69 232

(1)

69 232

3.3 4-1-1

69 ( 232 ) 16 2003

23.2%( 56 24.1%)

24 34.8%( 82 35.3%)

8 11.6%( 27 11.6%)

21 30.4%( 67 28.9%)

Kelly et al.(1999) 1

276 15.1% 26.8%

40.6% 32.6%

15.1%

(2)

4-1-1 69

38 (55.1%) 15 (21.7%) 14

(20.2%) 2 (3.0%) 16 8

(11.6%) 6 (8.7%) 2 (2.9%)

20-30 ( 4-1-2) 24 (34.8%) 121

16 (23.2%) 31-60 13 (18.8%) 61-90

9 (13.1%) 91-120 7 (10.1%) 20

500 80

20-30 ( 4-1-2) 32 (46.5%)

31-60 15 (21.7%) 121 11 (15.9%) 91-120

7 (10.1%) 61-90 4 (5.8%) 20

250 45

(3)

3 ( 4-1-2) 35

(50.7%) 4-6 27 (39.1%) 10 5 (7.2%)

7-9 2 (3.0%) 1 16

4 20

(%) (%)

20-30 24 34.8 59 25.4 80

31-60 13 18.8 41 17.7 7.82

61-90 9 13.1 34 14.7 20

91-120 7 10.1 30 12.9 500

121 16 23.2 68 29.3

20-30 32 46.5 84 36.2 45

31-60 15 21.7 59 25.4 4.47

61-90 4 5.8 14 6.0 20

91-120 7 10.1 23 9.9 250

121 11 15.9 52 22.4

3 35 50.7 82 35.4 4

4-6 27 39.1 113 48.7 3.38

7-9 2 3.0 11 4.7 1

10 5 7.2 26 11.2 16

(4)

18 1~4

2.64 ( 4-1-3)

78.3%

76.8%

85.5%

43.4% (2002)

24.6%

40.5%

26.1%

24.6%

33.3%

4-1-4

(5)

(N=69)

1. 1 4

1 2 3 4

4-1-4

(F=32.45 p‹0.001) Scheffe (%)

1. 23.2 17.4 31.9 27.5 2.64 .135

2. 17.3 8.7 21.7 52.2 3.09 .138

3. 8.6 13.0 14.5 63.8 3.33 .122

4. 15.9 15.9 11.6 56.5 3.09 .141

5. 11.6 11.6 8.7 68.1 3.33 .130

6. 15.9 5.8 17.4 60.9 3.23 .136

7. ( ) 53.6 5.8 11.6 29.0 2.16 .162

8. 34.7 8.7 21.7 33.3 2.54 .156

9. 15.9 7.2 26.1 50.7 3.12 .133

10. 10.1 4.3 23.2 62.3 3.38 .117

11. 37.6 14.5 15.9 31.9 2.42 .155

12. (

) 30.4 13.0 23.2 33.3 2.59 .149

13. 17.3 17.4 24.6 40.6 2.88 .136

14. 47.8 11.6 13.0 27.5 2.20 .157

15. 59.4 15.9 7.2 17.4 1.83 .140

16. 56.5 18.8 11.6 13.0 1.81 .131

17. 47.8 18.8 14.5 18.8 2.04 .142

18. 63.7 10.1 8.7 17.4 1.80 .142

(6)

(F=40.84

p‹0.001) (F=20.18 p‹0.001)

(F=21.34 p‹0.001) (F=6.66 p‹0.01)

**p<0.01 ***p‹0.001 Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

10808.35 2 5404.18

(7)

18 1~5 3.75

( 4-1-5)

84.0%

84.1%

82.6% 91.1%

55.0%

56.5%

53.6%

3 4-1-6

(8)

(N=69)

1. 1 5 1

2 3 4 5

4-1-6

(F=15.48 p‹0.001) Scheffe (%)

1. 8.7 24.6 2.9 43.5 20.3 3.42 .156

2. 5.8 11.6 2.9 29.0 50.7 4.07 .149

3. 4.3 10.1 1.4 36.2 47.8 4.13 .137

4. 4.3 14.5 2.9 27.5 50.7 4.06 .149

5. 5.8 10.1 2.9 27.5 53.6 4.13 .147

6. 5.8 7.2 2.9 31.9 52.2 4.17 .140

7. ( ) 5.8 13.0 10.1 31.9 39.1 3.86 .149

8. 17.6 8.8 4.4 38.2 30.9 3.56 .177

9. 11.6 7.2 4.3 33.3 43.5 3.90 .163

10. 7.2 5.8 4.3 30.4 52.2 4.14 .145

11. 7.2 10.1 7.2 37.7 37.7 3.88 .148

12. (

) 8.7 10.1 5.8 39.1 36.2 3.84 .153

13. 8.7 23.2 4.3 37.7 26.1 3.49 .161

14. 11.6 26.1 5.8 33.3 23.2 3.30 .167

15. 8.7 20.3 15.9 36.2 18.8 3.36 .150

16. 11.6 15.9 18.8 36.2 17.4 3.32 .152

17. 5.8 17.4 20.3 40.6 15.9 3.43 .136

18. 10.1 17.4 15.9 39.1 17.4 3.36 .150

(9)

