2004 475
(11)
Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.
(34, 36) (1, 34, 36) (32) (22) (5, 8, 10, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 33) 1 2, 3 1 2 3 E-mail tfhsieh@wufeng.tari.gov.tw +886-5-5820835 94 12 1 . 2005. . 14:257-264.
(geranium) (neroli) (clary
sage) (bergamot) (lemon balm) (ylang ylang) (lime)
(chamomile) (rosemary) (rosewood) 1000 2000
Botrytis cinerea (B-134)
1000
1000 2000 1000
compounds) (tannins) (flavonoids)
(saponins) (glucosides)
(alkaoids) (phytoalexins)
(coumarin) (2, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 33, 35)
( , The Yih Chemical Co., LTD., Taichung)
(geranium, Pelargonium graveolens (L.) L'Her ex Ait.) (neroli, Citrus aurantium L.)
(clary sage, Salvia sclarea L.)
(bergamot, Citrus bergamia Risso) (lemon balm, Melissa officinalis L.) (ylang ylang, Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F & Thoms.) (lime, Limonia aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) (chamomile,
Matricaria chamomilla L.) (rosemary,
Rosmarinus officinalis L.) (rosewood,
Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Tween
20 9 1
[Botrytis cinerea Pers. Ex Fr. (B-134)]
20 2 24 (Black light
blue lamp, F10T8BLB, Sankyo Denki, Japan)
3-4 10 ml 105 500 1000 1% B-134 1000 2000 10 ml 9 cm 20 2 16 hr 100 2% 1% 1000 2000 200 l B-134
(Parafilm, Pechiney Plastic Packaging, Menasha, WI 54952, Chicago, IL 60631, USA)
20 2 16 hr 100 2% 1% 6 cm 9 cm 6 cm 9 cm 1000 2000 5 ml 6 cm 100 l B-134 5 ml 6 cm 20 2 16 hr 100 2% 1% 1000 2000 4000 8000 200 l B-134 20 2 16 hr 100
(Yu Pin Biological Technology Co., LTD., Chiayi)
(Phalaenopsis sp.) ( 88) 10 ml 0.5 % 8 ml 100 ml 50 ml 1000 2000 1000 1 ml (2) 70% (Thiophanate-methyl, Topsin M) 2500 2 hr 100 ml 50 ml 300 ml 20 2 1 cm B-134 1000 ( ) 1000 2000 B-134 (p<0.05) 2000 2000 2000 1000 2000 2000 2000 1000 2000 1000 2000 1000 2000 ( ) B-134 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 2000 1000 2000 B-134
Table 1. Effect of plant essential oils on spore germination of Botrytis cinerea B-134 in vitro
Spore germination (%)
Essential oil Diluted fold Glass slide Agar plate Fumigation
(on agar plate)
Check (Water) 86 bc1 95 ab 8 a Geranium ( ) 1000X 49 g 0 f 5 l 2000X 79 cd 3 f 36 i Neroli ( ) 1000X 70 e 0 f 27 j 2000X 94 ab 87 abcd 63 gh Clary sage ( ) 1000X 89 ab 84 bcd 39 i 2000X 93 ab 95 abc 71 def Bergamot ( ) 1000X 75 de 55 e 69 efg 2000X 93 ab 92 abcd 82 ab
Lemon balm ( ) 1000X 92 ab 93 abcd 78 bcd
2000X 95 ab 97 a 82 ab Ylang ylang ( ) 1000X 88 ab 0 f 66 fg 2000X 94 ab 82 d 74 cde Lime ( ) 1000X 61 f 89 abcd 83 ab 2000X 91 ab 93 abcd 82 ab Chamomile ( ) 1000X 95 ab 93 abcd 59 h 2000X 97 a 96 a 78 bc Rosemary ( ) 1000X 92 ab 91 abcd 86 a 2000X 95 ab 96 a 88 a Rosewood ( ) 1000X 91 ab 0 f 13 k 2000X 93 ab 84 cd 42 i
( ) 1000 2000 ( ) B-134 2000 2000 1000 2000 1000 (p<0.05) 1000 1000 2000 1000 2000 ( ) B-134 1000 2000 1000 B-134 ( ) 4000 2000 ( ) (p<0.05) ( ) 1000 ( ) (6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 33, 35) B. cinerea B-134 B-134 B-134 2000 2000 2000 1000 2000 2000 2000 1000 2000 1000 2000 1000 2000 (7, 9, 17) B-134 (4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21) (6, 9, 17, 23, 30) B-134 B-134 1000 2000 1000 B-134 (p<0.05) B-134 (4, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 21) B-134 Fig. 1. Effect of different concentration of plant essential oils on spore germination of Botrytis cinerea B-134.
