行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫 成果報告
生醫動態光罩快速成型系統應用於組織工程支架製作之研 發
研究成果報告(精簡版)
計 畫 類 別 : 個別型
計 畫 編 號 : NSC 95-2221-E-011-013-
執 行 期 間 : 95 年 08 月 01 日至 96 年 07 月 31 日 執 行 單 位 : 國立臺灣科技大學機械工程系
計 畫 主 持 人 : 鄭逸琳
計畫參與人員: 碩士班研究生-兼任助理:許貽玨、陳茂揚
報 告 附 件 : 出席國際會議研究心得報告及發表論文
處 理 方 式 : 本計畫涉及專利或其他智慧財產權,1 年後可公開查詢
中 華 民 國 96 年 10 月 21 日
行政院國家科學委員會補助專題研究計畫 ■ 成 果 報 告
□期中進度報告 生醫動態光罩快速成型系統應用於組織工程支架製作之研發
計畫類別:■ 個別型計畫 □ 整合型計畫 計畫編號:NSC 95-2221 -E - 011 -013 -
執行期間:95 年 8 月 1 日至 96 年 7 月 31 日
計畫主持人:鄭逸琳
計畫參與人員:許貽玨、陳茂揚
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執行單位: 國立台灣科技大學機械工程系
中 華 民 國 96 年 10 月 15 日
行政院國家科學委員會專題研究計畫成果報告
生醫動態光罩快速成型系統應用於組織工程支架製作之研發
(Research on Fabrication of Tissue Engineering Scaffold by Biomedical Dynamic Masking Rapid Prototyping System)
計畫編號:95-2221-E-011-013 執行期限:95年8月1日至97年7月31日 主持人:鄭逸琳 國立台灣科技大學機械工程系
Email: [email protected] 研究人員:許貽玨、陳茂揚 中文摘要
在傳統的支架製造方法上,普遍 有著孔洞大小、不易控制、特定外形 難以製作,以及冗長的製作時間等問 題。以快速原型技術應用在製作支架 上,可有效解決傳統製作支架的問題。
本計劃延續實驗室先前所研發的 生 醫 動 態 光 罩 快 速 成 型 系 統 ,利 用 DLP(Digital Light Processing)投影機內 部 120W 超高壓水銀燈泡,取代外接 式光源-光纖點光源機,當作光聚合生 醫材料固化的光源,在經濟上的考量 也更具效益。並調整系統、生醫材料 與加工參數以適用於可見光固化。本 研究以網狀偏移的設計,成功製作薄 層 支 架 , 所 使 用 的 生 醫 材 料 包 含 PEG-HEMA/PLGA 200 型與 600 型,
並對薄層支架進行材料性質測試。
關鍵詞:快速原型、支架、生醫動態光罩快速 成型系統
Abstract
Traditional methods to generate tissue engineering scaffold have encountered issues such as limited control of pore-size, restricted geometric shapes, and long fabrication periods.
Rapid Prototyping processes provide a great opportunity for fabricating scaffolds without above problems.
This project continued the research of Dynamic Mask Rapid Prototyping System developed in our laboratory to cure biodegradable material to generate scaffolds. Instead of using an expensive fiber-type spot UV light source, the
internal 120W bulb of the Digital Light Processing (DLP) projector was utilized as a light source. The system, materials, and working parameters were adjusted to satisfy the need of visible light curing.
This research has successfully fabricated 3-layer scaffolds with a special offset- grid design. Two type of biomaterial were utilized—PEG-HEMA/PLGA 200 and 600. Tests of the fabricated scaffolds were conducted to compare the two scaffold materials in this research.
Keyword: Rapid Prototyping, Scaffolds, Dynamic Mask Rapid Prototyping System
1. 前言
組織工程(Tissue Engineering)是醫 學界一項嶄新的概念方法,將生醫材 料 以 特 製 的 方 式 建 構 出 多 孔 性 支 架 (scaffold),再將細胞引入以人工控制的 方式進行體內或是體外培養,以修補 壞損的組織或器官,使恢復其原有的 生理機能。因此如何利用生醫材料製 作出三維支架,在組織工程領域中是 一項重要技術。
2. 研究目的
傳統製作支架的方法雖均可製作 出微小孔洞,但其缺點有孔洞連通性 不佳、孔洞分佈不均、機械性質不良 以及有機溶劑的殘留等問題,以致於 在實際運用上有其困難性。快速成型 技術具有速度快、可建構複雜的幾何 外型及高重現性的優點,而且可依需 求自由設計孔洞大小及分佈的能力,
所以此技術已是製作組織工程支架重 要的利器。
