀǴᏢٰྍጄ ൎᘉεǴ׳ૈၲډቶϐਏǶ 16.ཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼє໒ᔠ ᡏᏢਠԖє໒ᡏػػᔼᔠϐᏢਠ՞ 58.5ʘǴؒԖє໒ᔠޑᏢ ਠ՞ 41.5ʘǶ៝࠼ޑᅈཀǴࢂ܍ᒤൂՏന٫ޑӣൔȐቅЎᅼǵ଼ऍǴ2002ȑǴ є໒ᔠޑҞޑǴࢂࣁΑຑঁᡏػػᔼࢲᖐᒤϐᓬલᗺǴ٠ଞჹલ ᗺගрှ،БԄǴ٬ᔼ໗ᒤёբᡍ܍Ǵගϲ҂ٰϐᔼ໗ࠔ፦Ƕࣁஒᔼ໗ ࢲᒤޑ׳ӳǴନΑ٣ޑᡍ܍ᆶҬࢬѦǴ׳ᔈ၀மڋჴࡼᔠϐє ໒Ǵ٠๏ϒࢲᏢբፓୢڔǴਥᏵୢڔϷࡰᏤԴৣՉၸำϐᢀჸǵวǵ ዴჴᔠǴբࣁΠԛᒤϐׯୖԵǴӕਔΨाගрΠԛࢲޑ߃ᄬགྷ—୍ Ѹԋᒵǵಕᑈǵۯុǵ܍ϐфૈȐஜξǵယటࡾǴ2000ȑǶ ȐΒȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનϐݩ ཥԮӦӚቫᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓᇡࣁޑߔᛖӢનǴаȨ٬Ҕज़ڋȩ ϐளϩനଯǴځԛࣁȨᏢਠၗྍલЮȩǴаȨঁΓᇡޕલЮȩޑளϩനեǶࣴز่ ݀ᆶׅችȐ2001ȑόӕǴБय़ӢཥԮӦϐࣴزჹຝόӕȐቚуεଣਠȑ ܌ठǴќБय़ᆵчѱᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓᇡࣁȨঁΓᇡޕલЮȩനଯǴਔࣁ Չᡏػػᔼϐ߃Ǵࡐӭ୍܍ᒤΓۘ҂ௗၸᡏػػᔼǴ܌аόᕕှᖐ ᒤࢬำϷཀကǴჹܭ୍܍ௗϐॄᏼԋࣁЬाߔᛖӢનǴՉԿϞǴຫٰຫӭΓ ޭۓᡏػػᔼჹܭᏢғҶ໕௲ػϐޭۓǴىـࡹ۬ՉᡏػػᔼӭԃԖԋǹ ฅԶǴཥԮӦӚભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓᇡࣁᡏػػᔼȨ٬Ҕ ज़ڋȩࣁന֚ᘋޑӢનǴᏤठᖐᒤཀᜫफ़եǴ่݀ᡉҢӭኧᏢਠϝ൨ࡹ۬ൂՏ ϐံշǴᗲϿԖᏢਠᜫཀ൨Ѧࣚ୷ߎЍජǴॶளࡹ۬࣬ᜢൂՏుΕǶ ύλᏢᡏػػᔼࢲᒤϐံշԃफ़եȐࢫЎǴ2000ȑǴচཀࢂ׆ ఈૈаȨ٬ҔޣбȩޑᢀۺǴᡣӚਠૈԾ๏ԾىǴ܈ࢂᆶځдൂՏӝբ܈Ҿ ౢᜅշБԄᝢ༅Ǵᐱҥ܍ௗᡏػػᔼ୍ǹӆޣǴ௲ػȐ1999ȑܭ ȨύλᏢፐࡕϷଷයᡏػػᔼȩჴࡼाᗺύගډǴႴᓰӚਠቶᗎϦიᡏǵЎ ௲୷ߎǵϦљݤΓǵޗΓγǵਠ϶ǵৎߏᜅշǴ܈ӛᏢғଜԏࣴಞࢲǴ ܈җ܍ᒤᏢਠԃࡋ࣬ᜢᝢЍᔈǴаᝢ༅ᖐᒤࢲϐǶՠࢂǴᏢਠࣁߚ ᔼճൂՏǴ௲ᙍΓჹܭҾᜅշ܈Չᎍౣ٠ߚߏǴЪਡᎍБԄᆶ ՉीݤзԖပৡǴԋࣁ܍ᒤ୍ΓܭጓӈႣᆉϷ٬Ҕϐ֚ᘋǴߔᛖᏢ ਠᖐᒤཀᜫǴऩाँઇރǴࢲᝢБԄǴᏢਠᆶޗၗྍ่ӝǴаϷ ਡᎍБԄޑࡰᏤᆶӝϯǴᡣᔼ໗ᖐᒤૈ׳ճՉǴቚуᖐᒤϐᏢਠኧǶ ȐΟȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનϐৡ౦К ၨ КၨϩวǴόӕቫભᏢਠϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનύǴ୯ύ