Table 2. Effect of plant essential oils on control of gray mold of Phalaenopsis Treatment
Two days after inoculation Four days after inoculation Six days after inoculation Lesion Lesion Lesion Lesion Lesion Lesion Lesion Lesion Lesion number area(%) size(mm) number area(%) size(mm) number area(%) size(mm)
Experiment I Check (Water) 6.5 3.7 a1 1.5 8.5 13.1 a 2.5 15.1 38.4 a 5.4 Geranium 1000X 0.0 0.0 b 0.0 0.6 0.1 b 1.0 3.2 4.2 bc 1.3 Geranium 2000X 0.4 0.1 b 0.4 1.1 0.3 b 1.2 4.5 5.1 bc 1.5 Neroli 1000X 0.6 0.3 b 1.0 1.5 0.6 b 1.3 6.3 8.2 b 1.8 Ylang ylang 1000X 0.0 0.0 b 0.0 0.0 0.0 b 0.0 2.1 1.2 c 0.8 Rosewood 1000X 1.1 0.4 b 1.0 2.0 2.2 b 1.4 8.5 11.7 b 1.6 Topsin M 2500X 0.6 0.2 b 1.0 1.4 0.3 b 1.2 8.2 10.6 b 1.7 Experiment II Check (Water) 8.1 2.7 a 1.2 10.3 3.7 a 1.5 17.5 43.8 a 2 Geranium 1000X 0.6 0.4 b 1.0 1.1 0.4 c 1.0 5.4 6.4 c 1.4 Geranium 2000X 0.8 0.2 b 1.0 2.3 0.7 c 1.1 5.4 7.8 bc 1.3 Neroli 1000X 0.4 0.2 b 1.0 0.4 0.2 c 1.0 7.0 14.1bc 1.6 Ylang ylang 1000X 0.4 0.2 b 0.6 0.6 0.3 c 1.0 2.4 3.5 c 1.5 Rosewood 1000X 1.9 0.6 b 1.0 3.6 2.0 b 1.1 3.3 28.1 ab 1.3 Topsin M 2500X 0.5 0.3 b 0.8 8.0 2.0 b 1.0 12.3 21.9 bc 2.0
1 Means followed by the same letter in the column are not significantly different (P 0.05) according to Dnucan's multiple range
test.
2 Do not determinate due to the lesion fusion together.
Fig. 2. Effect of plant essential oils of geranium, neroli, ylang ylang and rosewood on suppression of Phalaenopsis gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. A. Check (Water), B. Geranium oil (1000X), C. Neroli oil (1000X), D. Ylang ylang oil (1000X), E. Rosewood oil (1000X), and F. Topsin M fungicide (2500X).
Phytophthora palmivora(5) Rhizoctonia solani(15) Ralstonia solanacearum(31)
(7, 13, 16, 22, 33) (28) (3,13,16,19, 24, 29, 33) B-134 B-134 1000 2000 1000 1000 1000 B-134 B-134 B-134 B-134 NSC94-2313-B-055-002
1. Agrios, G. N. 2004. Plant Pathology. 5th ed. Academic press. 510-514.
2. Anonymous. 2002. Plant Protection Manual. Taiwan Agricultural Chemicals and Toxic Substances Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan. 510 pp. (in Chinese)
3. Arras, G., Piga, A. and D'Hallewin, G. 1993. The use of Thymus capitatus essential oil under vacuum conditions to control Penicillium digitatum development on citrus fruit. Acta Hortic. 344: 147-153.
4. Arras, G., Agabbio, M., Piga, A. and D'hallewin, G. 1995. Fungicide effect of volatile compounds of Thymus capitatus essential oil. Acta Hortic. 379: 593-600.
5. Awuah, R. T. 1994. In vivo use of extracts from Ocimum gratissimum and Cymbopogon citratus against Phytophthora palmivora causing blackpod disease of cocoa. Ann. Appl. Biol. 124: 173-178. 6. Baratta, M. T., Dorman, H. J. D., Deans, S. G.,
Figueiredo, A. C., Barroso, J. G. and Ruberto, G. 1998. Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of some commercial essential oils. Flavour Fragrance J. 13: 235-244.