先前本實驗室所發展之生醫動態 光罩快速原型系統,採用 UV 光纖點 光源機[1],由於 UV 光纖點光源機單 價過於昂貴,不符經濟效益。本計劃 將 進 行 曝 光 光 源 的 變 更 , 改 為 可 見 光 , 並 因 應 可 見 光 需 求 調 整 生 醫 材 料、改善系統及調整加工參數。利用 改良過的可見光生醫動態光罩快速原 型系統製作薄層支架,對於製作出的 支架進行性質檢測,包括材料的含水 率、重量降解損失、PH 酸鹼值做長期 評估是否適合細胞的生長。
3. 文獻探討
3.1 快速原型加工原理
快速原型技術又可稱為實體自由 成形法(Solid Freeform Fabrication)、層 加 工 製 造 技 術 (Layer Manufacturing Technology)。乃是將三維物體藉由電 腦切層處理轉變為層加工,再一層一 層堆疊出複雜形狀的 3D 實體。其加工 過程自動化,無須設計夾治模具,可 製作出任意複雜形狀或是細微機構,
突破傳統製程的限制並節省昂貴的模 具製作費用。其簡略加工流程如圖 1 所示。
圖 1 快速原型加工原理[2]
3.2 快速原型技術應用於組織工程支架 之製造
RP 在組織工程應用方面,目前以 FDM(Fused Deposition Modeling) 技 術、3DP(3D Printing)技術、微影成型 技術和自行研發的系統為主。
熔融層積技術(FDM)
工作原理類似擠牙膏的方式,將 線狀熱塑性高分子材料加熱到半溶融 狀態,由噴頭將材料擠出(如圖 2 所 示),擠出之材料會迅速固化並與前一 層黏合,如此重覆一層層堆疊,直到 整個工件完成。
圖 2 FDM 系統工作原理[3]
2002 年 Iwan Zein 等人[4],先將 聚己內酯(Polycaprolactone, PCL)製成 線材,利用 FDM 系統調整適當參數 後,可製作出任意調整內部結構的支 架,每層厚度約 0.254mm,其孔徑為 400~700µm,孔隙率為 48~77%,如圖 3 所示。
圖 3(a)系統加工示意圖;(b)支架外觀與剖面圖
三維立體列印技術(3D Printing) 3DP 利用噴嘴將黏結劑噴塗在欲 成形的粉末上,完成一層後成型平台 下降一層厚度的距離,然後滾筒將粉 末刮至成型平台,再噴塗黏結劑持續 建構下一層,如此重複直到工件完成。
2002 年新加坡大學 C.X.F. Lam 等人 [5],使用澱粉基高分子為材料,以有 機溶劑或明膠充當黏結劑,使用 Zcorp (Z402)快速成型機製作出數個不同外 型與內部結構(censolid and cenholl)的 半月板支架,如圖 4 所示,而所製成 的支架表面尚存在許多細孔,可以增 加其孔隙度,以提高細胞增生及附著
的效率。
圖 4 C.X.F. Lam 等人所製作之半月板支架
微影成型技術(Photolithographic) 2005 年 Marish S. Hahn 等人[6],
將 對 光 會 反 應 的 PEG-acrylate hydrogels 溶於有機溶劑中,當作建構 支架的材料。利用光罩以 365nm 波長 紫 外 光 雷 射 掃 描 曝 光 區 域 , 促 使 acrylate 與 hydrogel 相互交聯、固化,
進而建構出支架,如圖 5 所示。
圖 5(a)光罩曝光;(b)表面特徵
自行研發系統
2002 年 T.H. Ang 等人[7],自行研 發 RPBOD (Rapid prototyping robotic dispensing system)系統,如圖 6 所示。
材料是取 3%甲殼素(chitosan)分別加 入 0% 、 20% 和 40% 氫 氧 基 磷 灰 石 (Hydroxyapatile)溶於醋酸,再將材料儲 存 在 噴 嘴 槽 內 藉 由 壓 縮 空 氣 擠 置 在 Dispensing medium 上,最後以液態氮 驟冷並進行真空乾燥 48 小時,使支架 內殘留的溶劑去除,得到多孔性支架。
圖 6 T.H. Ang 等人的 RPBOD system
4. 研究方法
4.1 可見光固化支架材料
由於光源改採可見光,所使用材 料亦需加以調整。先前所使用的生醫 高 分 子 材 料 , 主 要 由 三 種 材 料 所 組 成—光起始劑、光交聯劑以及 PLGA。
因此調整的策略可從光起始劑或光交 聯劑下手。文獻中僅測試光交聯劑在 UV 光範圍中可行,未曾測試在可見光 範圍的交聯情況,因此,本實驗先從 調整光起始劑開始並加以測試,如果 材料能在可見光下固化,則證明光交 聯劑亦可在可見光下發揮其功能,可 直接採用。如果無法固化,則再考慮 改質交聯劑。
4.2 可見光生醫動態光罩快速成型系統 系統成像設計
系統之成像設計是設計原理主要 是利用造鏡者公式和高斯透鏡公式,
計算成像位置與成像尺寸之關係。利 用兩透鏡的組合,將兩鏡固定於自訂 的轉接套環內,如圖 7 所示。經由計 算後得知,丞相為放大倍率 m=2.5 的 倒立實像。
圖 7 系統之成像設計圖
曝光光源機構變更設計
先前所開發的生醫動態光罩快速 成型系統,選用的是波長 365nm UV 光纖點光源機,如圖 8(a)所示。由於單 價太高,不符經濟效益,所以本研究 將改採 DLP 投影機內部 120W 超高壓 水銀燈泡,當作光聚合生醫材料固化 的光源,利用較為寬廣的波長範圍,
可增加材料受激發固化的能力,如圖 8(b)所示。
圖 8(a)光纖點光源機;(b)超高壓水銀燈泡
成像光路設計
由於 DMD 微小鏡片偏轉角度方 向固定,需將水銀燈源調整至適當的 角度位置,以使光源能有效的投射到 DMD,經反射到達成型平面。
4.3 薄層支架設計
由於曝光光源的變更,因此對光 聚 合 生 醫 材料 進 行 一 系 列 的 成 型 測 試,以尋求最佳的支架外形孔洞,並 檢測支架之性質以評估其適用性。因 此利用 CAD 軟體建構兩種三層薄層支 架,如圖 9,由於條狀堆疊製作支架在 層與層之間易產生節點,導致結構坍 塌變形;條狀堆疊成型之支架強度不 佳,欲製作多層支架較為不易,而網 狀偏移堆疊,其層與層間的接觸面較 廣,支撐性較佳,並且利用偏移堆疊 來製作出更小的孔洞,其中 Strip Width (SW)代表條寬;Fill Gap (FG)代表間 距;Layer Thickness (LT)代表層厚。
圖 9(a)正四邊形(b)正六邊型
4.4 2D 薄層支架性質測試方法 靜態降解
將要測試的材料浸泡於磷酸鹽緩 衝溶液(Phosphate Buffer Solution, PBS)
中,並靜置於 37℃恆溫水槽內,固定 每三天量測記錄樣品的重量、pH 值並 更換新的 PBS。
材料含水率測試
將多孔性支架於烘箱中乾燥後,
取出冷卻秤取實驗前之乾重 Wi,再浸 泡去離子水中,置入恆溫水槽。固定 週期取出,以吸水紙拭去表面多餘水 份,再秤取支架含水重 Wc,以下列公 式即可計算含水比率:
Water Absorption = − ×100% Wi
Wi Ratio Wc
酸鹼值量測
以人體體液相近之磷酸鹽緩衝溶 液(Phosphate Buffer Saline, PBS)進行 pH 測試,將多孔性薄膜浸泡於 PBS 溶 液下以模擬細胞培養的環境,評估 pH 值的變化是否會影響細胞的生長。
重量損失量測
分別將降解前與降解後的支架置 於烘箱中乾燥後,取出秤其重量,並 依下列公式計算降解後的重量損失。
假設重量損失為時間的函數,Wi 為降 解前的初始乾重,Wd 為在該時間點的 乾重,因此由下式可以得到重量損失 率(Mass Loss Ratio):
Mass Loss Ratio = − ×100% Wi
Wd Wi
5. 結果與討論
5.1 可見光固化支架材料 光起始劑
光起始劑是整個反應過程中不可 或缺的組成要素,吸收光促使自由基 引發交聯反應。此研究中,光起始劑 改採用 TPO(購於恆橋產業股份有限公 司),並以紫外光-可見光分光光譜儀測 定其最大吸收波長,吸收曲線如圖 10 所示,表 1 為光起始劑 TPO 之基本資 料。
圖 10 TPO 之光吸收曲線圖 表 1 光起始劑 TPO 之基本資料
光交聯劑
本實驗採用PEG (聚乙二醇)以及 另 一 親 水 性 單 體 2-hydroxyethyl mathacrylate(HEMA),將兩者化學合成 為PEG-HEMA (光交聯劑),使末端基 為C=C雙鍵,其化學結構式如圖 11 所 示[8]。PEG-HEMA型光交聯劑具有良 好的光反應性及高度的溶解性,可受 光激發而發生光交聯反應。將合成完 畢的PEG-HEMA,利用H-NMR圖譜來 驗證是否成功合成。
圖 11 PEG-HEMA 化學結構式
調配光聚合生醫材料
PEG-HEMA 光交聯劑、PLGA 與 光起始劑(Photoinitiator)依特定的比例 溶於 Chloroform 中,調配比例如表 2 所示。所使用的 PEG-HEMA 分為 200 與 600 兩型,其中 PEG 的分子量分別 為 200 與 600。由於調配生醫材料時所 用的光起始劑與先前測試時相比量很 少,所以再將調配好的生醫材料以紫 外光-可見光分光光譜儀測定其吸收曲 線,結果如圖 12 所示。
表 2 光聚合生醫材料之調配比例
PEG-HEMA 85/15
PLGA 光起始劑 Chloroform 配
方
0.20g (40wt
%) 0.2g 10wt% 0.5ml Photo-initiator 10wt%(相對於光交聯劑的重量)
PLGA 高分子溶液 40wt%(相對於有機溶劑的重量)
(a)PEG-HEMA /PLGA 200
(b)PEG-HEMA/PLGA 600
圖 12 生醫高分子溶液之光吸收曲線圖
5.2 可見光生醫動態光罩快速成型系統 5.2.1 成像光路設計結果
由於 DMD 微小鏡片偏轉角度方 向固定,因此在水銀燈下加裝萬向支 撐架,使其能做調整旋轉到最佳的位 置,如圖 13 所示。
圖 13 光線投射路徑
由 於 水 銀 燈 光 源 會 發 出 紅 外 輻 射,將產生高熱高溫,因此在水銀燈 泡週遭加裝兩組風扇,以一吸一抽的 方式,帶走水銀燈所產生的熱量,以 減少高溫對 DMD 及週邊零組件的衝 擊,如圖 14 所示,圖 15 為整體可見 光生醫動態光罩快速成型系統之構造 圖。
圖 14 在水銀燈兩側加裝風扇
圖 15 水銀燈光源之整體架構
5.2.2 加工參數設定
影響加工成型的主要參數如下:
(1) 曝光時間:
曝光時間的控制主要在於避免產 生過照射現象發生,導致前層特徵被 破壞,以及曝光時間不足而造成材料 無法固化。本研究測試結果,曝光時 間為 60 秒。
(2) 加工層厚:
加工厚度的控制是將成型平台先 下降再上升到與液面間的層厚位置。
加工厚度與曝光時間具正比關係。本 研究的層厚設定為 200µm。
(3) 光圈:
光圈主要的功能是藉由控制入光 量的多寡,以消除像差、減少光暈的 產生,使成像更為清晰。在透鏡組設 計中,轉接套環內加入一光圈,藉由 調整葉片的開合大小,來控制入光量 的大小。本研究光圈的設定為 9mm。
5.3 薄層支架製作
單層支架之製作,直徑為 12mm,
製作單層尺寸如表 3 所示。支架製作 結果如圖 16 所示,光聚合生醫材料在 一系列的單層加工製作完成後,發現 其設計的條寬與實際製作出的條寬有 著明顯的差距:在條寬 80µm 下,實際 呈現的條寬約為 400µm;條寬 100µm 下,實際呈現的條寬約為 470µm。
表 3 製作單層尺寸表
(b)
(d) (c)
(a)
圖 16 (a)Sample I;(b) Sample II;(c) Sample III;
(d) Sample IV
造成設計條寬和實際呈現條寬有 差異的可能原因如下:
(1) 由於曝光光源為開放式照射,因 而造成光的散射及光線經 DMD 反射到成像平面時,能量不均勻 導致。
(2) 可能透鏡在組裝時傾斜,導致焦 點模糊,造成能量不均。
(3) 使用光圈下之成像,其光暈似乎 有 改 善 的 現 象 , 但 仍 然 有 光 暈 的 存 在,無法百分百的將其消除,而造成 設計尺寸與實際成型尺寸有所差異。
5.4 薄層支架性質測試
本實驗以 PLGA 添加 PEG-HEMA 200 型與 PEG-HEMA 600 型光交聯劑 製作支架,藉以觀察不同分子量光交
聯劑製作出的支架對於細胞的生長及 降解性質有何影響。浸泡在去離子水 中,在不同的時間點所測得支架的含 水率,如圖 17 所示。
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36
Time (days)
Water absorption ratio %
type 200 type 600
