2017/2018

HOUSEHOLD BUDGET SURVEY

2017/2018

Further information can be obtained from the

Documentation and Information Centre of the Statistics and Census Service

Alameda Dr. Carlos d’Assumpção, No.411-417, Dynasty Plaza, 17

floor, Macao

Telephone: 8399 5311 Fax: 2830 7825

E-Mail : info@dsec.gov.mo Website : www.dsec.gov.mo

Official Statistics

Reproduction of these data is allowed provided the source is quoted

Published by: DSEC

Macao, April 2019

Design : DSEC

Printed by: DSEC

Contents

Analysis of results ... 5

Methodology ... 23

Glossary... 29

Symbols and Other Notes ... 31

Tables ... 33

Available tables... 81

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Analysis of results

The Household Budget Survey is conducted every five years and survey results reflect the consumption pattern and income distribution of households. In addition, the latest data on household consumption expenditure are used to update the items and weights of goods and services in the Consumer Price Index, as well as to revise private consumption expenditure in Gross Domestic Product.

1. Household Characteristics

Results of the 2017/2018 Household Budget Survey indicated that total number of households in Macao increased by 10,199 (+5.6%) to 191,273 compared with 2012/2013, driven by the rising number of households in the Islands. With more households moving into the new public housing estates in the Islands in the past five years, number of households in the Islands surged by 56.7% (+13,612) to 37,638. Analysed by parish, the N. S. de Fátima Parish still recorded the highest number of households (73,710), accounting for 38.5% of the total, which was followed by the Santo António Parish (39,171) and Taipa (27,946), at 20.5% and 14.6% respectively.

Household size shrank further

In terms of household size, the average household size edged down further from 3.05 persons in 2012/2013 to 3.04 persons. The N. S. de Fátima Parish had the largest household size, at 3.19 persons, whereas that in the Islands was relatively small, at 2.80 persons. Owing to the impact of ageing population, number of elderly households

surged by 65.8% from 10,989 in 2012/2013 to 18,223, with their percentage share rising by 3.4 percentage points from 6.1% to 9.5%.

Moreover, the average number of economically active members per household continued to drop, down by 0.08 from 1.78 to 1.70; the Islands saw a relatively large decrease, with the average number falling by 0.21 to 1.50.

The average number of employed persons per household also went down by 0.08 from five years ago to 1.64.

Table 1: Household Characteristics by Parish

Economically active Employed person per No. of households Average household size member per household household Parish

2012/2013 2017/2018 2012/2013 2017/2018 2012/2013 2017/2018 2012/2013 2017/2018

All 181 074 191 273 3.05 3.04 1.78 1.70 1.72 1.64

Santo António 41 423 39 171 3.08 3.10 1.77 1.80 1.71 1.74

São Lázaro 11 198 11 175 2.92 2.86 1.68 1.59 1.66 1.55

São Lourenço 17 746 15 257 2.89 2.94 1.77 1.71 1.73 1.68

Sé 12 761 14 322 2.80 2.96 1.62 1.62 1.57 1.59

N.S. de Fátima 73 920 73 710 3.22 3.19 1.85 1.78 1.77 1.70

Islands 24 026 37 638 2.82 2.80 1.71 1.50 1.69 1.46

Taipa .. 27 946 .. 3.00 .. 1.62 .. 1.59

Coloane .. 9 692 .. 2.20 .. 1.14 .. 1.07

1 Households with all household members aged 65 or above (excluding live-in domestic helpers).

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Household Characteristics

In view of smaller household size, the proportion of one-person to three-person households in total number of households increased compared to five years ago, up from 62.9% in 2012/2013 to 64.4% in 2017/2018. The shares of two-person households and three-person households accounted for 24.6% and 25.4% of the total respectively, up by 0.6 percentage points and 0.5 percentage points from five years ago. Meanwhile, the proportion of four-person households fell by 2.0 percentage points to 21.2%.

Analysed by number of households, number of one-person households went up by 8.1% from 25,410 in 2012/2013 to 27,464. Number of two-person households (47,095) and three-person households (48,560) recorded respective growth of 8.2% and 7.8%. On the contrary, four-person households decreased by 3.4% from five years ago to 40,645.

Table 2: Distribution of Households by Household Size and Parish ^% Parish

Household size 2012/2013 2017/2018 António Santo São Lázaro Lourenço São Sé N.S. de Fátima Taipa Coloane

1 person 14.0 14.4 12.3 14.7 15.1 17.5 11.7 15.3 34.1

2 persons 24.0 24.6 22.9 34.6 24.3 23.0 22.9 25.7 33.0

3 persons 24.9 25.4 27.7 21.6 28.1 27.5 25.7 21.9 21.0

4 persons 23.2 21.2 22.4 14.7 20.7 18.3 23.4 23.7 5.9

5 persons 9.1 9.8 9.7 10.8 8.5 9.4 11.1 9.6 2.7

≧6 persons 4.7 4.6 5.0 3.7 3.3 4.3 5.2 3.8 3.3

Number of households living in public housing rose, with smaller household size compared to those residing in private housing

Analysed by type of dwellings, 155,527 households resided in private housing, down marginally by 0.1% from five years ago, and their proportion in total number of households dropped by 4.7 percentage points to 81.3%.

Number of households living in economic housing increased by 22.4% to 23,109, and their share grew by 1.7 percentage points. Meanwhile, number of households living in social housing (12,637) soared by 96.2%, with an increase of 3.0 percentage points in their proportion.

Chart 1: Households by Type of Dwellings

86.0 10.4

81.3 12.1

2012/2013 3.6

Private Housing Economic Housing 2017/2018

Social Housing

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % 6.6

Share

Households living in private housing were mainly three-person households (40,109), which accounted for 25.8% of the total number of households living in private housing; two-person households (37,542) came second, at 24.1%. Likewise, the majority of the households living in economic housing were three-person households (6,324) and two-person households (5,425), which together took up 50.8% of the total number of households residing in this type of dwellings. Meanwhile, households residing in social housing had relatively small household size, with one-person households and two-person households constituting 34.3% (4,335) and 32.7% (4,128) of the total respectively, higher than the corresponding shares for private housing; three-person households comprised merely 16.2% of the total, lower than the corresponding proportion for private housing.