(F=9.81 p‹0.001)

(F=9.49 p‹0.001) (F=8.76 p‹0.001)

(F=7.75 p‹0.01)

***p‹0.001

Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

4432.87 2 2216.44 9449.07 66 143.17 13881.94 68

15.48*** 74.25 66.13 52.86 1>3,2>3 153.12 2 76.56

515.08 66 7.80 668.20 68

9.81*** 13.56 12.00 9.57 1>3,2>3 1164.78 2 582.39

4050.46 66 61.37 5215.24 68

9.49*** 40.68 36.65 29.76 1>3,2>3 150.92 2 75.46

568.32 66 8.61 719.26 68

8.76*** 12.12 10.50 8.14 1>3,2>3 149.03 2 74.51

634.04 66 9.60 783.07 68

7.75*** 12.12 10.40 8.14 1>3,2>3

(10)

( 4-2-1)

148 63.8% 84

36.2% Siegel(1993) 67%

32.7 16 63

20-30 76 (32.8%) 30-40 68 (29.3%)

40-50 41 (17.7%) 20 34 (14.7%) 50 13

(5.6%) 30 47.5% Tohr(1998) 2836

ETS

115 (49.6%)

53 (22.8%) 52 (22.4%)

11 (4.7%)

2-3 86

(37.1%) 1 77 (33.2%) 5 43 (18.5%)

4-5 26 (11.2%) 3 (37.56 ) 1

(11)

22

4-2-1 (N=232)

(%) (%)

84 36.2 20 34 14.7 32.7

148 63.8 20-30 76 32.8 .70

30-40 68 29.3 16

11 4.7 40-50 41 17.7 63

53 22.8 50 13 5.6

115 49.6

52 22.4 77 33.2 37.56

86 37.1 2.793

129 55.6 26 11.2 1

30 12.9 43 18.5 265

73 31.5

4 23 9.9 8.49

176 75.9 5-8 92 39.7 0.165

21 9.1 9 117 50.4 2

35 15.1 14

ETS

166 71.6

66 28.4

9 117 (50.4%) 5-8

92 (39.7%) 4 23 (9.9%)

8.49 2 14

129 (55.6%)

(12)

30 (12.9%) 73 (31.5%)

176 (75.9%) 21

(9.1%) (52.4%) 35 (15.1%)

25.7% 24.1%

(1996)

(19.48%) (1998)

(29.3~39.7%)

( 4-2-2)

(p<0.001) 54.7% 6.8%

(2003) 15

(47.2%) (5.2%) 43.5%

1.2% (1999)

47.5 6.0

100 ETS 28.4%

(1999) 43.08%

(13)

4-2-3

(23.2%) (30.1%)

4-2-2 (N=232)

(%) (%) (%) X

²

38(45.3) 46(54.7) 84(36.2) 138(93.2) 10(6.8) 148(63.8) 176(75.9) 56(24.1) 232

67.44***

***p‹0.001

4-2-3 ETS (N=232)

ETS (%) (%) (%) X

²

43(76.8) 123(69.9) 166(71.6) 13(23.2) 53(30.1) 66(28.4) 56(24.1) 176(75.9) 232

2.19

(14)

(

) (

)

10 Liker

1~5 3.86

( 4-2-4)

89.2%

87.1%

46.1%%

60.8% 27.6%

(75.5%)

Averbach et al.(2003) 54

(79.6%) (64.8%)

(1992) 707 515

(15)

4-2-4 (N=232)

1 5 1 2

3 4 5 8 10

11 Liker 1~5

3.59 ( 4-2-5) 52.6%

33.1% 29.8%

Web,Bagwell,Fielding & Glantz(2003) 4 (1998-2002)

86.2% 94.7%(p<0.0003)

69.9%(

(%)

