尋找記憶─王姿權繪畫藝術創作論述
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(3) 謝 誌 人生的境遇真是無法預測，處處充滿意外、驚喜與冒險，唸研究所對筆者而 言是智能、心靈與體力的嚴苛考驗，除了感恩家人的支持、以及同學（東方及屏 大）的鼓勵與幫忙外，幸運地是在求學過程中全遇到良師無私的指導，才能使筆 者順利完成論文。 首先感謝筆者的指導教授黃冬富教授，願意以無私的胸襟中途指導筆者，讓 筆者在自我壓力中成長。還有我的恩師陳燕如教授，没有她的教導與督促，筆者 不可能完成研究所的歷程，對她真是感激萬分。另外在研究的過程中，對筆者幫 助及影響甚鉅的二位教授是教育心理與輔導學系郭郡羽教授及幼兒教育學系黃麗 鳳教授，二位教授完全不嫌棄筆者跨系所修課及天資愚昧，用心教導讓筆者學習 到記憶、失智、老人心理、兒童繪本，以及各方面的專業知識，在此真誠感謝您 們。更感謝口考老師，國立嘉義大學劉豐榮教授和國立屏東大學視藝系主任張繼 文教授的指導及不吝賜教。 筆者相信凡走過必留下痕跡，在學習過程中每位教授對筆者都是幫助，特別 感謝林大維、許有麟、朱素貞、麥惠珍、李學然、石佳弘、吳育綸等教授的指 導，對你們的感激不可言喻，因為有你們的教導，畢業對筆者來說不是結束，而 是另一個研究及成長的開始。 . 王姿權 僅誌於民國 106 年 6 月. I .
(4) ⫉ㄼ壖ぴµ䉉⢽㧈䴨䐩咛圑ℳḚ妔庮!! 㗓!嫼! Ṣ⎋侩⊾⚘㒦叿ℐᶾ䓴䘬⚳⭞炻侴⎘䀋⛐ ijıijķ ⸜⿸帳⋯崭檀漉䣦㚫炻⾓忇侩 ⊾䣦㚫⎗枸夳䘬⮯⺞Ỡ姙⣂䘬⓷柴炻劍ℵ≈ᶲ⣙㘢炻⎗婒暒ᶲ≈曄炻ᶵ傥⏎娵姙 ⣂Ṣ悥倜忶侩⊾⍲⣙㘢炻Ữ䫮侭䚠ᾉ姙⣂Ṣ⎗傥⎒䞍℞佑侴ᶵ䞍℞䕯䉨炻⸜庽Ṣ ⯙㚜ᶵ䓐婒Ḯˤġ 㛔䞼䨞德忶䞼䨞姀ㅞ᷎ẍ䫮侭⧮⧮⮳㈦姀ㅞ䁢⍫䄏炻ᷣ天䘬䚖䘬㚱ᶱ烉ᶨˣ 德忶䞼䨞䘬忶䦳炻嬻䫮侭䝕妋姀ㅞ䘬䈡岒㬟䦳ˤḴˣ▿娎⇑䓐⼴䎦ẋㇳ㱽炻娖 慳姀ㅞ喅埻⛐∝ἄᷕ䘬䘤㎖炻᷎啱䓙⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䈡⿏烉炷ᶨ炸㗪䨢栃央炷Ḵ炸 Ḻ㔯⿏炷ᶱ炸尉⽝⿏炷⚃炸℞Ṿ䈡⽝䘬堐䎦⼊⺷炻ẍ㉻⯽丒䔓冒䓙堐䎦䃉旸⎗ 傥ˤᶱˣ德忶奨侭䘬奨岆⚆棳忶䦳炻⼊ㆸ⍵幓⿏䘬⿅侫炻攳┇奨侭䘬冒奢⽫䎮ˤġ 䫮侭⛐䝕妋姀ㅞ䘬䈡岒㬟䦳ẍ⼴炻∝ἄ↢ẍˬ塓‟崘䘬姀ㅞ˭ˣˬ⮳㈦䨢攻 䲣↿˭ˣˬ⮳㈦㗪攻䲣↿˭ˣˬ⮳㈦姀ㅞ䲣↿˭⚃ᾳᷣ柴炻䳸⎰⼴䎦ẋ䘬堐䎦ㇳ㱽炻 ⮯䫮侭⧮⧮⣙ㅞ䘬堐⽝ˣ⽫ねˣ䌐䈡䘬䔞ᶳ▿娎堐䎦↢Ἦ炻㚨⼴䘬䳸⯨䔁䴎奨侭 两临䶐䷼炻㛇姙㫋岆侭⛐⍵棳ᷕ㚱䚩⿅ˤġ. ! ! ! ! 斄挝⫿烉姀ㅞˣ⼴䎦ẋˣ侩⊾ˣ⣙㘢ˣḺ㔯⿏ġ. ! II.
(5) Abstract Aging Population has plagued the country all over the world, and Taiwan in 2026 may become the aging society, it also can be expected to extend many of the problems, those problems plus dementia can be said that worse. We can't deny that many people heard about Aging Population and dementia, but I believe people just know the words while they don't understand the meanings, not to mention young people. This research is based on the study of memory and the author's mother-in-low to find memory as a reference. The main purpose of three: First, through the research process, so that the author understand the characteristics and history of memory. Second, try to use postmodern techniques, the interpretation of art memory in the creation of play, and by using the features postmodernism: (a) space-time subversion (b) intertextuality (c) symbolic (d) other characteristics of the form of expression to expand the painting. Free to show unlimited possibilities. Third, through the viewers' watch feedback process, can make the reflexive thinking and open the viewers' self-conscious mind. After understanding the characteristics and course of memory, the author has created four themes of "the stolen memory," "looking for space series," "looking for time series," and "looking for memory series". Combined with postmodern techniques, the author trying to show her mother-in-low's characteristics of losing memory, mood, and unique moment. The final outcome left viewers to continue to brainstorming. Hope all the viewers will have some reflection from the feedback.. Keywords : memory, postmodern, aging, senile dementia, intertextuality. III.
(6) Ҟ!ԛ! 岘!將!////////////////////////////////////////!J 㗓!嫼!///////////////////////////////////////!JJ Ҟ!ԛ!///////////////////////////////////////!JW კ!ԛ!//////////////////////////////////////!WJJ ߄!ԛ!///////////////////////////////////////!JY ಃക! ᆣ!ፕ!////////////////////////////////!2 䫔ᶨ䭨ġ 䞼䨞≽㨇 ............................................................................................. 2 䫔Ḵ䭨ġ 䞼䨞䚖䘬 ............................................................................................. 3 䫔ᶱ䭨ġ 䞼䨞㕡㱽 ............................................................................................. 6 ᶨˣᾳ㟰奨⮇㱽 ......................................................................................... 6 Ḵˣ⽫䎮⬠↮㜸㱽 ..................................................................................... 7 ᶱˣ桐㟤↮㜸㱽 ......................................................................................... 7 ⚃ˣ㔯䌣䞼䨞㱽 ......................................................................................... 9 Ḽˣ埴≽䞼䨞㱽 ......................................................................................... 9 䫔⚃䭨ġ 䞼䨞䭬⚵冯旸⇞ ................................................................................ 10 ᶨˣ䞼䨞䭬⚵ ........................................................................................... 10 Ḵˣ䞼䨞旸⇞ ........................................................................................... 11 䫔Ḽ䭨ġ 䞼䨞㝞㥳 ........................................................................................... 12 䫔ℕ䭨ġ ⎵娆慳佑 ........................................................................................... 13. ಃΒക! Ꮻፕॊࡕکж߃ޑ!//////////////!26 䫔ᶨ䭨ġ 姀ㅞ䘬㤪徘 ....................................................................................... 15 IV.
(7) 䫔Ḵ䭨ġ 姀ㅞ䘬㧉✳ ....................................................................................... 17 䫔ᶱ䭨ġ 姀ㅞ㨇傥䘬↮栆 ................................................................................ 23 ᶨˣ昛徘姀ㅞ ........................................................................................... 24 Ḵˣ䦳⸷姀ㅞ)朆昛徘⿏姀ㅞ*................................................................. 24 䫔⚃䭨ġ 姀ㅞ䘬㬟䦳 ....................................................................................... 26 ᶨˣ䶐䡤炷encoding炸 ............................................................................. 26 Ḵˣ⃚⬀炷storage炸 ................................................................................ 26 ᶱˣ㍸⍾炷retrieval炸 .............................................................................. 27 䫔Ḽ䭨ġ ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䈡岒 ............................................................................ 30 ᶨˣ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬妋慳 ............................................................................ 30 Ḵˣ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䱦䤆 ............................................................................ 34 䫔ℕ䭨ġ ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑堐䎦⼊⺷ ........................................................................ 41 ᶨˣ㗪䨢栃央 ........................................................................................... 41 ḴˣḺ㔯⿏ ............................................................................................... 42 ᶱˣ尉⽝⿏ ............................................................................................... 43 ⚃ˣ℞Ṿ䈡⽝ ........................................................................................... 45 䫔ᶫ䭨ġ ⮷ 䳸 ................................................................................................. 45. ಃΟക! ബբࡘᆢે๎!////////////////////////!58 䫔ᶨ䭨ġ ∝ἄ䘬傰䴉 ....................................................................................... 47 䫔Ḵ䭨ġ ⼙枧㛔ᷣ柴䚠斄∝ἄ喅埻⭞⍲℞ἄ⑩䘬㍊妶 .................................. 49 ᶨˣ⣏堃Ʉ⦩㕗䲵(David Wiesner, 1956-)䘬ㆸ攟側㘗 ............................. 49 Ḵˣ啑䇦䒎⣂Ʉ忼⇑(Salvador Dali, 1904-1989)ㆸ攟側㘗 ....................... 53 䫔ᶱ䭨ġ ∝ἄ䘬⿅䵕 ....................................................................................... 57 䫔⚃䭨ġ ∝ἄ⨺㛸 ........................................................................................... 58 V.
(8) ᶨˣ➢⸽㛸 ............................................................................................... 59 Ḵˣㇻ⸽................................................................................................... 59 䫔Ḽ䭨ġ ⮷䳸................................................................................................... 63. ಃѤക! բࠔჴ፬ᆶှ!//////////////////////!76 䫔ᶨ䭨ġ 塓‟崘䘬姀ㅞ ................................................................................... 66 䫔Ḵ䭨ġ ⮳㈦䨢攻䲣↿ ................................................................................... 76 䫔ᶱ䭨ġ ⮳㈦㗪攻䲣↿ ................................................................................... 88 䫔⚃䭨ġ ⮳㈦姀ㅞ䲣↿)奨侭Ḻ≽*............................................................... 100 䫔Ḽ䭨 ⮷䳸 .................................................................................................. 106. ಃϖക! ่ፕ!///////////////////////////////!218 䫔ᶨ䭨ġ 䞼䨞䘤䎦冯妶婾 .............................................................................. 107 䫔Ḵ䭨ġ 䞼䨞䚩⿅ ......................................................................................... 109. ୖԵਜҞ!///////////////////////////////////!221 ! ! !! !. VI.
(9) კ!ԛ ⚾ġ IJ 䞼䨞㝞㥳⚾ ...................................................................................... 12 ⚾ ij ↮㛇姀ㅞ婾 Waugh&Noman, 1965 ................................................... 18 ⚾ġ Ĵ ᶱ㛇姀ㅞ婾 ...................................................................................... 19 ⚾ġ ĵ 姀ㅞ䘬↮栆 ...................................................................................... 23 ⚾ġ Ķ ☜㱱炷Fountain炸1917 ..................................................................... 37 ⚾ġ ķġL.H.O.O.Q. 1919 ............................................................................ 38 ⚾ġ ĸ 尔柕ᶱ⃬⻇⮩朊 ............................................................................... 51 ⚾ġ Ĺ 尔柕ᶱ⃬⻇ℏ枩 ............................................................................... 51 ⚾ġ ĺ 尔柕ᶱ⃬⻇ℏ枩炻䫮侭侣㉵丒㛔 .................................................... 51 ⚾ġ IJı 尔柕ᶱ⃬⻇ℏ枩炻䫮侭侣㉵丒㛔 ................................................... 52 ⚾ġ IJIJ 尔柕ᶱ⃬⻇ℏ枩炻䫮侭侣㉵丒㛔 ................................................... 52 ⚾ġ IJij 尔柕ᶱ⃬⻇ℏ枩炻䫮侭侣㉵丒㛔 ................................................... 52 ⚾ġ IJĴ 㯠䘬姀ㅞ炷The Persistence of Memory炸,1931 ........................... 55 ⚾ġ IJĵ 墄⛇ ................................................................................................ 60 ⚾ġ IJĶ ⍵央ㇻ䢐 ........................................................................................ 61 ⚾ġ IJķ 䄖䙖先 ........................................................................................ 61 ⚾ġ IJĸ 㬋⍵朊ˣ⚃␐ᶲ先 ......................................................................... 61 ⚾ġ IJĹ 忶㾦䘥➲⛇ ..................................................................................... 62 ⚾ġ IJĺ 慵墯ㇻ⸽ ........................................................................................ 62 ⚾ġ ijı 慵墯ㇻ䢐 ........................................................................................ 62 ⚾ġ ijIJ ⣏儎デ⭀ ........................................................................................ 66 ⚾ġ ijij 䤆䴻⃫䳸㥳⚾ ................................................................................. 66. VII.
(10) ⚾ġ ijĴ 䌳⦧㪲炻塓‟崘䘬姀ㅞ炷ᶨ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹij炻㊤層ˣ墯⎰⨺㛸ˣ 㱡䔓................................................................................................... 71 ⚾ġ ijĵ 䌳⦧㪲炻塓‟崘䘬姀ㅞ炷Ḵ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹij炻㱡䔓 ..................... 75 ⚾ġ ijĶ 䌳⦧㪲炻⮳㈦䨢攻炷ᶨ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹij炻㱡䔓ˣ墯⎰⨺㛸 .......... 79 ⚾ġ ijķ 䌳⦧㪲炻⮳㈦䨢攻炷Ḵ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹij炻㱡䔓 ............................. 83 ⚾ġ ijĸ 䌳⦧㪲炻⮳㈦䨢攻炷ᶱ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹij炻㊤層ˣ墯⎰⨺㛸ˣ㱡䔓 .......................................................................................................... 87 ⚾ġ ijĹ 䌳⦧㪲炻⮳㈦㗪攻炷ᶨ炸 炻ijıIJķ炻ĴıŇŹij炻㱡䔓 ............................. 91 ⚾ġ ijĺ 䌳⦧㪲炻⮳㈦㗪攻炷Ḵ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹij炻㱡䔓 ............................. 95 ⚾ġ Ĵı 䌳⦧㪲炻⮳㈦㗪攻炷ᶱ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹij炻㊤層ˣ㱡䔓.................. 99 ⚾ġ ĴIJ 䌳⦧㪲炻⮳㈦姀ㅞ炷ᶨ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹĵ炻墯⎰䄌㛸 ................... 103 ⚾ġ Ĵij 䌳⦧㪲炻⮳㈦姀ㅞ炷Ḵ炸 炻ijıIJĸ炻ĴıŇŹĵ炻墯⎰䄌㛸 ................... 105. ! !. VIII.
(11) ߄!ԛ! 堐ġ IJ 姀ㅞ䘬䕦䕭晄䣁ġ 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉堩晭㫋嬗炻ijıIJIJ炻枩 ijĶĺĮijĹij 䫮侭丒 墥 ...................................................................................................... 29. !. !. IX.