6

Household Characteristics

Table 3: Distribution of Households by Household Size and Type of Dwellings

Private housing Economic housing Social housing Household

2012/2013 2017/2018 No. of No. of No. of

size Structure (%) Structure (%) Structure (%)

households households households

All 181 074 191 273 155 527 100.0 23 109 100.0 12 637 100.0

1 person 25 410 27 464 19 544 12.6 3 585 15.5 4 335 34.3

2 persons 43 508 47 095 37 542 24.1 5 425 23.5 4 128 32.7

3 persons 45 058 48 560 40 109 25.8 6 324 27.4 2 127 16.8

4 persons 42 080 40 645 34 194 22.0 5 179 22.4 1 272 10.1

5 persons 16 426 18 791 16 512 10.6 1 760 7.6 519 4.1

≧6 persons 8 592 8 718 7 626 4.9 836 3.6 256 2.0

Proportion of households with no members engaging in economic activities increased

Analysed by economic activity status of household members, there were 29,570 households with no members engaging in economic activities (e.g. retirees, students and homemakers), accounting for 15.5% of the total, up by 4.1 percentage points from five years ago.

Chart 2: Distribution of Households by Economic Activity Status of Members

88.6%

11.4% 84.5%

15.5%

2012/2013 2017/2018

Households with members engaging in economic activities

Households with no members engaging in economic activities

Household size of this type of households was relatively small, with two-person households (13,667) predominating at 46.2%, followed by one-person households (11,686), at 39.5%. Analysed by type of dwellings, this type of households living in social housing (6,195) made up 49.0% of the total number of households residing in social housing; those living in private housing (20,490) comprised 13.2% of the corresponding total.

Proportion of tenant households recorded a slight growth

With respect to tenure of accommodation, owner-occupier households took up 75.2% of the total, down by 0.5 percentage points from five years ago; meanwhile, the proportion of tenant households rose by 0.8 percentage points to 20.5%.

2017/2018

Employer Self-employed Employee Others Status in employment of household head Tenure of

accommodation 2012/2013

Table 4: Distribution of Households by Tenure and Status in Employment of Household Head %

Owner-occupier 75.7 75.2 83.2 78.8 76.4 71.9

Tenant 19.7 20.5 11.7 17.7 20.0 22.7

Employer Provided 1.1 0.5 - - 0.7 0.2

Rent-free 3.5 3.7 5.2 3.5 2.9 5.3

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Household Consumption Expenditure

2. Household Consumption Expenditure

Total household consumption expenditure increased along with rising number of households. In 2017/2018, monthly consumption expenditure of all households in Macao totalled MOP 6.79 billion, up by 28.5% in nominal terms or 9.4% in real terms after removing the effect of inflation compared to 2012/2013. Average monthly consumption expenditure rose by 3.6% in real terms over 2012/2013 to MOP 35,488 per household, and monthly per-capita consumption expenditure went up by 4.2% in real terms to MOP 11,690.

Table 5: Monthly Consumption Expenditure

2012/2013 Change (%)

Consumption expenditure 2017/2018

Current prices 2017/2018 prices Nominal Real Total monthly consumption expenditure of 5 283 266 6 203 330 6 787 987 28.5 9.4 households (‘000 MOP)

Average monthly consumption expenditure per 29 177 34 259 35 488 21.6 3.6

household (MOP)

Monthly per-capita consumption expenditure 9 552 11 215 11 690 22.4 4.2

(MOP)

2.1 Consumption Structure of Households

Households spent primarily on Housing and Food, while "Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao"

became the third major expenditure category

Analysed by section of goods and services, "Housing & Fuels" (including imputed rent)

and "Food & Non- Alcoholic Beverages" remained the major categories of household consumption expenditure, together accounting for 48.8% of the total, down by 2.6 percentage points from 51.4% in 2012/2013.

The relative importance of "Housing & Fuels" increased by 1.2 percentage points from 25.7% five years ago to 26.9%, substituting "Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages" to become the largest expenditure category. On the other hand, the relative importance of "Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages" decreased by 3.7 percentage points from 25.7% to 22.0%, with eating out expenses still occupying the largest share of this section, at 63.3%, up by 2.9 percentage points from 60.4% five years ago.

The relative importance of "Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao", the third major category of consumption expenditure, increased by 3.7 percentage points from 7.9% in 2012/2013 to 11.6%, higher than the growth in other sections of goods and services. Meanwhile, the relative importance of "Household Services &

Items" rose by 1.0 percentage point from 2.5% five years ago to 3.5%, attributable to a real growth of 47.3% in expenses on Domestic & household services (e.g. salary for domestic helper).

2 According to the recommendations of international organisations, rental expenses should be estimated for owner-occupier households that live in a dwelling owned by the household member(s). The imputed rent, i.e. the estimated rent a household has to pay to live in the dwelling if it is not owned by the household, is computed based on the tenancy information from the Financial Services Bureau.

8

Household Consumption Expenditure

Percentage shares of expenditure on "Clothing & Footwear" and "Transport" decreased

Besides "Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages", the relative importance of "Clothing & Footwear" also showed a notable decline, down by 2.2 percentage points from 4.9% in 2012/2013 to 2.7% in 2017/2018, resulting from a 44.7% drop in real terms in expenses on Clothing materials & garments (67.0% of total consumption expenditure of this section) compared to five years ago. Moreover, the relative importance of "Transport" decreased by 0.8 percentage points from 7.9% to 7.1%, on account of a 37.3% fall in real terms in expenses on Purchase of motor cars (16.8% of total consumption expenditure of this section) from five years ago; meanwhile, expenses on Spare parts, Fuels, Maintenance & repair of vehicles, and Other services in respect of vehicles such as rents for parking spaces and parking fees (53.1% of total) went down by 5.9% in real terms compared to 2012/2013.

