ඒߛઔߒႃע
รնԼᙀรԲཚʳ 2004 ڣ 6 ִʳ 29-51
ᇃᢊଽ้ఀىѿൟϽࢇ๊ᏲөϞᔮຜ
ა ॖ Ρ ဢ ! ࡌ
ԫٻطٺഏਙࢌቤፖᖄऱඒߛΔڇ 20 ધխཚא৵Δ૿ኙࠟैᑪੌ
ऱਗᖏΚࠡԫΔڇ٤֏ᑪੌՀΔඒߛਢܡᚨאؑ֏ࠐڂᚨΖࠡԲΔኙ
ඒߛءᔆऱ֘ઊΔڕ۶ଫဍඒߛ֗ཏ֗ඒߛऱפ౨ΖፕऱඒߛՈٵ ᑌ࠹ࠩຍࠟैԺၦऱᖿᛯΔڂڼᏁਙᚵࡳृૹᄅ৸ەਙࢌΕՕᖂፖؑ֏ऱ ᣂএΔԿृऱࡳۯ۶Ζ
ءᓵ֮Δଈ٣ኙඒߛؑ֏ᄗ࢚ऱݮګፖขسહན܂ԫᄗ૪Δܑਢ 1970 ڣזא૾Δ࠹ࠩᄅ׳৸ᑪᐙՀΔڇඒߛਙՂࢬ֧ၞऱؑᄗ࢚֗ᤁञᖲ
ࠫ࠹ࠩૹီΖࠡڻΔૉؑᖄٻඒߛվ৵࿇୶ऱႨΔፕඒߛਢܡ
ࠠໂڼԫֱ૿ऱයٙΔ֮խٍףא൶ಘΖรԿΔء֮ኙඒߛؑᖄٻਢ᠏ᖲ
ٍࢨٲᖲΔ༉խ؆ᖂृऱլٵᓵរΔףא։࣫ΔࠀኙᖂृऱጊᐞΔ༼נଡԳऱ
ऄΖء֮ᎁඒߛڇؑሎ܂ՂΔ౨ᎅਢԫጟᄷؑऱᖲࠫΔኙඒߛ
࿇୶ۖߢΔਢৈᖲۖॺٲᖲΖૉፕآࠐඒߛ࿇୶ྤऄᝩ܍ڼԫႨऱࠐ ᜯΔਙࢌᚨᇠ೯༼נૉեൻਜΔᤩ࣋ૉեᎈڂΔቔᚐՕᖂཛڼԫֱٻᝬၞΖ
ᜢᗖຒǺଯ௲ػǵѱϯǵѱᏤӛǵӄౚϯ
ᇂੈғǴԢεᏢ௲ػࡹᆶሦᏤࣴز܌௲
ႝηແҹࣁǺ[email protected]
ዺВයǺ2004 ԃ 1 Д 10 Вǹঅ҅ВයǺ2004 ԃ 4 Д 28 Вǹ௦ҔВයǺ2004 ԃ 5 Д 21 В
Bulletin of Educational Research June, 2004, Vol. 50 No. 2 pp. 29-51
An Analysis of the Perceived Need for Increasing Market Orientation in Taiwan’s Policy on Higher Education
Che-Sheng Gai A b s t r a c t
Higher education policies have faced two severe challenges since the middle of the twentieth century. First, given the trend toward globalization, governments must decide whether to adopt a market orientation policy. Second, in view of broader and deeper reflections on the nature of higher education, governments must try to harmo- nize elite and mass education. These concerns are also felt in Taiwan, and government authorities need to evaluate the new relationship between and among the government, the university, and the market mechanism.
In order to analyze the whole issue, this study first explains the concept of educa- tion marketization and its background, especially the “New Right” thinking which in- troduced the concepts of “market” and “competition” into the discussion of higher- education policy. It then looks at the question as to whether Taiwan will be able to adopt a strategy of “marketization” in its higher education. Finally, this study examines different views on the issue and provides some suggestions. It is concluded that Taiwan at this time only has a “quasi-market orientation” with regard to higher- education pol- icy, and marketization would be a turning point rather than a crisis point in our educa- tional development. If the trend toward increasing marketization is irresistible in the future, the government should take measures to support gradual change in its universi- ties and its higher-education policy.
