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Study of Mismatched Effect on Downlink Beamforming for Multiuser Wireless Communication System 徐鴻文、武維疆

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Study of Mismatched Effect on Downlink Beamforming for Multiuser Wireless Communication System

徐鴻文、武維疆

E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

In this paper, we first address the problem of designing per-user-per-weight (PUPW) downlink beamformer provided that downlink channel covariance matrix (DCCM) is well known. The weights for both underloaded (array size exceeds number of users) and overloaded (number of users exceeds array size) schemes are designed to minimize power consumption at basestation (BS) so as to completely remove multiple access interference (MAI). However, since the DCCM is never perfectly known, we present extensive analysis on the performance degradation caused by spatial signatures mismatched effect. Furthermore, to improve the robustness to mismatch or pointing error, we add pseudo noise on DCCM to derive the weight vectors in underloaded system; while in overloaded scheme, the total-least-squares (TLS) based robust downlink beamformer is proposed. Computer simulations under different

scenarios not only show the sensitivity of performance degradation with respect to DCCM mismatch but also demonstrate that the proposed algorithms have comprehensively improved the performance compared with the beamformer without robust processing.

Keywords : downlink beamformer、downlink channel covariance matrix (DCCM)、multiple access interference (MAI)

、underloaded、overloaded、mismatch、pointing error

Table of Contents

封面內頁 簽名頁 授權書.........................iii 中文摘要............

............iv 英文摘要........................v 誌謝.........

.................vi 目錄..........................vii 圖目錄...

......................x 表目錄.........................xii 第 一章 緒論 1.1 研究動機..................1 1.2 研究方法.................1 1.3 論文內容大綱...............2 第二章 陣列天線訊號處理用於無線通訊系統簡介 2.1 天線陣列工作 原理.............. 3 2.2 Array pattern and Beamforming......... 6 2.3 波束寬度與波束擴散效 應........... 7 2.4 Mainbeam Width之控制........... 10 2.4.1 MCMV Beamforming....

..... 10 2.4.2 Directional constraints......... 11 2.4.3 Derivative constraints......... 12 2.4.4 Directional和Derivative constraints 設計上的缺點............ 13 第三章 不匹配對下鏈波束型成器系統之影響 3.1 概論.................... 15 3.2 系統架構.................. 15 3.3 下 鏈空間處理演算法..............19 3.3.1 解相關性下鏈波束器(DDB)....... 19 3.3.2 最小平方下 鏈波數形成器(LSDB)... 24 3.4 非理想情況................ 27 3.4.1指向錯誤(pointing errors)...

..... 27 3.4.1.1 underloaded system........ 28 3.4.1.2 overloaded system........ 31 3.4.2 多重路 徑(Multipath) ......... 32 第四章 利用Robust演算法針對下鏈波束型成器效能改善之研究 4.1 簡介......

............. 35 4.2 強健式下鏈波束器(RDB).......... 35 4.3 TLS-based downlink

beamforming(TLSDB).... 40 第五章 針對波束形成器中不匹配效應對系統位元錯誤率之研究 5.1 通訊環境簡介與位元 錯誤率之推導...... 43 5.2 位元錯誤率之推導.............. 43 第六章 模擬結果與效能評估 6.1 第一部分................. 52 6.2 第二部分................. 60 6.3 第三部分.

................ 67 第七章 結論與未來展望.................... 71 參考文獻

............................. 75 附錄 A...................

........... 79 附錄 B.............................. 82 附錄 C...

........................... 84 圖目錄 圖2.1、一般線性排列之基本架構.......

....... 4 圖2.2、ULA 模型中spatial filter的結構........... 7 圖2.3、波束寬度的定義......

............ 8 圖2.4、利用Directional constraints增加Mainbeam width之 模擬圖............

......... 12 圖2.5、利用Derivative constraints增加Mainbeam width之 模擬圖...............

...... 13 圖3.1、下鏈波束形成器的架構............. 16 圖3.2、 , 和 之空間示意圖......

...... 24 圖3.3、 , 和 之空間示意圖............ 30 圖3.4、多重路徑通道模型.........

....... 33 圖6.1、下鏈波束器之SNR對傳輸功率比較圖........ 53 圖6.2、過載系統之增加使用者

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與SINR比較圖....... 54 圖6.3、欠載系統之總傳輸功率與α比較圖......... 54 圖6.4、使用者角度與 傳輸功率比較圖........... 55 圖6.5、不匹配時DDB的之效能圖............. 56 圖6.6、不 匹配時LSDB之效能圖................ 57 圖6.7、不匹配時欠載系統之靈敏度比較圖a.......

.. 57 圖6.8、不匹配時欠載系統之靈敏度比較圖b........ 58 圖6.9、不匹配時欠載系統之靈敏度比較圖c..

....... 58 圖6.10、不匹配時過載系統之靈敏度比較圖a........ 59 圖6.11、不匹配時過載系統之靈敏度 比較圖b........ 59 圖6.12、增加 對CDB、DDB與RDB之P1比較圖.....61 圖6.13、不匹配時RDB與DDB 效能比較圖......... 61 圖6.14、RDB之c選擇問題a...............62 圖6.15、RDB之c選擇 問題b...............62 圖6.16、不匹配時RDB和DDB的靈敏度比較圖a......63 圖6.17、不匹配 時RDB和DDB的靈敏度比較圖b......63 圖6.18、不匹配並且考慮multipath之RDB和DDB比較圖a..64 圖6.19、

不匹配並且考慮multipath之RDB和DDB比較圖b.. 64 圖6.20、不匹配時LSDB和TLSDB之靈敏度比較圖a.... 65 圖6.21、不匹配時LSDB和TLSDB之靈敏度比較圖b.... 65 圖6.22、不匹配並且考慮multipath之LSDB和TLSDB比較 圖a........................66 圖6.23、不匹配並且考慮multipath之LSDB和TLSDB比較圖b

.............................66 圖6.24、過載系統與欠載系統之BER比較圖....

..... 68 圖6.25、不匹配時過載與欠載系統之BER比較圖....... 68 圖6.26、於欠載系統加入Robust對BER 之改善比較圖....69 圖6.27、於過載系統加入Robust對BER之改善比較圖....69 圖6.28、於欠載系統之BER靈敏 度比較圖.......... 70 圖6.29、於過載系統之BER靈敏度比較圖.......... 70 表目錄 表5.1、權重 向量一覽表.................. 45 表7.1、遭受不匹配效應時之系統效能比較表.........

71 表7.2、RDB與DDB之效能比較表............. 71 表7.3、Robust對於過載系統之靈敏度改善比較表.

...... 72 表7.4、針對RDB與DDB抵抗多重路徑效應之效能比較表... 72 表7.5、針對TLSDB與LSDB抵抗多重 路徑效應和靈敏度之效能比較表......................72 表7.6、不匹配時過載與欠載系統 之BER比較表.......73 表7.7、於欠載系統加入Robust對BER之改善比較表..... 73 表7.8、於過載系統加 入Robust對BER之改善比較表..... 73 表7.9、於過載與欠載系統之BER靈敏度比較圖.......73

REFERENCES

參考文獻

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