Chart 3: Consumption Structure of Households by Section of Goods and Services

% 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

25.7

0.9 4.9

25.7

2.5 2.4

7.9

2.3 3.9

8.9

7.1 7.9 22.0

0.5

2.7

26.9

3.5 2.2

7.1

2.5

4.6

8.5 7.9

11.6

I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII

Section of Goods & Services

2012/2013 2017/2018

of which:

Eating Out 15.5 13.9

Sections of goods and services:

I Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages VII Transport II Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco VIII Communications III Clothing & Footwear IX Recreation & Culture

IV Housing & Fuels X Education

V Household Services & Items XI Miscellaneous Goods & Services

VI Health XII Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao

Educational expenditure outside Macao occupied over 30% of household expenditure on "Education"

Monthly household expenditure on "Education"

grew by 4.9% in real terms over 2012/2013 to MOP 577 million, but its proportion in total consumption expenditure shrank by 0.4 percentage points to 8.5% in 2017/2018.

Monthly household expenditure on education outside Macao decreased by 2.6% in real terms from five years ago to MOP 197 million, with its relative importance in total expenditure on "Education" dropping from 36.9% in 2012/2013 to 34.2%. Educational expenditure in Taiwan (25.2% of total), the United Kingdom (23.0%) and the United States (13.5%) was comparatively high. Except for Australia, the proportions of educational expenditure in other countries/regions generally increased from five years ago, with the share for the United Kingdom rising by 9.1 percentage points.

3 Including tuition fees for education in or outside Macao, as well as related living expenses for studying outside Macao.

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Mainland Hong Taiwan United United Canada Australia Others

China Kong Kingdom States

Household Consumption Expenditure

Chart 4: Structure of Educational Expenditure Outside Macao

%

30 24.7 25.2 2012/2013 2017/2018

23.0 25

17.9 20

14.3

13.9 13.5

15 9.1 10.0 12.6 11.3

10 7.5

5.1 5.6

5 2.4 4.0

0

2012/2013.

2.2 Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao

Monthly "Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao" of all households surged by 61.0% in real terms over 2012/2013 to MOP 791 million, accounting for 11.6% of the total consumption expenditure. Households spent a monthly average of MOP 4,133 outside Macao, up by 52.4% in real terms from five years ago. Analysed by country/region, Guangdong Province was the most popular destination for the households, with monthly spending of MOP 2,333 per household; spending in Zhuhai took up 78.1% of the expenditure in Guangdong Province, at MOP 1,821 per household.

Zhuhai predominated in "Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao", yet its relative importance decreased

Chart 5: Structure of Monthly Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao

As compared to 2012/2013, the proportion of consumption expenditure in Guangdong Province fell by 3.1 percentage points to 56.5%, with the share of spending in Zhuhai dropping by 5.5 percentage points from 49.6%

five years ago to 44.1%. The proportion of consumption expenditure in Hong Kong slid by 5.3 percentage points to 16.5%, whereas the share of spending in Taiwan rose by 1.5 percentage points to 4.8%. Meanwhile, the share of consumption expenditure in other Asian countries (16.4%) grew markedly by 7.4 percentage points as compared to

10

4.8%

16.4%

4.1%

Zhuhai 44.1%

(MOP 1 821)

Other Places in Guangdong

Province 12.4%

(MOP 512) Other Provinces

or Municipalities 1.8%

(MOP 74)

58.2%

62.1%

21.8%

3.3%

9.0%

3.8%

Mainland China 58.2%

(MOP 2 407) Hong Kong

16.5%

(MOP 682) Taiwan

4.8%

(MOP 199)

Other Asian Countries

16.4%

(MOP 677)

Europe, Americas and Others

4.1%

(MOP 168)

2017/2018

2012/2013

Household Consumption Expenditure

2.3 Online Consumption Expenditure

Online spending of households leapt by 361.2%, mainly incurred on travel accommodation and transport In light of the rising prevalence of online purchase of goods and services, monthly online consumption expenditure of households soared by 361.2% in real terms over 2012/2013 to MOP 141 million, making up 2.1% of the total consumption expenditure (+1.6 percentage points). Analysed by type of online expense, travel accommodation & transport (e.g. booking of hotel rooms, air tickets, etc.) took up 68.2% of the total, with the amount spent jumping by 367.7% from five years ago; clothing, footwear & other personal items comprised 14.6%

of online spending, with the amount surging by 300.4% from 2012/2013. Besides, online expenses on package tours & other travel services (3.7% of total) leapt by 137.5% in real terms.

Table 6: Structure of Online Consumption Expenditure of Households ^MOP

2012/2013 (2017/2018 prices) 2017/2018 Change in

Type of expense real terms

expenditure

Monthly consumption Structure Monthly consumption Structure

(%)

Total 30 476 858 100.0 140 545 312 100.0 361.2

Food & beverages 296 600 1.0 2 440 251 1.7 722.7

Clothing, footwear & other 5 115 224 16.8 20 479 504 14.6 300.4

personal items

Household equipment items 340 732 1.1 4 847 904 3.4 1 322.8

Travel accommodation & 20 490 794 67.2 95 842 426 68.2 367.7

transport

Packages tours & other travel 2 208 632 7.2 5 244 705 3.7 137.5

services

Others 2 024 877 6.6 11 690 521 8.3 477.3

(%) expenditure (%)

Analysed by country/region of website, shopping spending through Mainland shopping websites topped the list, comprising 27.0% of online expenses (mainly incurred on travel accommodation & transport, clothing, footwear and other personal items), followed by spending through local websites (15.2%) and Hong Kong websites (8.8%).