Keywords: higher education, marketization, market orientation, globalization Che-Sheng Gai, Professor, Gradute Institute of Educational Policy and Leadership, Tamkang University
E-mail: [email protected]
Manuscript received: Jan. 10, 2004; Modified: Apr. 28, 2004; Accepted: May 21, 2004
ಥă݈! ֏
ݺഏඒߛਙԫٻطਙࢌቤፖᖄΔֆߏمՕᖂڇ࿇୶ፖᆖᛜՂ֟
۞ፖᐘࢤΖ܀ਢΔڇ 20 ધխཚא৵Δඒߛ࿇୶থ૿ᜯԲጟਗᖏΔլլ ޏ࣐᠐Δࠡԫਢ٤֏ΰglobalizationαᄗ࢚ऱഹದΔᜍԱഏፖഏհၴऱ၏ᠦΔ
ԫ᧯ऱრᢝኙٺഏඒߛขسऱᐙΔᅝᆖᛎᖂՂؑ֏ΰmar-
ketizationαᨠ࢚ᖄԵඒߛᆖᛜࠀګᑛભٺഏඒߛޏऱ္ޣழΔݺଚ۞ٍ
լ౨ᆜߪࠃ؆Δؘႊ൶ޣࢨڃᚨڼԫޏኙݺഏඒߛױ౨ขسऱᐙΖࠡ
ԲΔਢඒߛࢤᔆऱ᠏᧢Δᅝඒߛطဍඒߛ᠏ٻՕฒ֏ࢨཏ֗֏ඒߛழΔ ਙࢌፖՕᖂհၴऱᣂএΔਢܡڶࢬᓳᖞΖڇڼࠟጟਗᖏՀΔਙࢌΕՕᖂፖؑ
֏Δݮګԫጟլױ։໊Εઌյࠫፖ࠰ᓳऱԿߡᣂএΖ
1997ڣΔڇ۩ਙೃඒߛޏᐉᤜࡡᄎΰ១ጠඒޏᄎαࢬ༼נऱඒߛޏ᜔
ᘬᤜܫխΔኙ࣍ݺഏඒߛآࠐ࿇୶ऱ৬ߢਢΚψൎ֏ඒߛऱؑᖲ ౨ΔඒߛᚨᇠᤉᥛឩךΔ່ړऱऄਢطਙࢌ༳༽ֆمᖂீຝ։ΔףאቤΔ
ۖᨃߏمᖂீ۞طᓳᆏΔאᔞᚨषᄎऱᏁޣωΖඒߛຝᳯᘝഏᎾඒߛ࿇୶
ႨΔഏփඒߛ࿇୶යٙΔא֗ڃᚨඒޏᄎऱ৬ߢΔ۞ 1990 ڣזॣཚࡨΔ
ඒߛਙطመװऱψਙࢌጥࠫωߨٻψ࣋ᐈጥࠫωΔࠀطψؑᖲࠫωࠐᖙ܂Δࢬ ආ࠷ऱൻਜਢΚԫΕലฤٽޏࠫᑑᄷऱറઝᖂீ֒ݾᖂೃΙԲΕ࣋ᐈՕᖂ ऱᏺΔܑਢᚌ٣ەၦڣࠫݾᖂೃऱعᓮΖڼԫਙऱ᠏᧢Δࠌݺഏ
ඒߛᖲዌڇ२Լڣࠐݶຒឩ്ΔܑਢڣࠫߏمՕᖂீೃΔ1990 ڣזॣཚΔႛ
ڶ 20 ࢬΔ۟ 2002 ڣឩᏺ۟ 89 ࢬΰඒߛຝΔ2003αΔԼڣࠐΔګ९ԱԿΖ
ඒߛਙऱ᠏᧢Δଖ൶ಘृڶΚࠡԫΔؑ֏ऱᄗ࢚֗ࢤΔਢܡڶܗ࣍ݺ ഏඒߛऱ࿇୶ΖࠡԲΔݺഏඒߛආ࠷ؑᖄٻਙऱයٙਢܡךߩΖࠡ
ԿΔඒߛؑᖄٻਢ᠏ᖲލࢨٲᖲΖࠡΔඒߛؑ֏৵Δᚨ৬م۶ጟ ᖲࠫΔঅᢞᔆլીՀ૾Ζ
෮ăିֈξಞ̼ໄه۞ԛјᄃயϠࡦഀ
ʙăՉͿ˽؈ڟӜЙ!
Գᣊ۞ڶᆖᛎ۩אࠐΔؑΰmarketα೯ܛ۴ᙟۖسΖᆖᛎᖂृࢬᎁ
ऱψؑωਢԫଡࢼွऱᏝެࡳᖲࠫΰan abstract price-making mechanismαΔڇ ᆖᛎ᧯ߓխΔԯਢᇷᄭᆜऱᑐోΖ
ڇվषᄎխΔ༓ࢬڶऱढຟਢࠐ۞ٌ࣐࣍ؑۖࠐΔਚψؑωਢʳ ψࠎωΕψᏁωԲृٌ࣐۩ऱ࿇سࢬΔ٣ऱؑՕڍਢڶݮऱΔ܀ᙟထઝݾ ፖᇷಛऱ࿇ሒΔྤݮऱؑՈ။ࠐ။ڍΖ܀ਢױא᜔ԫଡᄗ࢚Δڶٌ࣐۩
ΔঁڶؑΖڇඒߛՂΔڕ࣠ലषᄎՕฒኙ࣍ඒߛऱᏁޣፖᖂீᑇၦऱ༼ࠎΔ ຍጟյ೯۩ီٌ࣐ؑΔᄎڶڍԳᎁመ࣍ؑᏟΔ܀ਢΔലψؑωᨠ࢚
ش࣍ᇞᤩΕቃྒྷਬࠄඒߛွΔᚨᇠڶࠡٽࢤΖۖΔࠉᖕؑᖲࠫࠐሎ܂Δ
ٍਢᇷᄭڶயᆜऱֱڤΖ
۟࣍ࢬᘯऱؑ֏ΰmarketizationαΔਢਐڇ۞طᆖᛎ᧯ࠫՀΔ៶طψ၄ω ፖψسขωऱᏁޣऄঞΔขس۞طᤁञऱؑΔאআၞᔆऱ༼ࣙΖࢬא؆ຝऱ ψᤁञωᖲࠫፖփຝऱψᔆω༼ࣙΔঁګؑ֏ऱࠟՕૹរΖ
ඒߛޏ֧ၞؑᑓڤऱଅᑪದᄭ࣍ 1950 ڣזΔ്ؑ֏ࢨߏڶ֏ऱᖂृ
ΰFriedman, 1979; Lawton, 1992; Sally & Geoff, 1996αڍઌॾᤁञ౨ᇞެԫࠄᖂீ
ژऱംᠲΖؑ֏ࢬאګඒߛޏऱᑷᑪΔូڂڶԿΚ1.ኙֆ٥ຝ॰ऱ ॾ֨ٲᖲא֗ߏڶຝ॰யऱ٦৫ૹီΖ2.ਙࢌᖲዌݦඨڇլؘᏺףತ೭ᖜऱ ছ༼ՀΔ༼ࠎاฒٽऱࣚ೭ᔆΖ3.࠹ழזᑪੌऱᐙΔ૰ࠌਙࢌૹီ၄ृ
ऱᦞܓፖᆖᛜயΖഗڼΔᖂृঞᎁඒߛؑᖄٻऱ࢚ᚨץਔᇞೈഏ୮ጥࠫΔ
༼اၴᖜඒߛᆖ၄ऱֺࠏΔቔᚐߏԳᘋᖂΔᖂீᚨُயߏԳٞᄐᆖᛜΔૹီ
ᜎயຂٚΰSally & Geoff, 1996; Mitter, 1996; ڹᄃԫΕᆺ୮ᘋΔ1994αΖ
ؑᄗ࢚ፖؑ֏ᤜᠲڇඒߛ࿇୶֗ඒߛਙऱᚵࡳխ࠹ࠩૹီΔਢ࠹ࠩ
1970۟ 1980 ڣזၴᘋದऱψᄅ׳ωΰNew Rightα৸ᑪࢬᐙΖאᆖᛎᖂ୮ F. A.