7. Bhaskara Reddy, M. V., Angers, P., Gosselin, A., and Arul, J. 1998. Characterization and use of essential oil from Thymus Vulgaris against Botrytis cinerea and Rhizopus stolonifer in strawberry fruits. Phytochemistry. 47: 1515-1520.
8. Bowers, J. H. and Locke, J. C. 2000. Effects of botanical extracts on the population density of Fusarium oxysporum in soil and control of Fusarium wilt in the greenhouse. Plant Dis. 84: 300-305.
9. Chen, C. M. 1996. Inhibitory effect of plant oils on spore germination of plant pathogenic fungi. Bull. Hualien Dist. Agric. Improv. Stn. 12 71-92. (in Chinese with English abstract)
10. Chung, W. C., Huang, J. W., Huang, H. C. and Jen, J. F. 2002. Effect of ground Brassica seed meal on control of Rhizoctonia damping-off of cabbage. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 24: 211-218.
11. COA. 2004. Agriculture Statistics Yearbook 2004. Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan. 295 pp. (in Chinese)
12. Cosentino, S., Tuberoso, C. I. G., Pisano, B., Satta, M., Mascia, V., Arzedi, E. and Palmas, F. 1999. In vitro antimicrobial activity and chemical composition of Sardinian Thymus essential oils. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 29: 130-135.
13. Crespo, M. E., Jimenez, J., Gomis, E. and Navarro, J. 1990. Antibacterial activity of the essential oil of
Thymus serpylloides sub. gadorensis. Microbios 61: 181-184.
14. Cruz, T., Cabo, M. P., Cabo, J. and Ruiz, C. 1989. In vitro antibacterial effect of the essential oil of Thymus longiflorus Boiss. Microbios 60: 59-61.
15. Dhingra, O. D., Costa, M. L. N., Silva, JR. G. J. and Mizubuti, E. S. G. 2004. Essential oil mustard to control Rhizoctonia solani causing seedling damping off and seedling blight in nursery. Fitopatol. Bras. 29: 683-686.
16. Dorman, H. J. D. and Deans, S. G. 2000. Antimicrobial agents from plants antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J. Appl. Microbiol. 88: 308-316.
17. Gangrade, S. K.; Shrivastava, R. D.; Sharma, O. P.; Jain, N. K.; Trivedi, K. C. 1991. In vitro antifungal effect of the essential oils. Indian Perfum. 35: 46-48. 18. Hsieh, T. F., Huang, J. H., Hsieh, L. J., Hu, M. F., and
Ko, W. H. 2005. Antifungal effect of plant extracts on phytopathogenic fungi. Plant Pathol. Bull. 14 59-66. (in Chinese with English abstract)
19. Isman, M. B. 2000. Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop Prot. 19: 603-608.
20. Ko, W, H., Wang S. Y., Hsieh, T. F. and Ann, P. J. 2003. Effects of sunflower oil on tomato powdery mildew caused by Oidium neolycopersic. J. Phytopathol. 151: 144-148.
21. Letessier, M. P., Svoboda, K. P. and Walters, D. R. 2001. Antifungal activity of the essential oil of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis). J. Phytopathol. 149: 673-678. 22. Lin, C. Y., Ann, P. J., Chang, C. A., Lo, C. T., and
Hsieh, T. F. 2004. Non-chemical Control of Plant Diseases. (2nded.). Agricultural Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Republic of Chinese. Taichung, Taiwan. 20pp. (in Chinese)
23. Lis-Balchin, M. and Deans, S. G. 1997. Bioactivity of selected plant essential oils against Listeria monocytogenes. J. Appl. Microbiol. 82: 759-762. 24. Liu, W. T., Chu, C. L. and Zhou, T. 2002. Thymol and
acetic acid vapors reduce post-harvest brown rot of apricots and plums. Hort. Science. 37 151-156. 25. Muto, M., Huang, J. W., and Takahashi, H. 2004.
Effectof water-soluble extracts of radish seed meal on control of lettuce brown leaf spot (Acremonium lactucae Lin et al.). Plant Pathol. Bull. 13: 275-282. 26. Muto, M., Takahashi, H., Ishihara, K., Yuasa, H., and
Huang, J. W. 2005. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal
plants used by indigenous people in Taiwan. Plant Pathol. Bull. 14: 13-24.