(12) Ιണ! ᆱ ፣ ˬ姀ㅞ˭⁷䨢㯋ᶨ㧋炻䃉刚ˣ䃉␛ˣ䃉⼙ˣ䃉巒炻⌣㥳ㆸḮㆹᾹ㔜ᾳ䓇㳣炻⣏ ⭞悥佺ㄋ⬫䘬⬀⛐⌣ḇⷠⷠ⾥夾ˤ娎゛䓇㳣ᷕ 䘬㭷ᶨẞḳ炻悥暨天䓐⇘ˬ姀 ㅞ˭ 炻䓂军⬠佺ảỽ㕘䘬㜙大ˤἈㆾ姙᷎ᶵ䍵やㆾᶵ⛐᷶Ἀ㭷⣑姀⼿⣂⮹ẞḳ炻Ữ Ἀ㗗⏎㚱゛忶炻䔞Ἀᶨ奢愺Ἦ㗪炻Ἀ䘬ˬ姀ㅞ˭ᶵ夳Ḯʇʇ恋Ἀ䘬ᶾ䓴⍰⮯㚫⤪ỽ ␊烎Ἀ䚳⇘䘬⍰㚫㗗Ṩ湤㧋䘬ᶾ䓴␊烎ġ ㆾ姙Ἀ⽭枰⇘Ḯ姀ㅞ攳⥳ᶨ溆ᶨ㺜㳩⣙䘬㗪῁炻ㇵ䳪㕤⿵䃞⣏ぇ炻⍇Ἦ䓇␥ᷳ ẍ⯽䎦↢シ佑炻⬴ℐ㗗⚈䁢姀ㅞᷳ㓭ˤᶨᾳ㫈仢⚆ㅞ䘬䓇␥炻䫱㕤㰺䓇␥ˤ姀ㅞ 㗗ㆹᾹ䘬ὅˣㆹᾹ䓇⬀䘬䎮䓙ˣㆹᾹ䘬デ奢ˣㆹᾹ䘬埴≽ˤ⮹Ḯ⬫炻ㆹᾹṨ湤ḇ ᶵ㗗炷姙㟪䵧嬗炻ijıIJIJ炻枩 ıIJĵ炸 ˤIJġ ˬ姀ㅞ˭ᶨ䚜㗗姙⣂⬠侭ᶵ㕟㍊妶䘬⓷柴ˤ伭楔㗪ẋ䘬ⶴ冀ἄ⭞㘖欗⟼ (Lucius Mestrius Plutarch, 䲬℔⃫ 46-120)姀庱Ḯ叿⎵䘬˪⽺ᾖ㕗ᷳ凡˫ĩȾ⽺ᾖ㕗ȿ 晭℠⚳䌳Ī䘬〾婾炻⬫㍷徘Ḯᶨ刀⎗ẍ⛐㴟ᶲ凒埴⸦䘦⸜䘬凡炻⎒天ᶨ⟲㛐㜧僸䇃 Ḯ炻⬫晐⌛塓㚧㎃㌱炻ẍ㬌栆㍐炻䚜⇘⼴Ἦ炻㔜刀凡㚱䘬悐ẞ悥ᶵℵ㗗㚨⇅䘬恋 ṃˤ⓷柴㗗炻㚨䳪䓊䓇䘬忁刀凡怬㗗⍇Ἦ䘬⽺ᾖ㕗ᷳ凡╶烎ㆾ侭㗗ᶨ刀⬴ℐᶵ⎴䘬 㕘凡烎侴⤪㝄ᶵ㗗⍇Ἦ䘬凡Ḯ炻恋湤⽆Ṩ湤㗪῁攳⥳⬫ᶵℵ㗗⍇Ἦ䘬凡Ḯ烎ĩ㗗⽆ 㚜㎃Ḯ䫔ᶨᾳ⢆㌱䘬㛐㜧攳⥳烎怬㗗⛐㚜㎃Ḯ㚨⼴ᶨᾳ侩冲暞ẞᷳ⼴␊烎Īġ ġ 劙⚳⒚⬠⭞㸗䐒㕗Ʉ暵ⶫ㕗炷Thomas Hobbes,1588-1679炸⼴Ἦ⮵㬌忚埴Ḯ㚜㶙 ⇣䘬㍊妶烉⤪㝄㚱Ṣ䓐⽺ᾖ㕗ᷳ凡ᶲ⍾ᶳἮ䘬侩悐ẞἮ慵㕘⺢忈ᶨ刀㕘䘬凡炻恋湤 ℑ刀凡ᷕ⒒刀ㇵ㗗䛇㬋䘬⽺ᾖ㕗ᷳ凡␊烎劍ㆹᾹ⮯㬌⒚⬠⿅侫⺞Ỡㆸˬ姀ㅞ˭ㆹᾹ 天⓷䘬㗗炻䔞姀ㅞ仢⣙⼴炻ㆹᾹ娵嬀䘬Ṣ怬㗗⍇Ἦ䘬Ṿㆾ⤡╶烎ㆾ侭Ṿ⎒㗗ᶨᾳ 2. !ਦᆟȐȑȐ3122ȑǶ Ꮻྣޑៈ)ޣচբޣǺAndrea Gillies*ǶѠчѱǺғڮወૈЎϯ٣Ԗज़ϦљǶ)চ. р ܭހ311:*। 125Ƕ!. 2!.
(13) 㚱叿䚠⎴⭡尴䘬旴䓇Ṣ烎ℵ⺞Ỡ䘬⓷柴㗗⤪㝄㚱ᶨᾳ旴䓇Ṣ炻Ṿ⌣㑩㚱Ἀ娵嬀䘬 Ṣ䘬㚱姀ㅞ炻恋Ṿ㗗Ἀ娵嬀䘬Ṣ╶烎怬㗗⎎⢾ᶨᾳ旴䓇Ṣ␊烎ġ 㬌⢾炻⽫䎮⬠⭞ᷡ⯤䇦Ʉ㱁䈡炷Daniel L. Schacter , 1952炸⛐℞叿ἄ˪姀ㅞ ᶫ伒˫ 炷The Seven Sins of Mermory炸ᷕ炻㍸↢ṢᾹ㚱㈕㚚姀ㅞ䘬⎹炻⚈㬌姀ㅞ⎗ 傥㚫怢⾀炻ḇ⎗傥㚫⮯䛇⮎冯゛⁷㶟暄炻ㆾ㗗≈ℍ冒䘬⸣゛㛇⼭炻⮯ᶵ⎴䘬䨢 攻㗪攻Ḻ䚠㶟⎰⛐ᶨ崟炻慵䔲⛐ᶨ崟炻⤪⣊Ụ䛇ˤijġ. ಃ! ࣴزᐒ ἄ⭞岥㕗Ʉ媦䈡⌂⥮Ĵ炷Cees Nooteboom, 1933炸⛐娑ἄ˪₨⺷˫ 炷Rituals炸ᷕ忁 湤婒烉 ˬ姀ㅞ⯙⁷䉿ᶨ㧋炻䩑⛐䈈冒゛⼭䘬⛘㕡ˤ˭ 炷㜄⦩Ʉ⽟㉱Ẳ㕗䐒炻ijıIJĴ炻 枩 IJĴ炸 炻⽆岥㕗忁娑⎍ᷕ⎗⼿䞍炻姀ㅞㅱ娚㗗塓⃚⬀䘬炻侴⃚⬀䘬⛘溆᷎ᶵ⚢⭂ˤġ 忁ᾳ婾溆炻⛐㆟䇦⽟Ʉ㼀屣⽟炷Wilder Penfield, 1891-1976炸≈㊧⣏⢾䥹慓䓇叿 ⎵䘬䞼䨞ᷕ⎗⼿⇘嫱㖶ˤ㼀屣⽟㗗≈㊧⣏䤆䴻⢾䥹慓ⷓ炻⮰攨㱣䗪䘚䗯䕭䘬か侭ˤ 䘚䗯䕭㗗儎ᷕ䘬暣㳩桐㙜炻忂ⷠ⎗ẍ㱣䗺ㆾ㷃庽炻⎒天㈦↢䕭㸸炻↯昌忁ᾳ䘤䕭䳬 ䷼ˤ⛐ㇳ埻ᷕ炻䕭Ṣ⬴ℐ㶭愺ˣ嬎奢⿏炻䔞慓ⷓẍ暣㑲⇢㽨䙖岒炻娎叿㈦↢ᷣ天 䘬㓦暣ỵ伖㗪炻ṾᾹ㚫㚱⍵ㅱˤ⛐㝸ṃ䕭ἳᷕ炻㚜㍊㷔↢Ḯ嬻Ṣ⎫樂䘬䳸㝄炻䕭Ṣ 㚫⛐ㇳ埻ᷕ䚳夳忶⍣䘬ˬ姀ㅞ˭䇯㭝ˤġ ⼴Ἦ䞼䨞侭憅⮵㼀屣⽟䕭Ṣ䘬ˬ姀ㅞ˭㚜忚ᶨ㬍䘤䎦炻忁ṃ⼙⁷⮵ㅱ䘬悐ỵ᷎ ᶵ䱦䡢ˤ㚱㗪⇢㽨⎴ᶨ⛘溆㚫↢䎦ᶵ⎴䘬⼙⁷炻㚱㗪῁⇢㽨昼⼿侩怈䘬⛘溆⍰↢䎦 ⎴㧋䘬⼙⁷ˤĵ. 3. ҏǵጯЎޙȐȑ)3122*Ƕᇡ ᇡޕЈᏢ)ϖ*ހǶȐচբޣǺRobert J. StembergȑǶѠчѱǺཥуڵဃᏢ. ಞ٥ࢪدΓԖज़ϦљǶȐচр ܭހ311:ȑ। 377.378Ƕ! 4. ᖻථǸᒍറۅȐCees Nooteboom, 1933ȑғܭើੇУǴ၃ΓǵਓՉբৎکᙌৎǶ. 5. ࢫើȐȑȐ3124ȑǶ ᏫޑઝஏǶȐচբޣǺRebecca RuppȑǶѠчѱǺᒗᓐᡳਜ܊Ƕ। 272.273Ƕ!!. 3!.
(14) 䓙ẍᶲ䘬㟰ἳ⼿䞍炻ˬ姀ㅞ˭䘬ᶵ䡢⭂⿏⍲墯暄⿏炻侴ˬ姀ㅞ˭⓷柴ḇ⚘㒦叿 䔞⇵䘬⎘䀋䣦㚫炻⮹⫸⊾⍲Ṣ⎋侩⊾䘬㴒㼖ᶳ炻⣙㘢侩Ṣ徸⸜⡆≈炻侴䫮侭䘬⧮⧮ ḇ㗗忁㲊㴒㼖ᶳ䘬⍿⭛侭炻⧮⧮䘬⿅䵺ⅵ䳸Ḯ炻侴恋ᶨ⇣䫮侭䨩䃞㖶䘥炻ˬ姀ㅞ˭ 䘬怢⣙晐嗽㚫䘤䓇炻劍⮯ˬ姀ㅞ˭夾䁢ṁ⎌ᶵ㛥炻䔞姀ㅞ仢⣙⍰㚫⮵␐怕ⷞἮ⣂⣏ 䘬⼙枧烎䚳Ụ䃉斄䵲天䘬ḳね炻⎗傥⤪⎴㛒䆮⻰凔⃭㺧叿ᶵ䡢⭂ˣ晐㗪䆮䘤䘬⌙㨇炻 忁㧋䘬デぇ冯⿸ㆤ嬻䫮侭≽⾝゛⮳㈦姀ㅞˤ姀ㅞ⤪ỽ⼊ㆸ烎侴䔞怢⣙㗪⍰㚫幚⇘ 恋墉⍣烎ġ ⚈䫮侭䘬䓇㳣䴻槿炻侴䘤゛Ḯ⮳㈦姀ㅞ䘬≽㨇ˤ⛐䞼䨞䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻ㇵ䘤䎦姙⣂ ⮵㕤姀ㅞ䘬拗婌䘬奨⾝炻侴⣏⣂㔠Ṣḇ嗽⛐䘬忁ṃ拗婌䘬奨⾝ᷕ侴ᶵ冒䞍ˤġ 㛔䞼䨞ⶴ㛃德忶㔯䌣䞼䨞冒幓䘬䓇㳣䴻槿炻⮵㕤㬌ᶨ㤪⾝忚埴㡛䎮炻᷎▿娎 㐣䓐⼴䎦ẋ喅埻䘬堐䎦ㇳ㱽炻᷎德忶㔯㛔䘬Ḻ㔯⿏丒↢ˬ姀ㅞ˭冯ˬ怢⾀˭䘬⽀⼲炻 㛇䚤傥䓐䔓朊慵䎦䫮侭䘬⧮⧮ᾳṢ䘬䓇㳣姀ㅞˤ忚ᶨ㬍德忶ℏ⛐デね䘬⃭↮⢾栗 䚜㍍㍍忂奨䛦䘬デ⍿炻嬻ἄ⑩冯奨䛦䘤䓇㚨䞕嶅暊䘬⽫䎮Ṍ㳩炷ἁ䥳暐炻ijııķ炻枩 ijıij炸 ˤㇻ䟜ἄ侭䁢⣏炻嬻奨侭⿅侫冯妶婾炻㽨䘤奨侭慵㕘⺢㥳㕘㔯㛔ˤġ 㛔∝ἄ⿅侫ẍˬ姀ㅞ˭䁢㥳゛炻⇑䓐ˬ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑˭䘬堐䎦ㇳ㱽炻⮯姀ㅞ廱㎃ 䁢夾奢䔓朊炻▿娎㈲䫮侭䘬⧮⧮夾䁢奨⮇䘬⮵尉炻忋䳸⇘䎦⮎ㆾ忋䳸⇘⎎ᶨᾳℵ䎦 Ķ. 冯㒔⁷炻䁢⎬䧖⎗傥⿏䔁↢䨢攻ʇʇ嬻丒䔓⛐䨢攻㗪攻䨧㡕炻⺽䘤奨侭䘬⿅侫ˤġ ġ ġ. ಃΒ! ࣴزҞޑ 䫮侭ⶴ㛃德忶㬌㫉䘬∝ἄ䞼䨞炻⛐㚨⼴䴎Ḱ奨侭娖慳㪲炻∝ἄ䁢⚈炻侴媪䘬 㝄炻⇯⍾㰢㕤奨侭炻嬻奨侭傥⣈德忶䫮侭䘬∝ἄ炻⍵⿅冒ㆾ幓怲䘬奒Ṣ⛐⣙⍣姀 ㅞ㗪䘬嗽⠫炻⛐忁Ἦ⚆ᷳ攻娖慳䘬䨢攻⼿⇘䃉旸⺞Ỡ炻᷎妠䘤普橼⽫䎮姀ㅞ炻ḇ㛇 姙傥忼⇘ẍᶳ䚖䘬烉ġ. 6. ӆ(Representation*ඔᛤǵኒቪǵຝቻ܈ևࢌ࣬ޑނ՟ኳኬǶ)ഋࠔذǵֆಹ։Ƕ3124Ƕ। 596*!!. 4!.
(15) ǵၸࣴޑزၸำǴᡣޣᕕှᏫޑ፦کᐕำǶ! 姀ㅞ⤪ỽ塓∝忈烎⍰㗗⤪ỽ塓⃚⬀烎⤪ỽ塓⣏儎䶐䡤㌺↿烎⍰ 㗗⤪ỽ塓ṢᾹ嬨⍾烎德忶㔯䌣教嬨䞼䨞炻嬻姀ㅞ⼊ㆸ䘬崟⚈⼿ẍ塓 䝕妋ˤġ. Βǵ၂ճҔࡕжЋݤǴ၍ញᏫ᛬ೌബբύޑวචǴ ᙖҗࡕжЬကޑ܄Ǻ)*ਔޜᜬᙟ)Β*ϕЎ܄ )Ο*ຝቻ)܄Ѥ*ځдቻ߄ޑԄǴаܗᛤฝԾ җ߄คज़ёૈǶ! ⼴䎦ẋ喅埻徥㯪䘬➢㛔䚖㧁㗗冒䓙ˤ炷檀⭋㎂炻IJĺĺķ炻枩 IJIJ炸 ḇ⚈㬌⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬∝ἄ⃭㺧叿ᶵ䡢⭂⿏炻忁㧋䘬ᶵ䡢⭂⿏炻Ṏ嬻 㚱䴻忶㬟⎚㩊槿䘬喅埻㟮㝞悥栗⼿㟤㟤ᶵℍ炻Ữ⎴㗪Ṿḇ䴎Ḯ∝ἄ 侭冯奨侭㚨⣏䘬∝ἄ冯娖慳䨢攻ˤ6 㛔∝ἄⶴ㛃德忶⼴䎦ẋ㔯㛔攻䘬冒䓙炻㗪攻冯䨢攻䘬冒䓙炻ㇻ䟜 㟮㝞⏰䎦⣂⃫䘬䔓桐冯桐㟤ˤ. Οǵၸᢀޑޣᢀ፞ӣ㎸ၸำǴԋϸࡘޑ܄يԵǴ໒௴ ᢀޑޣԾЈǶ! !. 7. !. ᎄ౺ᅽ)2:::*Ƕࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯ٣ިҽԖज़ϦљǶ। 8Ƕ!. 5!.
(16) !. ! !. 㬌㫉䞼䨞䫮侭Ṏⶴ㛃啱䓙丒䔓炻䴎Ḱ奨侭冒䓙娖慳炻᷎㛇䚤傥德. 忶ᶵ⎴䘬⚆棳朊⎹炻妠≽᷎䳸⎰奨侭ᾳṢ䘬䓇␥䴻槿炻ἧ奨侭冒奢冯⍵ ⿅炻Ṏἧ䫮侭䘬丒䔓傥⣈ℵ塓娖慳冯∝ἄˤ. 6!.