Hayekፖ M. Friedman ז।ऱᄅ׳ೄᛜΔॾ࡚۞طᆠΔࢻᚰ້ཎᆖᛎᓵ
መ࣍ൎᓳਙࢌեቃᆖᛎ೯Δ۟ᡐឰֆ٥֗षᄎࣚ೭Δᨈګषᄎᇷᄭڇ壂ܓࠫ
৫խऱ၄Δڂڼ༼ଠ۞طٞᄐΕᤁञΕߏڶขᦞ֗ψ՛ਙࢌωऱ࢚ΰ֧۞ᚮ ᖠដΔ2002αΖڇඒߛՂΔ२༓ԼڣࠐΔֱ۫ᖂԫऴᇢቹ൶ಘψඒߛωፖψؑ
ωհၴΔਢܡ౨ജ৬مದऴ൷ऱᣂএΔԲृᣂএऱ৬مਢऄലႚอՂီඒߛ ਢԫጟֆ٥۩ऱრ࢚Δޏ᧢ګԫጟאψܓωΰprofitαࠐᘝၦඒߛऱދᇷΖ ኙ࣍ڼԫᓵរΔࣄᡖጊኪ৫ऱԳঞᎁΔඒߛਢլٵ࣍ࢤᔆऱขΔ،ኙ षᄎऱಥਢྤݮऱΕ९ऱΖឈྥኙඒߛऱᏝଖᨠᠨֱսٺڶࢬߠΔ܀ڇඒߛ ᆖ၄լᑆ֭ᚨՀΔլֱ֟۫ഏ୮ऱਙࢌսྥቫᇢലඒߛፖؑઌٽΰBridges &
McLaughlin, 1994; Miller, 1995αΔڕഏਙࢌڇ 1980 ڣא৵Δܛດዬ྇֟ኙ
ඒߛऱᇖܗΔڇඒߛᆖ၄֭נ᜔ᠰխΔൕ 1980 ڣऱ 76%྇֟ࠩ 2002 ڣऱ 59%ΰץ ਔඒߛᐸཱིࡡᄎհඒᖂፖઔߒᆖ၄ 39.3%Ιچֱඒߛᅝݝᖂᠧ၄ᇖܗ
12.5%Ιઝᖂፖݾᆟհઔߒᆖ၄ 5.2%αΖ२ڣࠐΔഏਙࢌԾං۩Աψᖂீچֱ
ጥωΰLocal Management of SchoolsαਙΔലࠫࡳቃጩᦞՀ࣋ࠩᖂீΔቔᚐᖂ
ீ۞۩༈ޣᢥܗृΖՕᖂՈڇਙࢌቃጩᜍ྇Հ૰ٻषᄎٺञ࠷ᆖ၄ΰBoyd, 1996αΖ
ڇભഏΔඒߛψؑ֏ωፖψߏڶ֏ωٍګᖂृፖެृञᤜऱᠲΖᅝ اฒޣ৬مԫጟய墿ޓΕய࣠ޓړऱඒߛ᧯ࠫழΔޓ᧩قؑ֏ऱૹࢤΔ ᎁඒߛߨٻؑ֏ΔլႛױאᏺൎᤁञԺΔۖᝫױא༼ඒߛऱࣚ೭ైᔆΔ ᆏઊၲ֭Ζ
ᕣጥኙඒߛؑ֏ऱञᓵრߠ։ࣴΔ܀ڇֆ࢈լߩඒߛࢬᏁழΔআࠌભഏऱ ֆ٥ඒߛڇሼ֗ؒݦਙࢌኔਜඒߛࠃᄐߏڶ֏ՀΔຏመലψؑڂైω֧Եֆ ٥ຝ॰Ζൎᓳ࠹ඒृऱඒߛᙇᖗᦞΔא֗ڇᤁञՀᄎᛧޓړऱඒߛΖڂڼΔٺ ጟᣊীऱψߏڶ֏ωᖂீԯڂᚨۖسΖ
ψؑ֏ωፖψߏڶ֏ωլႛڇ٣ၞഏ୮ګԫጟႨΔڇԫࠄၲ࿇խഏ୮ Ո࠹ॹᅭΰBrown, 1995αΖLevyΰ1986αऱઔߒ࿇Δڇࢮԭભߏمᖂீਗᖏ אֆمᖂீᖄऱඒߛࠫ৫Ζ؆ԫႈઔߒՈ࿇Δ༉٤ۖߢΔ᜔Եᖂխ ࢬऱֺࠏۖߢΔՕڍᑇᖂسਢ༉ᦰߏمᖂீۖॺֆمᖂீΰEstelle, 1992αΖ
ڇඒߛψؑ֏ωፖψߏڶ֏ωऱᓢᚰՀΔڍኔᢞઔߒઃ࿇Δߏمᖂீ
ऱֺૹإֲ墿၌መֆمᖂீऱֺૹΔאֆ٥ຝ॰ᖄऱႚอඒߛؘ࢚ႊڶࢬ
᧢ΔؚధመװႚอऱֆمᖂீፖߏمᖂீհૻΖඒߛᏆխऱψփຝؑω ΰinternal marketαΔࢨጠψᄷؑωΰquasi-marketαΔۿբګඒߛ࿇୶ऱ ٤ࢤᐛΰຫ৬ൎΕພൈΔ2000αΖ
ʠăՉͿ˽୰Ρڟࠧು!