圖 17 200 型與 600 型之含水率變化曲線 添加 PEG-HEMA 600 型光交聯劑 的支架,其含水率比添加 PEG-HEMA 200 型來得高,顯示光交聯劑的分子量 大小與含水率成正比,所以判斷含水 率隨著 PEG 鏈段的比例增加而增加。
在含水率變化曲線中,發現 200 型與 600 型在第 21 天的含水率有開始向上 增 加 的 趨 勢 , 推 測 材料 經 由 光 固 化 後,使得材料內部結構較為緻密而不 利於水的滲透,經過一段時間之後,
分子鍵水解使得材料內部結構不再緻 密,而有利於水的滲透。
圖 18 為每三天更換 PBS 溶液與不 更換 PBS 溶液酸鹼值的變化曲線圖。
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 Time (days)
pH value
type 200(changed PBS/3days) type 200(not changed PBS) type 600(changed PBS/3days) type 600(not changed PBS)
圖 18 pH 值隨時間變化曲線圖 每三天更換 PBS 溶液,600 型的 pH 值變化始終維持在 7 左右,呈穩定 的狀態;而 200 型在實驗期間也有逐 漸偏酸的現象,但在第 24 天,其 pH 值降至 7 以下,直至第 42 天後,pH 值才回升至 7 以上。由此推測 600 型 有較高的分子量,由於分子間的鍵結
力強,以致於材料不易被水解,而產 生酸性物質;而 200 型的分子量小,
經過 24 天的水解過程,分子間的鍵結 逐 漸 弱 化 , 得 開 始 大量 釋 出 酸 性 物 質,加速酸化,直至第 39 天後才趨於 緩和。在不更換 PBS 溶液條件下,經 過 60 天的量測,200 型與 600 型的酸 鹼值一直呈現酸性,顯示材料經由水 解過程中,釋放出酸性物質,加速材 料析出酸化物質,造成所謂的自動催 化(autocatalytic)的現象。
圖 19 為每三天更換 PBS 溶液與不 更換 PBS 溶液重量損失的變化圖。
圖 19 重量損失率隨時間變化曲線圖 在每三天更換一次 PBS 溶液的 200 型以及 600 型得知,200 型的重量 損失率在中後期比 600 型高出 20 個百 分點;600 型的重量損失率在量測期 間,似乎都呈一穩定比例減少重量,
而 200 型在第 24 天後有了較大的重量 損失。對於 200 型而言,在此降解期 間可分為三個階段:在初期(0~24 天) 其 重 量 損 失 與 時 間 呈 一 比 例 趨 勢 上 升;中期(24~42 天),其重量損失曲線 斜率變大,這表示此期間材料正快速 降解中;到末期(42~60 天),重量損失 曲線又趨平緩。藉由與圖 18 比較後,
推論材料的重量損失與材料釋放出酸 性物質有著密切的關聯性。
5.5 3D 多層支架結構設計
現階段支架製作只有三層,未來 將嘗試製作 3D 多層支架。因此現階段 利用 CAD 軟體來設計 3D 多層支架的 結構,如圖 20 所示。
圖 20(a)0/90 度(b)0/45/90 度(c)正三角(d)菱型 3D 多層支架結構設計
6. 結論
本研究以 120W 超高壓水銀燈取代 200W 之光纖點光源機爲曝光光源製 作出高分子支架,使用水銀燈可以獲 得較大波長範圍(250nm~420nm)下的 能量,以填補能量不足的缺點。支架 製 作 完 成 後 , 經 由 酒精 的 沖 洗 後 處 理,其支架孔洞特徵即可顯露,且具 內部連通性。但由於光暈現象影響未 完全消除,支架的尺寸與設計有所差 異,可藉由設計尺寸的補償及網狀偏 移結構來控制實際所需孔洞的大小。
支架性質檢測結果,在含水率方面,
PEG-HEMA/PLGA 200 型與 600 型兩 種材料均在測試第 18 天後開始明顯的 上升。模擬細胞培養的環境,200 型支 架在每三天更換一次 PBS 溶液下,其 pH 值在測試第 24 天降至 pH7 以下,
在第 42 天又開始回復到 pH7 以上;而 600 型則平穩的在 pH7 以上。重量損 失方面,在測試第 60 天,200 型的重 量損失已高達 50%,而 600 型僅達 35%。
7. 參考文獻
1. 李孟龍,”動態光罩快速原型系統製造組 織工程支架之研發”,國立台灣科技大學 機械工程研究所,碩士論文,2005。
2. 國 立 台 灣 科 技 大 學 雷 射 實 驗 室 , (http://140.118.198.70/RP.html).
3. Arnaud Bertsch, Philippe Renaud, Christian Vogt, and Paul Bernhard, “Rapid Prototyping of small size objects,” Rapid Prototyping Journal, V6, N4 (2000) 259-266.
4. Iwan Zein, Dietmar W. Hutmacher, Kim Cheng Tan, and Swee Hin Teoh, ”Fused deposition modeling of novel scaffold architecture for tissue engineering application,” Biomaterials 23 (2002) 1169-1185.
5. C.X.F. Lam, X.M. Mo, S.H. Teoh, and D.W.
Hutmacher, “Scaffold development using 3D printing with a starch-based polymer,”
Materials Science and Engineering C 20 (2002) 49-56.
6. Mariah S. Hahn, Lakeshia J. Taite, James J.
Moon, Maude C. Rowland, Katie A. Ruffino, and Jennifer L. West, “Photolithographic patterning of polyethylene glycol hydrogels,” Biomaterials 27 (2006) 2519-5254.