(17) ಃΟ! ࣴزБݤ 㱉㚱姀ㅞ炻⯙ᶵ傥䳗䧵䞍嬀䴻槿炻ᶵ傥⼊ㆸ㤪⾝炻ᶵ傥忚埴⇌㕟㍐䎮炻ḇ ⯙ᶵ傥怑ㅱᶵ㕟嬲⊾䘬䑘⠫ˤ 炷㣲㱣列炽悕≃⸛炽䌳㱃炽昛⮏炻ijııIJ炻枩 ķ炸 炻Ṣ栆 䘬䓇㳣暊ᶵ攳姀ㅞ炻⤪㝄㱉㚱Ḯ姀ㅞ炻ṢᾹὧ㱉㚱彎㱽㑩㚱忶⍣ˣ䎦⛐⍲㛒Ἦ炻侴 姀ㅞ⮵㕤喅埻∝ἄἮ婒炻㗗⼰慵天䘬∝ἄἮ㸸炻㓭㛔䪈䭨⇑䓐炷ᶨ炸ᾳ㟰奨⮇㱽炷Ḵ炸 ⽫䎮⬠↮㜸㱽炷ᶱ炸桐㟤↮㜸㱽炷⚃炸㔯䌣䞼䨞㱽炷Ḽ炸埴≽䞼䨞㱽炻德忶䞼䨞↮ 㜸Ἦ㶙ℍ䝕妋䫮侭⛐∝ἄᶲ䘬㔜橼忶䦳ˣ⿅侫㧉⺷⍲∝ἄ⿅侫䘬傰䴉炻忚侴㍸⋯㛔 䞼䨞䘬⎗ᾉ⹎冯㓰⹎ˤġ. ǵঁਢᢀჸ!ݤ ⮵ᶨᾳṢㆾ⮹㔠ᾳṢ䘬埴䁢ㆾ⽫䎮㬟䦳ἄ㶙ℍ䘬䞼䨞ὧ㗗ᾳ㟰䞼䨞㱽炷case study炸 ˤᾳ㟰䞼䨞䘬䳸㝄炻⮵塓䞼䨞䘬ᾳṢ埴䁢ㆾ⽫䎮㬟䦳⎗ẍἄ䚠䔞⬴㔜䘬㔀徘ˣ 枸㷔ˣㆾ㍏⇞ˤ䃞侴炻䓙㕤ᾳ⇍ⶖ䔘䘬⬀⛐炻䓙ᾳ㟰䞼䨞䌚⼿䘬⽫䎮⬠䞍嬀㗗⏎ 傥ἄ㘖念䘬栆㍐炻㗗ᶨ⣏䔹⓷ˤĸġ 晾䃞ᾳ㟰䞼䨞㱽⛐䞼䨞ᶲ㚱ẍῷ㤪ℐ䘬䔹ㄖ炻Ữ䫮侭ἄ䁢奨⮇ᶨ凔⽫䎮䎦尉 䁢↢䘤溆炻ᷣ㖐㗗㔀徘炻ᶵ㗗妋慳炻ℵ≈ẍ䫮侭⇑䓐⼴䎦ẋ堐䎦ㇳ㱽⍣∝ἄˤ侴⼴ 䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䈡溆炻⇯㗗⮵䳸㥳䞍嬀䘬㘖念⿏㍸↢岒䔹炻⬫䘬㤪⾝娵䁢䛇䎮ᶵ㬊ᶨᾳ 侴㗗⼰⣂ᾳˤĹġ 㛔㔯䘬ᾳ㟰奨⮇⎒憅⮵䫮侭䘬⧮⧮炻⚈攟㗪攻䘬䚠嗽炻㓭傥㶙ℍḮ妋䞼䨞⮵尉 䘬埴䁢⍲⽫䎮㬟䦳ˤ. 8. 㵍ШႨȐ3111ȑǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǶ। 25Ƕ!!. 9. ഋࠔذǵֆಹ։ȐȑȐ3124ȑǶǶᢀ ᢀ࣮ޑჴ፬ǶȐচբޣǺMarita Sturken ȿ Lisa CartwrightȑǶѠчѱǺᖍ. рހǶ। 451Ƕ!!. 7!.
(18) ΒǵЈᏢϩ!ݤ 姀ㅞ㗗ᶨᾳṢ⮵忶⍣㳣≽ˣデ⍿ˣ䴻槿䘬⌘尉䘬䳗䧵炻㗗Ⱄ㕤⽫䎮⬠儎悐䥹 ⬠䘬䭬䔯ˤ冒⽆⽟⚳⽫䎮⬠⭞刦屻㴑㕗炷Hermann Ebbinghaus, 1805-1909炸⛐ IJĹĹĶ ⸜䘤堐Ṿ䘬⮎槿⟙⏲⼴炻姀ㅞ⯙ㆸ䁢⽫䎮⬠⮎槿䞼䨞㚨⣂䘬柀➇ᷳᶨˤ 炷ġ 㣲㱣列ˣ 悕≃⸛ˣ䌳㱃ˣ昛⮏炻ijııIJ炻枩 ı炸ġ ⽫䎮⬠妋慳姀ㅞ䘬妲〗嗽䎮ˣℏ晙ˣ⢾栗姀ㅞˣ䓇㳣姀ㅞ䫱炻德忶⽫䎮⬠䘬奺 ⹎ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ䓙ᶵ⎴䘬奺⹎⍣䎮妋姀ㅞˤġ 侴德忶⽫䎮⬠↮㜸㱽炻䎮妋䫮侭⧮⧮⣙⍣姀ㅞ䘬䶋䓙炻忚侴德忶奨⮇㎋㷔⧮⧮ 忶⍣䘬ᾳṢ姀ㅞ⹓ˤ⸦᷶㚱㚱斄姀ㅞ忶䦳䘬⽫䎮⬠㍷徘ᷕ炻㈲姀ㅞ悥婒ㆸ℟㚱䌐 䈡䘬ᾳṢ刚⼑ġ ĩ㛶䵕嬗炻IJĺĺĹ炻枩 ĴIJı炼ĴIJIJĪġ ˤ⚈㬌䫮侭ẍ㬌䁢∝ἄ䘤゛炻奨侭德 忶奨䚳⚈侴Ḯ妋姀ㅞ䘬ˬ⣙⍣˭㬟䦳炻忚侴ⶴ㛃傥⺽䘤ᶵ⎴䘬⿅侫Ⰼ㫉ˤġ. Οǵ॥ϩ!ݤ ॥ᆶҹ᛬ೌࠔޑԄቻԖᜢǶᅿ॥ँрӦ߄рѬ܌ඔᛤޑЬᚒ ጄൎǴ߄р೭٤ЬᚒޑाનᙯϯԶޑೕጄޑԋǴԶЪ߄р၀᛬ೌࠔ ޑԋϩಔԋҹբࠔޑБԄǶ:!. ⛐䞼䨞⎌℠䘬ⶴ冀喅埻㗪炻怩俞Ʉ⢷䙖伭炷Meyer Schapiro , 1904-1996炸⮓忻烉 ˬ㝸ṃ㗪㛇䘬桐㟤ẍ℞㤝℟婒㚵≃䘬ˣ⚻㺧䘬䈡⿏炻ẍ䈡⇍怑⎰㕤ℏ⭡侴䴎ㆹᾹ䔁 ᶳ㶙⇣⌘尉烊⁷桐㟤忁䧖普橼䘬∝䈑ɃɃ㗗ᶨ䧖䛇㬋䘬ㆸ⯙ˤ䃞侴天⮵℞Ṿ㔯⊾䘬. :. ֆߞᗶȐȑȐ2::6ȑǴ᛬ ᛬ೌΓᜪᏢǶȐচբޣǺRobert LaytonȑǶѠчѱǺ٥ϼკਜрޗހǶȐচрܭހ. 2::2ȑǶ। 291Ƕ!. 8!.
(19) ἄ⑩忚埴忁䧖姽₡㗗⼰⚘暋䘬炻昌朆ᶨᾳṢ⮵㕤ἄ侭徥㯪䘬䚖㧁⋩↮㶭㤂炻ㆾ侭 栀シ⮯冒炷ἄ䁢ᶨᾳ借㤕䘬喅埻⭞ḇ姙⎗傥炸旸⇞⛐䞼䨞䔘䘬桐㟤⤪ỽ⮵ㆹᾹ 冒䘬䈡⭂㔯⊾ᾳṢ䘬㧁㸾䓊䓇⼙枧䘬䭬⚵ℏˤIJı 欹Ṇ⢓炷Franz Boas, 1858-1942炸⛐ⱉⶫ慴ⶴ炷Ernst Hans Josef Gombrich, 19092001炸ᷳ⇵㍸↢ᶳ↿䚳㱽炻⌛喅埻䘬䚖䘬ᶵ㗗⬴ℐℵ䎦䎦⮎⮵尉ˤ 炷⏛ᾉ泣嬗炻IJĺĺĶ炻 枩 IJĺĶ炸 炻娡㖶ᾉ婒䘬⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬⸦ᾳ慵天䈡⽝烉㕟塪デˣ暞䠶⊾ˣ⸛朊デ冯嶅 暊デ䘬㴰⣙䫱炻悥㗗⯙喅埻∝ἄ䘬桐㟤侴妨炻䈡⇍㗗丒䔓喅埻炻㗗㚨傥橼䎦⼴䎦ẋ 桐㟤䘬ˤIJIJġ ㎃⎍娙婒炻喅埻⛐嘃⮎ᷳ攻Ṍ拗炻忁Ṍ拗ᷕ⇯㚱Ḯ奨侭䘬娖慳䨢攻炻侴娖慳䘬 䫼㟰冯∝ἄ侭䃉斄炻䫮侭娵䁢㬌⌛䁢奨侭ᾳṢ䘬䓇␥䴻槿ℵ娖慳ˤġ 㬌⢾炻桐㟤㗗䓴⭂⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䈡刚䘬ᶨ⣏天䳈ˤ⃀䭉⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑ㆾ姙ᶵ㬊桐 㟤㚱斄炻Ữ桐㟤⌣㗗⼴䎦ẋ䱦䤆䘬椾天䈡刚ᷳᶨˤ炷昛⑩䥨炽⏛匱⏃嬗炻ijıIJĴ炻枩 Ĵĵij炸ġ 桐㟤䘬⼊ㆸ炻㚱ᶱ⣏➢㞙炻ὧ㗗奨⾝ˣ柴㛸冯㈨㱽ˤ 炷ỽ㆟䡑炻ijııĴ炻枩 IJıķ炸 ˤ ˬ桐㟤˭晾䃞⊭⏓Ḯ堐䎦ㇳ㱽䘬シ佑炻Ữ桐㟤㚜ᷣ天䘬㗗㟤婧ˣ㯋岒ˣデ奢䫱䱦䤆 ⚈䳈㥳ㆸˤ炷漶⛯炻ijıIJĴ炻枩 IJĸı炸ġ ẍ㭷ᾳ喅埻∝ἄ侭⚈䓇㳣側㘗ˣㆸ攟䑘⠫⍲㔁做䦳⹎䘬ᶵ⎴炻⼊ㆸᶵ⎴䘬ἄ ⑩桐㟤炻侴喅埻䘬䚖䘬᷎ᶵ㗗⬴ℐℵ䎦䎦⮎⮵尉炻⚈㬌㛔䞼䨞晾䃞㗗⼴䎦ẋ䘬㤪⾝炻 Ữ㗗䫮侭怬䳸⎰Ḯ丒㛔䘬⿅䵕炻⛐∝ἄ䘬桐㟤ᶲ⍰圵ℍḮ䔞ẋ䣦㚫䎦尉ʇˬ侩⊾ˣ 怢⣙䘬姀ㅞ˭ˤġ. 21. ֆߞᗶȐȑȐ2::6ȑǴ᛬ ᛬ೌΓᜪᏢǶȐচբޣǺRobert LaytonȑǶѠчѱǺ٥ϼკਜрޗހǶȐচрܭހ. 2::2ȑǶ। 2:3Ƕ! 22. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯ٣ިҽԖज़ϦљǶ। 223Ƕ!!. 9!.
(20) ѤǵЎࣴ!ݤز 媪㔯䌣䞼䨞㗗㊯⮵忶⍣ḳẞ䘬吸普冯姀抬炻㛔婾㔯啱䓙ᷣ天⎚㕁⍲㫉天⎚ 㕁䘬吸普ˣ↮㜸ˣ㔜䎮Ἦ忚埴㛔婾㔯ᷳ䞼䨞炻㛇傥㍉䓐㚜⭊奨ᷳン⹎⍲㚜䫎⎰怷廗 ᷳ㕡㱽ˤġ ⛐㛔䞼䨞ᷕ⮯吸普⎬䧖斄㕤姀ㅞˣ⽫䎮ˣ侩Ṣˣ喅埻ˣ䣦㚫⽫䎮䫱䚠斄㛇↲ˣ ⟙⏲ˣ婾㔯ˣ⮰㤕㚠啱䫱炻⽆ᷕ䝕妋姀ㅞ䘬㬟䦳炻ẍ⍲⮳㈦㚱斄⼴䎦ẋ䘬⬠䥹冯䎮 婾炻㍊妶⍲䞼䨞⤪ỽ忳䓐⼴䎦ẋ䘬ㇳ㱽⏰䎦姀ㅞ䘬斄倗⿏ˤġ. ϖǵՉࣴ!ݤز 埴≽㗗ᶨ䧖埴䁢ˣᶨ䧖䫾䔍炻ḇ㗗ᶨ䧖㈨埻炻℞䚖䘬⛐忼ㆸ䚖㧁炻妋㰢⓷柴炻 ⬴ㆸ䞼䨞䚖䘬ˤẍ炻埴≽䞼䨞㱽㗗䞼䨞侭⛐䞼䨞䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻ᶵ㕟䘬⚆棳ˣ䚩⿅炻 ㍸↢妋㰢⓷柴䘬䫾䔍炻㚨⼴忼ㆸ䞼䨞䚖䘬ˣ妋㰢⓷柴䘬≽ン㬟䦳ˤIJijġ ġ 埴≽䞼䨞㱽㗗ᶨ ᷕ⬠䘬䞼䨞㱽炻⚈㬌䫮侭⛐䞼䨞㚨⼴䘬忶䦳ᷕ炻⤪⿍暨㚱天 妋㰢䘬⓷柴炻㚫⿅侫⓷柴䘬㟠⽫䘬⛐炻德忶㖊㚱䘬㘢傥➢䢶炻⮎晃㑵ἄ䘬忶䦳炻 晐㗪婧㔜妋㰢䘬㕡⎹ㆾ䫾䔍炻䚜⇘妋㰢⓷柴䁢㬊ˤġ. 23. ቼᏌȐ3122ȑǶፕ ፕЎቪբ೬ჴΚ.ၯӧࣴزቪբϺޑύǶѠчѱǺϖࠄკਜрިހҽԖज़ϦљǶ।. 256Ƕ!!. :!.
(21) ಃѤ! ࣴزጄൎᆶज़ڋ ǵࣴزጄൎ 㛔䞼䨞ẍˬ⮳㈦姀ㅞʇʇ䌳⦧㪲丒䔓喅埻∝ἄ婾徘˭䁢⎵炻ᷣ天㗗ẍ䞼䨞姀ㅞ 䁢ᷣ炻᷎ẍデ奢姀ㅞˣ䞕㛇姀ㅞˣ攟㛇姀ㅞ䘬屯妲嗽䎮㧉⺷Ἦ㍊妶ˤġ 昌Ḯ姀ㅞ⢾炻⚈䁢ᷣ天奨⮇⮵尉䁢䫮侭䘬⧮⧮炻侴⤡㗗Ⱄ㕤㭼庫檀漉侭炻⚈㬌 ẍ㍊妶侩Ṣ⽫䎮⬠䘬䓇䎮⸜漉䁢庼炻⽆ᷕḮ妋姀ㅞ䘬䳸㥳ˣ↮栆㬟䦳炻德忶`姕 冯↮㜸炻ẍ䫮侭⧮⧮⤡䘬䓇㳣䨢攻ẍ⍲⭞Ṣ䁢⍫䄏⮵尉炻奨⮇㗪攻䁢 ijııĶ ⸜⇘ ijıIJĶ ⸜炻䫮侭德忶攟㛇䘬奨⮇炻冯⮳㈦ˣ吸普䚠斄㔯䌣屯㕁Ḻ䚠⮵䄏炻⽆ᷕ䌚⼿ 䞼䨞䘤䎦炻ḇ娎叿⮳㈦䞼䨞⮵尉䘬姀ㅞ朊尴ġ ˤġ ⎎⢾㛔∝ἄ䘬姀ㅞ㍊妶㗗憅⮵ᷕ⣖䤆䴻䲣䴙徨⊾侴怢⾀炻⮵㕤䨩䘤⿏怢⾀䕯 ᶵ⊭⏓⛐ℏ炻媪ᷕ⣖䤆䴻䲣䴙徨⊾怢⾀炻㗗㊯ᶵ㚫ℵ㚱㕘䘬䞕㛇姀ㅞ塓⼊ㆸ炻侴 㕘䘬䞕㛇姀ㅞ攟㛇仢᷷䘬䉨㱩ᶳ炻忚ᶨ㬍ḇ⯙䃉㱽ℵ㚱㕘䘬攟㛇姀ㅞ炻⚈㬌か侭䘬 姀ㅞὧ 䔁⛐㝸ᾳ忶⍣䘬攟㛇姀ㅞ㗪䨢ᷕ炻侴ṢᾹ⮵㕤冒慵天䘬ˣ䨩䘤䘬ˣẌṢ IJĴ. 暋⾀䘬⼨ḳᾅ⬀䘬姀ㅞ炻䧙ᷳ䁢冒⁛⺷姀ㅞ(autobiographical memory) 炻⚈䫮侭 䘬⧮⧮㗗⭞⹕ᷣ⨎炻晾䃞⣙⍣姀ㅞ炻Ữ⮵⭞⍲⺂㚱叿㶙⇣䘬忶⼨炻忁ᾳ㤪⾝ḇ⯙ 㗗䫮侭∝ἄ䘬䘤゛曰デᷳᶨ炻㓭⟜㘗⣏悥ẍ⭞⺂䁢ᷣˤġ 䫮侭⛐喅埻䘬∝ἄ堐䎦⼊⺷ᶲ炻䳸⎰姀ㅞ᷎ẍ⼴䎦ẋ䘬⚃ᾳ慵溆䁢ᷣ庠炷ᶨ炸 㗪䨢䘬栃央炷Ḵ炸Ḻ㔯⿏炷ᶱ炸尉⽝⿏炷⚃炸℞Ṿ䈡⽝炻᷎⛐䫔Ḵ䪈ᷕ忚ᶨ㬍㍊妶 ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑冯℞堐䎦䘬㕡⺷ˤġ 军㕤喅埻⭞䘬㍊妶炻㛔䞼䨞⮯憅⮵Ḵỵ喅埻⭞炻ᶨỵ㗗⣏堃Ʉ⦩㕗䲵炷David Wiesner, 1956-炸炻⎎ᶨỵ㗗啑䇦䒎⣂Ʉ忼⇑炷Salvador Dali, 1904-1989炸炻⛐䫮侭⿅. 24. 㵍ШႨȐ3111ȑǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǶ। 2:1Ƕ. 21!.