1. 1.3 3.4 6.0 53.9 35.3 4.19 .052

2. 1.3 1.7 9.5 53.9 33.6 4.17 .050

3. 1.3 1.3 10.3 56.9 30.2 4.19 .049

4. 3.9 5.6 15.1 45.3 30.2 3.92 .066

5. 1.3 13.8 24.1 38.8 22.0 3.66 .066

6. .4 6.5 20.7 48.3 24.1 3.89 .056

7. .4 2.6 16.8 48.3 31.5 4.08 .052

8. 11.2 34.9 18.1 28.4 7.3 3.14 .077

9. .4 3.9 16.8 45.7 32.8 4.07 .055

10. 11.6 40.9 19.4 22.0 5.6 3.31 .073

(16)

76.2% 50.0%)

(2003) 90 (

91.1% 73.6%)

75% K”nzli et

al.(2003) 2/3

48.7%

K”nzli et al.(2003)

4-2-5

1 5 1 2

3 4 5 2 3 8

(%)

1. 1.7 3.4 19.8 50.4 24.6 3.93 .056

2. 5.6 23.3 18.5 39.2 13.4 2.69 .075

3. 10.8 36.6 22.8 23.3 6.5 3.22 .073

4. 11.6 32.3 22.8 28.4 4.7 2.82 .073

5. .4 1.7 11.6 54.7 31.5 4.15 .047

6. 3.0 15.9 19.0 46.6 15.5 3.56 .068

7. 1.7 12.1 15.5 52.2 18.5 3.74 .063

8. 31.9 54.3 9.9 3.0 .9 4.13 .051

9. 5.6 20.7 25.0 33.2 15.5 3.32 .074

10. 1.3 4.7 24.1 42.7 27.2 3.90 .059

11. 1.3 3.9 22.0 39.7 33.2 4.00 .060

(17)

11 Liker

1~5 3.93 ( 4-2-6)

86.6%

83.2%

83.6% 79.3%

(Borland et al.,1990 Caroline et al.,2002 Borland et al.,1991 Susan et al.,1993 ASH,2001)

4-2-6 (N=232)

1 5 1 2

3 4 5

(%)

1. 1.3 3.0 9.1 51.7 34.9 4.16 .053

2. .9 3.0 12.5 54.3 29.3 4.08 .051

3. .9 4.7 20.7 47.8 25.9 3.93 .056

4. 1.3 5.6 25.0 45.7 22.4 3.82 .058

5. .9 2.2 13.8 50.9 32.3 4.12 .051

6. 2.2 9.9 24.6 45.3 18.1 3.67 .063

7. 1.3 6.5 21.1 50.4 20.7 3.83 .057

8. 2.2 11.2 24.6 38.4 23.7 3.70 .067

9. .9 8.2 16.4 44.8 29.7 3.94 .061

10. .9 7.3 18.1 49.1 24.6 3.89 .058

11. 1.7 2.6 16.4 46.1 33.2 4.06 .057

(18)

10 ( 4-2-7) Liker

1~5 3.09

52.6%

50.9% 38.3%

4-2-7 (N=232)

1 5 5 4

3 2 1

(%)

1. 6.0 19.4 23.7 43.1 7.8 2.73 .069

2. 5.6 29.3 26.7 33.6 4.7 2.97 .067

3. 5.6 21.1 20.7 38.4 14.2 2.66 .074

4. 10.8 37.2 19.5 28.6 3.9 3.23 .072

5. 10.8 34.9 19.4 28.9 6.0 3.16 .075

6. 8.6 32.3 28.4 21.6 8.6 3.11 .073

7. 5.2 34.1 31.5 25.4 3.9 3.11 .064

8. 11.2 47.0 20.3 19.8 1.7 3.46 .065

9. 9.1 35.3 26.7 25.0 3.9 3.21 .068

10. 10.3 38.4 21.6 26.3 3.4 3.26 .070

(19)

10 76.5%(

4-2-8)

90.5% 83.6%

82.8%

50.4% 66.4%

4-2-8

10 64.9%( 4-2-9)

2 0.9%

95.3%

90.5%

87.9%

(2000) 89.3%

18 (2003) 94%

(%) (%)

1. 9.5 90.5

2. 19.0 81.0

3. 19.0 81.0

4. 16.4 83.6

5. 19.0 81.0

6. 23.3 76.7

7. 33.6 66.4

8. 24.6 75.4

9. 49.6 50.4

10. 17.2 82.8

(20)

(9.5%)

ETS

(D) D=PH-PL. PH ( ) PL (

)

(%) (%) (D)

1. 12.1 87.9 .424

2. 62.9 37.1 .426

3.