৵ܐᖏழཚऱޔΔٺഏطࣳԺ૨ࠃऱᤁञດዬ᠏ٻᆖᛎګ९ऱᤁञΔۖᆖ ᛎګ९ऱᤁञΔՈൕႚอࠉᘸՒچΕ໎ԺΕᇷ८سขైऱᆖᛎ࿇୶ֱڤΔ᠏
ኙवᢝᇷᄭऱسขΕᆜΕڶ֗ࠌشऱૹီΔۖඒߛڇवᢝᆖᛎխފዝૹ
ऱߡۥΔᙟထ٤֏ᆖᛎऱႨΔᛧᆖᛎᤁञऱᚌႨΔٺഏኙඒߛආ࠷৫ ऱૹီΔࠀၞ۩ඒߛޏΔᨠኘຍԫंඒߛޏऱᑪΔܛࠠڶᖺদऱؑ֏ۥ
ΔࠏڕΔભഏඒߛ៶ط۞ݺጥࠫΰself-regulationα֗ᎁױࠫ৫ΰAccreditationα
ൻਜΔআࠌඒߛ౨ജፂڇਬԫଡ۞ૡऱᑑᄷΖ່ۖࠡึऱؾऱΔڇຘመ
ؑᖲ౨հࢤΔࠐᓳᖞඒߛऱᔆΰྏΔ1997αΙഏৈዿᆠ ΰThatcherismα്ᖂீߨٻ۞طᤁञΕڍᑌ֏ΕᖲᄎΕᙇᖗ֗ދᇷய墿Ζូ
ٺഏඒߛؑ֏ऱߨٻΔࠡขسહནՕીױ։؆ຝڂైፖփຝڂైԲຝ։Δছ
ृএਐഏᎾၴਙᆖᛩቼࢨ৸ᑪΔᖄીඒߛؑ֏ऱࡅᜢֲ墿ይΔ৵ृঞਐᖂீ
ඒߛࢨඒߛ᧯ߓ९ཚࢬسऱംᠲΔດዬݮګඒߛؑ֏ऱٻΖ౿༉ڼԲጟڂ
ైᎅࣔڕՀ:
)Ι*ѴഋӰશ!
1.ഏᎾၴᤁञऱܺቼΔ֧࿇ٺഏޏ᧢ਙࢌऱጥֱڤ
۞ 1970 ڣזԲڻفईٲᖲ৵Δٺഏ༓ઃ૿ᜯԱഏᎾࢤऱᆖᛎܺቼΔࠏڕΔ ᆖᛎګ९ᙈᒷΕਙࢌڂឩ്֧ۖ࿇ऱತਙٲᖲΔਚٺഏਙࢌڇ༼ࠎֆ٥ࣚ೭א የߩاฒᏁޣֱ૿Δ૿ᜯԱᠨૹऱܺቼΔܛਙࢌڇ૿ኙತਙߧڗֲዬᡙ֒հᎾΔ ਝլ౨ᏺף࿔گΔՈլ౨ܔ྇ኙԳاऱࣚ೭Δڼ૰ࠌٺഏආ۩ڍޏฃΔ ࠏڕΔഏഏᛜٞᄐاᛜ֏ฃΕભഏऱ٤ഏᜎயေᦸࠫ৫ΰNational Performance
Review, NPRαΔຍࠄޏฃ່ࠡึऱؾऱΔܛڇ࣍ݦඨሒګڕભഏᜎயေᦸ
ࠫ৫ࢬ༿㍾ऱঞΚψޓऱՠ܂யΔޓ֟ऱक़၄ωΰwork better and cost lessαΖ
ඒߛڇႚอՂ᥆࣍ֆ٥ࣚ೭ऱᒤᡱհԫΔٺഏԱಳޣඒߛຝ॰ڶޓړऱ।
Δլપۖٵچಳޣڕψ࠱။ωΕψயωΕψᔆωΕψ۞طω֗ψڍᑌ֏ωඒߛ ޏऱֱٻΔٵழሎشڍጥฃΔࠏڕᖂீءۯጥΰself-managing schoolαΕ ؾᑑጥΰmanagement-by-objectivesαΕฃጥΰstrategic managementαא֗ല ᖂீګ༉।ፖขנ܂ԫຑΰlinking performance with outputsαऱေᦸֱڤΔ אཚޏඒߛࣚ೭ऱய࣠ፖயΰMok, 1999αΖ
2.ᄅ۞طᆠऱᘋದΔؑࠫ৫ऱሎ܂࠹ࠩॹᅭ
1970ڣזא৵٤ན܅ಮΔྥਙࢌኙᆖᛎऱեቃࢨᇖ၀Δլ܀ྤऄڶயޏ
ᆖᛎൣउΔ֘ۖࠌֆ٥ຝ॰ڂ࠹অᥨۖᤁञԺΔഏ୮ತਙֲ墿༞֏ΔԳ ଚၲࡨኙ࣍መװࢬᘯऱψՕਙࢌΕ՛ଡԳωΰbig government, small individualαऱ ॾ࢚ขسᔆጊΔڂ്ۖψ՛ਙࢌΕՕଡԳωΰsmall government, big individualαΔ
ཆ۞طᆖᛎ࢚ؑऱᄅ۞طᆠດዬ࠹ࠩૹီΖᄅ۞طᆠΰneo-liberalismα ᎁਙࢌመ৫եቃᆖᛎ೯Δ۟ᡐឰֆ٥֗षᄎࣚ೭Δലທګषᄎᇷᄭऱ၄Δ ڂڼ༼ଠ۞طٞᄐΕᤁञΕߏڶขᦞ֗ψ՛ਙࢌωऱ࢚ΰޕᖠൈΔ2002αΔഏ୮ ࢨਙࢌᚨᝩ܍եቃ۞طؑऱإൄ֗ڶயሎ܂Ζ
1980ڣזط࣍ᄅ۞طᆠΰneo-liberalismαऱᘋದΔࠌԫࠄؑঞΔࠏ ڕᇞೈጥࠫΰderegulationαΕᤁञΰcompetitionαᆖطؑ֏Δ࠹ࠩֆمᖂீऱૹ
ီΔඒߛؑ֏ሎ೯ՈڇٺഏᥛᓍΔࠏڕΔאભΕࠏΔભഏ᜔อ George BushޣኙᖂீᇞೈጥࠫΕߏڶ֏֗ᤁञΕࠀፖٺڠڠ९٥ٵᆟԲՏڣඒߛؾ ᑑΰGoals 2000αૠΔࠡխץਔᏺףኙᖂீΕᖂΕڠ֗٤ഏඒߛऱᑑᄷ֏ေၦΔ ࠀ༼ࠎለՕ़ၴࠎߏຝ॰ፖΔBill Clinton ᜔อঞޓၞԫޡං೯ޓᐖऑऱᑑᄷ֏
ྒྷ᧭ΔࠀឩՕࡡᙄᖂீΰcharter schoolαऱᇢᙄΰBartlett, Frederick, Gulbrandsen &
Murillo, 2002αΖഏڇ٤ࢤऱفईٲᖲ࿇س৵ΔᆖᛎດዬಐಯΔഏ୮࿔گ྇֟Δ
܀ඒߛᆖ၄থດڣᏺףΔਙࢌ֗ᖂீၲࡨૹီඒߛயፖ࠱။ऱಳޣΖ )Π*ϱഋӰશ!
