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(1)

September, 2014

韓國天然氣產業發展和競爭策略

(2)

September, 2014

Korea’s Gas Industry Development

and Competition Policy

(3)

Contents

1 KOGAS 簡介

2 韓國天然氣產業

3 競爭政策及直接進口

4 授權KOGAS管理

(4)

Contents

1 KOGAS Overview

2 Natural Gas Industry In Korea

3 Competition Policy & Direct Import

4 Managerial Empowerment of KOGAS

(5)

1. KOGAS 公司組織架構 2. 海外投資計畫

3. 組織及公司治理 4. 財務現況

1 KOGAS 簡介

(6)

1. KOGAS Corporate Profile 2. Overseas Projects

3. Organization & Corporate Governance 4. Financial Status

1 KOGAS Overview

(7)

1. KOGAS 公司簡介

LNG採購

建造及操作 天然氣銷售

上游探勘

(8)

1. KOGAS Corporate Profile

LNG Purchase

Construction & Operation of LNG Storage Tanks and

Transmission Network

Natural Gas Wholesale

Exploration & Production

(9)

2. 海外投資計畫

(10)

2. Overseas Projects

(11)

3. 組織及公司治理

公司治理

審計及檢查局(監察院)定期稽核

執行長 董事會

審計委員會 資深執行副總

規劃部門

資深執行副總

支援部門 LNG

採購及行銷部門

資源開發 部門

LNG

接收站部門 管線部門 研發部門

(12)

3. Organization & Corporate Governance

Act on the Management

CEO Board of

Directors Audit Committee Sr. Executive

Vice President

Corporate Planning

Division

Sr. Executive Vice President

Support Division

LNG Procurement

& Marketing Division

Resources Development

Division

LNG Terminal

Division

Trunk Line Division

R&D

Division

(13)

4. 財務現況

說明 2013會計年度 2012會計年度

銷售量 38,063 35,031

營業利潤 1,488 1,267

淨利

△204

362

(單位:百萬韓圓)

說明 截至2013年12月 截至2012年12月

資產 43,666 40,622

負債 34,734 32,253

股東權益 8,933 8,369

負債淨值比

389% 385%

(單位:百萬韓圓)

* 2031淨損原因為海外氣田減損損失。

(14)

4. Financial Status

Description FY 2013 FY 2012

Sales 38,063 35,031

Operating profit 1,488 1,267

Net profit

△204

362

(billion KRW)

Description As of Dec 2013 As of Dec 2012

Asset 43,666 40,622

Liabilities 34,734 32,253

Shareholder’s Equity 8,933 8,369

Debt to Equity Ratio 389% 385%

(billion KRW)

* Net loss in 2013 : Mainly because of impairment loss on overseas gas fields

(15)

1. 產業結構 2. 需求增長

3. LNG來源 –多源化 4. 基礎設施

5. 穩定供需平衡

2 韓國天然氣產業

(16)

1. Industry Structure 2. Demand Growth

3. LNG Sources – Diversification 4. Infrastructure

5. Balancing Demand and Supply

2 Natural Gas Industry In Korea

(17)

LNG供應商

主要供應商

(KOGAS)

直接進口商*

(只能自用)

城鎮瓦斯

(31個銷售商)

電力公司

家庭用戶 商業用戶

工業用戶

電力用戶 工業用戶

* 目前直接進口商: POSCO, SK E&S, GS Caltex

1. 產業結構

相互競爭部 門

(18)

Seller

Wholesaler (KOGAS)

Direct Importer*

(For self consumption)

City Gas (31 Retailers)

Power Co.

Residential

Commercial

Industrial

Power

Industrial

* Existing direct importers : POSCO, SK E&S, GS Caltex

1. Industry Structure

Competitive

sectors

(19)

0.3 0.7 1.6 1.4 3.1 2.9

0.1 0.6

2.8 4.6

6.5 9.1

0.2

2.2

5.5

8.5

8.2

8

1.7

3.6

4.7

9.1

15.1

20.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

commercial industrial residential power

2013

40.1 32.9

23.6

14.6

7.1 2.3

單位:百萬噸LNG

平均年成長率(1990~2013) : 13.2%

- 電力 : 11.3%

- 家用 : 16.5%

- 工業 : 21.7%

- 商業 : 12.3%

2. 需求增長

(20)

0.3 0.7 1.6 1.4 3.1 2.9

0.1 0.6

2.8 4.6

6.5 9.1

0.2

2.2

5.5

8.5

8.2

8

1.7

3.6

4.7

9.1

15.1

20.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012

commercial industrial residential power

2013

40.1 32.9

23.6

14.6

7.1 2.3

(million LNG tons)