7. T.H. Ang, F.S.A. Sultana, D.W. Hutmacher, Y.S. Wong, J.Y.H. Fuh, X.M. Mo, H.T. Loh , E. Burdet , and S.H. Teoh., “Fabrication of 3D chitosan-hydroxyapatite scaffolds using a robotic dispensing system,” Materials Science and Engineering C 20 (2002) 35-42 8. 許端容,”具紫外光交聯性的聚胺酯二醇 樹酯合成及應用於組織工程之研究”,國 立清華大學材料科學與工程研究所,碩士 論文,2004。
8. 計畫成果自評
本 計 劃 研 究 內 容 與 原 計 畫 相 符 合,對於預計完成之工作項目,除 3D 支架的空孔率與機械性值計算外,均 已達成目標,且所使用之生醫材料較 預期為多,並能加以比較製作出來的 支架之性質差異。研究成果具學術與 應用價值,並已著手進行期刊論文之 寫作,應是非常適合在學術期刊中發 表。參與計畫之研究人員,亦獲得許 多系統、生醫材料、組織工程支架之 知識與經驗,以及各式儀器之使用與 培養動手實作之能力。
可供推廣之研發成果資料表
□ 可申請專利 ■ 可技術移轉 日期:96年10月15日
國科會補助計畫
計畫名稱:生醫動態光罩快速成型系統應用於組織工程支架製作之 研發
計畫主持人: 鄭逸琳
計畫編號: NSC 95-2221-E-011-013 學門領域:機械工程 技術/創作名稱 可見光生醫動態光罩快速成型系統
發明人/創作人 鄭逸琳 中文:
在傳統的支架製造方法上,普遍有著孔洞大小、不易控制、特定外形難以製作,
以及冗長的製作時間等問題。以快速原型技術應用在製作支架上,可有效解決 傳統製作支架的問題。本計劃延續實驗室先前所研發的生醫動態光罩快速成型 系統,利用 DLP(Digital Light Processing)投影機內部 120W 超高壓水銀燈泡,
取代外接式光源-光纖點光源機,當作光聚合生醫材料固化的光源,在經濟上的 考量也更具效益。
技術說明
英文:
Traditional methods to generate tissue engineering scaffold have encountered issues such as limited control of pore-size, restricted geometric shapes, and long fabrication periods. Rapid Prototyping processes provide a great opportunity for fabricating scaffolds without above problems. This project continued the research of Dynamic Mask Rapid Prototyping System developed in our laboratory to cure
biodegradable material to generate scaffolds. Instead of using an expensive fiber-type spot UV light source, the internal 120W bulb of the Digital Light Processing (DLP) projector was utilized as a light source. With this approach, no addition light source was required and the cost of the system could be reduced.
可利用之產業 及 可開發之產品
成型光固化生醫材料、組織工程支架之製作
技術特點
可見光系統較紫外光系統具經濟優勢
對生醫材料而言,光交聯反應在常溫、pH 值中性條件下即可 發生,且不會產生多餘的有毒物質,具反應時間短、in situ 成形等優點,極具發展性
推廣及運用的價值 提供組織工程支架製作技術與材料的另一種選擇
出席國際學術會議心得報告
計畫編號 NSC 95-2221-E-011-013
計畫名稱 生醫動態光罩快速成型系統應用於組織工程支架製作之研發 出國人員姓名
服務機關及職稱
鄭逸琳
國立台灣科技大學機械工程系 助理教授 會議時間地點 2006 年 12 月 4-6 日、新加坡
會議名稱 7th Asia Pacific Conference on Material Processing (7th APCMP 2006) 發表論文題目 Manufacture of Three-dimensional Valveless Micropump
一、參加會議經過
APCMP 為兩年舉辦一次的 conference,主要 focus 在各類材料的加工處 理,包含金屬、陶瓷、複合材料、半導體、生醫材料之各種加工方式,也涵 蓋 micor-及 nano-fabrication。第七屆的 APCMP 由新加坡大學與南洋科技大 學主辦,三天的議程中,前兩天為論文的發表,第三天則安排參觀 SIMTech
(Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology), 相當於台灣的工研院的機 構,不過主要以 manufacturing 為主題,不像工研院擁有各個領域的單位。
二、與會心得
會議中所發表的論文,包含 Keynote speeches 共有 105 篇。第一個 Keynote 較有趣,為“International Research Directions in Materials and Manufacturing Processes”,透過 journal 中的論文統計,整理出過去五年在 Materials and Manufacturing Processes 上的研究趨勢,雖然奈米科技等新興領域的興起,
傳統的 manufacturing processes 仍受到相當的重視,而不是一面倒的情況,
還是有許多研究與 funding 的機會。其它論文發表部份,較有趣有與本人較
相關的快速成型領域的“Development of Epoxy Matrix Composites for Rapid Tooling Applications” (#FP-059)、生醫領域的“In Vitro Study of Bone-Like Apatite Coatings on Metallic Fiber Braids”(#FP-066)、以及 micro fabrication 領 域的“Tool Based Micro Machining” (#FP-170)與“Nanopatterning Mask
Fabrication by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation”(#FP-083)。
第一天的傍晚,在新加坡大學的傅盈西教授帶領下,參觀了新加坡大學 的機械系的各項設施與進行中的研究。發現新加坡政府對學術研究的補助都 是集中且大手筆,只要是重點發展的項目,就會集中火力,再加上研究人才 來源的多元性,讓新加坡的研究爆發力十足。也可能是新加坡的大學數量 少,資源不會被大量分食,所能發揮的效益就較大。此外,新加坡大學教授 的研究成果很容易與國際廠商合作商品化,或是廠商直接提供設備與學校聯 合開發,不僅經費來源充足,後續的經濟效益也可最大化,是很有效率的模 式。這歸功於新加坡英文環境使其教授來源較多元,國際能見度較高,國際 廠商合作意願也較高。而台灣的廠商常常只願意花很少的錢,就希望合作的 學校單位包山包海,較短視近利,因而錯失放長線釣大魚的機會。
新加坡嚴格規範的社會體制,與高度政府主宰策略的模式,雖然有效 率,但常常也抑制了許多創意的發展,自由度較低,年輕人感覺上較冷漠且 缺乏創造力。其實,在這方面台灣還是很有機會的,只要政府真的有遠見與 願景去規劃一些正確的方向,而不是短視近利的譁眾取寵,台灣的生命力自 會開創出更不一樣的新世紀。
Manufacture of Three-dimensional Valveless Micropump
Yih-Lin Cheng and Jiang-Hong Lin
Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 43 Keelung Road, Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan
Abstract
Up to the present, the manufacture of the micropump generally used MEMS processes to obtain micro scale channels. However, the geometry of the channels is usually 2.5D and the cost is relatively high due to the characteristics of the most micro fabrication techniques. In this research, we focused on manufacture of three-dimensional valveless micropumps in inexpensive approach. The design of the micropump consists of three horizontal inlet channels and one vertical outlet channel. The 3D geometry of the channels with minimum width of 80 µm gives great challenges in fabrication and is difficult to be achieved by traditional micro fabrication techniques.
Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM) process, a layered manufacturing technique involving repeated material deposition and removal, was used to manufacture the chamber and channels of the micropump. CAD/CAM software was applied to slice the 3D model and plan the manufacturing sequences. The piezoelectric buzzer was attached to the fabricated valveless micropump chamber to test the performance. Three different channel width designs were manufactured successfully and tested at various piezo-triggered frequencies.
This research provides a solution to manufacture the three-dimensional micropump geometry inexpensively. SDM process was proved to be a suitable approach to generate pre-assembled valveless micropump structure with micro channels, and is applicable to other similar applications.
Keywords: Micropump, Valveless, Microchannel, Layered manufacturing, Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM), Piezoelectric
1. Introduction
Micropumps have been developed for more than two decades. Their characteristic of handling small and precise volumes of liquid and/or gas makes them able to serve chemical, medical, and biomedical applications with great scientific and commercial potential. Fuel delivery in a fuel cell system [1], drug delivery[2], and integration with miniaturized chemical analyzers as a “Micro total analysis system (µTAS)”[3] are some of the examples. The design of micropumps can be divided into valve-based and velveless. In valve-based pumps, mechanical check valves in terms of membranes or flaps are used. Wear, fatigue, and valve blocking are issues concerned in this type and limit its applications. Valveless micropumps, first introduced by Stemme and Stemme[4], use diffuser/nozzle elements to perform as a check valve. The construction of valveless micropumps is relatively simple compared to check valves and can avoid the problems mentioned above. Most common actuation methods in micropumps include electromegnatic[5], electrostatic[6], shape memory alloy[7], thermopneumatic[8], and piezoelectric[4, 9-12].
Piezoelectric actuation can provide relatively a high actuation force and a fast mechanical response, therefore, is widely used in micropump development.
Micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technologies are the major manufacturing approach to build micropumps in recent researches. Silicon micromachining and polymer-based micromachining techniques are the main categories. Silicon moving parts can avoid wear and fatigue problems in the long-run tests, but the material choice is limited and fabrication cost is relatively high. In polymer microfabrication, such as thick-resist lithography, soft lithography, micro stereolithography, and micro
injection molding, the advantage is the possibility of using different polymeric materials to meet biocompatibility and chemical resistance for its potential applications. However, the limited material lifetime can be an issue and the goal of true low-cost micropump is still not achieved yet. Besides, most of the MEMS techniques can only build 2.5-dimensional geometry rather than a true 3-dimensional one. The microchannel geometry was hence limited in the most designs. Therefore, there is a need to develop some manufacturing alternatives which are capable of building true 3D geometry at lower cost.
In this research, we focused on manufacture of three-dimensional valveless micropumps in inexpensive approach.
A special micropump design with vertical and horizontal diffusers/nozzles is proposed initially as a micro-submarine’s propulsion system, but is not limited to this specific application.
A manufacturing alternative, Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM) process, which can build true 3D geometry, was applied to fabricate pre-assembled chamber with inlet and outlet channels.
Moreover, three valveless micropump designs with different channel width were fabricated and tested.
2. Design of the valveless micropump
The micropump developed in this research is a piezoelectric-actuated valveless pump. This pump consists of a chamber, three horizontal inlet channels, and one vertical outlet channel. This was originally designed for propelling a micro-submarine with the configuration of inlets from the side perpendicular to one outlet in the back as shown in Figure 1.
(a) side view (b) back view Fig. 1 Schematic drawings of a valveless micropump placed at the end of a micro-submarine with three inlets and one outlet
2.1 Diffuser Design
In the traditional valveless micropump, the working theory can be illustrated in Figure 2. The dimension difference in the both ends of the diffuser causes the pressure difference and drives the fluid. In the supply mode, the actuator increases the chamber volume, resulting in a lower pressure inside the chamber. In this situation, the inlet flow is greater than the outlet flow; therefore, the fluid is supplied into the chamber. Reversely, in the pump mode, the decrease of the chamber volume increases the chamber pressure and, as a result, the outlet flow is greater than the inlet flow.
Fig. 2 The working theory of a traditional valveless micropump[13]
The diffuser/nozzle design determines the performance of the micropump. Diffusers can be categorized as conical and flat-walled with circular and rectangular cross-section respectively (Figure 3). According to the literature[15], the length of the flat-walled diffuser will be 10-80% shorter than that of the conical one under the same flow performance. Therefore, flat-walled diffuser design was chosen in this research. The major dimensions of a diffuser with the same channel height b include throat width W1, exit width W2, length L, and total included diffuser angle 2θ.