15.1 84.9 .498

4. 90.5 9.5 .395

5.

55.6 44.4 .460

6. 9.5 90.5 .588

7. 77.2 22.8 .492

8. 4.7 95.3 .497

9.

12.5 87.5 .516

10.

10.8 89.2 .407

(21)

Liker

1~5

(22)

1 5 0%~20% 1 20%~40%

2 40%~60% 3 60%~80% 4 80%~100% 5

(%)

1. 3.0 8.2 12.5 18.1 58.2 4.20 .074

2. 6.9 6.9 10.3 14.2 61.6 4.17 .083

3. 4.3 7.3 11.6 13.8 62.9 4.24 .077

4. 3.9 8.6 11.6 14.2 61.6 4.21 .077

5. 3.4 9.5 10.8 16.8 59.5 4.19 .077

6. 10.8 16.8 25.0 19.0 28.4 3.38 .088

7. 9.1 19.4 26.3 20.7 24.6 3.32 .084

8. 9.9 18.1 30.6 21.1 20.3 3.24 .082

9. 9.5 22.8 29.7 17.7 20.3 3.16 .082

10. 12.9 15.1 27.2 21.6 23.3 3.27 .087

10-1. 16.8 17.7 28.9 20.3 16.4 3.02 .086

10-2. 19.0 20.7 28.0 17.7 14.7 2.88 .086

10-3. 16.4 19.4 25.4 19.8 19.0 3.06 .088

10-4. 14.7 21.6 25.4 21.6 16.8 3.04 .085

11. 13.8 19.8 29.7 22.0 14.7 3.04 .082

11-1. 21.6 24.6 24.6 15.5 13.8 2.75 .087

11-2. 23.7 23.3 24.1 15.1 13.8 2.72 .088

11-3. 24.1 23.3 22.4 15.1 15.1 2.74 .090

0% - 20% - 40% - 60% - 80% - 100%

(23)

4-2-11

39.2% 37.9% 37.1% 36.6%

29.3% ( ) 28.9%

2.6% 16.4% (2000)

57.5% 7.8%

15.51% 51.27%

4-2-11 (N=232)

(%)

86 37.1

6 2.6

( ) 67 28.9

88 37.9 1.38 3 1

68 29.3 1.4 5 1

85 36.6 1.58 10 1

91 39.2 3.08 10 1

38 16.4

(24)

4-2-12

(

) 76.8%

72.0% 69.4% 67.6%

62.3%

(2000)

Weber, Bagwell, Fielding & Glantz(2003) 4 (1998-2002)

45.7% 75.8%(p<0.0001) 92.2% 98.5%(p<0.0001)

96.5% 99.2%(p<0.005)

69.4% 62.3%

67.6%

77.2% 74.1%

73.7% 69.7% 66.7%

(1992) 18

( ) 78.1%

(25)

69.8% 68.5%

68.1% 66.0% 61.9%

(1999) 7.66%

4-2-12 (N=232)

1 5

5 4

3 2 1

(%)

1.3 5.2 24.1 40.5 28.9 3.91 .060 1.3 4.3 20.7 47.0 26.7 3.94 .057 1.

1.3 4.3 24.6 46.1 23.7 3.87 .057 1.7 6.9 23.8 44.2 23.4 3.81 .061 3.0 7.8 19.5 45.0 24.7 3.81 .066 2.

3.0 7.3 23.3 46.6 19.4 3.72 .063

.9 3.4 19.0 50.9 25.9 3.97 .054 1.3 5.6 15.9 49.6 27.6 3.97 .058 3.

1.7 9.1 20.7 44.4 24.1 3.80 .063 3.0 5.2 19.8 46.1 25.9 3.87 .063 1.7 4.7 19.4 50.0 24.1 3.90 .058 4.

1.7 9.1 21.1 47.0 21.1 3.77 .062

.9 12.1 24.7 39.8 22.5 3.71 .064 3.5 9.1 20.8 47.2 19.5 3.70 .066 5.