27. Muto, M., Takahashi, H., Ishihara, K., Yuasa, H., and Huang, J. W. 2005.Control of black leaf spot (Alternaria brassicicola) of crucifers by extracts of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum). Plant Pathol. Bull.14: 25-34.
28. Oka, Y., Nacar, S., Putievsky, E., Ravid, U., Yaniv, Z. and Spiegel, Y. 2000. Nematicidal activity of essential oils and their components against the root-knot nematode. Phytopathology 90: 710-715.
29. Oxenham, S. K., Svoboda, K. P. and Walters, D. R. 2005. Altered growth and polyamine catabolism following exposure of the chocolate spot pathogen Botrytis fabae to the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum. Mycologia 97 576-579.
30. Pattnaik, S., Subramanyam, V. R. and Kole, C. R. 1996. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of ten essential oils in vitro. Microbios 86 237-246.
31. Pradhanang, P. M., Momol, M. T., Olson, S. M. and Jones, J. B. 2003. Effects of plant essential oils on Ralstonia solanacearum population density and bacterial wilt incidence in tomato. Plant Dis. 87 423-427.
32. Pu., X. M. 1988. Studies on the fungicide resistance of Botrytis cinerea to vinclozolin. Department of Plant Pathology and Entomology, National Taiwan University. Master thesis. 54 pp. (in Chinese with English abstract)
33. Thanassoulopoulos, C.C. and Yanna, L. 1997. On the biological control of Botrytis cinerea on kiwifruit cv. "HAYWARD" during storage. Acta Hortic. 444:757-762
34. Wey, G. C. 1994. Occurrence and chemical control of Phalaenopsis petal blight caused by Botrytis cinerea. Rept. Taiwan Sugar Res. Inst. 144: 11-23. (in Chinese with English abstract)
35. Wilson, C. L., Solar, J. M., El Ghaouth, A., Wisniewski, M. E. 1997. Rapid evaluation of plant extracts and essential oils for antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea. Plant Dis. 81 204-210. 36. Yang, H. C. 1994. The occurrence and control of gray
mold on ornamental plants. Pages 167-176 in: Proceeding of Symposium on Pests and Diseases of Floriculture in Taiwan. The Plant Protection Society of the Republic of China. Special Publication New No. 2. Taichung, Taiwan. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Chen, C. H.1, and Hsieh, T. F.2, 3 2005. Effects of plant essential oils on Botrytis cinerea spore germination and gray mold incidence in Phalaenopsis. Plant Pathol. Bull. 14:257-264. (1 Plant Pathology Division, Agricultural Research Institute, COA, Wufeng, Taichung, Taiwan; 2 Department of Breeding, Floriculture Research Center, Agricultural Research Institute, COA, KuKeng, YunLin, Taiwan; 3 Corresponding author, E-mail: tfhsieh@wufeng.tari.gov.tw; FAX: +886-5-5820835)
Ten plant essential oils derived from geranium (Pelargonium graveolens (L.) L'Her ex Ait.), neroli (Citrus aurantium L.), clary sage (Salvia sclarea L.), bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.), ylang ylang (Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. F & Thoms.), lime (Limonia aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and rosewood (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) were screened for antifungal activity against spore germination of Botrytis cinerea isolate B-134. Each plant essential oil was diluted to 1,000 and 2,000 folds and tested for their antifungal activity by glass slide method and water agar plate method. Results showed that the average ability of the tested plant essential oils to suppress spore germination of B. cinerea on the water agar plate was much better than that of in sterile distilled water on slide. Among ten different kinds of essential oils, geranium, neroli, ylang ylang and rosewood essential oils were the best four in suppression of spore germination. Meanwhile, the geranium and rosewood essential oil at 1,000 diluted fold also showed the good fumigated suppression to spore germination. The serial dilutions of four effective essential oils were further prepared to test their suppressive effectiveness for spore germination. Results showed that geranium essential oil at 1,000 and 2,000 diluted folds, and neroli, ylang ylang and rosewood essential oil at 1,000 diluted fold were the effective concentration to suppress the spore germination. Gray mold of Phalaenopsis caused by B. cinerea also significantly decreased after Phalaenopsis petal was sprayed with these effective plant essential oils at the suitable diluted concentration. The effect of disease suppression by essential oils of ylang ylang and geranium was equal to or better than that of the chemical Topsin M. Moreover, the results of the ability of plant essential oil in decreasing gray mold disease of Phalaenopsis petal were similar to the ability in suppressing spore germination of B. cinerea on water agar plate.