(22) 侫∝ἄᷕ炻⚈䶋晃㚫㍍妠⇘⣏堃Ʉ⦩㕗䲵䘬丒㛔炻䘤䎦媠⣂゛㱽ˣ㥳⚾ˣ堐䎦ㇳ㱽 冯䫮侭䚠⣹⎰炻ḇ㗗⼙枧㛔䞼䨞䘬㓡嬲崟溆ˤ军㕤啑䇦䒎⣂Ʉ忼⇑晾䃞㗗崭䎦⮎ᷣ 佑⣏ⷓᷳᶨ炻Ữ㗗Ṿ䘬䔓桐䌐䈡炻ㇵ厗㲳㹊炻䈡⇍㗗ˬ庇㗪揀˭㚨䁢㚱⎵炻㹞⊾䘬 㗪揀ᶵ⎒ẋ堐叿㗪攻㚫≽炻⬯⭁叔䈑ḇᶵ㚫㚱 䔁炻⯙⤪⎴ㆹᾹ䘬娵䞍ᶨ㧋炻㗪 攻ᶨ䚜㗗ᶨ↮ᶨ䥺ᶵ 䘬㳩必ˤ侴ˬ姀ㅞ˭ḇ㗗⎴㧋㖛ね⼊ˤġ 㛔䞼䨞㗗ẍ⼴䎦ẋ圵ℍ炻侴⼴䎦ẋảỽ䘬⨺㛸⛯⎗忳䓐炻Ữ㗗㛔∝ἄ⛐䔓㛸ᶲ 昌Ḯ㱡䔓䁢ᷣ⢾炻⛐㊤層∝ἄᶲ㗗ẍ廠↢ℵ⼴墥炻侴⛐䫔⚃䲣↿⚆棳⋨炻⇯㗗⇑䓐 墯⎰⨺㛸炷ἳ烉埇䫮ˣ㲉㡱ˣ䯥⫿䫮䫱䫱ɃɃ炸䁢ᷣ天∝ἄ㛸㕁ˤġ. Βǵࣴزज़ڋ ġ ĩᶨĪ⛐䞼䨞⮵尉㕡朊炻⚈䫮侭䘬⧮⧮㕤 ijıIJĶ ⸜⸽⼨䓇Ḯ炻㓭䞼䨞䘬㗪攻溆 ⎒⇘ ijıIJĶ ⸜炻℞检⌘嫱悐↮⎒傥月䫮侭䘬姀ㅞ⚆栏炻Ữ㗗炻Ṣ䘬姀ㅞⷠ㚫㚱怢⾀ˣ ㈕㚚ˣ⣙䛇䘬䎦尉炻ẍ⛐ᾳ㟰䞼䨞㱽ᶲ㚫㚱仢⣙ˤ㬌⢾炻㭷ᶨỵ⣙ㅞ䕯か侭䘬 䉨㱩䘮Ⱄ㕤ᾳ㟰炻䃉㱽㒜⍲军ℐ橼炻Ữ㭷ᾳᾳ㟰ṵ㚫㚱䚠Ụ䘬悐↮炻⚈㬌⛐∝ἄ㗪 晾㗗ẍᾳ㟰䘬䓇␥䴻槿䁢䘤゛炻Ữṵ傥妠≽㝸ṃ㑩㚱䚠Ụ䴻槿䘬奨侭炻⛐∝ἄ炻ㆾ 㑩㚱ᶵ⎴䴻槿䘬奨侭䴎Ḱᶵ⎴䘬∝ἄ婾徘ˤġ ĩḴĪ⎎⢾⛐屯㕁䘬Ἦ㸸悐ấ炻⚈⣏堆Ʉ⦩㕗䲵炷David Wiesner炸䘬ἄ⑩䘮ẍ丒 㛔䁢ᷣ炻㓭䚖⇵屯㕁Ἦ㸸旸⇞⛐⣏堆Ʉ⦩㕗䲵⭀䵚ˣ䵚嶗屯㕁ˣ丒㛔䞼䨞Ṿ䘬䡑 婾㔯䁢ᷣ炻ḇ⚈䁢㗪攻ᶵ嵛⚈㬌⮵㕤⣏堆Ʉ⦩㕗䲵䃉㱽㚜㚱䲣䴙䘬䳸⎰姀ㅞ冯⼴䎦 ẋἮ婾徘ˤġ ġ ġ ġ ġġ 22!.
(23) ಃϖ! ࣴࢎزᄬ ബբीฝ! !! !!!!!!ബբࡘԵ!!!!!!!Ў!!!!!!!ፕ!ز !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!բࠔჴ፬ᆶϸࡘ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ঁ!ਢ!ᢀ!ჸ!!ݤ Ј!!Ꮲϩ!ݤ ॥!!ϩ!!ݤ! Ў!!ࣴ!!ݤ!ز Չ!!ࣴ!!ݤ!ز ! !!!!!ୂޑوᏫ!!൨ޜפ໔!!൨פਔ໔!!൨פᏫ!. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!ᢀޣӣ㎸!! !!բࠔֹԋ!!!! ⚾ġ IJ 䞼䨞㝞㥳⚾ġ. 23!.
(24) ಃϤ! Ӝຒញက! ǵᏫ(Memory) 姀ㅞ㗗ᾅ䔁⍲㍸⍾忶⍣䘬䴻槿炻ẍὃ㬌㗪㬌⇣ἧ䓐䘬㕡㱽ˤἄ䁢ᶨᾳ㬟䦳炻姀 ㅞ㊯䘬㗗冯⃚⬀ˣᾅ䔁⍲㍸⍾忶⼨䴻槿㚱斄䘬≽ン㨇⇞ˤĩ㛶䌱䎯Ʉ哋㔯䣩嬗炻ijıIJIJ炻 枩 IJĺĸĪˤ㛔䞼䨞䘬姀ㅞ∝ἄ炻叿慵⛐攟㛇姀ㅞ㍸⍾忶䦳㗪䘬拗婌妲〗侴忈ㆸ冒ㆹ⺢ 㥳䘬姀ㅞ炻⮳㈦䘬姀ㅞ㗗㊯䫮侭䘬⧮⧮ˤġ. Βǵഋॊ܄Ꮻ(Declarative Memory) 昛徘⿏姀ㅞ↮䁢Ḵ悐ấ炻ᶨ䁢ḳẞ姀ㅞ炻㊯䘬㗗傥⣈㖶䡢゛崟㝸ᾳḳẞㆾḳ⮎ 䘬ᶨ䧖姀ㅞˤ⎎ᶨ䁢婆シ姀ㅞ炻⌛ḳ⮎冯⚾堐ḳẞ姀ㅞ炻⌛㭷ᾳṢᶨ䓇ᷕᾳṢḳ ẞ䘬⚆ㅞˤġ. ΟǵԾԄᏫ(Autobiographical Memory) 冒⁛⺷姀ㅞ㗗ᾳṢ䓇㳣ḳẞ䘬姀ㅞˤ䓙㕤⬫⛐Ṣ栆娵䞍ᷕ⺢㥳崟冯冒ㆹˣね䵺ˣ ᾳṢシ佑(personal meanings)⍲℞ṌḺἄ䓐䘬ᷣ忂忻ˤĩ㣲㱣列ɀ悕≃⸛ɀ䌳㱃ɀ昛 ⮏䶐叿炻ijııIJ炻枩 ĴĹĸĪˤ㛔∝ἄ䘬冒⁛橼姀ㅞ⎒憅⮵䫮侭䘬⧮⧮ˤġ. Ѥǵੇଭ(Hippocampus) 㴟楔徜⬫䘬ᷣ天≇傥㗗㔜⎰冯⚢⊾ᶵ⎴㖛デ奢妲〗ˤĩ㛶䌱䎯Ʉ哋㔯䣩嬗炻ijıIJIJ炻 枩 ijĴĶĪˤ⽫䎮⬠⭞冯䤆䴻⬠⭞⮵㴟楔徜䘬ἄ䓐ṵ⛐䇕婾ᷕ炻Ữ㗗㘖念悥娵⎴㴟楔徜 䘬慵天ἄ䓐㗗⼊ㆸ㕘䘬姀ㅞ炷ね㘗姀ㅞㆾ冒⁛⿏姀ㅞ炸ˤġ 24!.
(25) ϖǵᓯӸ(Storage) ⃚⬀㗗ᾅ⬀姀ㅞ䘬㬟㗪炻㗗姀ㅞ䘬㟠⽫ˤĩ㷑ᶾ枴炻ijııı炻枩 IJĹIJĪˤġġ. ϤǵЈႽ(Imagery)ġ ⽫⁷㗗㊯⮵䔞ᶳ㛒塓デ奢☐⭀デ⍿⇘䘬ḳ䈑⼊ㆸ䘬⽫䎮堐⽝ˤ⽫⁷⎗傥㴱 ⍲ảỽᶨ䧖デ⭀ĩ⤪倥奢ˣ╭奢ˣ␛奢Ī䘬⽫䎮堐⽝ˤĩ㛶䌱䎯Ʉ哋㔯䣩嬗炻ijıIJIJ炻枩 ijĺĴĪˤġ. Ύǵ಄ဦ(Sign) 䫎嘇㗗䫎嘇⬠䘬䓐婆炻䓐ẍ䓴⭂㝸シ佑庱℟ĩ⁷㗗㔯⫿ˣ⼙⁷ㆾ䈑ẞ䫱Ī⬫⛐ 㝸ᶨ傰䴉ᷕ℟㚱䘬䌐䈡シ佑ᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢˤĩ昛⑩䥨Ʉ⏛匱⏃嬗炻ijıIJĴ炻枩 ĵĹķĪˤ㛔 䞼䨞ˬ姀ㅞ˭尉⽝䫎嘇㗗㯋䎫ĭḇẋ堐叿ˬ㴟楔徜˭ˤġ. ΖǵࡕжЬက炷Postmodernism炸ġ ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑㗗ᶨᾳ⽆䎮婾ᶲ暋ẍ䱦㸾ᶳ⭂婾䘬ᶨ䧖㤪⾝炻⚈䁢⼴䎦ẋᷣ天䎮 婾⭞炻⛯⍵⮵ẍ⎬䧖䲬⭂ㆸ䘬⼊⺷炻Ἦ䓴⭂ㆾ侭夷䭬℞ᷣ佑ˤ⮵㕤㬌⬠婒䘬㊩临 㗪攻㚱ᶵ⎴婒㱽炻℞ᷕ㚱ᶨ婒㗗㊯⽆ IJĹĸı ⸜ẍ⼴炻怬㚱⽆ IJĺķı ⸜ẋ⇘ IJĺĺı ⸜ẋˤ!. 25!.
(26) Πണ! ᏹ፣क़ࡣڷ౪фߑޟ ⸦᷶⣏悐↮䘬Ṣ悥㉙⿐冒䘬姀ㅞ≃ᶵ⤥炻䔞䃞炻ᶨ凔Ṣᶵ⎗傥姀⼿㭷ᶨẞḳ炻 Ữ㗗ㆹᾹ⌣天月姀ㅞἮ朊⮵㭷ᶨ⣑炻德忶姀ㅞㆹᾹ⟹忈Ḯ冒ㆹ䘬Ṣ䓇炻㱉㚱Ḯ姀ㅞ炻 ㆹᾹ⯙⎒∑ᶳ䨢㭤ˤ ⚈㬌炻㛔䪈憅⮵姀ㅞ䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䞼䨞↮⇍㔀徘炻⇵⚃䭨㔀徘℞姀ㅞ䘬㤪天ˣ ⼊ㆸ↮栆ˤ德忶㔯䌣䞼䨞婒㖶姀ㅞ⤪ỽ⼊ㆸ冯⬀⍾炻⍰⤪ỽ怢⾀炻⯌℞⛐怕⍿⢾ ≃㗪炻姀ㅞ⛐⣏儎ᷕ⤪ỽ徸㻠⣙⍣炻⽆䞕㛇姀ㅞ䘬䃉㱽⬀⍾⇘攟㛇姀ㅞ䘬䃉㱽㍸⍾炻 ⛐㛔䪈䭨ᶨᶨ䘬㍊妶ˤ 䫔Ḽ䭨攳⥳ẍ⼴炻ὧ䞼䨞⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䈡岒堐䎦ㇳ㱽炻德忶⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬㗪 䨢拗伖ˣ尉⽝⿏ˣḺ㔯⿏冯℞Ṿ䈡⽝炻⮯姀ㅞ䘬ᷣ柴冯⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䚠Ḻ䳸⎰ˤ. ಃ! Ꮻཷޑॊ 姀ㅞᶵ㗗ẍᶨᾳ╖ᶨ䘬㕡⺷忳埴䘬炻㟡㒂天⬠佺䘬ㆾ侭慵䳬䘬屯妲䘬ᶵ⎴炻姀 ㅞ䘬㕡⺷ḇᶵ⎴ˤ䃞侴炻㭷ᶨ䧖姀ㅞ㕡⺷悥ᶵ㗗⬌䩳⛘ˬⶍἄ˭炻⬫Ᾱᷳ攻䘬倗⎰ ἧ⼿⣏儎㳣≽℟㚱⼰⣏䘬忋屓⿏ˤIJĵġ ṢᾹ⛐䓇㳣ᷕ⮎嶸ᷕデ䞍忶䘬ḳ䈑ˣ⿅侫忶䘬⓷柴ˣ䶜佺忶䘬≽ἄˣ橼槿忶䘬 ねデ䫱炻⛐ḳね䴻忶ᷳ⼴炻℞⌘尉᷎ᶵ⬴ℐ㴰⣙炻℞ᷕᶨ悐↮ἄ䁢䴻槿⛐Ṣ儎ᷕᾅ 䔁炻ẍ⼴⛐ᶨ⭂㡅ẞᶳ⎗ẍ慵㕘《⽑ˤIJĶ姀ㅞ㗗喅埻∝ἄᶲ⼰慵天䘬⍇≽≃炻⮵㕤 姀ㅞ䘬婾徘㚱⸦㳦䘬婒㱽烉ġ. 25. ݒȐȑȐ3122ȑǶှ ှ᠐Ꮻޑ༫ઝǶȐচբޣǺنݤયቺǸࣽґ٩ୌȑǶ३ෝǺᆘࢪрޗހǶ)চрހ. ܭǺ3119*!! 26. ླྀؼݯǵΚѳǵЦ؊ǵഋჱȐ3112ȑǶ ᏫЈᏢǶѠчѱǺϖࠄკਜрިހҽԖज़ϦљǶ। 6Ƕ!!. 26!.
(27) 2/ ȨᏫȩˇˇ۳ਔᡍޑӑຝӆܭཀύ!! !)ཥᜏੇǴ3117*! 3/ ȨᏫȩˇˇࢂЈޑᐕำǴࢂុޑᏢಞ!!! !)ࢫᠹǴຎᏫǴ3112*!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 4/ ȨᏫȩˇˇѬࢂঁགྷႽࡌޑᄬ܈ख़ཥࡌᄬ!!! !! )ЃୌǴम୯ЈᏢৎ*!!!!!!! 5/ ȨᏫȩˇˇჹၸѐᡍߥޑ੮ࡠکൺޑၸำ! !)ླྀؼݯǵΚѳǵЦ؊ǵഋჱǴ3112*! 䵄⎰ẍᶲ䘬婾徘炻姀ㅞ㚱⎗傥㶟⎰䛇⮎冯゛⁷炻⚈㬌姀ㅞ㚱⎗傥㗗嘃`䘬炻斄㕤 姀ㅞ㗗⏎㚫槁Ṣ炻℞⮎⛐⽫䎮⬠ᷕ伭剁䈡㕗IJķ (Elizabeth Loftusĭ 1944-)嘃`姀ㅞ⮎ 槿嵛ẍ嫱㖶ˤġ IJĺĺIJ ⸜炻伭剁䈡㕗㈦Ἦ ijĵ Ṣ⍫冯⮎槿炻⮎槿↮䁢⤥⸦ᾳ昶㭝炻椾⃰⮎槿侭䁢 㭷Ṣ㸾⁁Ḯᶨ㛔ㇳℲ炻墉朊⊭⏓Ḯ⚃⇯ṾᾹ⮷㗪῁䴻㬟䘬ḳẞ炻℞ᷕ⎒㚱ˬ⛐岤䈑 ᷕ⽫徟嶗˭忁ẞḳ㗗`䘬炻㗗⮎槿侭姕妰䘬烊℞检ᶱẞḳ⇯㗗德忶℞⭞Ṣ䘬⋼≑炻 ℐ悥㗗䛇䘬ˤ⍿娎侭⽭枰ᶨᶨ⮓ᶳṾᾹ㗗⏎姀⼿炻ẍ⍲姀⼿䘬ℏ⭡ˤġ 䳸㝄 ijĵ Ṣᷕ㚱 ĸ Ṣ⮓↢Ḯ姀⼿㬌ḳ炷Ữ⼴Ἦ䘬㚫婯炻㚱 IJ Ṣ㈧娵恋㗗`䘬炻 㕤㗗⯙∑ᶳ ķ Ṣ炸 炻ẍ⍲徟嶗䘬䚠斄䳘䭨炻⼟⤪奒幓䴻㬟䘬䛇⮎ḳẞˤ⛐㍍ᶳἮ䘬 昶㭝炻⮎槿侭⏲䞍 ijĵ ỵ⍿娎侭炻ᷳ⇵䘬⚃⇯ḳẞ炻㚱ᶨẞ㗗`忈䘬炻婳ṾᾹ⚰怠 ↢Ἦ炻䳸㝄ṵ㚱 Ķ ỵ➭ᾉ岤䈑ᷕ⽫徟嶗㗗䛇⮎䘬姀ㅞ炰ġ 䔞⮎槿⇘㚨⼴昶㭝炻⮎槿侭⏲䞍 ijĵ ỵ⍿娎侭忁ᾳ徟嶗姀ㅞ㗗㋷忈䘬炻忁ṃ䚠 ᾉ䘬Ṣ䘮デ⇘暯樂ᶵ炻侴ᷭᷭ䃉㱽慳㆟炰IJĸġ. 27. Ҳಹಮқ/ᛥථȐElizabeth Loftusȑऍ୯ӜᇡޕЈᏢৎǴЈᏢࣚ൧ࣁȨё༟܄Ꮻȩ࠶ޑǶ!!. 28. ࢫើȐȑȐ3121ȑǶ Ꮻ W/T ബཀǶȐচբޣǺElizabeth Loftus & Katherine KetchamȑǶѠчѱǺᇻࢬрހ. ޗǶ)চр ܭހ2::5*। 265.269Ƕ!!. 27!.