AAGR(‘90~’13) : 13.2%

- Power : 11.3%

- Residential : 16.5%

- Industrial : 21.7%

- Commercial : 12.3%

2. Demand Growth

(21)

汶萊

澳洲 卡達

葉門 印尼

馬來西亞 庫頁島

埃及

阿曼

美國

3. LNG 來源 –多源化

- 韓國進口天然氣有99%以LNG型式進口

- 於冬季時,家庭用戶使用天然氣作為加熱用

(22)

Brunei

Australia Qatar

Yemen Indonesia

Malaysia Sakhalin

Egypt

Oman

USA

3. LNG Sources - Diversification

- 99% of Natural Gas is imported in the form of LNG

- Natural gas is main heating source in the residential area in winter

(23)

Seoul

Tongyeong Pyeongtaek

Incheon SamCheok

Gwangyang Boryeong

4. 基礎設施

接收站 儲槽數 儲存量

Pyeongtaek(1986) 23 1,525 Incheon(1996) 20 1,308 Tongyeong (2002) 17 1,190 Samcheok(2016) 12 1,185

總儲存量

60+12 4,023+ 1,185= 5,208

接收站 儲槽數 儲存量 備註

Gwangyang 4 241 POSCO

Boryeong(2017) 3 272 GS Energy SK E&S

總儲存量

4+3 241+272 = 513

(千噸LNG)

(24)

Seoul

Tongyeong Pyeongtaek

Incheon SamCheok

Gwangyang Boryeong

4. Infrastructure

Receiving Terminal

No.

Tanks Sub-Total Capacity Pyeongtaek(1986) 23 1,525

Incheon(1996) 20 1,308 Tongyeong (2002) 17 1,190 Samcheok(2016)

12 1,185

Total Capacity 60+12 4,023+ 1,185= 5,208

Receiving Terminal

No.

Tanks

Sub-Total

Capacity Remark

Gwangyang 4 241 POSCO

Boryeong(2017)

3 272

GS Energy SK E&S Total Capacity 4+3 241+272 = 513

(thousand LNG Tons)

(25)

2012 2025 2030 2035 80.9(29.1) 100.2(28.3) 107.7(29.1) 112.4(29.7) 106.1(38.2) 111.0(31.3) 107.1(29.0) 101.5(26.9) 液化天然氣

50.2(18.1) 64.8(18.3) 69.8(18.9) 73.3(19.4)

核能 31.7(11.4) 59.6(16.8) 65.3(17.7) 70.0(18.5) 再生能源 8.7(3.1) 18.5(5.3) 19.9(5.4) 20.8(5.5)

2015 2020 2027 城市瓦斯 22,156 25,952 29,943

電力 17,611 8,018 7,756 Total 39,767 33,970 37,699

* 各能源需求管控目標為概估值

(MTOE) ()

第二次國家能源基本計畫

(2014年1月)

 需求管控目標

 發電燃料組合 (煤)

5. 供需平衡

(26)

2012 2025 2030 2035 Coal 80.9(29.1) 100.2(28.3) 107.7(29.1) 112.4(29.7)

Oil 106.1(38.2) 111.0(31.3) 107.1(29.0) 101.5(26.9)

LNG 50.2(18.1) 64.8(18.3) 69.8(18.9) 73.3(19.4)

Nuclear 31.7(11.4) 59.6(16.8) 65.3(17.7) 70.0(18.5) Renewable 8.7(3.1) 18.5(5.3) 19.9(5.4) 20.8(5.5)

2015 2020 2027 City gas 22,156 25,952 29,943

Power 17,611 8,018 7,756 Total 39,767 33,970 37,699

* Ambiguous demand control target for each energy

(MTOE) (thousand Tons)

2

nd

National Energy Basic Plan (January `14)

 Demand control target

 Power mix (coal)

5. Balancing Supply & Demand (1/2)

(27)

採購模式vs.需求模式

5.供需平衡

冬季 現貨採購

(28)

Procurement Pattern vs. Demand Pattern

5. Balancing Supply & Demand (2/2)

Spot Purchase in Winter

Utilization of

Storage Capacity

(29)

1. 天然氣競爭政策 2. 直接進口

3. 第三方輸送

3 競爭政策及直接進口

(30)

1. Competition Policy 2. Direct Import

3. Third Party Accessrhkwk

3 Competition Policy & Direct Import

(31)