3.5 11.7 22.9 43.7 18.2 3.61 .067

(26)

( 4-2-13) 62.0%

38.0%

(50.8%) (2000)

59.7%

49.2%

(27)

4-2-13 (N=232)

4-2-14 4-2-15

(67.7%) (22%) (21.6%)

(17.2%) (9.5%) ( ) (8.2%)

(7.3%) (6.5%) (4.3%)

(87.5%) (46.1%) (23.7%) (20.7%)

(16.8%) (14.2%) (12.9%) (12.1%)

(11.6%) (5.2%) (5.2%) (3.9%)

(84.1%) (47.4%) (28.9%)

(26.3%) (24.6%) (22.8%)

(21.6%) (17.7%) (12.5%) (4.3%)

(4.3%) (3.9%) (1.3%)

Averbach (2003) 54

(60%) (63%)

(53.5%) (44.4) (2000)

(%) (%)

24 10.3 22 9.5

120 51.7 92 39.7

79 34.1 98 42.2

9 3.9 20 8.6

(28)

4-2-14

4-2-15

(%) (%)

50 21.6 15 6.5

157 67.7 51 22.0

40 17.2 22 9.5

( ) 19 8.2 10 4.3

17 7.3

(%) (%)

203 87.5 195 84.1

107 46.1 110 47.4

48 20.7 67 28.9

55 23.7 61 26.3

39 16.8 57 24.6

33 14.2 50 21.6

30 12.9 53 22.8

28 12.1 41 17.7

27 11.6 29 12.5

12 5.2 10 4.3

9 3.9 9 3.9

7 3.0 3 1.3

(29)

10 Liker 1~5

3.75 ( 4-2-15) 87.1%

81.4%

34.5%

31.5%

4-2-16 (N=232)

(%)

1. 2.2 7.3 9.1 6.0 75.4 4.45 .070

2. 4.7 9.5 6.5 9.1 70.3 4.31 .080

3. 1.3 5.2 6.5 9.5 77.6 4.57 .060

4. 3.4 3.9 11.6 10.8 70.3 4.41 .070

5. 9.1 10.8 20.3 19.4 40.5 3.72 .088

6. 8.6 18.1 26.3 12.5 34.5 3.46 .089

7. 10.8 18.1 22.4 16.8 31.9 3.41 .090

8. 14.2 19.4 26.3 11.6 28.0 3.20 .093

9. 19.8 21.6 24.1 13.4 21.1 2.94 .093

10. 15.9 19.4 33.2 9.1 22.4 3.03 .089

1 5 1

2 3 4 5

(30)

(59.9%) (39.6%)

Kurtz et al.(1993) Strecher et al.(1993)

(31)

(ANOVA) t

4-3-1 (t=-2.02 p‹0.05)

(t=-2.07 p‹0.05) (t=-4.29

p‹0.001) (t=3.28 p‹0.001)

(t=-4.05 p‹0.001)

(2003)

12.7% 2.8%

(1992) 18

Clayton S.(1991)

(1999) (2003)

(32)

(2003)

(23.7%) (20.4%)

(40.0%) (19.4%)

4-3-1 t

t

38.36

40.07 -1.798

7.50

7.73

-.684

6.20

6.65 -2.02*

38.36

40.07 -2.07*

42.68

43.52 -.78

30.13

31.27 -1.05

36.68

42.55 -4.29***

5.89

3.68 3.28***

56.13

57.88 -1.23

8.62

9.35 -1.75

34.19

39.34 -4.05***

15.94

18.75 -5.73***

18.25

20.58 -2.46**

*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001

(33)

4-3-2 ( =-.228

p‹0.01) ( =-.162 p‹0.05)

( =-.33 p‹0.01)

(2003)

4-3-2

-.082 -.074 -.228**

.067 -.058

.035 -.029 -.162*

-.01 -.33**

-.01

*p<0.05 **p<0.01

(34)

4-3-3 (F=3.75

p‹0.05) (F=3.21 p‹0.05) (F=3.08

p‹0.05) (F=9.92 p‹0.001)

(F=4.12 p‹0.05)

ETS

(1992)

(35)

4-3-3

*p<0.05 ***p<0.001 Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

239.61 2 119.81 7286.11 228 31.95 7525.72 230

3.75* 37.01 38.74 39.82 3>1

20.89 2 10.44

1370.28 228 6.01 1391.17 230

1.73 7.15 7.80 7.86

11.30 2 5.65

618.44 228 2.71 629.74 230

2.08 6.21 6.48 6.84

71.95 2 35.97

8535.32 228 37.43 8607.27 230

.96 38.57 39.68 40.01

395.55 2 197.78 14046.81 228 61.61 14442.36 230

3.21* 41.07 43.88 44.21 3>1

201.14 2 100.57 14370.69 228 63.02 14571.84 230

1.59 29.81 30.77 32.44

228.72 2 114.36 24450.44 228 107.24 24679.17 230

1.06 39.06 40.39 41.88

76.39 2 38.19

5823.32 228 25.54 5899.72 230

1.49 4.73 3.96 5.37

654.39 2 327.19 24204.21 228 106.16 24858.61 230

3.08* 54.70 57.66 59.30 3>1

174.16 2 87.08 2000.92 228 8.77 2175.09 230

9.92*** 7.76 9.37 10.09 3>1, 2>1 464.92 2 232.46

20821.91 228 91.32 21286.84 230

2.54 35.20 38.04 38.84

118.03 2 59.01 3260.23 228 14.299 3378.26 230

4.12* 16.68 17.86 18.67 3>1

127.19 2 63.59 11251.94 228 49.35 11379.14 230

1.29 18.51 20.17 20.17

(36)