(28) ẍ姀ㅞ⯙⤥⁷㗗䤆䦀䘬䃉⸽㳆ᶨ㧋炻⛐⣏儎墉朊ḇᶵ㗗↮攨⇍栆炻⚢⭂⃚⬀ ⛐ảỽ悐ỵ炻晐㗪䫱⼭㍸⍾炻⛐㍸⍾忶䦳ᷕ炻ᶵ䞍ᶵ奢㚫⍿冒ㆾ⢾䓴䘬゛⁷ˣ⸚ 㒦ˣ嘃㥳ˣ婌⮶ˣ䴻槿䫱䫱Ƀ⼙枧炻㚱㗪忋冒悥↮彐ᶵ↢ỽ侭䁢䛇烎ỽ侭䁢`烎ġ ⚈㬌炻⤪ỽ㈦⮳姀ㅞ烎姀ㅞ⤪ỽ⼊ㆸ烎姀ㅞ⍰㚱⒒ṃ䧖栆烎䫮侭⮯⛐㭷ᶨ䭨 ᷕ↮⇍㍊妶炻㈦↢姀ㅞ䘬⼊ㆸ冯䧖栆ˤġ. ಃΒ! Ꮻޑኳࠠ ⮵⣏悐↮䘬ṢἮ婒炻姀ㅞ≃㗗⭡㖻ᶼ⾓忇䘬塓⸚㒦冯堘徨䘬炻德忶姀ㅞ炻ㆹᾹ ⟹忈Ḯ冒ㆹ䘬㬟⎚炻攟㗪攻ᶳἮ炻ㆹᾹ⽆⚆ㅞᷕᶨ溆ᶨ㺜㊤㷲↢冒䘬Ṣ䓇炻ỮṢ Ᾱ㚱㈕㚚姀ㅞ䘬⎹炻⛐⁛䴙䘬姀ㅞ㧉✳炻⽫䎮⬠⭞㍸↢Ḯẍᶳ䘬⸦ᾳ婾溆烉ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ. 28!.
(29) ǵґᆶᒍୗȐWaugh & Noman, 1965ȑගр߃යᏫ Ȑprimary memoryȑکԛભᏫȐsecondary memoryȑ ⮯Ḵ↮婾㒜⯽⼊ㆸᶨᾳ姀ㅞ䘬忳ἄ㧉✳炻ḇ㗗庫㖑䘬↮㛇姀ㅞ婾ˤḇ㗗⇘䚖⇵ 䁢㬊炻㚨㖑ㅱ䓐㟮⚾Ἦ堐䣢炻⍲姀ㅞ⽫䎮㳣≽䳸㥳ᾉ〗㳩䦳䞼䨞⬠侭ˤ侴↮㛇姀 ㅞ婾䘬㟠⽫䎮婾㗗攟㛇姀ㅞ婾ẍ⢾怬⬀⛐䞕㛇姀ㅞ炻⚈ Ķı ⸜ẋẍ⇵ᷣ天斄㲐䘬㗗 攟㛇姀ㅞˤġ. 墯徘. ⢾Ἦ⇢ 㽨. ⇅䳂姀 ㅞ. 㫉䳂姀 ㅞ. 怢⾀. ⚾ ij ↮㛇姀ㅞ婾 Waugh & Noman, 1965 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉 㚦㵹䍵炷ijıIJĶ炸 ˤ姀ㅞɄ㆟冲冯喅埻∝ἄ斄Ὢᷳ䞼䨞ˤ⎘ ⎘䀋喅埻⣏⬠㚠䔓喅埻⬠↲炻 IJĹġĩIJĪ炻枩 Ĵijĸˤ䫮侭慵㕘丒墥ġ. 29!.
(30) ΒǵՆߎᇽᆶࡼ݅ȐAtkinson & Shiffrin, 1968ȑගрΟය ᏫፕǶ ṾᾹ㗗ẍ屯㕁嗽䎮䘬奨溆炻⮯姀ㅞ↮䁢デ奢姀ㅞˣ䞕㛇姀ㅞˣ攟㛇姀ㅞᶱᾳᶵ ⎴䘬㗪㛇炻忁㗗䚖⇵㚨㘖念䘬↮㛇姀ㅞ婾ˤẍᶳ⮯↮⇍㔀徘䞕㛇姀ㅞˣデ奢姀ㅞˣ 攟㛇姀ㅞᷳ攻䘬斄Ὢˤ. 䶜佺 デ奢姀ㅞ ⇢㽨. 䞕㛇姀ㅞ. • Ḽデ. 攟㛇姀ㅞ. ㍸⍾. 怢. ⾀. ⚾ġ Ĵ ᶱ㛇姀ㅞ婾ġ 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉㹓ᶾ枴ĩijıııĪˤ⽫䎮⬠ˤ⎘⊿ⶪ烉ᶱ㮹㚠⯨炻枩 IJĸķˤġ 䫮侭慵㕘丒墥ˤġ. 2:!.
(31) )Ι*ཐឈᏹȞsensory memoryȟ Ȉ! デ奢姀ㅞ㗗姀ㅞ䘬䫔ᶨ䪁炻㗗⮯⢾䓴䘬⇢㽨廱⊾ㆸデ⭀䘬䴻槿炻 ⮯䈑䎮傥慷德忶䶐䡤廱䁢⽫䎮ẋ⁷IJĹˤἳ⤪ㆹᾹ⛐奨岆ᶨ悐暣⼙㗪⤪ ㆹᾹ䑘栏␐⚵䘬䑘⠫炻᷎修倥⎬䧖倚㓰㝄炻劍ᶵ⮵℞ᷕ㝸ṃ㘗尉ㆾ 倚枛Ḱẍ䈡⇍⮰㲐䘬斄㲐䘬奨⮇炻⇯㚱夳倆⮯⼰⾓⽆姀ㅞ墉㴰⣙ˤ ㎃⎍娙婒炻デ奢姀ㅞ䘬⭡慷䚠䔞⣏炻Ữ㗗姀ㅞ䘬ᾅ⬀㗪攻⌣䔘ⷠ䞕Ὣ 炷忂ⷠ⛐ᶱˣ⚃䥺揀ẍℏ炸 ˤ晾䃞デ奢姀ㅞ㴱⍲夾ˣ倥ˣ╭ˣ␛ˣ妠 䫱デ⭀䴻槿炻䚖⇵斄㕤デ奢姀ㅞ䘬䞼䨞炻⽫䎮⬠⭞⮵⼙⁷姀ㅞ炷夾奢炸 冯徜枧姀ㅞ炷倥奢炸䘬䶐䡤䈡⇍デ冰嵋ˤIJĺġ. )Π*ᏹ炷short-term memoryȟ烉 ⛐デ奢姀ㅞᷕ䌚⼿ˬ㲐シ˭䘬悐↮炻⯙ㆸ䁢䞕㛇姀ㅞ䘬䳈㛸ˤ䞕 㛇姀ㅞ㗗姀ㅞ⭡慷䚠䔞㚱旸ˣ姀ㅞ㊩ᷭ⿏䚠䔞䞕㙓䘬姀ㅞ嗽䎮䲣䴙ˤ ἳ⤪烉ㆹᾹ∃⽆䵚嶗ᶲ㈦⇘梸⺛䘬暣娙嘇䡤炻㬋天㑍嘇㗪炻暣娙枧Ḯ烊 䫱Ἀ嶇⮵㕡⭺㘬⸦⎍᷎㍃㕟暣娙⼴炻゛慵㕘攳⥳㑍嘇㗪炻㚫䘤䎦∃姀 ᶳ䘬嘇䡤⸦᷶⾀Ḯˤ 䞕㛇姀ㅞ䘬⎗⭡慷炻㟡㒂伶⚳⽫䎮⬠⭞䰛≺(Miller, 1956)䘬㍐䬿炻 ℞ᾅ㊩㗪攻䲬⛐Ḵ⋩䥺揀ⶎ⎛炻ẍ⫿㔠╖ỵ侴妨炻ㅱ娚㗗 ĸƲij炻ḇ⯙ 㗗⽆ Ķ ᾳ⇘ ĺ ᾳˬ⫿㔠╖ỵ˭ˤ䞕㛇姀ㅞ晾䃞ᶵ傥ᾅ㊩攟ᷭ炻ḇ㰺㚱 漸⣏䘬⭡慷炻Ữ⬫㗗ㆹᾹ䵕㊩㬋ⷠ⽫㘢忳ἄ⽭暨䘬ˤijıġ. 29. ЈжႽࢂࡰჹΠ҂གᏔ۔གޑډڙ٣܌ނԋޑЈ߄ቻǶЈႽёૈੋϷҺՖᅿག)۔ӵ᠋ǵ. ༘ǵښ*ޑЈ߄ቻǶ)ҏǵጯЎޙǴ3122Ǵ। 3:4*Ƕ!! 2:. ྕШႨ)3111*ǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǶ। 287Ƕ!. 31. ྕШႨ)3111*ǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǶ। 287.288Ƕ!. 31!.
(32) 刦㕥Ḵ㮷䘬䞕㛇姀ㅞỤ᷶忶ấ塓≽冯⏮䇰炻⚈㬌⽟䎮 炷Baddeley, 1992炸㍸嬘ẍ㑵ἄ姀ㅞ炷ⶍἄ姀ㅞ炸炷working memory炸 Ἦ⍾ẋ炻ᷣ天䘬㤪⾝㗗䓐Ἦ㍷徘㙓㗪⿏䘬⃚⬀冯嗽䎮炻ẍ䨩栗℞ᷣ≽ ⿏冯䧵㤝⿏ˤġ ġ ġ ġ ਥᏵЃቺزࣴޑϩǴᏹբᏫх֖ΟঁϩǺॄೢᓯӸᆶ ፄಞᖂዸޑᖂᕉȐphonological loopȑ Ǵॄೢຎૻޜ৲Ꮻޑຎ ޜનඔ݈ȐVisuo-spatial sketch padȑǴᆶЬљᏹᏫᡏϣӚᅿ ૻ৲ޑύѧՉޣȐCentral executiveȑ ǶԜࡌځډڙдࣴ ޑزЍǶӢԜǴऩᇥอයᏫΞᆀࣁᏹբᏫǴࢂࡰаࣁ׳ ፄᚇᆶᡫࢲޑၮբᢀᗺǴٰှញᇡࣁԖज़Զޑอය 32. ᏫǶ ! 㑵ἄ姀ㅞ⛐ㆹᾹ㚱シ嬀䘬㭷ᶨ㗪⇣炻悥㌴㎉㲐シ≃屯㸸䘬↮惵炻 ẍ㰢⭂⤪ỽ忳䓐䞕㛇姀ㅞ⃚⬀䘬ℏ⭡ˣ⎹ỽ䧖䞕㛇姀ㅞ㍸⍾屯妲ˣ⛐ 攟㛇姀ㅞᷕ⾓忇䘬㏄䳊妋㰢⓷柴䘬屯妲炻ẍ㑵ἄ姀ㅞᶵ㗗ᶨ ijij. ᾳ⭡慷㚱旸䘬䞕㛇姀ㅞ,怬㗗ᶨᾳ⎗ẍ⌛㗪嗽䎮妲〗䘬䲣䴙ˤ ġ. )έ*ߝᏹ炷long-term memory炸烉 䞕㛇姀ㅞ墉䘬妲〗嗽䎮㚱ℑ䧖⎗傥䘬⍣嗽烉ᶨ䁢ᶵ䴻忶䶜佺㚫 冒≽㴰⣙烊Ḵ⇯㗗䴻忶慵央䘬䶜佺⼴忚ℍ攟㛇姀ㅞˤ⎗夳妲〗㗗⏎䓙 䞕㛇姀ㅞ忚ℍ攟㛇姀ㅞ炻℞㚨⣏䘬斄挝⛐㕤䶜佺炷rehearsal炸 ˤ攟㛇姀. 32. ྕШႨ)3111*ǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǶ। 288Ƕ!. 33. ำίޱǵෞᓪȐ3121ȑǶද ද೯ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺрހǶ Ƕ। 283.284Ƕ!!. 32!.
(33) ㅞ℞⭡慷⎗媪䃉旸炻ᶼ㗗䚠䔞攟ᷭ⿏䘬姀ㅞ橼炻㚜⎗婒㗗䞍嬀㈨傥䘬 ⮞⹓ˤijĴġ 攟㛇姀ㅞ冯䞕㛇姀ㅞ䚠㭼炻㚱ᶳ↿⸦ᾳ䈡⽝烉椾⃰炻⬫䘬䶐䡤㗗 ẍシ䡤䁢ᷣ烊ℵ侭炻⬫㗗䚠䔞㊩ᷭ䘬炻䓂军㗗㯠ᷭ䘬烊䃞⼴炻⬫䘬⭡ 慷㗗⸦᷶䃉旸䘬烊㗗㚱䲣䴙ˣ㚱䳬䷼䘬烊⎗⬫㖻⍿㈕㚚ˣ⣙⮎ˣῷ夳 䘬⼙枧侴ᶵ塓⮇奢炷㷑ᶾ枴炻ijııı炻枩 IJĸĸ炸 ˤġ. 屯妲嗽䎮㧉⺷䘬ᶱ㛇䎮婾㗗䚖⇵塓姙⣂⽫䎮⬠⭞㍍⍿䘬姀ㅞ䎮婾ˤ忁ᾳ䎮 婾晾♜㟤⋨↮姀ㅞ䁢ᶱᾳ㗪㛇炻冯ᶨṃḳ⮎䎦尉㚱ⶖ嶅炻Ữ⬫ṵ䧙借⛘妋慳姀ㅞ䘬 ↮㛇䎦尉炻⚈㬌ṵ䃞㚱ṃ⽫䎮⬠⭞➭㊩╖ᶨ姀ㅞ婾䘬奨溆ˤijĵġ. 䓙ẍᶲ䘬㍷徘⼿䞍炻⮯姀ㅞ↮䁢ᶱᾳ㗪㛇炻晾䃞冯㝸ṃḳ⮎䉨㱩ᶵ䚉䚠䫎炻Ữ ᶱ㛇䎮婾㚨ᷣ天㗗䁢Ḯ㍷徘Ṣ栆⛐⬠佺ẍ⼴炻姀ㅞ㗗⛐⣏儎ᷕ⤪ỽ⺢䩳ᶨ⣿⬴㔜 䘬䶐䡤ˣ⃚⬀ˣ㍸⍾ᶨ䲣↿㳩䦳炻侴斄㕤䶐䡤ˣ⃚⬀ˣ㍸⍾⮯⛐䫔⚃䭨ᷕ㚜䁢娛䳘 䘬婾徘ˤġ. 34. ྕШႨ)3111*ǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǶ। 288Ƕ!. 35. ྕШႨ)3111*ǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǶ। 288Ƕ!!. 33!.
(34) ಃΟ! Ꮻᐒૈޑϩᜪ !. Ṣ䘬姀ㅞ⁷ᾳ䤆䣽䘬⃚⬀⹓炻⚈䁢姀ㅞ㚱忁湤⣂ᶵ⎴䘬≇傥炻ἧ⼿䞼䨞侭䁢. ⬫姕妰ᶨ⣿↮栆㕡㱽烉ġ ġ. 姀ㅞ. 䦳⸷姀ㅞ(朆 昛徘⿏姀ㅞ). 昛徘姀ㅞ. ḳẞ姀ㅞ. 婆シ姀ㅞ. ᶨ䓇ᷕᾳṢḳẞ䘬 ⚆ㅞ. ḳ⮎冯⚾堐. ⤪ỽ . ġ ġ ⚾ġ ĵ 姀ㅞ䘬↮栆ġ 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉㳒嗕炷嬗炸 炷ijıIJĴ炸 ˤˤ姀 姀ㅞ䘬䦀⭮ˤ 炷⍇ἄ侭烉Rebecca Rupp炸 ˤ⎘⊿ⶪ烉尻柕涡↢䇰 䣦ˤ枩 ĵĸˤ䫮侭慵㕘丒墥ˤġ. 䓙ᶲ⚾⎗䞍炻姀ㅞ⎗↮䁢昛徘姀ㅞ冯䦳⸷姀ㅞ炷朆昛徘⿏姀ㅞ炸 炻ẍᶳ⮯⯙忁 ℑ䧖栆✳䘬姀ㅞ↮⇍婒㖶烉ġ. ġ. 34!.