1. 天然氣競爭政策

1999

2008

2013

因競爭政策可能導致氣價上漲、天然氣供應不穩定等因素,使得國民大

會無法通過法案修正

(32)

1. Competition Policy (1/2)

1999

2008

2013

National Assembly failed to pass the bills within the period, due to continuous controversy on gas rate increase and instability of supply and demand

(33)

1.天然氣競爭政策

LNG採購成本

氣價 電價 供給及需求

寡佔

降低採購成本 弱化採購能力

不影響家庭用戶瓦 斯費

增加家庭用戶瓦斯 費

降低電費 直接進口商獲利

市場機制 供需不穩定

無寡占問題 大公司寡占

贊成 論點

反對

論點

(34)

1. Competition Policy (2/2)

LNG

Procurement Cost

Gas Rates

Electric Rates

Supply and Demand

Oligopoly

Lower

Procurement Cost

Weaken Buying Power

No Impact on Residential Rates

Increase

Residential Rates

Lower Electric Rates

Direct Importer’s Profit

Market Function Instability of Supply and Demand

No Oligopoly Problem

Oligopoly by Major Companies

Pros Con

s

(35)

2. 直接進口(1/2)

(36)

2. Direct Import (1/2)

(37)

2. 直接進口(2/2)

直接進口商 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 POSCO 280 570 510 630 610 SK E&S* 50 540 800 850 800 GS Caltex - - 60 360 20

總和 330 1110 1370 1840 1430

(單位:千噸LNG)

* 前身為 K-Power

KOGAS 發電市場占比: 95%(2013) → 91%(2015) → ?

直接進口商之進口視國際天然氣市場狀況而定(LNG價格)

(38)

2. Direct Import (2/2)

Direct Importer ’05 ’07 ’09 ’11 ’13

POSCO 280 570 510 630 610

SK E&S* 50 540 800 850 800

GS Caltex - - 60 360 20

Sum 330 1110 1370 1840 1430

(thousand Tons)

* former K-Power

KOGAS market share in power generation sector : 95%(’13) → 91%(’15) → ?

 Direct importers depend on global market conditions (LNG Price)

(39)

(城鎮瓦斯法第 39-6條)

第三方輸送歷史

設施業主

LNG 接收站

天然氣管網 地方分配管網

KOGAS

Negotiated TPA

Regulated TPA

-

其餘供應商 Negotiated TPA - Negotiated TPA

3. 第三方輸送(代輸)

(40)

holesaler shall offer direct importers to use gas pipeline facilities within the extent of facility capacity (City Gas Act, Article 39-6)

Facility owner LNG terminal Transmission Network Distribution Network KOGAS

Negotiated TPA

Regulated TPA

-

Others

Negotiated TPA - Negotiated TPA

3. Third Party Access

(41)

1. 政府法規 2. 授權管理 3. 進口合約 4. 定價機制

5. 公共事業限制

4 授權KOGAS管理

(42)

1. Government Regulation

2. Managerial Empowerment 3. Import Contract

4. Tariff System

5. Limitations of Public Enterprise

4 Managerial Empowerment of KOGAS

(43)

1. 政府法規

管理機構 監管對象 內容 管理方法

韓國企劃財

政部 公司治理

• 執行長、監察人及非常務董 事之指派

• 組織之營運

• 人事管理

• 公營機構管理法

• 年度考核

• 政府指導

貿易、工業 及能源部

天然氣產業 整體經營

• 穩定供需平衡

• 直接進口

• LNG採購合約

• 天然氣探勘

• 安全管理

• 城鎮瓦斯法

• 事先諮詢及/或核可

審計及檢查

局 • 定期稽核

(44)

1. Government Regulation

Regulatory Agency

Object of

Regulation Details Methods of Regulation

Ministry of Strategy and

Finance (MOSF)

Corporate governance

• Appointment of CEO, auditor and non-standing director

• Operation of organization

• Personnel management

• <Act on the Management of Public Institutions>

• Annual performance evaluation

• Government management guide

Ministry of Trade, Industry &

Energy (MOTIE)

Natural gas industry, Business in

general

• Balancing supply and demand

• Direct import

• Procurement contracts

• Resources development(E&P)

• Safety management

• <City Gas Act>

• Prior consultation and/or approval

 National Assembly : Annual audit

 Board of Audit and Inspection : Regular audit

(45)

2. 授權管理 (1/2)