4-3-4 (F=6.55

p‹0.01) (F=8.01 p‹0.001) (F=3.24

p‹0.001) (F=31.35 p‹0.001)

(F=14.98 p‹0.001) (F=6.27 p‹0.01)

(F=40.13 p‹0.001)

(1992)

(2000)

4-3-5

(t= 3.11 p‹0.01) (t=2.08 p‹0.05) Biener et al.(1997)

Heloma et al. (2003)

(37)

(

78.5% 60.8%)

76.2% 50.0%

ETS

(38)

4-3-4

*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001 Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

407.33 2 203.67 7124.56 229 31.11 7531.89 231

6.55** 39.27 36.43 36.03 1>3

38.48 2 19.24

1354.54 229 5.92 1393.02 231

3.25 7.85 6.52 7.29

0.350 2 0.18

629.63 229 2.75 629.98 231

0.064 6.51 6.52 6.40

562.60 2 281.30 8046.78 229 35.14 8609.38 231

8.01*** 40.31 36.00 37.17 1>2,1>3

399.61 2 199.80 14103.62 229 61.59 14503.22 231

3.24* 43.96 41.10 40.77 1>3

221.65 2 110.82 14384.66 229 62.82 14606.31 231

1.76 31.41 29.14 29.11

5350.69 2 2675.34 19541.92 229 85.34 24892.60 231

31.35*** 43.13 32.19 31.74 1>2,1>3

683.43 2 341.72 5222.46 229 22.81 5905.89 231

14.98*** 3.52 6.76 7.91 3>1,2>1

1294.26 2 647.12 23624.76 229 103.17 24919.00 231

6.27** 58.55 54.52 52.34 1>3

43.81 2 21.91

2132.46 229 9.31 2176.28 231

2.35 9.32 8.62 8.17

5543.44 2 2771.7 15816.40 229 69.07 21359.84 231

40.13*** 40.14 32.33 27.14 1>2,1>3

1427.98 2 713.99 1955.44 229 8.54 3383.43 231

83.61*** 19.10 14.61 12.68 1>2,1>3

1357.71 2 678.85 10060.76 229 43.93 11418.48 231

15.45*** 21.03 17.71 14.45 1>3

(39)

4-3-5 t

t 35.33

37.70 1.71

6.72 7.50 1.02

6.25 6.80 1.02

35.03 39.80 3.11**

39.25 43.85 2.08*

28.05 31.05 1.46

30.5 34.45 1.30

7.61 7.25 -.186

50.67 57.65 2.24*

7.92 9.10 1.80

26.67 33.45 2.58**

12.47 15.10 2.28*

14.19 18.35 2.48*

*p<0.05 **p<0.01

(40)

ETS ETS ETS

ETS

4-3-6 (t=-2.146

p‹0.05) (t=2.24 p‹0.05)

ETS ETS

ETS (2003)

4-3-6 ETS t

ETS t

38.02

39.79 -2.146*

7.67

7.59

.217 6.38

6.77 -1.64

39.09

40.35 -1.42

42.66

44.61 -1.69

30.73

31.18 -.39

40.20

40.97 -.51

4.29

4.59 -.904

57.65

50.67 2.24*

8.99

9.32 -.725

37.75

36.77 .70

*p<0.05

(41)

4-3-7

( =-.17 p<0.05)

(

=-.135 p<0.05) ( =-.19 p<0.01)

4-3-7

.039 .007

-.108 -.135*

-.099 -.104

.073 -.019

-.015 -.099

.007 .089

-.030 -.032

-.044 -.024

.00 -.04

-.17* -.19**

-.04 -.04

*p<0.05 **p<0.01

(42)

( 4-3-8 4-3-9)

4-3-8

***p<0.001

4-3-9

***p<0.001

Source

SS’ df MS’ F

1419.78 1 1419.78 20.03*** >

3104.75 2 1552.38 22.15*** > ,

>

2.71 2 1.35 .02

Error 16160.62 228 70.88

Source

SS’ df MS’ F

215.41 2 107.70 1.54

4417.58 2 2208.79 31.72*** > ,

>

21.15 4 5.28 .08

Error 15458.37 222 69.63

(43)