Ϸ୯λϐ܍ᒤΓܭȨᏢਠၗྍલЮȩӢનଯܭεଣਠϷଯύȐᙍȑϐ܍ᒤΓ Ƕ܍ᒤΓཀـ߄ၲᕕှǴԖ٤ୃᇻᏢਠ܈λᏢਠޑၗྍၨࣁЖલǴᖐᒤཀ ᜫၨեǴԶεଣਠϷଯύȐᙍȑคፕࢂӧၮӦǵᏔϷৣၗၗྍၨܰڗ ளǴЪπբΓϩёፎᏢғڐշǴӵԜӢનԋ୯ύλᖐᒤᡏػػᔼჹޑК ٯၨଯύȐᙍȑϷεᏢեǹऩૈӝၗྍǴୃᇻӦё٩Ᏽᕉნ܄ᒤਸ܄ ЊѦᔼ໗Ȑӵᅊቸǵᚹ۟ȑǴҗεଣਠᏢғᏼҺדπǴԿ୯ύλ܈ୃᇻᏢਠЍ ජǴࣁᏢਠวϐՅǶ ځԛǴଯύ܍ᒤΓܭȨᏢٰྍόىȩܴᡉଯܭ୯λ܍ᒤΓǴԜ่݀ᆶ ׅችȐ2001ȑ࣬՟ǴЬाࢂଯύаϐᏢำ௲ػϝୃख़ܭϲᏢǴԖӭࣴزᡉ ҢߙϿԃୖᆶҶ໕ၮޑߔᛖӢનЬाࣁፐᕷख़ǵਔ໔όىȐЦᅼ౺Ǵ2004ǹ ߎࢊǴ1999ǹϿᅚǴ2000ǹำಏӕǴ2000ǹᇳڷඳǴ2004ǹᖴᗶໜǴ2004ȑǴ ڙډϲᏢᓸΚቹៜǴӭᏢғፐࡕਔ໔ӭϩଛӧፐࡕᇶᏤ܈ံಞǴჹܭᔼ໗ୖᆶ όӵ୯λᏢғਗ਼ǹԜѦǴଯύȐᙍȑᏢғჹܭᡏػػᔼϐሡᆶ୯λό ӕǴЪჹౚᜪςԖ୷ᘵϐמૈǴᔼ໗ࡐᜤ֎ЇᏢғᑫ፪ǴܕғޑዴК ୯λᏢғ֚ᜤǴ܌аଞჹଯύȐᙍȑᏢғϐᔼ໗ीሡा׳ӭᡂϯǴаߚᡏػ҅ ፐЪڀԖՅϐҞȐӵޔ௨፺ǵྖ݈ǵຉᆸǵ໗ȑǴ֎ЇᏢғҞӀǴቚ уᏢғୖᆶϐᑫ፪Ƕ ಃΟǴ୯ύ܍ᒤΓܭȨঁΓᇡޕલЮȩϐᄬय़ளϩଯܭ୯λ܍ᒤΓǴԜ ่݀ᆶၸѐࣴزȐׅችǴ2001ȑόӕǴ܈ࢂӢࣁӦӢનϷᖐᒤᏢਠКٯό ӕǴӢԶᜤаԋठ܄ޑࣴز่݀ǶཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᔼ໗Кٯа୯ύ നեǴᔈᕕှ୯ύ܍ᒤΓჹܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐሡǴаගଯᖐᒤཀᜫǶ ȐѤȑόӕᙍՏϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢનϐৡ౦Кၨ όӕᙍՏϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનৡ౦КၨӚᄬय़ளϩϐৡ౦К ၨǴ҂ၲᡉНྗǶԜ่݀ᆶׅችȐ2001ȑϐࣴز࣬ӕǴคፕࢂϙሶᙍձǴჹ ܭߔᛖӢન҂ၲᡉৡ౦ǶᒤᡏػػᔼǴࢂ௲ػЬᆅൂՏϞԃٰޑπբख़ᗺ ϐǴΨࢂਔжᖿ༈ǴᡏػػᔼޑԖځѸा܄ȐֺᆢྦྷǴ2000ȑǶيࣁᡏػ ௲ػޣǴᔈӅӕᡏᇡࢲϐख़ा܄ǴᡏػػᔼऩલϿ௲ৣϷՉࡹޣЍǴ ջᜤុᔼǴӢԜǴᡏػػᔼޑวࢂ܌Ԗ௲ػπբޣϐೢҺǴᡏػ୷ቫπ բޣ׳ᔈځд௲ৣϷՉࡹᇡӕǴаᗉխҗϿኧΓՉ܌ԖࢲπբǴගϲᡏ ػػᔼϐࢲࠔ፦Ǵԋ݀ᡣᏢғܭୖᆶǶ Ȑϖȑόӕ܄ձϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનϐৡ౦Кၨ όӕ܄ձϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનໆ߄ύǴӚᄬय़ளϩϐৡ౦Кၨ ҂ၲᡉНྗȄᡉҢӚભᏢਠᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓჹܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐߔᛖӢ નǴ٠όӢࣁ܄ձόӕǴԶԖᡉৡ౦ӸӧǶԜ่݀ᆶׅችȐ2001ȑϐࣴز࣬ ӕǴᡉҢӕࣁ௲ػπբޣǴࢂ׆ఈᙖҗᡏػػᔼޑՉǴЇᏤᏢғ҅ዴޑҶ ໕ᢀۺǴᎦҶ໕ၮϐಞᄍǴкჴᏢғܭଷයϐғࢲǴӢԜǴόӕ܄ձϐᡏػ ػᔼ୍ॄೢΓǴჹܭߔᛖӢનϐ࣮ݤ҂ၲᡉৡ౦Ƕ ȐϤȑόӕᡍϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨ όӕঁΓ܍ᒤᡍϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓܭߔᛖӢનໆ߄ύǴคᡍϐ܍ᒤ ΓӧȨࢲၗྍલЮȩᄬय़ϐளϩᡉଯܭԖᡍϐ܍ᒤΓǴԶӧȨ ٬Ҕज़ڋȩᄬय़߾ࣁԖᡍϐ܍ᒤΓଯܭคᡍϐ܍ᒤΓǶ࣬ၨܭၸѐࣴز
ȐׅችǴ2001ȑ่݀ᡉҢܭȨࢲၗྍલЮȩϐᄬय़ࢂ࣬ӕޑǴڀԖᡍϐ ୍ॄೢΓǴჹܭࢲᖐᒤޑၸำςԖ࣬ϐዕࡋǴคፕᏢਠՉࡹၗྍǵӦᏔ ࣣԖٯёൻǹ࣬ჹӦǴคᡍϐ୍ॄೢΓǴჹܭᡏػػᔼϐ࣬ᜢ୍ ዕǴόϐӵՖၮҔڬᜐၗྍᖐᒤᔼ໗ǴԾฅჹவคډԖी܌ԖࢲࢬำЈғ ࣙឨǴቹៜځݾڗᖐᒤᔼ໗ϐᐒǶځჴᡏػػᔼᆶၗྍޑ൨٠όӵགྷ Ⴝύ֚ᜤǴࡹ۬ൂՏᔈаࣴಞࢲǵᢀነҬࢬǵӝၗྍࡼڐշ୍ॄೢΓ ᝢᒤػᔼࢲǹᡣᡏػ௲ৣڀഢᝢᒤᡏػػᔼࢲೕჄᆶՉૈΚȐࢫЎǴ 2000ȑǴගଯ୍ॄೢΓᖐᒤػᔼϐཀᜫǶ ӆޣǴคᡍϐڙ၂ޣܭȨ٬Ҕज़ڋȩᄬय़ளϩଯܭคᡍϐڙ၂ޣǴ ჹܭБय़ޑߔᛖǴڀ܍ᒤᡍޑΓᇡࣁ٬ҔϷਡᎍБय़ज़ڋϼӭǴค ݤ٩ᔼ໗ሡा٬ҔǴคᡍޣӧ೭Бय़ۘ҂ௗǴ܌аόᕕှ٬Ҕज़ڋǴс ᡉਡᎍज़ڋϼӭёૈቹៜᡏػػᔼࢲճՉǴࣗԶቹៜᖐᒤᏢਠ ុᖐᒤϐཀᜫǶ ȐΎȑᏢਠၸѐᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓߔᛖӢનৡ౦Кၨ ่݀วၸѐමᖐᒤᡏػػᔼᏢਠϐ܍ᒤΓӧȬᏢਠၗྍલЮȭǵȬՉࡹ ၗྍલЮȭǵϷȬ٬Ҕज़ڋȭΟᄬय़ϐளϩǴࣣᡉଯܭၸѐόමᖐᒤᡏ ػػᔼᏢਠϐ܍ᒤΓǶԜ่݀ᆶׅችȐ2001ȑϐࣴز࣬ӕǴᡉҢόӕӦ ϐᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓǴѝाԖၸᖐᒤᡍǴջ٬ࢂ܍ᒤΓ፺ඹǴϝё٩ൻၸ ѐߥӸၗᒤǴ܈ࢂᏢਠϣځдௗၸϐπբΓڐշǴֹԋᡏػػᔼޑπ բǶЀځӧਡᎍޑϩǴԖᖐᒤၸޑᏢਠǴਠϣीسჹܭᔼ໗٬Ҕ ਡᎍΨԖᡍǴၨคᖐᒤၸޑᏢਠǴ܌ԖΓ٣ाவคډԖ໒ۈᄗǴၸำၨࣁ ٌधǴ೭ёаၸࡹ۬ൂՏᒤπբΓ࣬ᜢࣴಞᡍҬࢬǴ܈ஒᖐᒤၸޑᏢਠ ၗࡌᔞБԄׯ๓ǴᡣགྷᖐᒤޑᏢਠԖٯёൻǴගଯӚਠᖐᒤཀᜫǶԖࢲό ۓݾڗளډ܈ՉࡹၗྍǴՠࢂؒԖჄࢲޣࢂ๊ჹคݤᕇளҺՖЍජޑȐֺ ᆢྦྷǴ2000ȑǶԜࣁႴᓰᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓǴ߿ܭගрीฝϷགྷݤǴݾڗᖐ ᒤᔼ໗ᐒǴஒᏢਠՅᑼΕᔼ໗ࢲύǴวڀᏢਠՅϐᔼ໗Ƕ!
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Βǵ่ፕ ȐȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠܭΐΜϖᏢԃࡋᖐᒤᡏػػᔼݩ ҁࣴزวཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼϐᏢਠࣁ 94 ܌ǴؒԖᖐᒤޑ Ꮲਠࣁ 36 ܌ǴځύаଯύȐᙍȑᖐᒤКٯനଯǴ୯ύКٯനեǹԖᖐᒤޑᏢਠܭ ࢲ่״ࡕԖє໒ϐᏢਠीԖ 55 ܌ǴؒԖє໒ޑᏢਠीԖ 39 ܌Ƕ ځԛǴᖐᒤᡏػػᔼޑᏢਠӭࣁԾՉᒤǴЪаᒤൂ܄፦ϐᅿᔼ໗ ࣁЬǴᔼ໗ၮҞКٯၨଯޣࣁҖ৩ϷෞݚǴՠᡏϝаౚᜪၮനڙ߆ǹ ӧᔼ໗ਔ໔Бय़ࣁᖐᒤܭൣපଷය໔КٯനଯǴԶࢲਔ໔ߏࡋаೱុΒВ 2 ɴ3 λਔࣁӭǴӦ߾ࢂаᏢਠӦՉࢲࣁЬǶ ӆޣǴᔼ໗ୖᆶჹຝаλᏢғКٯࣁനଯǵୖᆶΓኧࣁ 21-40 ΓനӭǴЪεӭ җᏢғԾՉॄᏼᔼ໗ҔǹԶᔼ໗௲ৣϷπբΓЬाҗਠϣ௲ᙍπᏼҺǴ ٠٬ҔਠϣቶኞϷਠϣȐѦȑຠ࠹ੇൔࣁЬा࠹БԄǶ ȐΒȑཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼߔᛖӢન! 1.Ȩ٬Ҕज़ڋȩϷȨᏢਠၗྍલЮȩࣁཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠᖐᒤᡏػػᔼ܍ᒤΓᇡࣁޑߔᛖӢનǴᡉـϷᏢਠၗྍගٮᆶցࢂቹៜ܍ᒤ Γᖐᒤᡏػػᔼനख़ाޑӢનǶ 2.όӕቫભᏢਠǵόӕঁΓ܍ᒤᡍǵϷᏢਠၸѐᖐᒤᡍᆶցϐᡏػػ ᔼ܍ᒤΓङඳࣣԖᡉৡ౦Ӹӧৡ౦ǶځύǴаόӕቫભᏢਠϐ܍ ᒤΓܭᏢਠၗྍલЮӢનԖၨࣁᡉϐϸᔈǶ!