Chart 6: Online Consumption Expenditure by Country / Region of Website

Macao 15.2%

Hong Kong 8.8%

Japan 1.3%

Republic of Korea

Mainland China 27.0%

Others 46.5% Taiwan 1.0%

0.1%

總數 <15 000

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Household Consumption Expenditure

2.4 Consumption Pattern of Households by Income Group

Low-income households spent two-thirds of their consumption expenditure on Housing and Food, while their educational expenditure was comparatively lower than other income groups

Survey results indicated that households with monthly income of less than MOP 15,000 had relatively high spending on "Housing & Fuels" and "Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages", together taking up 67.2% of their total consumption expenditure, higher than the corresponding proportion for all households (48.8%). Households earning MOP 100,000 or more per month spent more on "Miscellaneous Goods & Services" (10.3% of total),

"Transport" (9.3%) and "Education" (9.3%) as compared to households of other income groups. Meanwhile,

"Education" accounted for merely 2.8% of the total consumption expenditure of households earning less than MOP 15,000 per month, as 61.6% of these households were one-person households and only 8.9% were households with children. As for other income groups, their proportions of educational expenditure varied insignificantly, ranging from 7.8% to 9.3%.

Chart 7: Consumption Structure of Households by Monthly Income and Section of Goods and Services

%

100 Food & Non-Alcoholic Beverages

Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco

80 Clothing & Footwear

Housing & Fuels

60 Household Services & Items

Health Transport 40

Communications Recreation & Culture 20

Education

Miscellaneous Goods & Services 0 Total <15 000 15 000- 30 000- 50 000- 70 000­ ≧100 000 Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao

29 999 49 999 69 999 99 999

Monthly Income (MOP)

Among the households in different income quintiles

, consumption expenditure of households in the highest quintile constituted 32.1% of the total household consumption expenditure, far higher than the corresponding proportion for households in the lowest quintile (9.0%), and yet their share of consumption expenditure decreased by 1.2 percentage points from five years ago. Meanwhile, the shares for those in the second quintile and the lowest quintile grew by 0.7 and 0.6 percentage points respectively.

4 Households are divided into 5 equally-sized groups in ascending order of household income so as to calculate the total monthly income and consumption expenditure of households in each quintile. Households with the lowest income are in the lowest 20% quintile, followed by the second 20%, middle 20%, fourth 20% and highest 20% quintiles.

12

Household Consumption Expenditure

Table 7: Monthly Consumption Expenditure of Households by Income Quintile 2012/2013 (2017/2018 prices)

Monthly consumption expenditure Total Structure (‘000 MOP) (%)

Total 6 203 330 100.0

Lowest 20% 522 691 8.4

Second 20% 897 937 14.5

Middle 20% 1 208 452 19.5

Fourth 20% 1 507 066 24.3

Highest 20% 2 067 183 33.3

Average consumption expenditure per

household (MOP)

34 259 14 433 24 795 33 369 41 614 57 082

2012/2013 (2017/2018 prices) Monthly consumption

expenditure Type of Dwellings

Total Structure (‘000 MOP) (%) Private Housing 5 556 494 89.6 Economic Housing 564 040 9.1 Social Housing 82 796 1.3

Average consumption

expenditure per household

(MOP) 35 677 29 865 12 853

Monthly consumption expenditure Total Structure (‘000 MOP) (%)

6 787 987 100.0 610 381 9.0 1 033 097 15.2 1 317 087 19.4 1 649 048 24.3 2 178 374 32.1

2017/2018

2017/2018

Monthly consumption expenditure

Total Structure (‘000 MOP) (%)

5 983 898 88.2 627 304 9.2 176 786 2.6

Average consumption

expenditure per household

(MOP) 38 475 27 145 13 990

Average

consumption Difference expenditure per (p.p.)

household (MOP)

35 488 -

15 956 0.6

27 006 0.7

34 429 -0.1

43 108 -

56 945 -1.2

2.5 Consumption Pattern of Households by Type of Dwellings

Consumption expenditure of households living in private housing and social housing increased, while that of households in economic housing decreased

As more households moved into the new public housing estates, the proportions of households residing in social housing and economic housing increased, and their share of consumption expenditure in total expenditure rose from 10.4% in 2012/2013 to 11.8%; meanwhile, the share for households living in private housing dropped by 1.4 percentage points to 88.2%. Average monthly consumption expenditure per household living in social housing and private housing was MOP 13,990 and MOP 38,475 respectively, up by 8.8% and 7.8% in real terms from five years ago. On the other hand, households residing in economic housing had an average monthly consumption expenditure of MOP 27,145, down by 9.1%.

Table 8: Average Monthly Consumption Expenditure of Households by Type of Dwellings ^MOP Change in real terms (%)

Monthly consumption

expenditure

7.7 11.2 113.5

Average consumption expenditure per

household

7.8

-9.1

8.8

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Household Income

3. Household Income

3.1 Changes in Household Income

Overall household income increased, while the proportion of low-income households decreased

The continued growth of the economy of Macao over the past five years has led to rising remuneration, thus contributing to a notable increase in household income. In 2017/2018, total monthly income of households in Macao (including employment income, property income

, monetary transfer receipts

and non-monetary transfer receipts

) reached MOP 10.62 billion, up by 20.5% in real terms. Average monthly income rose by 14.1% to MOP 55,497 per household, and median monthly income of households was MOP 48,235. In addition, monthly disposable income

amounted to MOP 52,314 per household, up by 12.7% in real terms compared to 2012/2013.

Table 9: Monthly Household Income 2012/2013

(2017/2018 prices) 2017/2018 Change in real terms (%) Monthly income of all households (‘000 MOP) 8 806 826 10 615 003 20.5

Average monthly income of households (MOP) 48 637 55 497 14.1

Monthly disposable income per household 46 432 52 314 12.7

Median monthly income of households 43 275 48 235 11.5

Median monthly disposable income of households 41 917 46 236 10.3

Monthly per-capita income 15 922 18 280 14.8

Monthly per-capita disposable income 15 200 17 232 13.4

Analysed by average monthly income of households, the percentage share of households earning between MOP 30,000 and below MOP 50,000 per month was the highest, at 25.9%. The proportion of those earning MOP 70,000 or more per month rose by 6.5 percentage points to 27.2%. Meanwhile, households earning less than MOP 30,000 per month accounted for 26.6% of the total, down by 5.4 percentage points compared to 2012/2013. The percentage share of households in low income groups decreased, indicating an increase in income levels of households.