(ANOVA)

4-4-1 (F=11.64

p<0.001) (F=11.70

p<0.001) (F=7.48 p<0.001) (F=11.68

p<0.001)

(40.85 ) (38.28 )

(36.13 )

85.8%

78.9% 61.2%

(F=7.06 p<0.001)

(44)

ETS

(41.9 ) (40.01 )

(36.91 )

89.3% 75.2% 62.6%

87.5%

71.5% 52.2%

(45.66 ) (43.89 ) (40.40

)

(35.69 ) (31.02 ) (27.48

)

(45)

75.0% 66.1% 49.2%

10.7% 32.1%

43.3%

(F=19.71 p<0.001)

(Lam et al.,2002 N. D. S,2001)

4-4-1 (F=9.55 p<0.001)

(8.50 ) (7.82 )

(6.67 )

4-4-1 (F=10.09 p<0.001)

(45.48

(46)

)

4-4-2

69.7% 36.7%

26.9% (F=11.85 p<0.01)

4-4-1

***p‹0.001

Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

695.10 2 347.55

6836.80 229 29.86 7531.89 231

11.64*** 40.85 38.28 36.13 1>2>3

107.29 2 53.64

1285.73 229 5.62 1393.02 231

9.55*** 8.50 7.82 6.67 1>3,2>3

7.07 2 3.54

622.91 229 2.72

629.98 231

1.29 6.48 6.65 6.24

798.33 2 399.16

7811.05 229 34.109 8609.38 231

11.70*** 41.9 40.01 36.91 1>3,2>3

889.16 2 444.58

13614.07 229 59.45 14503.22 231

7.48*** 45.66 43.89 40.40 1>3,2>3

2048.77 2 1024.39 12557.54 229 54.84 14606.31 231

18.68*** 35.69 31.02 27.48 1>2,1>3

2016.26 2 1008.13 22876.34 229 99.89 24892.60 231

10.09*** 45.48 39.92 37.73 1>2,1>3

(47)

4-4-2

**p<0.01 ***p‹0.001

4-4-3 (F=11.28 p<0.001)

(63.16

) (56.40 ) (53.50 )

4-4-4 (F=15.17 p<0.001)

Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

193.53 2 96.76

4462.86 229 19.48 4656.39 231

4.96** 18.23 16.77 15.71 1>3

388.60 2 194.30

5877.46 229 25.66 6266.06 231

7.57*** 19.53 16.82 16.17 1>2,1>3

3151.04 2 1575.52 23842.84 229 104.11 26993.89 231

15.13*** 33.05 24.51 24.32 1>2,1>3

(48)

(F=10.78 p<0.001) (F=8.46 p<0.001) (F=7.43 p<0.001) (F=9.33 p<0.001)

4-4-3

***p‹0.001 4-4-4

***p‹0.001

Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

76.89 3 25.63

5829.00 228 25.57 5905.89 231

1.03 3.70 4.02 5.19

2955.45 2 1477.72 21963.55 229 95.91 24918.99 231

15.41*** 63.16 56.40 53.50 1>2,1>3

Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

161.02 2 80.51

1215.05 229 5.31 1376.07 231

15.17*** 13.07 11.56 10.81 1>2,1>3

143.21 2 71.60

1514.12 228 6.64 1657.33 230

10.78*** 12.70 11.05 10.66 1>2,1>3

98.61 2 49.31

1333.86 229 5.82 1432.48 231

8.46*** 12.78 11.66 11.00 1>2,1>3

89.40 2 44.70

1376.32 229 6.01 1465.72 231

7.43*** 12.50 11.49 10.79 1>2,1>3

137.94 2 68.97

1685.90 228 7.39 1823.84 230

9.33*** 12.32 10.83 10.25 1>2,1>3

(49)

4-4-5

(9.88 ) (9.14 ) (8.64 )

4-4-5

* p‹0.05

4-4-6 (F=19.45 p<0.001)

(43.42 )

(36.88 ) (33.46 )

(F=5.84 p<0.001) (F=22.23 p<0.001)

Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

56.59 2 28.29

2119.68 229 9.26 2176.28 231

3.06* 9.88 8.64 9.14 1>2

(50)

MIZOUE et al.(2000)

