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(1)

52

( 4-1) 1:1

4 7

(45.6%) (40.9%)

4-1

N % N(%) df X

2

56(51.9) 52(48.1)

55(49.5) 56(50.5)

1 0.116

54(50.0) 54(50.0)

57(51.4) 54(48.6)

1 0.4

0 3(2.9) 73(70.9) 25(24.3)

1(1.0) 6(5.4) 65(58.5) 36(32.4)

4 4.354

(2)

2(1.9) 3(2.7)

4-1

N % N(%) df X

2

1(0.9) 6(5.8) 79(76.0) 18(17.3) 0

2(1.8) 5(4.5) 79(71.2) 23(20.7) 2(1.8)

4 2.809

24(23.1) 31(29.8) 26(25.0) 18(17.3) 5(4.8)

21(19.1) 29(26.4) 30(27.3) 25(22.7) 5(4.5)

4 1.152

43(40.1) 28(26.2) 22(20.6) 12(11.2) 2(1.9)

35(32.1) 30(27.5) 29(26.6) 14(12.8) 1(1.0)

4 1.134

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

0 17(16.5) 37(36.0) 47(45.6) 2(1.9)

1(1.0) 23(20.9) 45(40.9) 38(34.5) 3(2.7)

4 3.607

(3)

54

4-2 3.66-4.26(

3.92)

3.66 4.11 3.87 84.1%

65.8%

63.0%

3.77 4.26 3.95

84.1% 81.8%

(2000)

(4)

63.9% 69.9% 70.3%

(2004)

76.8% 2003

4-2 N %

1. 70

(32.0) 114 (52.1)

27 (12.3)

7 (3.2)

1

(0.5) 4.11 0.77

2. 3

(1.4) 30 (13.7)

43 (19.6)

94 (42.9)

49

(22.4) 3.98 0.78

3. 33

(15.1) 105 (47.9)

61 (27.9)

15 (6.8)

5

(2.3) 3.66 0.89

4. 61

(27.9) 99 (45.2)

37 (16.9)

12 (5.6)

7

(3.2) 3. 95 0.98

5. 35

(16.0) 109 (49.8)

49 (22.4)

16 (7.3)

9

(4.1) 3.67 0.97

(5)

56

( ) 4-2 N %

6. 64

(29.2) 76 (34.7)

49 (22.4)

22 (10.0)

7

(3.2) 3.77 1.07

7. 99

(45.2) 62 (28.3)

31 (14.2)

21 (9.6)

5

(2.3) 4.05 1.09

8. 61

(27.9) 92 (42.0)

37 (16.9)

20 (9.1)

9

(4.1) 3.80 1.07

9. 100

(45.7) 84 (38.4)

27 (12.3)

7 (3.2)

1

(0.5) 4.26 1.09

10. 8

(3.7) 22 (10.0)

33 (15.1)

96 (43.8)

58

(26.5) 3.80 1.05

11. 77

(35.2) 102 (46.6)

26 (11.9)

8 (3.7)

5

(2.3) 4.09 0.91

12. 69

(31.5) 93 (42.5)

37 (16.9)

15 (6.8)

5

(2.3) 3.94 0.98

13. 64

(29.2) 94 (42.9)

45 (20.5)

10 (4.6)

6

(2.7) 3.91 0.96

2 10

(6)

4-3 2.84-4.36 3.68

3.83 4.36 ( 4.11) 86.3% 84.6%

2.84 4.28 ( 3.64)

84.4 %

36.9 % 29.2 % 75.8 %

(2001)

Paradigm Shift

(7)

58

3.69 4.05 3.87

75.3 %

62.6 %

71.7 %

74.9% 71.6%

(2004)

80.9% (2003)

(2003)

1998

(8)

4-3 N %

1. 73

(33.3) 101 (46.1)

36 (16.4)

6

(2.7) 0 4.12 0.78

2. 111

(50.7) 78 (35.6)

22 (10.0)

3 (1.4)

2

(0.9) 4.36 0.80

3. 109

(49.8) 76 (34.7)

22 (10.0)

4 (1.8)

1

(0.5) 4.36 0.78

4. 11

(5.0) 8 (3.7)

51 (23.3)