5 Including rental receipts from property leasing, dividends from investment, interest receipts, etc.

6 Including government subsidies (e.g. handouts for Wealth Partaking Scheme, subsidies for senior citizens, healthcare vouchers, allowances for tuition fees/stationery, etc.), pensions, regular contributions from non-household members, remittances from abroad, etc.

7 Including goods received from charity organisations or individuals, which are valued at market prices.

8 Total income less direct taxes, social security contributions, fines, contributions to provident funds, as well as transfers made to non-household members.

14

Household Income

Chart 8: Distribution of Households by Monthly Income

Monthly Income (MOP)

<15 000 15 000-29 999 30 000-49 999 50 000-69 999 70 000-99 999

≧100 000

%

30 20 10 0 10 20 30

10.6 16.6

20.2 25.9 17.1

9.6

6.3 14.3

20.3 27.0

20.7

11.3

% 2012/2013

(2017/2018 prices)

2017/2018

Compared to 2012/2013, the percentage share of monthly consumption expenditure to monthly income of households decreased by 6.5 percentage points from 70.4% to 63.9%, as the real growth rate in average monthly income of households (+14.1%) outpaced the increase in average monthly consumption expenditure (+3.6%).

Table 10: Average Monthly Income and Expenditure of Households 2012/2013

(2017/2018 prices) 2017/2018 Change in real terms

Average monthly income of households (MOP) 48 637 55 497 14.1%

Average monthly consumption expenditure of households (MOP) 34 259 35 488 3.6%

Share of consumption expenditure to income of households (%) 70.4 63.9 -6.5 p.p.

3.2 Income Structure of Households

Percentage share of employment income dropped, while monetary transfer receipts became the second major source of income

Employment income, the principal source of household income, accounted for 72.4% of the total household

income, down by 1.0 percentage point compared to 2012/2013. Average employee income per household was

MOP 36,770, up by 12.6% in real terms from five years ago. In the past five years, the government continued to

implement a number of social welfare policies and raised the amount of subsidies and allowances, causing

household income from government subsidies to increase by 32.2% in real terms. Meanwhile, income from

pensions soared by 134.4% in real terms, driving up monetary transfer receipts (including government welfare

benefits and subsidies, pensions and regular contributions from non-household members, etc.) by 34.3% in real

terms to MOP 7,827; the share of monetary transfer receipts also increased by 2.1 percentage points to 14.1%.

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Household Income

Table 11: Income Structure of Households ^MOP

2012/2013 Amount (2017/2018

prices)

Structure (%)

2017/2018

Amount Structure (%)

Change in real terms

(%)

Average monthly income of households 48 637 100.0 55 497 100.0 14.1

Employment income 35 711 73.4 40 168 72.4 12.5

Employee income 32 654 67.1 36 770 66.3 12.6

Self-employment income 1 241 2.6 1 783 3.2 43.7

Property income 7 094 14.6 7 489 13.5 5.6

Rental receipts from leasing property 394 0.8 674 1.2 70.8

Monetary transfer receipts 5 828 12.0 7 827 14.1 34.3

Government subsidies 4 560 9.4 6 027 10.9 32.2

Of which: Allowances for 1 462 3.0 1 685 3.0 15.2

tuition fees/stationery

Pensions 345 0.7 808 1.5 134.4

Non-monetary transfer receipts 4 0

12 0

238.5

Monetary transfer receipts occupied nearly 50% of total income of households living in social housing Analysed by type of dwellings, the share of monthly employment income in total income for households living in private housing was similar to that for all households, at 72.5%, down by 1.3 percentage points in real terms compared with 2012/2013. The share of monetary transfer receipts rose by 1.8 percentage points from five years ago to 13.2%.

As regards households living in economic housing, the proportion of monthly employment income went up by 5.5 percentage points to 76.1%, with the share of employee income (74.2% of total income for this type of households) rising by 6.0 percentage points compared to 2012/2013. Meanwhile, the percentage share of monetary transfer receipts held steady from five years ago, whereas that of property income dropped by 5.6 percentage points to 9.3%.

There was an apparent change in the income structure of households living in social housing. The proportion of monthly employment income decreased by 13.4 percentage points from 64.9% five years ago to 51.5%;

meanwhile, the share of monetary transfer receipts climbed by 13.2 percentage points to 48.3% due to increased government subsidies, indicating the growing importance of government subsidies to the income of households living in social housing.

16

Household Income

Table 12: Household Income and Structure by Type of Dwellings ^MOP Private housing

Average Structural Structure

monthly

change

income

Economic housing Average Structural

Structure monthly

change

(p.p.)

income

Social housing Average Structural

Structure monthly

change

(p.p.)

income

Total (MOP) 59 956 100.0 - 45 550 100.0 - 18 804 100.0 ­

Employment income 43 464 72.5 -1.3 34 653 76.1 5.5 9 688 51.5 -13.4

Employee income 39 435 65.8 -1.3 33 790 74.2 6.0 9 423 50.1 -13.8

Property income 8 579 14.3 -0.5 4 235 9.3 -5.6 24 0.1 0.1

Monetary transfer receipts 7 904 13.2 1.8 6 624 14.5 - 9 081 48.3 13.2

Government subsidies 5 829 9.7 1.0 5 907 13.0 0.8 8 682 46.2 13.9

Of which: Allowances fee/ 1 740 2.9 0.1 1 526 3.3 -0.6 1 298 6.9 -2.3 tuition fees/stationery

Non-monetary transfer 9 0

0

38 0.1 0.1 10 0.1 0.1

receipts

3.3 Government Welfare Benefits and Subsidies

Government welfare benefits and subsidies helped reduce household income disparity

To reduce the income disparity resulting from primary income distribution, the Government carried out secondary income distribution through the release of subsidies to households and improvement of welfare measures. Analysed by monthly household income group, government welfare benefits and subsidies for households earning less than MOP 15,000 and those earning MOP 15,000 to below MOP 30,000 per month soared by 96.4% and 33.9% respectively in real terms. The percentage share of government welfare benefits and subsidies to income for households earning below MOP 15,000 per month increased by 23.1 percentage points from 27.6% in 2012/2013 to 50.7%; the corresponding share for households with monthly income between MOP 15,000 and below MOP 30,000 was 25.5%, a 6.8 percentage point rise from 18.7% five years ago. This indicated that secondary income distribution implemented by the Government was particularly helpful in raising the income of these two groups of households.