Fig. 3 Conical and flat-walled diffusers[14]
According to the stability map of a diffuser (Figure 4), the diffuser operates in four different regions depending on the diffuser geometry. In the bistable steady stall (between b-b and c-c lines) and jet flow (above c-c line) regions, the flow
performance is poor to extremely poor. Under the line a-a, the no stall region, the flow is steady viscous without separation at the diffuser walls and a moderate performance is achieved. In the transitory steady stall region between a-a and b-b lines, the flow is unsteady. Minimum pressure loss and maximum pressure-recovery coefficient Cp occur in this region, and hence the diffuser geometry will be designed accordingly. The typical performance map for a flat-walled diffuser is shown in Figure 5.
The AR is defined as the area ratio between exit and throat. From the map, the maximum Cp occurs when L/W1 is between 16 and 18, 2θ is around 10o, and AR falls between 3.5 and 4. Therefore, the diffuser geometry was designed to be L/W1=16, AR=3.5, and 2θ=10 o.
Fig. 4 The stability map of a diffuser[15]
Fig. 5 The performance map for a flat-walled diffuser[15]
2.2 Piezoelectric Actuator
A commercial available piezoelectric buzzer was used as the actuator. The buzzer, illustrated in Figure 6, consists of a brass layer for resonance and a piezoelectric ceramic layer with a sliver coating for external-drive connection. In order to keep the overall size of the micropump small, the smallest diameter from the products of KEPO Electronic Co., Ltd. was selected. The dimensions are listed in Table 1.
Table 1 Dimensions of selected piezoelectric buzzer Diameter (mm) Thickness (mm)
Brass layer 9 0.2
Ceramic layer 6 0.2
Fig. 6 Piezoelectric buzzer
2.3 Micropump Design
The exploded view of the final micropump design and its component list are shown in Figure 7. The chamber is 8 mm in diameter due to the dimension of the selected piezoelectric buzzer, and 110 µm in height. Three inlet channels are located at the side of the chamber and a outlet channel is placed at the bottom with the channel height b three times of that for inlet channels to balance the flow amount. The general view and the cross-section view of the micropump’s chamber and channels are shown in Figure 8.
In this research, three types of micropump design were manufactured and tested. The dimensions are summarized in Table 2. The length L is calculated based on L/ W1=16. The exit channel width (W2), which is not listed in the table, can be determined by W1, 2θ, and L.
Part 1 Outlet channel of the micropump Part 2 Inlet channels of the micropump
Part 3 Chamber
Part 4 Piezoelectric buzzer (actuator) Part 5 Power driving source Fig. 7 Exploded view of micropump and component list
(a) General view
(b) Cross-section view
Fig. 8 Micropump’s chamber and channels
Table 2 Dimensions of inlet and outlet channels
Type W1 2θθθθ L
Inlet channel height, b
Outlet channel height, b I 80 µm 1280 µm
II 100 µm 1600 µm III 120 µm
10o
1920 µm
80 µm 240 µm
3. Manufacture of chamber and channels
3.1 Challenges in Manufacturing
In the previous researches, the micropumps were usually designed to place the inlet and outlet diffuser/nozzle channels in the same plane. That is, the geometry is 2.5D without critical shape change in the third axis. Micro fabrication techniques are capable of fabricating these features and are often utilized in these applications even though the cost may be relatively high in the prototyping stage. However, for the specific design in this research, inlet and outlet channels are placed in 3D space. Most of the micromachining methods are 2.5D and will introduce steps between layers, which means they are incapable of producing smooth 3D surfaces for diffuser channels. Besides the 3D geometry, the minimum channel width of 80µm and the high-aspect ratio of the vertical channel also give great challenges in manufacturing.
3.2 Material and Process Selection
In material selection, polymers are the top choice due to its ease of shaping and machining. Three possible processes can be used to shape complex parts—parts can be machined from available bulk material, can be injection molded, or can be cast.
In our micropump design, the machining approach will need additional assemblies of the chamber and channels. Alignment is an issue and special fixture is required. The high cost of die makes injection molding not economically favored in low-volume production. Casting is a feasible approach if suitable
molding techniques are applied. Room-temperature-cured polymers are preferred because they reduce the need of furnace and special temperature control systems. Molds can be permanent or fugitive. Fugitive molds are more flexible and mold release can be done by chemical or thermal means. As a result, Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM) process[16], developed by Carnegie Mellon University and Stanford University, provides a solution for room-temperature polymer casting.
SDM is a layer manufacturing technique with a sequence of additive and subtractive processing steps for fabricating complex 3D parts (Fig. 9). In each layer, part material or support material are deposited and machined to net shapes. After the part is completely built, the support material is removed chemically or thermally, depending on the material characteristics. Various materials, such as metals and polymers, can be fabricated by SDM.
Fig. 9 SDM process[17]
Since the original polymer part materials used by Stanford University’s Rapid Prototyping Laboratory[17] are not commercially available anymore, we searched for new part material that is room-temperature-cured with similar properties to Adtech EE-501/530 epoxy. As a result, Ciba FC 52Isocynate/52Polyol was chosen. It takes 60-90 minutes to cure, and the density is 1.6-1.7 g/cm3. Other properties are listed in Table 3. The support material used in this research is the same as that used at Stanford, a combination of 25% File-a-wax and 75%
Protowax. The support material is removed by BIOACT 280 at 70 oC with ultrasonic vibration.
Table 3 Material properties of Ciba FC 52 Isocynate/52 Polyol
Mixing ratio 1:1
Ultimate Tensile Strength 35 MPa
Density 1.6-1.7 g/cm3
Hardness 75-80D Deflection Temperature 85-90oC
Gel time 5-6 minutes
Demolding time 60-90 minutes
Mixing ratio 1:1
3.3 Manufacturing Approaches and Results
The manufacturing of the chamber with inlet and outlet channels were divided into three sections—bottom, middle, and top. The bottom section contains a vertical outlet channel with high aspect ratio (Figure 10), which is the most difficult to manufacture among three sections. The middle section (Figure 11) includes inlet channels, while the top section (Figure 12) includes the main chamber body and the fixture feature for integration with the actuator. Three sections are built sequentially. The support material, wax, was removed at the end to obtain a chamber with inlet and outlet channels without assembly.