82 (37.4)

64

(29.2) 3.83 1.05

5. 58

(26.5) 94 (42.9)

47 (21.5)

11 (5.0)

5

(2.3) 3.88 0.94

6. 69

(31.5) 86 (39.3)

34 (15.5)

19 (8.7)

7

(3.2) 3.88 1.06

7. 19

(8.7) 48 (21.9)

63 (28.8)

52 (23.7)

29

(13.2) 3.11 1.17

8. 36

(16.4) 85 38.8)

66 (30.1)

29 (0.7)

7

(3.2) 3.58 0.98

9. 63

(28.8) 103 47.0)

38 (17.4)

9 (4.1)

3

(1.4) 3.99 0.87

10. 29

(13.2) 62 (28.3)

59 (26.9)

43 (19.6)

21

(9.6) 2.84 1.18

11. 65

(29.7) 79 (36.1)

48 (21.9)

14 (6.4)

9

(4.1) 3.83 1.06

12. 105

(47.9) 80 (36.5)

20 (9.1)

6 (2.7)

4

(1.8) 4.28 0.88

13. 87

(39.7) 78 (35.6)

32 (14.6)

13 (5.9)

6

(2.7) 4.05 1.02

14. 49

(22.4) 88 (40.2)

51 (23.3)

17 (7.8)

10

(4.6) 3.69 1.05 15.

60 (27.4)

97 (44.3)

44 (20.1)

11 (5.0)

4

(1.8) 3.91 0.92

16. 46

(21.0) 89 (40.6)

56 (25.6)

18 (8.2)

6

(2.7) 3.70 0.99

(9)

60

4-3 N %

17. 71

(32.4) 93 (42.5)

36 (16.4)

10 (4.6)

6 (2.7)

3.98 0.97

4 7 10

(10)

2.92 4.05 3.29 ( 4-4)

3.04 3.44(

3.25) 63.0 % 56.6 %

46.2 % 34.7 %

2.92 3.47( 3.20)

63.5

44.8 % 44.8 % 32.0%

3.02 4.05 (

(11)

62

3.47)

77.6%

46.5%

(2003) 52%

Jerry & Katherine(2001) 14 17

2002 11

(12)

4-4 N(%)

1. 12

(5.5) 90 (41.1)

51 (23.3)

47 (21.5)

14

(6.4) 3.18 1.05

2. 17

(7.8) 85 (38.8)

42 (19.2)

59 (26.9)

11

(5.0) 3.17 1.08

3. 16

(7.3) 93 (42.5)

47 (21.5)

43 (19.6)

16

(7.3) 3.23 1.08

4. 24

(11.0) 77 (35.2)

34 (15.5)

57 (26.0)

21

(9.6) 3.12 1.21

5. 34

(15.5) 90 (41.1)

43 (19.6)

34 15.5)

14

(6.4) 3.44 1.13

6. 33

(15.1) 103 (47.9)

34 (15.5)

41 (18.7)

4

(1.8) 3.56 1.02

7. 21

(9.1) 56 (25.6)

66 (30.1)

54 (24.7)

17

(7.8) 3.04 1.1.0

8. 39

(17.8) 81 (37.0)

49 (22.4)

35 (16.0)

11

(5.0) 3.47 1.19

9. 24

(11.0) 91 (41.6)

56 (25.6)

34 (15.5)

10

(4.6) 3.39 1.02

10. 38

(17.4) 105 (47.9)

36 (16.4)

29 (13.2)

7

(3.2) 3.64 1.02

11. 24

(11.0) 74 (33.8)

52 (23.7)

47(21 .5)

17

(7.8) 3.19 1.14

12. 16

(7.3) 54 (24.7)

61 (27.9)

63 (28.8)

20

(9.1) 2.92 1.10

(13)

64

4-4 N(%)

13. 61

(27.9) 89 (40.6)

37 (16.9)

15 (6.8)

12

(5.5) 3.80 1.10

14. 85

(38.8) 85 (38.8)

23 105.)