Table 13: Government Welfare Benefits & Subsidies of Households and Percentage Share to

Household Income by Monthly Household Income ^MOP

Difference in

2012/2013 2017/2018

< 15 000 50.7 96.4 23.1

15 000-29 999 4 263 18.7 5 710 25.5 33.9 6.8

30 000-49 999 4 682 11.8 5 834 14.5 24.6 2.7

50 000-69 999 4 918 8.3 6 239 10.5 26.9 2.2

70 000-99 999 5 278 6.3 6 349 7.6 20.3 1.3

≧100 000 5 575 4.3 6 770 5.0 21.4 0.7

Monthly Household Income

2 690 27.6 5 283

Change in real terms

(%)

percentage share to household

income (p.p.) Amount

(2017/2018 prices)

Percentage share to household

income (%)

Amount

Percentage share to household

income

(%)

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Household Income

3.4 Disposable Income

Disposable income constituted over 90% of household income

When households are arranged in ascending order of their income, the percentage shares of disposable income in total household income for all quintile groups exceeded 90%, indicating that the share of taxes, contributions, fines and transfers made to non-household members for the households in Macao was relatively small. Moreover, the proportion of disposable income of households decreased gradually with rising total income, falling from 96.5% for households in the lowest quintile to 92.6% for those in the highest quintile.

Chart 9: Percentage Share of Disposable Income in Total Income of Households by Income Quintile Group

Median monthly disposable income of three-person households recorded the highest growth

Median monthly disposable income of households was MOP 46,236, and the amount increased along with the rise in number of household members. Analysed by household size, households in all groups registered real growth in median monthly disposable income. Median monthly disposable income of one-person households was MOP 17,600, an increase of 16.4% in real terms from five years ago. Median monthly disposable income of three- person households had the largest real growth, up by 17.7% over 2012/2013 to MOP 48,695. For households with six persons or more, median monthly disposable income reached MOP 76,620, a real growth of 15.4%.

18 0

20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000 100 000 120 000

Lowest 20% Second 20% Middle 20% Fourth 20% Highest 20%

96.5%

114 042

15 059

32 597

48 366

67 420

96.1%

95.8%

94.6%

92.6%

Income Quintile Group 3.9%

4.2%

5.4%

7.4%

3.5%

Taxes, contributions, fines and transfers paid to non-household members Disposable income

Average Monthly Household Income (MOP)

≧6 persons

Household Income

15 125

30 330

41 369

53 271

62 435

66 378

17 600

33 188

48 695

58 677

70 175

76 620

0 5 10 15 20

0 20 000 40 000 60 000 80 000

Chart 10: Median Monthly Disposable Income of Households by Household Size

Monthly Household Disposable Income (MOP) %

1 person 2 persons 3 persons 4 persons 5 persons ≧6 persons Household Size

2012/2013 2017/2018 Change in real terms

(2017/2018 prices)

3.5 Income Distribution of Households

Gini coefficient inched up, with household income distribution becoming slightly less even from five years ago

As regards the measure of household income distribution, the Gini coefficient of Macao was 0.36 in

2017/2018, slightly higher than the value of 0.35 recorded in 2012/2013. The Lorenz Curve in Chart 11 illustrates a

slightly more bowed-out household income curve from five years ago, resulting from a decrease in the percentage

share of income earned by low-income households in total household income and an increase in the share of

income earned by high-income households, which pushed up the value of Gini coefficient. It is noteworthy that over

the past five years, the proportion of government welfare benefits and subsidies in household income rose from

9.4% to 10.9%. The Gini coefficient went up from 0.38 five years ago to 0.40 after excluding government welfare

benefits and subsidies. The government welfare benefits and subsidies helped lower the value of Gini coefficient

by 0.04 in 2017/2018, larger than the difference of 0.03 in 2012/2013. This implied that the government measures

have prominent effect on improving the income distribution of households.

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Household Income

Chart 11: Distribution of Monthly Household Income

Population ageing and smaller household size were the major causes of rising Gini coefficient

Owing to continued population ageing, the proportion of elderly households in total number of households increased by 3.4 percentage points over 2012/2013 to 9.5%. The proportion of working elderly people aged 65 and above was relatively small. The labour force participation rates of the elderly

in 2017 and 2018 were both below 14%, significantly lower than the general labour force participation rate (over 70%); hence, elderly households generally had lower income. Moreover, the general labour force participation rates showed a downward trend over the past five years, with the rates in 2017 and 2018 dropping by 1.6 percentage points and 1.8 percentage points

respectively as compared to five years ago. According to the latest results of the Household Budget Survey, number of households with no members engaging in economic activities increased by 43.3% from five years ago, and their median monthly income was far below the overall level, at MOP 15,518.

Meanwhile, number of one-person and two-person households recorded growth as more households moved into the new public housing estates in recent years and number of marriages in Macao increased. In 2017/2018, number of one-person households and two-person households rose by 8.1% and 8.2% respectively from five years ago, higher than the growth in total number of households (+5.6%). As regards income, median monthly income of one-person households (MOP 18,158) and two-person households (MOP 34,634) was lower than the overall median (MOP 48,235).

On balance, the socio-demographic changes led to rising number of relatively low-income households (e.g.

elderly households, small scale households, households with fewer employed persons, etc.), which in turn affected the equality in household income distribution, and thus drove up the Gini coefficient.

9 Data on labour force participation rate are derived from Employment Survey.

20 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Line of Perfect Equality 2012/2013 2017/2018

Percentage of Households

Percentage of Household Income

Household Income

Besides Gini coefficient, other common indicators for measuring income distribution include 80/20 ratio and Kuznets ratio. As shown in Table 14, monthly income of households in the lowest quintile (MOP 576 million) and in the highest quintile (MOP 4.36 billion) rose by 17.7% and 23.0% in real terms from five years ago. As the growth in the income earned by households in the lowest quintile was smaller than that in the highest quintile, the 80/20 ratio rose from 7.25 to 7.57.