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Οǵࡌ! ҁࣴز่݀วǴཥԮӦᡏػػᔼ୍ॄೢΓჹܭᖐᒤᡏػػᔼᇡޕ ϷՉϝԖ࣬εޑৡ౦ǴᡏػػᔼࡽςԋࣁᏢਠᡏػೖຎϐख़ᗺҞǴࡹ ۬ൂՏᔈख़ຎ܍ᒤΓϐཀـǴਥᏵӦ܄܈Ўϯ๏ϒόӕϐڐշǴځࡌӵ ΠǺ Ȑȑჹࡹ۬ൂՏ! 1.ЇϟᏢਠᆶҾӝբǴၗྍӅ٦аၲډᚈគǹᙁϯҙፎϷਡᎍำׇǴ ๏ϒቸ܄ၮҔޜ໔Ǵа෧ᇸ܍ᒤΓϐॄᏼǶ 2.ܴु௶ዛᒤݤǴගଯπբΓដᗺǴࡌҥྣڋࡋǴᐟᓰ܍ᒤϷπբΓ Ǵػߏයቶࢲϐᅿη௲ৣϷᔼ໗πբΓǴᑈཱུᖐᒤ࣬ᜢࣴಞϷ ᢀነǴ෧Ͽࡹ۬ᆶ୷ቫൂՏᇡޕပৡǶ 3.ࡌҥΓωϷࢲၗྍၗǴᒌ၌ᐒᄬǴᡣ܍ᒤΓᒿਔё൨ ၗྍ܈ڐշǴӝӦ܄ε൞ϐΚໆǴаၲ࠹Ꮴਏ݀Ƕ 4.ஒᏢғୖᆶᔼ໗ӈΕӭϡΕᏢߐᘖచҹǴڈᐟᏢғܭ໕ཨਔ໔ୖᆶ࣬ᜢࢲ ϐཀᜫǴ׳ԖշܭӄΓ௲ػϐวǶ! ȐΒȑჹᏢਠБय़! 1.ᡏᇡᡏػػᔼჹܭᏢғҶ໕௲ػϐख़ा܄ǴុᔼࢲǴႴᓰᏢғϷ ৎߏୖᆶࢲǴ่ӝޗၗྍǴวڀԖӦБЎϯՅϐᔼ໗ࢲǶ 2.ीӭϡϯϐࢲϣǴᒿਔཥᡂǴ಄ӝᏢғޑࢬՉϷሡǴගٮᓬ ፦ϐᔼ໗ࢲǴ٠ዴჴє໒ᔠǴஒࢲၗֹߥӸǴаٮࡕុᒤ ୖԵǴයૈၲډ҉ុᔼϐҞޑǶ ȐΟȑჹࡕុࣴزϐࡌ ҁࣴزଞჹཥԮӦӚቫભᏢਠаୢڔፓݤՉࣴزǴ҂ٰёଞჹࡹ۬ൂ Տǵ҇໔ൂՏǵόӕᑜѱᏢਠǵᏢғǵৎߏόӕࣴزჹຝǴՉ׳ቶݱޑǹ ܈ࢂՉჴӦࣴزϷుࡋೖፋǴයఈҗ፦܄ϐᇆᕕှόӕᡂϐǴࡌᄬ ׳ֹϐᡏػػᔼၗૻǴаٮ࣬ᜢൂՏୖଜǶ !ୖԵЎ!