1.ڶயܓشඒߛᇷᄭΔ྇᎘ഏ୮ತਙᖜ
ط࣍ਙࢌᖞ᧯ቃጩڶૻΔྤऄᙟထඒߛᒤࢨᏁޣऱឩ്ۖٵޡګ९ΔԱ ࠌඒߛ࿇୶ڇڶૻऱᇷᄭՀΔս౨ፂԫࡳऱᔆ۟ᛧޓऱய墿Δඒߛؑ
ೈԱٻ؆֧ၞޓڍاၴᇷᄭ؆ΔՈ֧ၞ۞طؑऱሎ܂ᖲࠫΔࠌᇷᄭᛧڶய ऱሎشΖࢬאΔຫൎΰ2002αᎁΔඒߛ०ٻؑ֏Δԯᄭ࣍ᆏੌፖףൎᔆ
൳ࠫΖ
2.ᙄᖂ᧯ڍց֏Δᖿ࿇ᖂீᤁञᚘԺ
ૉਙࢌኙඒߛࠃᄐڍֱጥࠫΔאᖄ֧ඒߛؑऱࠎᏁΔኤጤհԫਢᖂீᣊ
ীऱԫી֏ΔᖂீऱᏺطਙࢌᡐឰΔڇڶᤁञኙ֫ՀΔᙄᖂᜎயᄎ܅ᆵΖኤ ጤհԲΔਢطਙࢌ٤ᠰᖜඒߛᆖ၄ΔᏺףತਙऱᚘԺΖભഏᆖᛎᖂ୮ M. Friedman
ٍᎁඒߛڕ࣠ᎈڂፖᤁञԺΔࢬ༼ࠎऱඒߛᔆਢለऱΖFriedman ᔆጊ אषᄎய墿࣍ଡԳய墿ऱᨠរ܂ഏ୮տԵඒߛΔܑਢඒߛऱإᅝ
طΖࢬא്ၲ࣋ඒߛؑΔᨃߏمᖂீտԵΔאᖿ࿇ֆمᖂீऱٲᖲრᢝፖᤁ ञԺΖڶᖂृΰChubb & Moe, 1990αٍᎁֆمඒߛࡴቛ֏࿓৫ᣤૹΔۖߏم ᖂீऱ۞ࢤለΔڇؑᎈڂऱᖿᚐՀΔ᧩ᆖᛜګயለࠋΖ
ʭăՉͿዲϩ୰Ρڟࠧು!
२תધΔඒߛ່᧩ထऱޏ᧢ΔਢطဍඒߛߨٻՕฒ֏ඒߛΔ۟ګ
ཏ֗ඒߛΔᐙࢬ֗Δਙࢌኙآࠐඒߛऱ࿇୶Δؘႊ৸ەࠟଡംᠲΚ1.ਙ
ࢌڇඒߛឩ്խΔվ৵ᚨᇠފዝ۶ጟߡۥΔਢᤉᥛտԵࢨᇞೈጥࠫΙ2.
ඒߛឩ്ऱ࣠Δਢܡທګඒߛᇷᄭڇ։Ղขسඈᚲ܂شΔא֗ഏ୮ತਙՂऱ ᚘԺΖ
Աᝩ܍ඒߛԳᑇऱឩ്ທګਙࢌತ೭ऱᖜިૹΔࠀ༼ࣙඒߛᇷᄭ։
֗ࠌشயΔᑛભٺഏດዬᓳᖞאطਙࢌᖄඒߛऱֱڤΔᆵኔڰཚՕ ᖂ۞एऱ࢚ΔᓿղՕᖂޓՕऱ۞़ၴΔٵழΔᔞழ֧ၞψؑ֏ωऱᨠ࢚Δ אؑᖲࠫࠐᆖᛜΕጥඒߛᖲዌΖᚮᖠដΰ2000αᎁΔຍैඒߛؑ
֏ऱᑪੌբުྥګݮΔإطભഏᆖመᑛΕֲءᐴٻٺഏΔױᎅਢᖄᄅ
ધඒߛ࿇୶່ऱԺၦհԫΖ
۟࣍ඒߛؑ֏ऱࢤΔٍױൕݛᨠਙߡ৫֗ኔᔌऱߡ৫ࠐΔڇݛ ᨠՂױ।࣍Κ1.ᇞೈጥࠫΙ2.ೈᡐឰΙ3.ߏڶ֏Ι4.ॺഏ୮֏Ιຍଡᐋڻऱؑ
֏࿇୶ڍطਙࢌࠐᖄΖኔᔌՂঞ।࣍Κ1.Օᖂפ౨ऱሶፖࡳۯΙ2.៶طீ
Ꮎၴऱᖞٽፖٽ܂ΔᏺൎࠡᤁञԺΙ3.Օᖂತ೭ዌऱڍց֏ፖᆖᛜऱᜎய֏Ι 4.ᓰ࿓ૠΔૹီؑᏁޣፖ၄ृᖄٻΖ
ፕඒߛਙឈآߢࣔطψਙࢌጥࠫωߨٻψၲ࣋ؑωΔ܀ඒߛૉ
եൻਜΔڕၲ࣋ֆߏمՕᖂᤁٽΔ༼ᆖᛜᜎயΔ݁।قਙࢌኙՕᖂբطψࠎ
ृωΔ᠏ψ࠰ܗृωऱߡۥΔᨃඒߛؑ֏౨ജګীࠀڶለՕऱسژ़
ၴΖ२ԼնڣࠐΔࢬאڶڕڼݶຒऱ࿇୶Δೈඒߛؑ֏ਢԫैඒߛޏऱଅᑪ
؆ΔՀ٨ڂైΔٍআၞਙࢌૹီඒߛؑ֏ऱംᠲΚ )Ι*ࢇငᕗცޟᡐ!
۞ 1987 ڣאࠐΔፕਙएᛩቼขسৰՕऱ᧢ΔᇞᣤΕၲ᤻࣋ᆃൻਜΔբ طመװᦞਙए᠏᧢اਙएΔਙए᧯ࠫऱ᧢Δኙ࣍षᄎࠐৰՕऱᓢᚰΔ
༉ඒߛۖߢΔψՕᖂ۞एωΕψඒएீωऱޏ৸ፂڇՕᖂீႼᔞழขسΔඒ ߛຝڂᚨՕᖂسኪᛩቼऱޏ᧢ΔଥޏψՕᖂऄωᏺףՕᖂ۞ᦞΖᦞԺՀ࣋Δᨃ Օᖂ࿇୶౨ജڶଡܑऱۥፖᙄᖂᑓڤΖ
۟࣍ᆖᛎऱڂైΔਢՕᖂ༼ࣙࠡᤁञԺፖైᔆΔլឰޣਙࢌᏺףඒߛᆖ ၄֗ᇖܗΔທګਙࢌತਙᖜިૹΔԱ྇᎘ኙڶՕᖂऱᖜא֗ᄅمՕᖂ ݶຒګ९ႨΔႨؘᏺףᆖ၄ᇖܗऱᚘԺΔඒߛຝၞ۩ඒߛತਙޏΔ壆ڕ
࣋ᐈᖂ၄ጥࠫΔՕᖂತ೭ዌڍց֏ൻਜΔإࡅᚨԱؑ֏ऱ္ޣΖ )Π*ఀى८౩܈ޟວؑ!
1994 ڣ۩ਙೃඒߛޏᐉᤜࡡᄎګم৵Δᎁ९ཚݹᣤኙඒߛऱᆘ ᆙΔࠌඒߛᣄא࿇୶ࠡ۞ΕڍցΕၲ࣋ፖറᄐऱۥΖԱሒګඒߛᠾᆙ ऱޏؾᑑΔඒޏᄎኙ࣍ඒߛֱ૿ऱ৬ᤜץਔΚ৬مေᦸࠫ৫Εං೯ا
ၴᘋᖂ֗ֆمՕᖂऄԳ֏Ζඒߛຝڃᚨඒޏऱ္ޣࠀ౨ፖഏᎾඒߛޏ
Ⴈઌ൷૩ΔڇਙՂኙՕᖂ࣋ᐈጥࠫΔܓشψؑωԺၦᓳᖞഏ୮ΕਙࢌፖՕᖂ ऱᣂএΔٵழ֧ၞؑᖲࠫΔᨃᤁञ֧ᖄඒߛऱ࿇୶Ζ
)έ*σᏰਮਮሬޟᝯം!
२ԼڣࠐΔඒߛݶຒឩךऱ࣠ΔՕᖂீೃΰܑਢߏمᖂீαբტ࠹
ࠩԫࠄٲᖲΔࠡԫਢࢵسऱᚘԺΔլႛፖֆمᖂீჿᖂسΔޓፖٵ్ऱߏ مᖂீჿᖂسΖࠡԲਢತਙऱᚘԺΔᕣၦڇٵ్ऱᖂீխאለ܅კऱᖂᠧ၄ञ
࠷ᖂس༉ᦰΔࠀ༼ࠎᚌদऱᑻܗᖂ८ࠐܮ֧ᖂسΖڇᖂᠧ၄լ౨֘ਠګءΔא
֗ඒߛຝᇖܗཱིດڣᎠ྇ՀΔՕᖂ֧ၞԱؑ᧤ᙀᨠ࢚ፖؑ൷૩Δא೯Օᖂ ԫߓ٨ऱ᧢ΔࠀܧנᄅऱኪႨΖࠏڕΔല۩ᔭऱᨠ࢚֧ၞՕᖂࢵس֗ᓰ࿓ऱ
ૠΔ၄ृᖄٻऱሎشΔא֗ؑሶፖขࡳۯհሎشΔ݁ڇআࠌՕᖂᆖᛜ ऱ֏ΖࠡڻΔ֧Եזٞᄐጥऱ࢚Δঞڇ༼ࣙՕᖂऱጥᜎயΖ
)Ѳ*ଽ้ఀىؽԤϽϐጷณԙל!
1949ڣਙࢌᔢፕ৵ΔીԺ࣍ᆖᛎ࿇୶ΔഄԫຜஉਢૹီඒߛދᇷΕদཬԳ ԺᇷءΔྥᅝழഏ୮ತਙ౨ԺڶૻΔࠀאᆖᛎ৬ፖഏֆ٥֭נհΔխ
؇ਙࢌඒߛᆖ၄ᒳ٨آሒᖆऄֺࠏΔڇֆ٥֭נլߩՀΔԯቔᚐߏԳᘋᖂΔܑ
ਢ్ԳԺऱഛߛΔޓኙߏԳᘋᙄՕᖂബղদඨΔ۞ 1996 ڣאࠐΔྤᓵਢீᑇፖ ᖂسԳᑇΔߏمՕറீೃ݁၌။ֆمᖂீΔ۟ 2002 ڣΔ154 ࢬඒߛᖲዌխΔ ߏمᖂீܛԱ 101 ࢬΔᖂسԳᑇਢֆمՕᖂऱԲאՂΔඒߛߏڶ֏բᓉ
ྥګݮΖ
ણăିֈξಞ̼۞̰உᄃপ̶ّژ
ʙăՉͿ˽ڟ˱!