14 (6.4)

8

(3.7) 4.05 1.05

15. 22

(10.0) 58 (36.5)

60 (27.4)

53 (24.2)

22

(10.0) 3.02 1.16

16. 34

(15.5) 68 (31.1)

61 (27.9)

33 (15.1)

19

(8.7) 3.02 1.16

(14)

( 2003) 2001 Alicia, 2002; Maaris, 2001

2003 2002 2002 2002

2003 2002

2002 2002 2002

2003

4-5 t

Mean t Mean T Mean T

50.76 0.552 64.75 0.888 54.16 0.350

60.29 64.65 52.86

51.12 -.978 64.29 -.1.480 53.02 -0.698

50.95 66.13 53.99

(15)

66 4-6

Mean F Mean F Mean F

53.00 64.80 48.60

52.10 65.12 52.60

50.46 64.83 54.62

49.79 66.10 53.78

48.40

1.010

59.00

0.242

55.00

0.714

(16)

4-7

F=0.149, P>0.05; F=0.025, P>0.05; F=0.169, P>0.05

F=8.367, P<0.05; F=5.814, P>0.05 4-8

M =53.000 M =52.2545

(M =33.1143 M =32.4455)

(17)

68

Price(1999) 2002 2000

4-7

SS df MS F

4285.986 1 4285.986 141.992

14.115 1 14.115 0.468

252.557 1 252.557 8.367*

4.502 1 4.502 0.149

6338.770 210 30.185

385.526 1 385.526 49.416

0.725 1 0.725 0.093

7.406 1 7.406 0.949

0.193 1 0.193 0.025

1622.736 208 7.802

(18)

( ) 4-7

SS df MS F

1373.114 1 1373.114 85.810

24.639 1 24.639 1.54

93.042 1 93.042 5.814*

2.701 0 2.701 0.169

3360.389 210 16.002

*P 0.05

4-8

53.6964 52.3889 53.0545

52.2041 52.1250 52.1619

53.000 52.2545

33.500 32.7593 33.1364

32.6753 32.1429 32.3905

33.1143 32.4455

(19)

70

4-9

F=2.155, P>0.05; F=0.229, P>0.05;

F=1.026, P>0.05; F=2.810, P>0.05

F=2.235, P>0.05

F=9.873, 0.5;

F=5.410, P 0.05; F=6.049, P 0.05 4-10

(M =66.0098

M =65.3704) (M =25.3663 M =24.8704)

(M =20.0388 M =19.7870)

(20)

2000

Malkus & Musser(1997)

Padua & Jacobson(1993)

Doug & Raymond(2001)

(21)

72 4-9

SS Df MS F

7087.115 1 7087.115 171.771

0.494 1 0.494 0.012

407.350 1 407.350 9.873*

88.919 1 88.919 2.155

8458.102 205 41.259

611.893 1 611.893 89.728

7.301 1 7.301 1.071

15.239 1 15.239 2.235

1.563 1 1.563 0.229

1404.799 206 6.819

939.528 1 939.528 87.598

0.049 1 0.049 0.005

58.030 1 58.030 5.410*

11.001 1 11.001 1.026

878.658 1 887.658 115.498

1.629 1 1.629 0.212

46.489 1 46.489 6.049*

21.595 1 21.595 2.810

1583.213 206 21.595 2.810

*P 0.05 4-10

66.3036 66.2308 66.2685

65.6522 64.5714 65.0588

66.0098 65.3704

(22)

4-10

25.4643 25.3269 25.3981

25.2444 24.4464 24.8020

25.3663 24.8704

19.9286 20.0962 20.0093

20.1702 19.5000 19.8058

20.0388 19.7870

(23)

74

( 4-11)

F=0.940, P>0.01 ; F=0.323, P>0.05

(F=7.767, P<0.01; F=6.908, P<0.05)( 4-12)

4-11

SS df MS F

13686.378 1 13686.378 216.008 316.816 1 316.816 5.000*

1485.669 1 1485.669 23.448***

568.501 1 568.501 8.972**

12798.836 202 63.361

(24)