Ц܃ǴȐ2002ȑǴҶ໕ၮػᔼπբΓπբᅈཀٰྍϐࣴزǴѠᡏػၮ ᆅᏢൔǴ1Ǵ263-282Ƕ ЦݷǵЦྷᡕǵᛏǴȐ1999ȑǴၮҶ໕ػᔼޑՉᎍཷۺǶεᡏػǴ 42Ǵ149-157Ƕ ЦలζǴȐ1995ȑǴߙϿԃޑҶ໕ࢲᆶୃৡՉࣁǴޗวۑтǴ27Ǵ105-124Ƕ Цᅼ౺ǴȐ2004ȑǴѠчѱ୯λᏢғୖᆶҶ໕ၮރݩϷߔᛖӢનϐࣴزǴ୯ҥѠᡏػᏢଣᡏػࣴز܌҂рހϐᅺγፕЎǶ ՉࡹଣЬीೀǴȐ1994ȑǴѠӦΓαीǴѠчѱǺՉࡹଣǶ ՉࡹଣЬीೀǴȐ1995ȑǴύ҇୯ѠӦ୯҇Ҷ໕ғࢲፓൔǴѠчѱǺՉ ࡹଣǶ ֆቺฑǴȐ1997ȑǴহзᔼР҆ཀᜫፓൔǴѠчǺიݤΓߎً௲ػ୷ߎǶ ֆ፥ӀǴȐ1996ȑǴᏢਠЊѦҶ໕ࢲϐೕჄǴ௲ৣϺӦǴ80Ǵ76-79Ƕ ֈߎᑻǴȐ2000ȑǴΖΜΖԃൣଷᡏػػᔼϐፓ—аѠܿৣଣࣁٯǴεᡏػǴ 48Ǵ82-89Ƕ ֈࡌࡹǵᚑ֮ਦǵጰۚᐛǴȐ1998ȑǴපයߙϿԃҶ໕ࢲᔼ໗ϐԋਏፓ—аՉ ࡹଣߙԃᇶᏤہ 86 ԃံշᒤϐපයࢲᔼ໗ࣁٯǴѠчǺՉࡹଣߙԃ ᇶᏤہǶ ֺᆢྦྷǴȐ2000ȑǴᝢᒤᡏػػᔼୢᚒᆶჹȐᔈԖޑݤȑǴ୯҇ᡏػۑтǴ29 Ȑ3ȑǴ23-32Ƕ ׅችǴȐ2001ȑǴᆵчѱύλᏢᡏػػᔼჴࡼݩϷߔᛖӢનϐࣴزǴ୯ҥѠ ৣጄεᏢᡏػࣴز܌҂рހᅺγፕЎǶ ׅችǴȐ2007ȑǴ୯ҥҬ೯εᏢපයᡏػቶᅈཀࡋϐࣴزǴύ҇୯ᡏػᏢ ᖄӝԃᄤᏢೌࣴǴ୯ҥѠৣጄεᏢǴѠчѱǶ ஜξǵယటࡾǴȐ2000ȑǴٽูᔼ໗ޑೕჄᆶी߃Ǵчᑜ୯௲ᇶᏤᚈДтǴ 10Ǵ24-28Ƕ ݅ࡌӦǴȐ1996ȑǴך୯ߙϿԃҶ໕ࢲϐࣴزǴ୯ҥѠৣጄεᏢΟ҇Ьကࣴز ܌҂рހᅺγፕЎǶ ࢫЎǴȐ2000ȑǴᏢਠᡏػػᔼݩᆶ҂ٰఈǴ୯҇ᡏػۑтǴ29Ȑ3ȑǴ 6-13Ƕ ϿᅚǴȐ2000ȑǴѠчѱόӕቫભᏢғҶ໕ၮϐࣴزǴѠчѱǺᅇЎਜ۫Ƕ ௲ػǴȐ2007ȑǴ2007 ԃ௲ػᡏػљԋ݀༼ጓǴѠчѱǶ ௲ػہૼᚒࣴزीฝǴȐ1998ȑǴύᏢғၮҶ໕ୖᆶኳԄࣴزǴѠчǺ௲ػ Ƕ ธǴȐ1992ȑǴ୍ܺᙍζҶ໕ࢲϐࣴزǴ୯ҥࡹݯεᏢ҂рހᅺγፕЎǶ ကǴȐ1993ȑǴߙԃҶ໕ࢲݩϷځߔᛖӢનϐࣴزǴՉࡹଣߙԃᇶᏤہ ጓӑǶ ᓉਗǴȐ2000ȑǴϿԃيЈᆶғࢲރݩ-ѠӦፓϩǴѠчǺࢫယЎϯ٣ Ԗज़ϦљǶ ำಏӕǴȐ2000ȑǴύᏢғၮҶ໕ୖᆶኳԄǴ௲ػہૼǺ୯ҥѠৣጄεᏢᡏ ػسǶ ߎࢊǴȐ1999ȑǴך୯ߙϿԃҶ໕ၮݩǵሡᄤวჹϐࣴزǴѠчѱǺ ՉࡹଣᡏػہǶ ୯ৱǴȐ2003ȑǴѠεΐΜᏢԃࡋපଷٽูߙϿԃᡏػػᔼᅈཀࡋϐࣴزǴѠ εᡏػᏢൔǴ6Ǵ1-22Ƕ ୯ৱǵὓቶǵഋऍಹǵ݅דໜǴȐ2002ȑǴȨѠεΐΜᏢԃࡋٽูߙϿԃᡏػػ ᔼȩୖᆶᐒϷᕇளૻ৲ϐϩǴѠεᡏػǴ43Ǵ49-56Ƕ
ཥԮѱࡹ۬ჸֽϿԃ໗ǴȐ2002ȑǴڗԾ http://dep-auditing.hccg.gov.tw/web66/ _file/2197/upload/download/22518/91young.pdf ᇳڷඳǴȐ2004ȑǴਲ༜ᑜ୯ύғᡏػፐᏢಞԋ൩ǵᏢಞᅈཀࡋᆶҶ໕ၮୖᆶϐ ࣴزǴ୯ҥѠৣጄεᏢᡏػࣴز܌ᅺ҂рހϐγፕЎǶ ቅЎᅼǵ଼ऍǴȐ2002ȑǴᡏػػᔼೕჄᆶीǴεᡏػǴ58Ǵ60-67Ƕ ቅঅ౺ǵԙྷసǵࢫӃǴ(2001ȑǴ୯ύᏢғୖᆶҶ໕ၮݩϐǴಃۛᢀ ӀҶ໕ᄤᓓਓౢ҉ុᔼࣴፕЎȐ। 1-5ȑǴ୯ҥଯᓓਓᏢଣǴଯ Ƕ ቅનࣿǴȐ1997ȑǴߙϿԃޑҶ໕ࢲᆶҍ࣬ᜢ܄ࣴزǴ୯ҥࡹݯεᏢޗᏢࣴ ز܌҂рހᅺγፕЎǶ ጰਁǴȐ1994ȑǴߙᇶ—ߙԃҶ໕ࢲϐᙔკǴޗ௲ၗᚇᇞǴ193Ǵ8-11Ƕ ᎄדǵֆ୯ሕǵᑵඁǴȐȑȐ2000ȑǴၮՉᎍᏢǴѠчѱǺੀǶȐPitts, B. D., & Stotlar, D. K.,1996ȑ ᎄדǵֺᆢྦྷǵϿᅚǴȐ1996ȑǴύλᏢፐࡕϷଷයᡏػػᔼೕჄࣴزǴѠ чѱǺ௲ػǶ ᎄדǵϿᅚǵᙁᗶᘓǵྕؼǴȐ1999ȑǴύλᏢፐࡕϷଷයᡏػػᔼፐำ ೕჄࣴزԋ݀ൔǴѠчѱǺ௲ػǶ ᔼࡌǴȐ2006ȑǴՐӻރݩፓǴ2006 ԃ 12 Д 11 ВǴڗԾhttp://www.tpeca.org.tw /My/Asp/Discuss/Detail.asp?TitleID=135 ᖴᗶໜǴȐ2004ȑǴѠчѱ୯λᏢูፐࡕၮϐୖᆶᐒǵޕၮምᛖϐࣴزǴ ᆵчѱҥৣጄᏢଣ୯҇௲ػࣴز܌ᡏػ௲Ꮲᅺγ҂рހϐᅺγፕЎǶ ᛥܴ૽ǴȐ1999ȑǴਲ༜ᑜ୯λϤԃભᏢғҶ໕ࢲϐፓࣴزǴ୯ҥѠύৣጄᏢ ଣ҂рހᅺγፕЎǶ ྷǴȐ1999ȑǴѠεᏢΖΜΎԃࡋ२ࡋᖐᒤൣଷߙϿԃٽูػᔼࢲൔ ᆶࣴزϩǴѠεᡏػǴ34Ǵ33-38Ƕ
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