ඒߛؑ֏ࢬא౨܂ਙᚵࡳፖޏऱֱಾΔਢ୮९ኙ࣍ᖂீඒߛऱ Ꮑޣᙟထषᄎऱڍց֏ۖڶࢬޏ᧢Δۖؑ֏ऱփො֗ࢤΔإړױאᚦᇖຍԫ
ֱ૿ऱլߩΖGintisΰ1995αڇઔߒඒߛؑ֏ழΔኙࠡփො༼נՀ٨նႈΚ 1.ඒߛऱࠎطԫ֏ߨٻڍց֏ΖאΔඒߛᖲᄎऱ༼ࠎृΔאഏ୮
᧯Δ܀ڇؑ֏ՀΔსᖲᣂΕತቸऄԳΕߏԳٞᄐΔ݁ױ༼ࠎլٵऱඒߛࣚ
೭Δየߩլٵ၄ृڍᑌ֏ऱᏁޣΖ
2.၄ृ౨ᑵवขऱפ౨ΖڇᇷಛຘࣔֆၲՀΔ၄ृڇᙇᖗขழ౨ᛧ वڼԫֱ૿ऱᇷಛࠀ堚ᄑᛵᇞขऱۥፖפ౨ΖאᖂீۖߢΔ୮९ڇՖᙇ ᖗᖂீழΔᛵᇞᖂீऱᙄᖂؾᑑΕګயΕᖂسᖂ।Δᇷಛ။ݙᖞΔ༉။౨ ᝩ܍ೣऱހᖗΖ
3.၄ृऱᙇᖗਢࢤऱࠀ౨ᛵᇞ۞ߪऱᏁޣΖ၄ृڇ၇Εᙇᖗข
ழΔഗءՂਢࢤऱΔՈ༉ਢᎅΔᙇᖗኙ۞ա່ڶܓऱຄΖ।ڇඒߛՂΔ୮ ९ᄎᙇᖗᎁਢኙՖᖂ່ڶܓऱᖂீΖ
4.ؑᏝطࠎᏁ݁ᘝࠐެࡳΖڇؑՂΔຘመࠎᏁᠨֱࢬ࠷ऱ݁ᘝ ΰequilibriumαࠐެࡳᏝΖඒߛՂऱᙄᖂᜎயΕࣚ೭ᔆא֗ඒߛګءΔঞ
ᖂீፖ୮९࠰ᖂᠧ၄ૡࡳፖᓳᖞऱࠉᖕΖ
5.ขএߏԳತຄΰprivate goodsαΖီඒߛߏڶತຄழΔঞڇؑՂױط
၄ृ۞۩ެࡳਢܡ၇ڼႈತຄΖ
H. Gintisኙඒߛؑ֏ऱնႈΔਬࠄᓵរࠀլ౨ݙ٤ᔞش࣍ࢬڶऱඒߛ
ൣቼխΖรԫႈڇඒߛؑխਢױ౨ऱΔඒߛؑխऱᒔױאٵழւլٵ ᣊীऱٺጟࠎᚨृژڇΖڇڍࠎᚨृᤁञऱൣउՀΔ૾܅ګءΕ࠷ܓᑮΔ ױ౨ᄎආ࠷ᅩࢨຑ᠙ऱֱڤנΙรԲႈΔຝ։ױ۩Εຝ։լױ۩ΖࠏڕΚ ֆؒᖂᠧ၄Ε֒ᖂਢױ۩ऱΔՈਢؘऱΙ܀ૉਢֆؒޢԫଡᖂسऱᖂګ
༉Δঞڂᤛحᖂسឆߏᦞۖլױ۩ΙรԿႈ၄ृਢࢤऱΔۿ۷୮९ ኙࢤऱހᖗΔᜰࠏۖߢΔ୮९Ֆᙇᖗᖂீױ౨ᄎ࠹ࠩءߪ֮֏ΕࡲඒΕග ᆢΕრᢝীኪڂైᐙΔࠀڶױ౨ᄎאԫᏝଖΰڕ֒ᖂαΕؑᑪੌۖހᖗΔ
࢙ီՖءߪऱփڇᖂᏁޣΙรႈڇؾছऱඒߛؑՂ༓լࠩΔڂ
ඒߛؑࠀॺਢԫଡ۞طᤁञΕᇷಛຘࣔऱݙ٤ؑΙรնႈڇඒߛ
ؑՂᔞشΔ܀լᔞش࣍ᆠ೭ඒߛΔڍᑇഏ୮ီᆠ೭ඒߛᄷֆ٥ತΰquasi-public
goodsαΔࠠڶൎࠫ၇ࢤᔆΖ
ਚطڼංߒψඒߛؑ֏ωऱփොਢΔૉطᖞ᧯؆ຝய࣠ۖߢΔঁਢψ۞ط ᤁञωΔา։ࠡᄗ࢚ڶԲΔԫਢൕሰᨠۖߢΔԯਢ៶طᆖᛎՂऱᇞೈጥࠫΕೈᡐ ឰΔലඒߛᖄٻ२࣍ݙ٤ᤁञؑΙԫൕპᨠۖߢΚ៶طψ۩ᔭωऱᄗ࢚Δ ലؑףאሶΕขղאࡳۯΕᏝ֘ਠᔆΔڼழؘႊሒࠩԿጟؾऱΚ1.ञ
࠷୮९֗ᖂسኙ࣍ඒߛऱᎁٵΙ2.ඒߛᆖᛜऱڍց֏Δאܓ୮९ኙ࣍ඒߛขऱ ᙇᖗΙ3.ञ࠷ࠩषᄎՕฒኙ࣍ඒߛຝ॰ऱ֭གΖૉൕփຝய࣠ۖߢΔঁਢψඒߛ
ᔆऱ༼ࣙፖᒔঅωΔࠡխޓאψ໌ᄅωࠐሒࠩࠟଡؾऱΚ1.ڇլឰچڂᚨ؆ڇ
Ⴈ᧢֏խΔࠉ༛ඒߛؾऱऱঞΔ֧ᖄඒߛຝ॰ࢨᖂீขس᧢Ι2.ലඒߛ
ᔆऱጥሒࠩய֏Ζ
ʠăՉͿ˽ڟ५ؒ!