(35) ǵഋॊᏫ! 昛徘姀ㅞ㚱㗪塓⼊⭡䁢䞍忻ˬḳ⮎˭䘬㬟䦳ˤ 炷㳒嗕炻ijıIJĴ炻枩 ĵĶ炸㎃⎍娙婒炻 昛徘姀ㅞ⯙㗗炻ㆹᾹ䓇㳣ᷕ䘬䴻槿ḳẞ炻ẍ⍲⬠佺Ἦ䘬䞍嬀ˤ㭼⤪ㆹᾹ䞍忻䫔ᶨ 㫉ᶾ䓴⣏㇘㕤 IJĺIJĵ ⸜ ĸ 㚰 ijĹ 㖍䆮䘤炻ᶨ凔Ṣḇ䞍忻 IJĺĺĺ ⸜㗪⎘䀋䘤䓇Ḯ ĺijIJ ⣏ ⛘暯ˤ㬌⢾炻昛徘姀ㅞⰔ㕤ˬ㚱シ嬀䘬⚆ㅞ˭ ˤ昛徘姀ㅞ䘬ℏ⭡㗗⎗ẍ⍾⼿䘬炻⤪ 㝄䓐⽫⿅侫炻姀ㅞ䘬ℏ⭡⎗ẍ⽆⭡⛘忚ℍ儎ᷕˤġ 忂ⷠ昛徘⿏姀ㅞ⎗ℵ↮䁢ℑᾳ悐↮ˤㆹᾹ㚨䅇〱䘬悐↮ĩḇ㗗⣏悐↮Ṣ娵䁢䘬 䛇㬋姀ㅞĪ㗗ˬḳẞ姀ㅞ˭ 炻ḳẞ姀ㅞ㗗ṢᾹ⮵忶⍣⚆ㅞ䘬ᾳṢᾱ⹓ˤ⽫䎮⬠⭞㈀㔯 ㈲ḳẞ姀ㅞ妋慳䁢ㆹᾹ䥩Ṣ䘬㗪㨇☐ˤ㭼⤪烉⛐暣⼙˪⊿朆媄⼙˫ᷕ炻Ⱉ⥮⛸⛐ 护䏜⇵䁢劙㟤渿墺㚤ⓙ˨必⍣㳩˩㗪炻Ṿ⯙㗗⛐⎔╂ḳẞ姀ㅞġ 炷㳒嗕炻ijıIJĴ炻 枩 ĵĵ炸ġ ˤġ ˬ婆シ姀ㅞ˭⇯⁷䘦䥹ℐ㚠➮䧵䘬ᶨ凔屯妲炷ḇ⯙㗗ㆹᾹ婒䘬ⷠ嬀炸 炻婆シ 姀ㅞ⃚⬀➢㛔⍇㕁烊忁ṃ⍇㕁ἧㆹᾹ傥⍣⭂佑ᶾ䓴ᶲ䘬Ṣḳ䈑ˣ㌴㎉⬫Ᾱ䘬斄Ὢˣ 䝕妋㛇攻䘬忳ἄ炻ἧㆹᾹ傥⣈⛐䣦㚫ᷕ䓇⬀ˤḳẞ⍲婆シ姀ㅞ䘬䲣䴙↮⇍䌐䩳⬀⛐ˤ ijĶ. ġ. ΒǵำׇᏫ)ߚഋॊ܄Ꮻ*! 冯昛徘姀ㅞ䚠⍵炻䦳⸷姀ㅞ䞍忻䘬㗗ˬ⤪ỽ ˭䘬忶䦳ˤ䯉╖婒⯙㗗ㆹᾹ䴻 ⬠㚫䘬㈨ⶏ炻ḇ⯙㗗䅇傥䓇ⶏ炻梲ㆸ䘬佺ㄋ炻㭼⤪烉ㆹᾹ䞍忻⤪ỽ榶儛嶷干炻⤪ỽ ㇻ幚性䎫炻⤪ỽ䓐护䏜⻰⣷˨⣊ᷕ䘬⨂䥖˩ ˤ忳≽㔁䶜㚱㗪䧙䦳⸷姀ㅞ䁢ˬ倴倱姀 ㅞ˭ 炻忁䧖姀ㅞἧṢᾹ⌛ἧ⛐攟⣏⼴怬㗗傥嶛ᶲ儛嶷干炻庽庽檮檮⛘榶叿ˤ䦳⸷姀. 36. ࢫើȐȑȐ3124ȑǶ ᏫޑઝஏǶȐচբޣǺRebecca RuppȑǶѠчѱǺᒗᓐᡳрޗހǶ। 55Ƕ. 35!.
(36) ㅞ昛徘姀ㅞ怬㚱ᾳᶵ⎴溆㗗炻䦳⸷姀ㅞ⎗ẍ冒≽⊾ˤ䔞⬠䘬枮⸷ㆸ䁢冒≽⊾⼴炻 ᶵ暨天シ嬀⌛⎗忚ℍ䦳⸷姀ㅞ炻㭼⤪烉䔞ṢᾹ⬠㚫榶儛嶷干炻⯙ᶵ暨天ℵ⍣゛ˬ⤪ ỽ榶˭炻⚈䁢䦳⸷姀ㅞ⸓Ἀˬ冒≽⊾˭ˤijķġ. ġ. 䓙ẍᶲ婾徘⎗䞍炻昛徘姀ㅞ炷⊭⏓ḳẞ姀ㅞ婆シ姀ㅞ炸冯䦳⸷姀ㅞ炻℞⃚⬀. 冯㍸⍾䘬㕡⺷ㅱ娚⛐⣏儎䘬ᶵ⎴⛘㕡炻⚈䁢⣙⍣昛徘姀ㅞ䘬Ṣ炻Ṿ⎗傥ᶵ㚫⣙⍣䦳 ⸷姀ㅞ炻忁⎗䓙ᶨᾳ⣙⍣姀ㅞ䘬䕭ṢἮ婒㖶ˤ⤪ᶳ徘烉ġ. ԎЎനԐӧᆒઓੰᏢЎ္ගډ೭ঁੰΓ LDǶΐΐɄԃΜДۭǴLD ᚛ነ ԎًрΑًᅾǴдޑတယϷഗယډڙख़ǶΟϺࡕǴдӧᙴଣύผᒬၸ ٰǴдԋΑঁؒԖঁΓᐕўޑΓǴ܌Ԗ٣ҹᏫόـΑǶฅԶдᗋࢂޕ ၰӵՖΠ්ǴࠅགྷόଆдᏢၸΠ්ޑඳǶĩ㳒嗕炻ijıIJĴ炻枩 ĵķĮĵĸĪ!. 䓙忁ᾳἳ⫸ᷕ⎗䚳↢炻⣏儎㭷ᾳ悐ỵ㌴䭉䘬姀ㅞᶵ䚉䚠⎴炻侴䚖⇵䘬䞼䨞ㆾ 姙⎒傥䰿䔍䘬⮯⣏儎↮⇍䭉廬䘬姀ㅞ栆✳ ↮栆炻侴↮栆㚨ᷣ天㗗㍷徘Ṣ栆⤪ ỽ⛐⬠佺⼴炻⺢䩳攟㛇姀ㅞ䘬ᶨ䲣↿忶䦳炻Ữ⌣䃉㱽䱦䡢⼿䞍姀ㅞ⬀⍾䘬㬋䡢ỵ伖ˤġ. ġ. ġ. ġ. ġ. 37. ࢫើȐȑ)3124*Ƕ ᏫޑઝஏǶȐচբޣǺRebecca RuppȑǶѠчѱǺᒗᓐᡳਜ܊Ƕ। 57Ƕ. 36!.
(37) ಃѤ! Ꮻޑᐕำ 姀ㅞ䘬⼊ㆸ⽭枰䴻忶䶐䡤ˣ⃚⬀ˣ㍸⍾ᶱᾳ昶㭝炻ẍᶳ↮⇍㔀徘ᷳ烉. ǵጓዸȐencodingȑ 㗗⮯䈑䎮⇢㽨廱㎃ㆸ䤆䴻䲣䴙傥⣈䝕妋冯嗽䎮䘬ẋ⁷炷representations炸ˤ 姀ㅞ䘬䶐䡤㚱シ䡤ˣ倚䡤ˣ⼊䡤䫱㕡⺷ˤデ奢姀ㅞ㍉䓐ᾅ䔁㗪䲬⛐ᶨ䥺揀ẍℏ 䘬䈑⁷姀ㅞ炻ḇ㍉䓐ᾅ䔁㗪攻䲬⛐⚃䥺揀ẍℏ䘬徜枧姀ㅞˤ䞕㛇姀ㅞ䘬䶐䡤㗗 ẍ倚枛䁢ᷣ炻⼿ẍ⼊尉ㆾシ佑庼Ỹ烊攟㛇姀ㅞẍシ䡤䁢ᷣ炻庼ẍ倚䡤冯⼊䡤ˤ 炷㷑ᶾ枴炻ijııı炻枩 IJĺĸ炸䶐䡤⯙栆Ụ暣儎䘬廠ℍ炻ẍ䶐䡤⛐姀ㅞ䘬㬟䦳㗗 朆ⷠ慵天䘬ᶨᾳ昶㭝ˤ㬌⢾炻姙⣂媪䘬姀ㅞᶵℐㆾ怢⾀炻ḳ⮎ᶲ㗗䶐䡤ᶲ䘬 ⣙婌农炻᷎ᶵ㗗ḳ⼴䘬怢⾀ˤijĸġ. ΒǵᓯӸȐstorageȑ 䶐䡤⼴炻⃚⬀⛐䤆䴻䲣䴙ㆾ⣏儎䘬㬟䦳炻屯妲嗽䎮㧉⺷炷information processing model炸䘬姀ㅞ䎮婾⮯⃚⬀↮ㆸデ奢⃚⬀ˣ䞕㛇⃚⬀ˣ攟㛇⃚⬀ᶱ䧖ˤ デ奢⃚⬀炷sensory store炸㚱䘬㤝䞕㙓ᾅ⬀㛇炻㗪攻䲬⛐ ĵ 䥺揀ẍℏ烊䞕㛇⃚ ⬀炷short-term store炸䘬㗪攻⇯䲬㚱 ijı 䥺揀ẍℏ䘬䞕㙓ᾅ⬀㛇烊攟㛇⃚⬀炷longterm store炸⇯㚱䚠䔞ᷭ炷䓂军⎗婒㗗㯠ᷭ炸䘬ᾅ⬀㛇ˤ㚱Ḯ䶐䡤炻劍㰺㚱⃚⬀炻 ⯙⁷⛐暣儎ᶲㇻ⟙⏲炻⌣䨩䃞䡘⇘ 暣侴㨼㟰㛒⃚⬀ᶨ㧋炻㰺㚱姀ㅞ䘬⬀⛐ˤ ijĹ. ġ. 38. ྕШႨ)3111*ǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǴ। 285Ƕ!. 39. ྕШႨ)3111*ǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǴ। 285Ƕ!. 37!.
(38) ΟǵගڗȐretrievalȑ ㍸⍾炷retrieval炸ġ 冯暣儎墉䘬ˬㇻ攳㨼㟰˭䚠栆Ụ炻⽭枰䴎嗽䎮䲣䴙ℑᾳ ㊯Ẍ烉⽆⒒墉⍾炻⎓Ṩ湤⎵⫿ˤ㎃⎍娙婒炻ḇ⯙㗗⮯⃚⬀⛐姀ㅞ橼墉䘬屯妲㍸ ⇘㑵ἄ姀ㅞ墉炻ẍὧἧ䓐䘬㬟䦳ˤ䃞侴Ṣ栆䘬姀ㅞ䲣䴙㖊⻰⿏ᶼ⋩↮墯暄炻᷎ ᶵ暨天㬋䡢䃉婌䘬㨼㟰⎵䧙ㆾ䱦䡢⛘⍾⼿屯妲⃚⬀䘬⛘溆炻⚈㬌姙⣂㍸⍾䶂 䳊炷retrieval cues炸ḇ塓䶐↿䁢姀ㅞ䘬ᶨ悐↮䔞ㆹᾹ䘬⣏儎⛐䶐䡤㗪炻忁㗗䁢 Ḯ嬻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ晐㗪⽒ᶵ⎴䘬䶂䳊Ἦ⎴㗪忚埴㩊䳊ˤ⤥㭼婒ㆹᾹ䫔Ḵ㫉攳干⍣ ㈦⸦⸜⇵⼨姒䘬㚳⍳⭞炻ㆹᾹ䨧忶⸦㡅⣏埿⮷炻⎒天嶗ᶲ䘬ᶨṃ䈡⽝ㆸ䁢 ㍸⍾䶂䳊炷⤪䈡䔘䘬⓮⸿ˣ㦻ˣ㊃䇴ˣ嶗㧁ˣ㧡㛐ˣ⛘⋨姕妰䫱炸炻ḇ⯙傥 庽㖻╂愺姀ㅞˤ䔞䃞㍸⍾䶂䳊グ⣂炻侴ᶼ冯㍸⍾䘬妲〗グ㚱䈡㬲䘬斄倗炻⇯㍸ ⍾忇⹎グ⾓ˤijĺġ. 䃞侴炻晐叿⸜漉䘬⡆攟炻姀ㅞ≽㨇傥≃悥㚫㚱㓡嬲炻ḇ⚈≽㨇ᶵ⣈炻㲐シ ≃ḇ㚫旵Ỷ炻恋湤゛⽆⣏儎ᷕ㍸⍾ảỽ屯㕁⯙㚫㚜≈⚘暋ˤġ 侴ᶼ怬㚱℞Ṿ⚈䳈㚫⼙枧姀ㅞ䘬㍸⍾炻ᶳ↿㚱⸦ᾳ⚈䳈烉ġ. ȞΙȟᔆΨ 庽⽖䘬⡻≃⎗傥㚫ⷞἮ列⤥䘬姀ㅞ㓰㝄炻⡻≃㗗䓇㳣䘬冒䃞䓊䈑炻Ữ㗗⤪ 㝄⡻≃⣒⣏炻⍵侴⯙㚫樂ヴᶵ䞍㍒炻侴ᶼ⛐㝸ṃね㱩ᶳ炻ἳ⤪烉㈹櫙䕯ㆾ 䃎ㄖ䕯か侭炻㚜⭡㖻⥐䣁姀ㅞĩ怢⾀䕯䨩䘤Īㆾ旣䣁㝸ṃᾳṢ⚆ㅞĩ≇傥⿏怢⾀Īˤ Ĵı. ġ. 3:. ྕШႨ)3111*ǶЈ ЈᏢǶѠчѱǺΟ҇ਜֽǴ। 286Ƕ. 41. ݒȐȑȐ3122ȑǶှ ှ᠐Ꮻޑ༫ઝǶȐচբޣǺنݤયቺ¸ࣽґ٩ୌȑǶ३ෝǺᆘࢪрޗހǶȐচрހ. ܭ3119ȑ। 27:Ƕ. 38!.
(39) ȞΠȟࠢࢳܖސ ⬱䛈喍炷劗⊾慵㯖喍䈑炸 ˣ㈿入渤喍䈑炷⤪⬱⭂∹ˣ䫔ᶨẋ㈿㈹櫙喍䈑炸 ˣ 惺䱦ˣ⣏湣䫱悥㚫⮵姀ㅞ䓊䓇ᶨ⭂䦳⹎䘬⼙枧ˤĴIJġ. Ȟέȟᆃ! 列⤥䘬䜉䛈㗗ᾅ㊩䘬斄挝炻䔞ṢᾹ䜉䛈ᶵ嵛ㆾ䜉䛈⑩岒ᶵἛ㗪炻⎗傥 䓊䓇㲐シ≃䃉㱽普ᷕ炻姀ㅞ≃堘徨䘬ね㱩ˤġ 炷堩晭㫋嬗炻ijıIJIJ炻枩 ĺı炸ġ. ġ ȞѲȟᕊᎴ! 䤆䴻⃫␐⚵䓙傪偒㥳ㆸ炻㚱ṃ慵天䘬傪偒愠劍仢⮹㚫⺽崟⣏儎≇傥晄䣁ˤ 䤆䴻怆岒ˣ愞噳䘥岒天崟ἄ䓐⽭枰ὅ岜䵕䓇䳈炻䵕䓇䳈 ŃIJˣ䵕䓇䳈 Ńijˣ䵕 䓇䳈 ŃĴˣ䵕䓇䳈 ŃIJijˣ䵕䓇䳈 ń 䵕䓇䳈 ņ 悥㗗⽭ᶵ⎗⮹䘬ˤ㬌⢾炻⣏儎ḇ 暨天㯏㯋炻䲭埨䎫ᷕ䘬揝傥ᾅ嫱忁ᶨ≇傥䘬⮎䎦ˤ⚈㬌劍仢᷷䆇梲炻ḇ㚫⮵⣏ 儎冯姀ㅞ忈ㆸ㎵⭛ˤĴijġ ġ. ȞϤȟ! 䔞幓橼⍿⇘䕦䕭Ὕ多炻ㆾ⣏儎⍿⇘⢾≃Ὕ⭛㗪炻姀ㅞḇ⎗傥怕⍿⼙枧炻⛐ 㝸ṃね㱩ᶳ炻ẍᶳ㗗ᶨṃᷣ天怢⾀䕯烉. 42. ݒȐȑȐ3122ȑǶှ ှ᠐Ꮻޑ༫ઝǶȐচբޣǺنݤયቺ¸ࣽґ٩ୌȑǶ३ෝǺᆘࢪрޗހǶȐচрހ. ܭ3119ȑ। 213215Ƕ 43. ݒȐȑȐ3122ȑǶှ ှ᠐Ꮻޑ༫ઝǶȐচբޣǺنݤયቺ¸ࣽґ٩ୌȑǶ३ෝǺᆘࢪрޗހǶȐচрހ. ܭ3119ȑ। 217Ƕ. 39!.