Table 14: Income of Households and Changes by Income Quintile Group (‘000 MOP) 2012/2013 (2017/2018 prices) 2017/2018 Changes in real

terms (%) Total monthly income Structure (%) Total monthly income Structure (%)

Total income of all households 8 806 826 100.0 10 615 003 100.0 20.5

Lowest 20% 489 395 5.6 576 066 5.4 17.7

Second 20% 1 039 072 11.8 1 247 016 11.7 20.0

Middle 20% 1 562 338 17.7 1 850 255 17.4 18.4

Fourth 20% 2 169 946 24.6 2 579 092 24.3 18.9

Highest 20% 3 546 074 40.3 4 362 574 41.1 23.0

On the other hand, the Kuznets ratio that measures income distribution rose from 49.81 five years ago to 50.79, which implied the income gap of households widened compared to 2012/2013.

Table 15: Indicators of Household Income Distribution and Changes

2012/2013 2017/2018 Difference

Gini Coefficient 0.35 0.36 0.01

Gini Coefficient (excluding government welfare benefits and subsidies) 0.38 0.40 0.02

80/20 Ratio 7.25 7.57 0.32

Kuznets Ratio 49.81 50.79 0.98

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Methodology

Objectives

The Statistics and Census Service (DSEC) conducts the Household Budget Survey every five years, which aims to collect up-to-date data on household income and expenditure in Macao, as well as demographic and socio­

economic characteristics of household members, so as to compare and analyse the consumption pattern and income distribution of households with varying purchasing power. In addition, the latest data on household consumption expenditure are used to update the items and weights of goods and services in the Consumer Price Index, as well as to revise private consumption expenditure in Gross Domestic Product.

Survey coverage

The 2017/2018 Household Budget Survey (2017/2018 HBS) covered all residential units in private housing, economic housing and social housing in the Macao Peninsula and the Islands (Taipa and Coloane), excluding the marine population and collective living quarters such as hotels and dormitories.

The statistical sample of this survey, consisting of 7,410 residential units in Macao, was selected by proportionate stratified sampling. The statistical unit is the household residing in a residential unit, including stay-in domestic helper. A person who lives alone and occupies the whole or part of a residential unit is also considered as a household.

Sample design and sample size

Samples of the 2017/2018 HBS were selected by proportionate stratified sampling. Data were collected from a total of 7,410 residential units in 26 biweekly periods. Although the sample is the residential unit, information on household and household members is also collected.

The sampling frame is originated from the Building and Unit File of DSEC that is subject to regular revision.

Every residential unit is identified by a Geocode and the residential units of the sampling frame are divided into 20 homogeneous strata according to parish, storeys of building and type of dwelling*. Description of the stratum is given as follows:

Stratum 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12

Description Economic housing units situated in the Santo António Parish Social housing units situated in the Santo António Parish Economic housing units situated in the N. S. de Fátima Parish Social housing units situated in the N. S. de Fátima Parish Economic housing units situated in Taipa

Social housing units situated in Taipa Economic housing units situated in Coloane Social housing units situated in Coloane

Private housing units in buildings with 8 storeys or more situated in the Santo António Parish Private housing units in buildings with less than 8 storeys situated in the Santo António Parish Private housing units in buildings with 8 storeys or more situated in the São Lázaro Parish Private housing units in buildings with less than 8 storeys situated in the São Lázaro Parish

* There are 3 types of dwellings, namely private housing, economic housing and social housing. Private housing can be

purchased and sold or leased freely whereas purchase and sale of economic housing and leasing of social housing are

subject to respective regulations in force. Economic housing that has been transferred or sold is considered as private

housing.

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

Stratum Description

13 Private housing units in buildings with 8 storeys or more situated in the São Lourenço Parish 14 Private housing units in buildings with less than 8 storeys situated in the São Lourenço Parish 15 Private housing units in buildings with 8 storeys or more situated in the Sé Parish

16 Private housing units in buildings with less than 8 storeys situated in the Sé Parish

17 Private housing units in buildings with 8 storeys or more situated in the N. S. de Fátima Parish 18 Private housing units in buildings with less than 8 storeys situated in the N. S. de Fátima Parish 19 Private housing units situated in Taipa

20 Private housing units situated in Coloane

Types of questionnaires

Three types of questionnaires are used in the 2017/2018 HBS to collect basic information of households, as well as their total income and total consumption expenditure on goods and services purchased, as follows:

a) Questionnaire on residential unit and household – used to record housing characteristics, and socio­

demographic information on household and individual members;

b) Expense Diary – a copy of the Diary is given to every household member aged 16 or above to record particulars of all items of expenditure such as description, quantity, amount spent and location of purchase, incurred during the biweekly reference period. Alternatively, household members may fill in relevant information every day using the online system;

c) Supplementary questionnaires – used to collect data on income of household members, acquisition and 　 possession of durable goods by household, regular expenses and other expenditure.

List of classifications

　　 Classification of Economic Activities in Macao

Economic activity carried out by an individual during the reference period is classified according to the 　 　 Classification of Economic Activities in Macao.

　　 Classification of Occupations of Macao

Occupation of an individual, which refers to the tasks or duties performed during the reference period, is 　　 classified according to the Classification of Occupations of Macao.

　　 Classification of Individual Consumption According to Purpose

Household consumption expenditure on goods and services is classified based on the Classification of 　　 Individual Consumption According to Purpose of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).

Data collection

Consumption pattern and preference of households are subject to seasonal changes. For a better understanding of household consumption pattern, data collection for the 2017/2018 HBS lasted for one whole year from October 2017 to September 2018, consisting of 26 biweekly cycles. Data were collected from a sample of 285 residential units in each biweekly cycle.

24

Enumerators collected personal information, income and expenditure of household members through face-to­

face interview with household members of selected residential units using tablet computers. Computer assisted data collection enables immediate logical validations and facilitates collection of high quality data and work efficiency. Household data were saved by encryption to ensure the corresponding data cannot be obtained by unauthorised persons. Moreover, completed questionnaires will be examined by internal checkers to ensure data quality.