Fig. 10 High aspect-ratio outlet channel feature.
Fig. 11 Middle section Fig. 12 Top section
In the bottom section, the vertical outlet channel is filled by support material, wax. Since the channel dimension is very small, it is hard to find a suitable cutting tool to machine the cavity out of the part material and then pour in support material. Therefore, the SDM process planning implemented this section into two stages. In the first stage, a wax substrate rather than a polymer substrate was used. The wax substrate was machined up to channel’s partial surfaces, and the part material was cast to fill up the machined area. The second stage machined the other portion up to channel’s remaining surfaces, and cast in the cavity with the part material. In this approach, the channel area was the only wax region left as we wanted. Since the region to be machined is larger than the available too size, general endmills can be used directly and no special small cutting tool is required. The next issue is to determine the portion for the first stage. Due to the small wax region left during and after machining in the second stage, it is very likely to break off during machining. Therefore, more bonding surfaces to the first-stage part material can provide stronger bonding and are preferred. As a result, two consecutive surfaces were selected as the machining boundary surfaces for the first stage (Figure 13(a)), and the other two surfaces were for the second stage (Figure 13(b)). The arrow direction shows the portion to be machined away in each stage.
(a) for the first stage (b) for the second stage Fig. 13 The machining boundary surfaces for the two stages
In the middle section, support material was deposited on the bottom section and machined to define the geometry of inlet channels. Since these channels are placed horizontally, there are no high-aspect-ratio and bonding issues, and one round of support material deposition and machining is sufficient. The top section was done by casting the part material and machining to the required shape. The complete fabrication flow is summarized in Figure 14. For each section, the total machining time and material deposition time are listed in Table 4.
The finished chamber with three inlets and one outlet before assembled with the piezoelectric actuator is shown in Figure 15.
In order to shown the inlet channels more clearly, we put hairs (about 60-80µm) through channels as shown in Figure 16. The fabricated outlet dimensions were measured under an optical microscope. The designed and measured dimensions at throat and exit are compared in Table 5. The area error is about 5%.
(a) machine the 1st portion of the bottom section
(b) cast part material to fill the cavity
(c) machine the 2nd portion of the bottom section
(d) cast part material to fill the cavity
(e) Cast support material and machine inlet channels features in the middle section
(f) cast part material and machine top section’s feature
Fig. 14 Fabrication flow of chamber and inlet/outlet channels for micropump.
Table 4 Fabrication time required for each section
Bottom section minutes % of total Total part material curing time 300 48.1%
Total machining time 74 11.9%
subtotal 374 60%
Middle section
Support material deposition time 15 2.4%
Total machining time 40 6.4%
subtotal 55 8.8%
Top section
Total part material curing time 150 24.0%
Total machining time 45 7.2%
subtotal 195 31.2%
Total 624 100%
(a) top view (b) bottom view Fig. 15 Fabricated micropump chamber with inlets and a outlet
Fig. 16 Hairs through inlet channels
Table 5 Outlet dimensions measurement
Throat W1 x b (µµµµm) Area (µµµµm2) Error Design 80 x 240 19200
Fabricated 79 x 230 18170 5.4%
Exit W2 x b (µµµµm) Area (µµµµm2) Error Design 305 x 240 73200
Fabricated 294 x 235 69090 5.6%
4. Micropump tests
A piezoelectric buzzer was attached to the finished chamber sealing with silicone for water-proof purpose (Figure 17). A short aluminum pipe was glued to the end of outlet for testing purpose.
The performance of the assembled micropump was tested by their back pressure and flow rate. The micropump was placed in a cup filled with water, and an outside Teflon tube with 0.86mm inner diameter was connected to the aluminum pipe. For measuring back pressure, the Teflon tube was placed vertically (Figure 18).
The water level differences between cup and tube, h, is measured to calculate back pressure. In flow rate measurement, the tube is placed horizontally at the same height of water surface in the cup (Figure 19). The flow rate can be calculated by measuring the distance that flow travels within a time period. The testing results of three types of micropump fabricated in this research are summarized in Table 6. Figure 20 and 21 compare back pressure and flow rate of the three designs at various frequencies.
Fig. 17 Front (left) and back (right) views of assembled micropump
Fig. 18 The schematic of back pressure measurement
Fig. 19 The schematic of flow rate measurement
Table 6 Micropump testing results Types
(W1)
Frequency
(KHz) 1 3 5 7 10
Back pressure
(Pa) 3.9 8.8 12.8 15.7 16.7 I
(80 µm) Flow rate
(µl/min) 0.29 0.41 0.75 0.93 1.10 Back pressure
(Pa) 2.0 3.9 6.9 8.8 10.8 II
(100 µm) Flow rate
(µl/min) 0.08 0.24 0.37 0.42 0.66 Back pressure
(Pa) 2.0 3.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 III
(120 µm) Flow rate
(µl/min) 0.06 0.20 0.29 0.35 0.41
Fig. 20 Back pressure comparison
Fig. 21 Flow rate comparison
From the above results, we can summarize as follows:
(1) In our measured frequency range, when the frequency increases, both back pressure and flow rate increase.
(2) Type I (W1=80 µm) has higher back pressure and flow rate than Type II (W1=100 µm) and III (W1=120 µm).
(3) Type II and III perform similar at lower frequencies (1K and 3K Hz).
(4) Type I has the best back pressure and flow rate at 10KHz among all data.
5. Conclusions
In this research, a new valveless micropump design was proposed with three inlets perpendicular to one outlet. With this 3D feature, common microfabrication techniques which can only generate 2.5D geometry are not applicable. As a result, a layered manufacturing technique, SDM process, was utilized to fabricate 3D microchannels successfully and was proven to be a suitable approach to generate pre-assembled valveless micropump structure. After attached to a piezoelectric buzzer, three types of working micropumps designed with different channel widths were tested at various frequencies.
Acknowledgements
This work is funded by National Science Council, R.O.C., under the project number 93-2212-E-011-033.
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