4-4-6

***p‹0.001

Source

SS’ df MS’ F 1 2 3

3102.02 2 1551.01 18257.82 229 79.73 21359.85 231

19.45*** 43.42 36.88 33.46 1>2>3

164.21 2 82.11 3219.22 229 14.06 3383.43 231

5.84*** 19.18 17.46 16.97 1>2,1>3

1856.65 2 928.33 9561.83 229 41.76 11418.48 231

22.23*** 24.25 19.42 16.49 1>2>3

(51)

4-5-1 ( =.42 p<0.01)

( =.31 p<0.01) ( =.41 p<0.01)

( =.38 p<0.01) ( =.67

p<0.01)

( =-.36 p<0.01)

(2000)

(1992)

707 515

(2003)

( =.19 p<0.01) ( =.17 p<0.01)

( =.14 p<0.05) (

=.17 p<0.05)

(52)

( =.34 p<0.01) ( =.19 p<0.01) (

=.65 p<0.01) ( =.51 p<0.01)

( =.40 p<0.01) ( =.36 p<0.01)

( =.14 p<0.05) ( =-.38 p<0.01)

( =.25 p<0.01) ( =.46 p<0.01)

( =.47 p<0.01) ( =.51

p<0.01) ( =.14 p<0.05)

( =-.37 p<0.01)

(1992) 18

4-5-1 ( =.21 p<0.01)

(

=-.242 p<0.05)

(2003)

4-5-1 ( =.59 p<0.01)

(53)

4-5-1

*p‹0.05 ** p‹0.01 1

.34** 1

.19** .14* 1

.65** .39** .17** 1

.51** .28** .14* .73** 1

-.38** -.37** -.07 -.40** -.29** 1

.40** .25** .06 .46** .47** -.37** 1

.36** .26** .04 .55** .58** -.35** .51** 1

-.707 -.129 .004 -.118 .029 -.107 -.165* -.146* 1

.14* .17** .17* .22** .23** -.15* .14* .25** -.053 1

.42** .31** -.01 .41** .38** -.36** .67** .21** -.242* .59** 1

(54)

12 4-5-2 12

F

( =0.383 p<0.001) ( =0.370

p<0.001) ( = -0.221 p<0.001)

( =0.139 p<0.001) ( = -0.119 p<0.001)

0.773 0.598(F=4.29

p<0.001) 59.8%

( =0.383 p<0.001) 45.0%

(55)

8.7% 4.4%

0.8% 0.8%

(collinarity) 4-5-3

0.5 2

4-5-2

R R

²

R

F F B

( )

1. .671 .450 .450 187.598 187.598 .355 .383

2. .733 .538 .087 132.544 43.046 .342 .370

3. .763 .582 .044 105.210 23.909 -4.942 -.221

4. .768 .590 .008 81.337 4.647 .234 .139

5. .773 .598 .008 66.876 4.291 -.144 -.119

4-5-3

(Tolerance) (VIF)

1. .562 1.778

2. .597 1.676

3. .776 1.289

4. .704 1.421

5. .544 1.837

4-5-4 12

F

( =-0.463 p<0.001)

( =0.312 p<0.001) ( =0.227 p<0.001)

( =-0.137 p<0.001) ( )

( =0.098 p<0.001) 0.744

0.554(F=4.71 p<0.001)

55.4% ( 4-5-5)

(56)

40.7%

4-5-4

R R

²

R

F F B ( )

1. .638 .407 .407 157.09 157.097 -4.130 -.463

2. .716 .512 .105 119.76 49.294 .115 .312

3. .731 .535 .023 87.02 11.014 .084 .227

4. .738 .545 .010 67.63 4.940 -.066 -.137

5. ( ) .744 .554 .009 55.94 4.713 .468 .098

4-5-5

(Tolerance) (VIF)

1. .782 1.279

2. .573 1.746

3. .597 1.676

4. .616 1.623

5. ( ) .982 1.019

12 4-5-6

F

( =0.367 p<0.001) ( =0.346

p<0.001) ( =0.147 p<0.001)

0.696 0.484(F=7.63

p<0.001) 48.4%

( 4-5-7)

(57)

36.0%

4-5-6

R R

²

R

F F B ( )

1. .600 .360 .360 128.97 128.971 .249 .367

2. .683 .467 .106 99.73 45.461 .234 .346

3. .696 .484 .017 70.97 7.634 .181 .147

4-5-7

(Tolerance) (VIF)

1. .691 1.448

2. .713 1.403

3. .805 1.242

Martinelli 1996 18-25

( 2001)

(1999)

49.0% (2003) PRECEDE-PROCEED

51.1%

(1987)

23%

(58)