In addition, interviewed household members aged 16 or above are required to complete an Expense Diary for a 14-day period, to record particulars of all items and expenditure incurred every day including description, amount spent and location of purchase. Enumerators will pay regular visits to the households to collect expenditure records; alternatively, household members may fill in relevant information by themselves using the online system.

Each item of expenditure is coded according to the classifications of consumption expenditure on goods and services. For data quality control, data verifications will be done on selected questionnaires by designated DSEC staff after each biweekly period.

Statistical inference of results

　　Number of households by household size is taken as the control data for the statistical inference of results.

Formulae 1 – 3 are used in the biweekly tabulations

1. Total expenditure on commodity/service item s of all households in the k

biweekly period

ˆ ˆ x

Y

  ^M

^ _p

i ik

Mˆ

 Estimated number of households with household size i in the k

biweekly period

x

 Total expenditure on commodity/service item s of all households with household size i in the k

biweekly period (observed sample value)

p

 Total number of households with household size i in the k

biweekly period (observed sample value) 2. Total expenditure on all commodity/service items of all households in the k

biweekly period

Yˆ

 

^Yˆ

s 1

3. Average expenditure on all commodity/service items of all households in the k

biweekly period Y ˆ

ˆ

Y



M ˆ , where Mˆ

  ^Mˆ

k i

Formulae 4 – 8 are used in the annual tabulations

4. Total annual expenditure on commodity/service item s of all households Yˆ

 

^Yˆ

k 1

5. Average biweekly expenditure on commodity/service item s of all households ˆ 1 ˆ

Y

  Y 26

6. Average biweekly expenditure on all commodity/service items of all households Yˆ  

^Yˆ

i 1

Household Budget Survey 2017/2018

7. Average biweekly expenditure on commodity/service item s per household ˆ ˆ

Y  Y

ˆ , where Mˆ  1  

^Mˆ

s a k

M

26

8. Average biweekly expenditure on all commodity/service items per household ˆ  Y ˆ

Y M ˆ

Estimation of variance

The Jackknife Repeated Replications (JRR) method is adopted for variance estimation in the 2017/2018 HBS. All sample units are grouped into 6 groups according to the following criteria:

　　　　[01] - Private housing units situated in Taipa and Coloane

　　　　[02] - Private housing units in buildings with 8 storeys or more situated in Macau Peninsula 　　　　[03] - Private housing units in buildings with less than 8 storeys situated in Macau Peninsula 　　　　[04] - Economic housing units

　　　　[05] - Social housing units

　　　　[06] - Economic housing units that have changed hands

Each group is then subdivided into 2 subgroups of equal size. A sample replicate is formed in turn by discarding one subgroup and duplicating its complement. A set of 12 sample replicates are formed as follows:

　　　　[01] ^{ A}

 B

　　　　[02] ^{ A}

 B

　　　　[03] ^{ A}

 B

　　　　[04] ^{ A}

 B

　　　　[05] ^{ A  B}

　　　　[06] ^{ A  B}

Composition of sample replicates

Replicate Composition Estimator of X

6 7

10 11 12 8 9 1 2 3

5 4

6 [5]

[6]

1 [1]

2 [2]

3 [3]

4 [4]

5

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, A , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , B , B , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , B

B

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , A , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , B , B , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , B A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , A , A , A , B , A , B , A , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , B , B , A , B , A , B , A , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , A , B , A , A , A , B , A , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , A , B , B , B , A , B , A , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , A , A , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , A , B , A , B , B , B , A , B

A

6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 1

1

, B , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , B , A , A

A

Xˆ

[ 6 ]

Xˆ Xˆ

[ 5 ]

Xˆ

[ 4 ]

Xˆ Xˆ

[ 3 ]

Xˆ Xˆ

[ 2 ]

Xˆ Xˆ

Xˆ

Estimation of variance of parameter X can be calculated by the following formula:

6

2 2

 ^{{( Xˆ}

 Xˆ )  ( Xˆ

 Xˆ ) }

Vˆ ( Xˆ ) 

, where 2

Vˆ ( X ) is an estimator of variance of parameter X Xˆ is an estimator of parameter X

26

Response rate

Visit Results No. %

Total number of households interviewed

Others (e.g. living quarters not intended for habitation, second home, vacant living quarters, etc.) Completed/partially completed questionnaires (validated effective questionnaires which were fully or partly completed by households)

Refusals (households refused to provide any information or to co-operate to finish the questionnaire)

Non-contacts (unable to contact any household members after various visits in different time periods)

1 837

410 7 502 4 831

424

100.0 64.4

5.7

24.5

5.5

Standard deviation of principal indicators

Estimated Value of Household Characteristics

Household Characteristics Standard Deviation Coefficient of Variation (%) Average No. of Households per Residential Unit

Average No. of Members per Household

0.001

0.008 0.26

0.12

Estimated Value of Income and Consumption Expenditure Principal Indicator Standard Deviation

(MOP)

Coefficient of Variation (%)

Average Monthly Household Income Average Monthly Per-capita Income

Monthly Household Consumption Expenditure

Monthly Per-capita Consumption Expenditure 85 237 215 571

0.72 0.67 1.18 1.03

Estimated Value of Monthly Household Consumption Expenditure Section of Goods and Services Standard Deviation

(MOP)

Coefficient of Variation (%)

Total 45 422 895 0.67

Food & Non-alcoholic Beverages 11 145 399 0.75

Alcoholic Beverages & Tobacco 763 076 2.39

Clothing & Footwear 7 853 980 4.26

Housing & Fuels 11 973 566 0.66

Household Services & Items 9 260 148 3.87

Health 4 981 969 3.26

Transport 7 698 418 1.60

Communications 1 849 685 1.11

Recreation & Culture 7 147 152 2.27

Education 25 935 653 4.50

Miscellaneous Goods & Services 12 790 626 2.40

Consumption Expenditure Outside Macao 10 548 800 1.33

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