Details

基本原則

KOGAS(董事會, 股東大會) : 決策最高層級

• 政府 : 管理指導, 績效評核

• 國民大會, 審計及檢查局 : 事後稽核

預決算

KOGAS自主編訂/執行預算 (諮詢政府意見)

• 年度財務報表經董事會、股東大會通過後 → 需經政府核准

盈虧

KOGAS 盈虧自負(與政府財政無關)

• 盈餘分配股東及提撥公積

•KOGAS對子公司的投資需合併報表 ,依據國際會計準則

(46)

2. Managerial Empowerment (1/2)

Details

Basic Principle

• Decision making : KOGAS(Board of Directors, General Meeting)

• Government : Management guide, Performance evaluation

• Post-audit : National Assembly, Board of Audit and Inspection

Budget and Settlement

• KOGAS establish/execute budget independently (consult with the Government)

• Settlement of account confirmed in Board of Directors, General Meeting → Approved by the Government

Profit and Loss

• KOGAS is responsible for its profit and loss(separated from National Treasury)

• Profit → Distributed to stockholders, Capitalized

• Investment to subsidiaries is included in KOGAS’ account, according to IFRS

(47)

2. 授權管理 (2/2)

Details

組織及人 力資源

• 組織員額 : 需經政府核准

• 組織、人力資源管理、薪資 : 政府指導

• 公營事業之績效評核 : 政府實施嚴格管控

營運管理

• KOGAS 制訂年度營運計畫 (諮詢政府意見)

* 鉅額投資及附屬單位之成立 :需經核准

• 由貿工能源部監督 KOGAS

定價機制 • 嚴格管控 (需經上級機關核准)

• 物料成本 →每季報核 → 年度報核

(48)

2. Managerial Empowerment (2/2)

Details

Organization and HR

• Number of employees : Prior approval by the Government

• Organization, HR management, Wages : Management guide by the Government

• Strictly controlled by performance evaluation by the Government

Operation

• KOGAS establish annual operation plans independently (consult with the Government)

* Large-scale investment, Establishment of subsidiary : Needs approval

• MOTIE supervises KOGAS’ operations of business

Tariff

• Strictly controlled (Approval by MOTIE and MOSF)

• Material cost → Approved quarterly / Supply cost → Approved annually

(49)

3. 進口合約

(50)

3. Import Contract

(51)

4. 定價機制

(52)

4. Tariff System

(53)

5. 公共事業限制 (1/2)

公司拓展新事業或液化天然氣關聯產業(發電、造船等)需依規定報請政府 同意

→ 不利於經營效率及整體綜效之提升

執行長限制三年一任,必要時得延長一年 → 不利於長期策略之發展及沿續

組織及人力資源法令限制 → 組織未能彈性調整不利於競爭

由於KOGAS 及 KNOC的探採事業有所重疊,政府考量將二國營公司的油氣 探採部份合併或重組

→ 不利於建立上下游價值鍊

經營範疇限制及其影響

組織及人力資源發展

油氣探採事業

(54)

5. Limitations of Public Enterprise (1/2)

 Expansions in new businesses or LNG-related industries(power, shipbuilding etc.) are limited by the law and government regulations

→ Hard to improve efficiency and create synergy

CEO’s term is limited(3 years, renewal by 1 year if needed) → Hard to maintain consistency or establish long-term plans

 Regulation on organization and personnel → Hard to adapt to changes

Due to overlap between KOGAS and KNOC’s business scope, the Government plans to merge or restructure both companies’ E&P sector

→ Hard to form a whole value chain(including up/mid/downstream)

(55)

5. 公共事業限制 (2/2)

液化天然氣採購長約皆需先經政府核准 → 不利於市場情勢變化的應對

* 政府已修訂法令,現貨交易無需政府許可

政府法規 → 難以反映實際成本

成本由所有消費者平均分攤 → 不講求能源使用效率 (補貼)

除非是買方市場,直接進口者方能有較多選項

KOGAS 承擔國家供需平衡之責任

→ 即使市場條件不利買方,KOGAS仍需達成交易 液化天然氣採購長約

定價機制

直接進口的限制

(56)

5. Limitations of Public Enterprise (2/2)

 Every LNG import contracts needs prior approval by the government → Hard to respond to market conditions

* Recent amendment by the government : Spot contracts do not need approval

Government regulation → Hard to reflect costs (Uncollected material cost)

Average material cost to all consumers → Inefficient consumption (Cross subsidy)

Direct importers can buy LNG when it is a buyer’s market

 KOGAS is responsible for controlling national supply and demand

→ Must conclude contract even when market conditions are unfavorable

(57)

Thank you!

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