4-11

SS df MS F

2296.310 1 2296.310 118.833

4.744 1 4.744 0.246

159.135 1 159.135 8.235**

105.853 1 1.5.853 5.478*

3922.746 203 19.324

937.318 1 937.318 70.392

26.626 1 26.626 2.000

103.421 1 103.421 7.767**

12.517 1 12.517 0.940

2716.413 204 13.316

711.034 1 711.034 97.322

14.579 1 14.579 1.995

50.468 1 50.468 6.908*

2.362 1 2.362 0.323

1483.122 203 7.306

*P 0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001

4-12

56.7222 56.0577 56.3962

57.6667 57.1607 57.3861

57.1515 56.6269

24.9455 24.3846 24.6729

24.9556 24.5000 24.7030

24.9500 24.4444

17.1636 17.3654 17.2617

17.6304 17.2857 17.4412

17.3762 17.3241

14.9444 14.3396 14.6449

14.7556 15.3750 15.0990

14.8586 14.8716

(25)

76

F=8.972, P<0.01;F=8.235, P<0.05 ( 4-11)

4-13

(F=26.88, P 0.001)

M =57.6667 M =57.1607 ( 4-12) (F=216.01, P<0.001)

(M

=57.6667 M =56.7222)

F=12.44, P 0.01 4-13

M =24.9556 M =24.5000

(26)

4-13

SS df MS F

125.46 1 125.46 1.98 1703.10 1 1703.10 26.88***

683.12 1 683.12 216.01***

32.72 1 32.72 0.52

2.58 1 2.58 0.13

240.47 1 240.47 12.44**

60.81 1 60.81 3.15

39.92 1 39.92 2.07

**P<0.01, ***P>0.001

(27)

78

A01

A02

A03

2000 (soundmark)

Leeming, Dwyer, Proyer & Cobern (1993)

(28)

34

6 Zelezey(1999) 18

65%

(29)

80

( )

( 4-14) 70-80%

4-14 N(%)

29(25.8) 51(45.1) 31(27.4) 1(0.9) 1(0.9) 3.94 0.81 37(33.9) 46(42.2) 25(22.9) 1(0.9) 0 4.09 0.78 30(27.3) 43(39.1) 30(27.3) 2(1.8) 0 3.97 0.81

40(35.4) 37(32.7) 32(28.3) 3(2.7) 1(0.9) 4.24 0.91

48(44.0) 41(37.6) 18(16.5) 2(1.8) 0 4.24 0.79

32(29.1) 43(39.1) 28(25.5) 2(1.8) 0 4.02 0.74

(30)

( )

1

4-15

4-15 N(%)

1. 50

(44.2)

45 (39.8)

15 (13.3)

3

(2.7) 0 4.26 0.79 1

2. 40

(35.4)

50 (44.2)

19 (16.8)

4

(3.5) 0 4.12 0.81 2

3. X

27 (23.9)

56 (49.6)

25 (22.1)

5

(4.4) 0 3.93 0.80 5

4. 28

(24.8)

58 (51.3)

21 (18.6)

5 (4.4)

1

(0.9) 3.95 0.83 4

5. 37

(32.7)

51 (45.1)

20 (17.7)

5

(4.4) 0 4.06 0.83 3

(31)

82

2

4-16

( 81.6%)

4-16 N(%)

1. 37

(33.9)

52 (47.7)

20 (18.3)

0 0 4.16 0.71 1

2. 37

(33.9)

46 (42.2)

26 (23.9)

0 0 4.10 0.76 3

3. 39

(35.8)

47 (43.1)

20 (18.3)

3(2.8) 0 4.12 0.76 2

4. 32

(29.4)

44 (40.4)

33 (30.3)

0 0 3.99 0.76 4

3

4-17

(32)

67%

4-17 N(%)

1. 30

(27.3) 43 (39.1)

30 (27.3)

1 (1.8)

0 3.98 0.78 2

2. 30

(27.3) 44 (40.0)

30 (17.3)

1 (0.9)

0 3.92 0.83

3. 30

(27.3) 39 (35.5)

34 (30.9)

2 (1.8)

0 3.90 0.78 4

4. 25

(22.7) 47 (42.7)

31 (28.2)

0 0 4.01 0.74

( )

( 4-18)

(33)

84

4-18 N(%)

21 (19.1)

51 (46.4)

30 (27.3)

3 (2.7)

0 3.86 0.76

28 (25.5)

44 (40.0)

28 (25.5)

4 (3.6)

1 (0.9)

3.90 0.87

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