(40) 堐ġ IJ 姀ㅞ䘬䕦䕭晄䣁ġ 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉堩晭㫋嬗炻ijıIJIJ炻枩 ijĶĺĮijĹij 䫮侭丒墥ġ. ŏŐġ IJį. 姀ㅞ䘬䕦䕭ġ ☐岒怢⾀䕯ġ. 姀ㅞ䘬晄䣁ġ 㗗⚈冯姀ㅞ≇傥䚠斄䘬⣏儎⋨➇㎵⢆侴⮶农姀ㅞ䘬 ╒⣙⤪烉㞗啑䥹⣓䵄⎰䕯ĴĴˣ暁㴟楔儎⚆怢⾀䵄⎰䕯 Ĵĵ. ˣ䙘䕡⿏儎䀶ˣ儎㴟䭉シ⢾ˣ栙橐∝ ˣⶽ慹㢖䕭. ĴĶ. ˣシ嬀㧉䱲怢⾀䵄⎰䕯ˤġ. ijį. 䨩䘤⿏怢⾀䕯ġ. 䨩䃞⿏╒⣙姀ㅞ炻忁㗗ᶨ䧖䞕㙓䘬ˣ㙓㗪䘬炻᷎ᶵ 㚫忈ㆸṨ湤⼙枧䘬晄䣁ˤġ. Ĵį. 旧䇦勚㴟満㮷䕯ġ. ㄊ⿏䘬䱦䤆䕦䕭炻㗗䓙㕤䤆䴻⃫ℏ悐⢾悐䘬㎵ 忈ㆸ炻ẍᶵ⎗微廱䘬㕡⺷⛐⸦⸜攻ら⊾炻⮶农♜慵 䘬姀ㅞˣ婆妨埴䁢晄䣁ˤġ. ĵį. 䃎ㄖ冯㈹櫙ġ. 䃎ㄖ炻デね晄䣁炻⺽崟ᶨ䧖暋ẍ䡢↯㍷徘Ữ䷥㗗従 ⛐䚱䜓䘬ねデ⌙㨇ˤ㈹櫙炻䕦䕭䉨ン炻⮶农ず ˣ 䱦䤆䖃劎ˣ㴰㤝䘬冒ㆹ堐尉炻㷃䶑䱦䤆忳≽ˤġ. Ķį. ⽫䎮䕭㸸䘬怢⾀䕯ġ. か侭䃉㱽㈦⚆⮵冒Ἦ婒慵天䘬姀ㅞ炻忂ⷠ㗗∝ ⿏䘬怢⾀䕯ˤ忁䧖姀ㅞ晄䣁㚫⮵か侭䘬䣦㚫ˣ⭞⹕ 借㤕䓇㳣ⷞἮ㴰㤝⼙枧炻Ữ军Ṳ㰺㚱ảỽ䤆䴻⬠ 䘬妋慳ˤġ. ķį. 喍䈑䘬⼙枧ġ. ⎗ἄ䓐㕤姀ㅞ≇傥炻ㆾ侭ἧ℞㓡┬炻ㆾ侭崟旣䣁䘬 ἄ䓐ˤġ. 44. ᙓࣽϻᆕӝੱǺԜੱ ܭ2999 ԃǴҗ߮ᛥථᙴғᙓࣽϻගрǶᏃᆅ೭ᅿੰࡐـشǴࠅࢂᆕӝ܄ᒪޑੱב. ঁж߄ٯ܄ηǶ၀ੱँวӧᄌ܄ଚᆒύࢥ܈લЮᔼᎦޑΓيǶ)ݒǴ3122Ǵ। 371*! 45. ᚈੇଭတӣᒪבᆕӝੱǹӧࢌᅿำࡋǴੇଭတӣࢂΕᏫᕉၡޑΕαǴੇଭတӣޑཞԾฅᏤठᝄ. ख़ޑᒪੱבǶ)ݒǴ3122Ǵ। 371.372*! 46. ߎۦහੰੱǹࢂനதޑـઓ੯ੰϐǴѬ೯தԋᆶݙཀΚ࣬ᜢޑอයᏫ֚ᜤǶ)ݒǴ3122Ǵ।. 374*!. 3:!.
(41) 㓭䓙ẍᶲ䘬婾溆⼿ᷳ炻姀ㅞ᷎ᶵ㗗⬴ℐ朄㬊ᶵ≽䘬䉨ン炻昌Ḯ㗗≽ン䘬⽫䎮㬟 䦳ᷳ⢾炻ḇ㚫⍿⢾≃䘬⼙枧⸚㒦炻姀ㅞ㗗㚱⻰⿏䘬炻⎗⟹⿏㤝⣏炻ḇ⃭㺧叿ᶵ 䡢⭂⿏炻⚈䁢姀ㅞ㚫晐叿⸜漉䘬⡆攟ˣ幓橼䘬堘徨ˣ䑘⠫䘬㓡嬲炻䧖䧖ℏ⛐冯⢾⛐ 䘬⚈䳈炻悥嵛ẍ⼙枧姀ㅞ䘬㍸⍾ˤ侴㚱ˬ姀˭ㇵ㚱ˬㅞ˭炻⛐ˬ姀⼿˭冯ˬ怢⾀˭ ᷳ攻䘬⽫䎮忶䦳炻ὧ㗗姀ㅞ䘬㬟䦳ˤ. ಃϖ! ࡕжЬကޑ፦ ǵࡕжЬကޑှញ! ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬⤪ỽ䓴⭂烎忁ᾳ⓷柴⽆Ἦ㰺㚱ᶨᾳ䱦㸾䘬䫼㟰ˤ䔊䪇⼴䎦ẋᷣ 佑䘬䈡刚ὧ㗗⃭㺧叿ᶵ䡢⭂⿏炻ẍᶵ䡢⭂Ἦ冒ㆹ䓴⭂炻㎃妨ᷳ炻⼴䎦ẋ㗗ẍˬᶵ⎗ 䓴⭂˭Ἦ䓴⭂炻ḇ⚈㬌⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬㬟⎚炻⎴㧋䛦婒䳃䳄炻Ữ㖊䃞天妋慳㬟⎚炻ὧ 天⃰䎮妋炻劍㚱ˬ⼴˭䎦ẋ炻恋ỽ媪ˬ⇵˭䎦ẋ␊烎. жǵжᆶࡕжόֹӄࢂঁਔ໔ޑ໘ࢤϐձǴԶࢂࢌᅿБԄǵ ॥ޑձǶ47!. 侴∱寸㥖㔁㌰娵䁢䎦ẋ冯⼴䎦ẋ喅埻奨溆㚱⺋㲃ᷳℏ⭡冯⣂⃫䘬妋慳ˤ娵䁢 䎦ẋ冯⼴䎦ẋ䘬⼊⺷ˣ桐㟤奨溆ᷳ⎹ʇġ. 47. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 7.8Ƕ!. 41!.
(42) жЬကڅޣཀܫకёᒤᇡϐᚒаЍܜຝԄǶࡕжЬကᇡࣁԄ ܄ᆶ॥డคሽॶǴฅԶࡕжЬကբࠔӧՉਔࠅڅཀߚঁΓϯᆶᐒఓ ϯǴѐନ᛬ೌϐЋঁ܈Γ॥ϐၞຝǶ48!. ⽆ᷕㆹᾹ⎗ẍ䝕妋⇘炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬ˬ⼴˭冯⇵䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬ˬ⇵˭ẋ堐䘬᷎ 朆⬴ℐ⮰㊯㗪攻䘬⃰⼴炻晾䃞⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑娵䁢⼊⺷䈡⿏冯桐㟤㮓䃉₡ῤ炻Ữ䫮侭娵 䁢䃉桐㟤忁ḇ㗗ᶨ䧖桐㟤炻ㆾ侭婒堐䎦⼊⺷䘬ⶖ䔘炻䔞䃞憅⮵⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬堐䎦ㇳ 㱽炻䫮侭㚫⛐䫔ℕ䭨㗪忚ᶨ㬍䘬㍊妶炻侴䎦⛐⽭枰慸㶭䘬㗗ˬ⇵˭䎦ẋㆾᶵ⮰㊯㗪 攻䘬⃰⼴炻℞ẋ堐シ佑䁢ỽ烎. வ೭ঁཀကှޑȨжȩǴόࢂঁӧਔ໔ӃܭжޑਔයǴԶ Ъࢂঁӧ॥ǵБԄǵࡘᆢБݤǵᆒઓय़ᇮБय़ೀܭഁᆶচޑ܄ۈਔ යǶ49!. ⚈㬌炻⛐忁㭝㔯⫿婒㖶ᷕ炻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ㖶䘥炻ˬ⇵䎦ẋ˭ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖桐㟤炻⬫㗗慶 埣䘬炻㗗⍇⥳䘬炻恋㚱䦑⸷ˣ㚱夷⇯䘬桐㟤⍰㗗⤪ỽ⼊ㆸ烉. Ȩжȩຒ҅ޑҔݤǴࢂᆶၗҁЬကғౢБԄޑዴҥ࣬ᖄᛠޑǶٰ ᇥǴၗౢ໘ભॠڗڮளയճϐࡕ೭ঁਔයǴ൩ࢂжਔයǴՠΨԖόӕᇥ ݤǴٯӵǴݤ୯ࡘགྷৎஒж࣮բࢂԾЎ᛬ൺᑫаٰޑ೭ঁਔයǶȨжȩ ຒததၸжϯǵжЬကೌᇟٰ߄ၲǴѬቶݱӦҔ߄ܭҢᡂϯᆶ ၸำǴ߄ҢΓॺᘂ۳ֹ๓ᆶޑයఈǶ4:!. 48. ቅᙦᄪȐ3116ȑǶΓЎЬကᆶϸΓЎЬကऍᏢǺжࡕډж᛬ೌ௲ػፕϐᡂᎂǶ ကεᏢ᛬ೌࣴزය. тǴ। 5.8Ƕ 49. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 8Ƕ. 4:. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 8.9Ƕ!. 42!.
(43) 䓙㬌㭝㔀徘ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ㍐婾炻晾䃞⮵ˬ䎦ẋ˭㗪㛇䘬⭂婾㚱䇕嬘炻Ữˬ⇵䎦ẋ˭ 冯ˬ䎦ẋ˭ᷳ攻℟㚱㗪攻⃰⼴䘬䘤⯽斄Ὢ炻℞ẋ堐䘬桐㟤ḇ㗗䚠⮵䘬㤪⾝炻恋ˬ⼴ 䎦ẋ˭冯ˬ⇵䎦ẋ˭ˣˬ䎦ẋ˭ᷳ攻炻⍰㗗⏎㚱㗪攻⃰⼴䘬ⶖ⇍␊烎. ӵ݀ᇥжǵжڀԖཱུமޑਔ໔܄ǴٗሶȨࡕжȩ߾ֹӄόӕǴᝄ ӦᇥǴӧਔ໔҉ᇻѝԖжǴԶؒԖࡕжǶϐ܌аҔȨࡕȩ)post*ٰբ ࣁᆚǴځрวᗺ൩όӧࡰܭਔ໔ཷۺǶ51!. ଭլථȐMarx Karl-2929.2994ȑΨඟ៛Αж܄ϣ֖ޑҟ࣯ޑ܄ঁय़ӛˇ ж܄നԾ࣬ҟ࣯ޑӦБࢂȨж܄ӕࡕж܄ϐ໔ޑ٠ӸϷ࣬ځϕऀකȩ ࡕжЬကБय़வж܄ύѫػрǵ٠ԖచҹӦޭکۓวжޑ܄ԋ݀Ƕ ඤѡ၉ᇥдॺࢂϕ࣬ჹҥǴќБय़Ξᅖډж܄ѐှᄬǵฅࡕӆ֎ ڗѬޑᎦҽکബբཥޑΚໆǴ܌аᇥ㠀ԖжЬက൩㠀ԖࡕжЬကǶ52!. 䓙ẍᶲ⼿䞍炻⽆ˬ䎦ẋ˭冯ˬ⼴䎦ẋ˭䘬墯暄䘬斄ὪἮ䚳炻ẍˬ⼴䎦ẋ˭㊯ 䘬ᶵ㗗㗪攻炻℞ẋ堐䘬ㆾ姙㗗ᶨ䧖⮵ˬ䎦ẋ˭桐㟤䘬⍵⎃ˤỮ㗗⽆忁ᾳシ佑Ἦ婒炻 ⤪㝄㱉㚱䎦ẋ⿏⯙㱉㚱⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑Ḯˤ侴ㆹᾹ天⿅侫䘬㗗炻劍ˬ⼴䎦ẋ˭㗗ᶨ䧖桐 㟤㤪⾝炻恋湤ˬ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑˭ᶨ娆炻㚨㖑㗗塓ỽṢ㍸⍲烎. ऍ୯ࡕжЬကЎ᛬ऍᏢৎҲࠖѲǸࠖਬȐIhab Hassan 1925-ȑӧȠࡕж ᙯשȡ)2:98*ύᇡࣁȨࡕжЬကȩຒനԐрܭѷǸ༫ѭථ(F.Onis)2:45. 51. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 9Ƕ. 52. ଯ࠹ඦȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжፕǶѠчѱǺϖࠄკਜрހԖज़ϦљǶ। 24Ƕ!!!. 43!.
(44) ԃрޑހȠՋУᄤऍࢪӞᒧȡύǴᒿࡕቺǸ(D.Fitts) ܭ2:53 ԃጓᒠр ހȠжऍ၃ᒧȡύӆԛ٬ҔԜຒǶ53!. ࡕжЬက೭ঁೌᇟӧ෯ৱКȐArnold Joseph Toynbee, 1889-1975ȑޑȠᐕў ࣴزȡύΨ٬ҔၸǴਥᏵ෯ৱКޑᢀᗺǴࡕжЬကᇞεऊᑫଆޑਔ໔ ऊ ܭ2986 ԃޑՋБЎܴޑᐕўཥൻᕉǴՠԿϞჹԜᕕှϝόుΕǶ54!. 䓙㬌⎗䞍炻 ˬ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑˭䘬㗪攻溆⎬⭞䘮㚱ᶵ⎴䘬婒㱽炻惕䤍䤷⛐℞叿ἄᷕ ㍸⇘烉. ࠖਬᇡࣁǴࡕжЬက҅ᑫଆޑਔ໔ऊࣁঁШइѤɄԃжǴځύനӃр ၃ᄺǵЎᏢύǴฅࡕԶቹៜऍᏢǵ᛬ೌǵႝቹǵႝຎǵࡌᑐǶՠԜᇥ ΨډڙΓॺ፦ᅪǶኻ༣ȐLyotard, 1924-1998ȑӧȠࡕжݩރȡਜύᇡ ࣁǴࡕжЬကౢғܭঁШइϖǵϤɄԃжǹࠖդଭථ߾ᇡࣁǴࡕжЬ ကᑫଆܭȨಃΒԛШࣚεᏯȩࡕǴࢂިϸжЬကࡘޑዊǶฅԶǴբࣁϸ жЬကࡘޑዊǴځрޑਔ໔߾ᗋёଓྉډঁШइǵΒΜԃжޑၲၲ 55. ЬကǶ !. ⽆ᶲ徘炻ㆹᾹ㖶䘥⎬⭞⮵⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬㬟⎚㚱姙⣂婾徘炻⚈㬌⤪天忚埴婒 㖶↮㜸炻⚈⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑㛔幓⯙㗗ᶨ䧖䘬㤝䁢⏓䱲ᶵ㶭ˣ䓴⭂ᶵ㖶䘬㔯⊾炻䎮婾 ⭞Ᾱ⍰⎬㊩夳炻军Ṳ㱉㚱ảỽᶨᾳ⬠侭⎗ẍ普ᷕ℟橼䴙ᶨ⮯奨溆シ⾝㸾䡢⛘㍷ 徘婒㖶忚侴忼ㆸℙ嬀ˤ伶⚳㔯⊾䞼䨞⮰⭞厲枻Ʉ䥹䇦ỗ炷Clayton Koelb炸㬋 䡢⛘㊯↢烉ˬˮ⼴䎦ẋ˯忁ᾳ娆怬嗽㕤⼊ㆸ昶㭝炻᷎㛒⛐忳䓐㕡朊忼⇘⇵⼴ᶨ屓䘬. 53. ЦۢοȐ2::9ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကЎϯࣴ)زΒ*ހǶ। 6.7Ƕ!. 54. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। :.21Ƕ!!. 55. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 21Ƕ!!!. 44!.
(45) 䦳⹎˭ ˤ炷檀⭋㎂炻IJĺĺĺ炻枩 ijIJ炸ẍ䫮侭⛐ᶳᶨ䭨ᷕ⃰憅⮵⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䱦䤆䔍 䁢㍷徘ˤġ. ΒǵࡕжЬကޑᆒઓ! 䎦ẋᷣ佑冯⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑㗗䚠Ḻ䞃䚦䘬䴙ᶨ橼ˤ⬫ᶨ㕡朊㗗⮵䎦ẋᷣ佑↢䎦䘬 ᶨṃ㕘桐㟤䘬厴剥冯䘤⯽炻⎎ᶨ㕡朊⍰㗗⮵䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬⍵⎃炻㱩ᶼ炻㔯⊾䘤⯽䘬ả ỽ昶㭝炻⽆㕘⇘冲䘬✳ン悥天㬟䴻忶㷉廱嬲㗪㛇炻ẍ᷎ᶵℐ䃞㗗䚜䶂ㆾ╖⎹炻 䓂军㗗ᶨ㫉⬴ㆸ䘬ˤ⚈㬌炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䱦䤆㚱叿姙⣂妋慳ˤ. )Ι*ࡣ౪фкဎϞМϽࡦዘ 劍⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖⿅侫㕡⺷炻ᶨ䧖㔯⊾ᶲ⿅゛䘬㳩嬲炻ㆾ侭婒朑␥炻恋℞ ⿅侫䘬傰䴉䁢ỽ烎⛐˪⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑˫㚠ᷕ㍸⇘炻ᷡ⯤䇦Ʉ居䇦炷Daniel Bell, 19192011炸䘬婒㱽炻⃰婒㖶ˬ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑˭ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖㔯⊾⿅㼖炻ℵ妋慳ˬ䎦ẋᷣ佑˭炻 ⤪ᶳ烉ġ. ϏѭᅟǸنᅟᇡࣁǴࡕжЬကࢂᅿЎϯӛǵЎϯᆣ܈ЎϯၮȐځ ᚇǵӭᡂ܄ޑ፦ᜤаҔൂᙟᇂೌޑ܄ᇟٰཷࡴȑ ǶдᇡࣁǴ೭ঁЎϯၮ ǵЎϯӛϝࢂȨжЬကȩޑǴࢂᅿߏයೀܭȨӃཀȩӈǴԶ ӧ॥کགБय़ոΚόᏮՉ่݀ޑǶӵ݀עॺךၗౢ໘ભॠڮϐࡕޑਔ жᆀࣁжǴٗሶԾଭլࡘ໒ۈ൩ςόᘐӦװᔐжޗΑǶ56!. 56. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 22Ƕ!. 45!.
(46) ⽆忁㭝婾徘ᷕ炻ㆹᾹ⼿ẍ㖶䘥炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑炻℞㚨⇅䘬㔯⊾⎹ṵ㗗ẍ䎦ẋᷣ 佑䁢⸽炻侴ᶵ㕟⍵⿅䓊䓇䘬岒嬲ˤ忚ᶨ㬍㍸↢Ḯ䎦ẋᷣ佑冯⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑⛐℞ℏ⛐ ᶲ䘬ᶵ⎴炻ẍᶳ㗗℞⮵䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬䚳㱽烉. жЬကख़ຎࢂޑӧǵஒٰԶߚၸѐǶฅԶǴѿΓॺᆶၸѐϪᘐᖄᛠǴ ൩ᜤаᘍಥவஒٰҁيౢғޜགǴߞһ൩όӆԋࣁёૈǶ᛬ೌǵԾฅ܈ ፂӧଚઓՉࣁޑᎈئύѝૈኩਔӦܓఠԾךǶ೭ኬኩਔܓޑఠಖाគٰమ ᒬǴΨᡣᎈޑئΓॺགڙШࣚ҃ВӧնᜤޑधཱǶ೭ኬޑಖ่གวΑ ΓॺޑϸᆒઓǴࢂܭᕏޑਔжٰᖏǴжॠڮၮӧӚೀᑫଆǶ57!. ἄ䁢ᶨᾳ㔯⊾䭬䔯炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑堐䣢䘬炻㗗⮵䎦ẋ㔯⊾ẍ⼨⁛䴙㔯⊾䘬㈡ 姽䱦䤆ẍ⍲慵⺢Ṣ栆㔯⊾䘬㕘⍇⇯ˤĵĸ㕤㗗䎦ẋᷣ佑ㆸḮ⮵䎦⛐冯㛒Ἦ䘬徥㯪炻᷎ ㉳㡬Ḯ忶⍣炻⌣ḇ⚈䁢↯㕟Ḯ忶⍣䘬ᾉẘ炻侴ㆸ⯙Ḯ℞忈⍵䱦䤆炻侴⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑昌 Ḯ⮯䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬⍵⎃䱦䤆➟埴䘬㚜≈⽡⸽ᷳ⢾炻⬫䓂军㓦㡬Ḯ⢾⛐䘬ᶾ䓴炻侴朊⎹ 冒幓ʇġ. ࡕжЬက߾ࢂעжЬကޑॠڮၮ҉ό෧ଏޑᎶΚុکό૰ޑᐟ ӛวචཱུډठǶऩᇥжЎϯᢀύளΓࢂΑόଆޑԾฅࣚനଯނǴٗሶࡕ жЬကЎϯ߾ࢂܫకΑ࠼ᡏǴΨܫకΑΓǶӵ݀ᇥжЬကаբ߄ޣຝჴ ࣁЬᚒǴٗሶǴࡕжЬကЎϯ߾ࢂȨЎϯҁيႽԾ߇ޑيӣȩ ǴѬܫకΑϸ 59. ࢀШࣚǶ !. 57. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 24Ƕ!. 58. ଯ࠹ඦȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжፕǶѠчѱǺϖࠄკਜрހԖज़ϦљǶ। 58Ƕ!!. 59. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 25Ƕ!. 46!.
(47) ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖㔯⊾⿅㼖炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑侭娵䁢炻ᶾ䓴㗗㊱䄏㔯㛔⬀⛐炻㔯㛔檀㕤䎦⮎ ⬀⛐䘬ᶾ䓴ˤ忁䧖㔯㛔冯䎦⮎⛘ỵ䘬廱㎃炻㗗⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑㚨慵天䘬⍇⇯ˤ. )Π*ࡣ౪фкဎ࣏ᄂ፺ ⮯⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑夾䁢ᶨ䧖⿅゛⼴炻ὧ攳⥳㚱Ḯ⎬㕡朊䘬喅埻∝ἄ炻ẍ⍲⎬䧖喅埻 䎮婾冯㕘∝ἄㇳ㱽䘬▿娎炻侴忁㧋䘬喅埻∝ἄˣ䎮婾ˣ∝ἄㇳ㱽炻⇯ἧ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑 ㆸḮᶨ䧖喅埻⮎嶸炻ḇ⎗婒㗗ᶨ䧖堐㺼⺷䘬忲㇚ˤ IJį⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑㗗ἄ䁢喅埻∝ἄ䘬桐㟤烉ġ. ᎄ౺ᅽޑȠࡕжЬကȡਜύගډǴኻ༣ӧȠࡕжݩރޑȡਜύǴፕ ࡕжۺཷޑਔǴኻ༣ࢂၸᇥܴ᛬ೌ॥ٰᇥܴޑǶࡕжЬကբࣁᅿ ᛬ೌޑჴ፬ǴѬࢂᚶᅪࢄϺޑϪǴѬӧബբόڙҺՖኳԄޑज़ڋǶ5:!. ⽆忁㭝㔀徘ᷕ炻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ⼿䞍炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑⛐䎦ẋ䭬⚵ẍℏ炻ẍ堐尉冒幓䘬⼊ ⺷炻嬻ᶵ⎗傥堐䎦ᷳ䈑⮎䎦↢Ἦ烊侴Ṿ㌺㕍⃒伶⼊⺷炻㌺㕍嵋␛⎴ᶨ炻⮳㯪㕘䘬堐 䎦炻䚖䘬⌣朆ṓ㚱⬫Ᾱ炻侴㗗⁛忼ᶨ䧖⻟䁰䘬ᶵ⎗堐䎦ᷳデˤ㎃⎍娙婒炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ 佑䘬∝ἄᶨ䴻∝ἄ⬴䔊炻⮵ἄ侭Ἦ婒⯙㗗忶⍣Ḯ炻ἄ侭ᶵℵṓ㚱ἄ⑩䘬娖慳㪲炻ἄ ⑩Ⱄ㕤⬫冒ㆾ㚱奨侭ˤġ ijį⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑妋㥳シ嬀⍲㕘㔯㛔奨烉ġ Ķı. ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑妋㥳⒚⬠䚖㧁炻⯙㗗㉮昌℟㚱ᷕ⽫䳸㥳䘬㔜橼⿏⎴ᶨ⿏ 炻⛐⼴䎦 ẋᷣ佑ᷕ炻㰺㚱㪲⦩妋慳炻㚱Ⱄ㕤ᾳṢ∝ἄ䘬⮰Ⱄ⿏炻德忶妋㥳⍲冯℞䓇␥䴻槿 䘬倗专倗゛冯嬔╣ˤġ. 5:. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯ।Ƕ27Ƕ!. 61. !Ȩӕ܄ȩȐIdentityȑ൩ࢂᇡࣁШࣚޑҺՖ٣ނǴբࣁΓޑᇡჹຝǴځҁ፦ࢂዴۓόᡂޑǴ䈨ޑۓǶ. )ଯ࠹ඦǴ2::7Ǵ। 31Ƕ*!. 47!.
(48) ౢғཥޑᖄགྷǵᗲܴޑКേǴ׳уӾ᎒Ӧኪ៛рӸޗޑჴӧˇˇ܄ፍǵ ೦ЮǵޜǵᗲܴჹКǴ೭ࢂࡕжЬကޑ᛬ೌЋݤǶǾǾӧࡕжЬကޑ᛬ ೌჴ፬ύǴ᛬ೌԋΑЍᚆઇ࿗ܿޑՋǴਔ໔ӧ೭ኬޑ᛬ೌύѨΑѬޑጕ܄ೕ ࡓǴѬόϩၸѐǵӧǵஒٰࣚޑጕǴѬѺઇϪ႖ሖǴϪਣਣǴঀᏤȨค ࣚज़ȩǶӧࡕжЬက᛬ೌύǴคࣚज़߄ࣁόϩЬԛǴښᘉε᛬ೌᄊ༈Ǵ Ϫёаԋࣁ᛬ೌǴѝाΓॺᜫཀǴϙሶёаћ᛬ೌǶ62!. ⛐忁㭝㔀徘ᷕ炻ㆹᾹ⎗ẍ⼰冱↢姙⣂㒜⣏喅埻㧋尴炻ἧᶨ↯ㆸ䁢喅埻䘬ἳ ⫸炻ἳ⤪㜄尉炷Duchamp Marcel, 1887-1968炸䘬ˬ☜㱱˭炷⤪⚾ ijĮIJ炸ˣ ˬL.H.O.O.Q˭ĩ⤪⚾ ijĮijĪˤġ. ⚾ġ Ķ ☜㱱炷Fountain炸1917ġ ġ 湹刚㱡㺮Ʉᶲ慱昞☐ġ ⯢⮠烉ĴįĶġŹġIJĹġŹġķıġ ℔↮ġ 棐ġ 啷烉䎦ẋ伶埻棐炻䲸䲬炷New York炸 炻伶⚳ġ 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉夾奢䳈梲⬠佺䵚䪁烉 http烉//vr.theatre.ntu.edu.tw/fineart/index.html. 62. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 29.31Ƕ!. 48!.
(49) ⚾ġ ķġL.H.O.O.Q.. 1919. 㛸ġ 岒烉⼑刚䞛䇰⌘⇟ġ Color lithographġ ⯢ġ ⮠烉IJĺįĸġŹġIJijįĵġŤŮġ 棐ġ 啷烉伶⚳屻ⶆ屣❶喅埻⌂䈑棐ġ Philadelphia Museum of Artġ 屯㕁Ἦ㸸烉⎵⭞㨼㟰 http烉//www.ss.net.tw/page.asp?id=Duchamp005. ⛐䚳⇘忁ṃἳ⫸㗪炻㜄尉˪☜㱱˫㍉⍾䘬墥ἄㇳ㱽㗗炻䦣廱㝸ᾳ⮎橼ㆾ侭䓊 ⑩䘬゛㱽炻廱㎃䎦ㆸ䈑䘬ㇳ㱽炻ⶍ㤕墥ἄ䘬⮷ὧ㔿⓮⑩㓦伖⛐䎦ẋ喅埻⯽奥ᶲ炻忚 侴岎Ḱ℞シ佑炻䴎奨䛦䔁ᶳ㶙⇣䘬⌘尉ˤ侴⮵㔯喅⽑冰⣏ⷓ忼㔯大䘬ἄ⑩㓡䔓炻ㆹ Ᾱ䞍忻炻㔯⬠ᶲ⮵⇵Ṣἄ⑩䘬㓡⮓ẍ⍲丒䔓ᶲ⮵⇵Ṣ丒䔓䘬㓡䔓㗗⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑䘬 䈡⽝ᷳᶨˤ忂忶㓡⮓ˣ㓡䔓Ἦ妋㥳⍇Ἦ䘬ἄ⑩炻⡆≈㕘䘬シ佑炻ㆹᾹ䚳夳Ḯ⼴䎦ẋ ᷣ佑䘬栃央炻ḇデ⍿⇘℞ᶵ⻟従℔䛦㍍⍿㝸䧖㖊㚱⌘尉炻侴嬻奨䛦㚱妋慳ˣ゛⁷䘬 冒䓙炻ἧἄ⑩ᾅ㊩㯠ᷭ攳㓦⿏䈡⽝ˤġ Ĵį℔䛦⍫冯㗗⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑⮎嶸䘬䚜奨㕡㱽烉ġ ⤪⎴ᶲ徘䫔Ḵ溆炻℞⺞Ỡ䘬䘬㤪⾝ὧ㗗㚱℔䛦炷奨侭炸⍫冯䘬ἄ⑩炻㭼⤪䔞叿 奨䛦朊䚜㍍℔攳∝ἄ炻ㆾ侭䔓ⶫℐ悐䨢叿炻ẍ⍲嬻⺢䭱䈑䘬㈧慵䳸㥳堺曚⛐⢾烊䓂 军⛐䎦⟜䚜㑕ᷕ炻昌䘤⯽ᶨ㡅ᷣ䶂⢾炻怬㚱⎎ᶨ㡅ᷣ䶂Ἦ堐䎦⎎ᶨᾳ⟜㘗炻ẍ㽨䘤 奨䛦䘬⍵ㅱ炻ἧ奨䛦㒢僓冒佺ㄋ䘬䣦㚫朊尴ˤ嬻奨䛦忳䓐冒䘬⇌㕟≃炻㊱䄏冒 䘬゛⁷≃冯怷廗忚埴⿅侫炻⯽攳Ḯ冯∝ἄ侭䘬⮵娙炻゛⁷∯ね䘤⯽炻⠓墄∯ね䨢 䘥炻䓂军㟉㬋∯ねᷕ䘬㝸ṃね䭨ˤĶijġ ġ. 63. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 32.33!Ƕ!. 49!.
(50) ĵį忳䓐䥹㈨⮎嶸⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑烉ġ 晐叿㗪ẋ䘬忚㬍炻㕘䘬∝ἄⶍ℟ᶵ㕟↢䎦炻⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑喅埻⭞昌Ḯ⁛䴙䘬∝ἄ ㇳ㱽炻㚜⣏入㍉䓐Ḯᶵ⎴⼊⺷炷ἳ⤪烉暣䂲䫱炸䘬㕡⺷忚埴∝ἄ㳣≽炻⁷㗗䚜㍍⛐ ⶍ㤕䓇䓊ᷕ忚埴墥忈炻ἧᷳⷞ㚱ⶍ㤕䘬刚⼑ˤㆾ侭⮵Ṣ䘬デ⭀䘬デ䞍傥≃忚埴娎槿ˤ ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑喅埻⮎嶸啱䓙忳䓐䥹⬠㈨埻炻㧉䱲Ḯ喅埻⎬ᾳ柀➇䘬䓴䶂䓂军⍲䳸⎰ 喅埻䥹⬠炻䨩䟜喅埻䓇㳣ᷳ攻䘬昼敉炻⼊ㆸḮ㕘刚婧ˣ㕘倗゛ˣ㕘䘬㭼╣䫱炻 ḇ㗗䎦⮎䓇㳣䘬㕘嬲橼ˤĶĴġ Ķįˬ嘃䃉˭ḇ㗗⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑喅埻⮎嶸ᷕ䘬ᶨᾳ䈡溆烉ġ ⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑㈧多䎦ẋᷣ佑炻Ữ℞㚜㗗ᶨ䧖⍵䚩冒幓䘬喅埻炻⬫㏺㡬Ḯ䎦⮎ᶾ 䓴炻㚜㏺㡬ᷣ橼炻㕤㗗忈⯙ㆸḮᶨ䧖䈡⇍䘬庽檮㯋㯃ˤ⚈㬌炻℞喅埻⮎嶸⼨⼨⃭ 㺧叿⮵⼭喅埻冯㔯⊾⁛䴙䘬嘃䃉ᷣ佑炻橼䎦Ḯ䨢゛ᷣ佑ˣ䃉㓧⹄ᷣ佑䓂军ず奨⣙ 㛃ˣ䃉䭨⇞䘬ṓ㦪ᷣ佑䫱ˤĶĵġ. )έ*ࡣ౪фкဎӒཱིޟжࣨᢎ! ⛐⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑ㆸ䁢㔯⊾⿅㼖炻᷎农≃㕤喅埻⮎嶸⼴炻晐叿㗪攻䘬䘤⯽炻㔯⊾䘬 ⿅゛炻ḇ助⢗ㆸ䁢Ḯᶨ䧖㕘䘬ᶾ䓴奨溆炻婒㖶⼴䎦ẋᷣ佑ἄ䁢ᶨ䧖㕘䘬ᶾ䓴奨炻℞ ⼊ㆸ䘬奨溆冯䎦尉䁢ỽẍᶳ㚱⸦㳦䘬婒㱽烉. ӧࡕπϷၠ୯Ҿמࣽޑǵε൞ǵၗૻکਔж္ǴԾ࠾ךഈ 66. ࢂᜤаགྷႽޑǴᒿ೭ϪޑှܫǴШࣚЎϯᢀԶԋǶ !. 64. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 33!Ƕ!!. 65. ᎄ౺ᅽȐ2:::ȑǶࡕ ࡕжЬကǶѠчѱǺඦඵЎϯǶ। 34!Ƕ!. 66. ഋ࣬ڻȐ3113ȑǶኻ ኻࢪࡕж᛬ೌǶѠчѱǺ᛬ೌৎрޗހǶ। 49Ƕ. 4:!.
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