ؑ֏ڇᆖᛎ᧯ߓխሎ܂բՆΔࠀ৬مߜړऱᑓ֗ሎ܂ᖲࠫΔഏփ؆ᖂृ
ڇᓵ֗ඒߛؑ֏ऱᐛழΔࢬمᓵฆࢤլՕΔ౿٨ᜰຝ։ᖂृऱऄΔ։
૪ڕՀΚ
1.Morrisonΰ1994αᎁؑԺၦտԵඒߛΔലܧՀ٨ऱᚌរ֗ࢤΚ(1)
ᏺףயΙ(2)ᏺףᙇᖗ֗ڍցࢤΙ(3)༼ࣙֆؓ֗݁Ι(4)اޓၞޡΙ(5)ᏺף
۞طΙ(6)ฤٽ၄ृऱᏁޣΙ(7)༼ࣙᑑᄷ֗ᔆΙ(8)ᏺף೯ᖲΙ(9)ᆖᛜٞᄐ֏Ι (10)ᝩ܍سขृᡐឰࢨറឰΙ(11)আࠌඒߛฤٽषᄎ᧢ᔢ֗ᆖᛎ࿇୶ऱᏁޣΙ(12) ᏺףᜎயຂٚΖ
2.ඒߛؑऱࢤΔᖕ Cowenΰ1995αऱᎅऄΔؑᖄٻऱඒߛ᧯ߓڶࠟ
ՕᐛΚࠡԫΔਢᛜທඒߛऱփ؆ຝؑΙࠡԲΔਢ໌ທਬጟඒߛऱሰᨠፖპᨠ ऱრᢝীኪΖࢬᘯඒߛऱփຝؑΔਢਐᖂீၴᙄᖂயऱᤁດΔຘመေᦸፖᇷ ಛΔᨃ࠹ඒृڶࢬ࠷ඍΙ۟࣍؆ຝؑΔ༉ਢᛵᇞؑऱᏁޣΔᓳᖞᖂீऱࢤᔆ ፖפ౨Δאψড়ωΰਐ୮९֗ᖂسαᖄٻΖۖڶᣂඒߛሰᨠፖპᨠრᢝݮኪ ऱ৬مΔψሰᨠωृΔঞਢਐഏ୮૿ᜯᖿ௺ऱഏᎾᤁञխΔഄڶ֧ၞؑᑓڤऱଅ ᑪΔթ౨ࠌഏ୮ڇᤁञխ࠷ᚌႨΖψპᨠωृΔ༉ਢਐᖂீᆖᛜݾᐋ૿ऱޏ᧢Δ
֧ၞψωΕψ۩ᔭωΕψᙇᖗωΕψᤁञωᨠ࢚Δࠐዌ৸ඒߛऱሎ܂ᑓڤΰLawton, 1992; Gewirtz, Bowe & Ball, 1994; ྏΔ1997αΖ
3. Sally ፖ Geoffΰ1996αٍᎁඒߛؑ֏ࢤᚨץਔᇞೈഏ୮ጥࠫΔቔ ᚐߏԳᘋᖂΔ༼اၴᖜඒߛᆖ၄ֺࠏΔᖂீᚨُயߏԳٞᄐᆖᛜΔૹီᜎய ຂٚΔٍܛࢬᘯऱᆖᛜᜎயፖߏڶ֏ਙΖ
4.๕୮ᎌΕᢅ௯ঊΰ2002αڇֺለլٵڶᣂඒߛؑ֏࿇୶Ⴈ৵Δᎁψඒ ߛؑ֏ωڶՀ٨༓ႈࢤΔຍԶଡࢤՈױא܂ඒߛؑ֏ऱਐᑑΚ(1)
۞આঞΙ(2)ؑऱᘋದΙ(3)ഏ୮༼ࠎृߡۥ྇֟Ι(4)ؑጥঞऱආΙ (5)ؑᖄᓰ࿓Ι(6)ೃீ໌گΙ(7)փຝᤁञΙ(8)ൎᓳய墿Ζ
ᖕאՂխ؆ᖂृऱऄΔඒߛؑ֏ऱۥΔױូՀ٨նរΚ1.྇֟
եቃΔᇞೈጥࠫΙ2.༇ૹؑᖲ౨Ι3.ૹီ၄ृΰ୮९֗ᖂسαᦞ墿Ι4.אᤁञ
༼யΙ5.֘ਠګءࠀᒔঅᔆΖ
ຍࠄۥ֗ᚌរኙႚอඒߛࠐᝑΔऱᒔࠠڶਬࠄ࿓৫ऱܮ֧ԺΔܑਢ
ඒߛΔڇՕᖂࢤᔆऱ᠏᧢֗ီؘྥऱႨՀΔኙݺഏขسৰՕऱᓢᚰΔ܀א
ؑඒߛ࿇୶ऱᖄٻΔᖂீءߪᆖᛜऱփ؆ຝයٙജΔڇؾছᛩቼՀΔයٙ
ਢܡךߩΔא֗ኙඒߛ࿇୶ਢ᠏ᖲލࢨٲᖲΔ݁ଖᐉშ൶ಘΔء֮܂ڕՀ ऱ։࣫Ζ
དྷăԧ઼ඈିֈଳפξಞጱШ۞୧Іߏӎ֖̏
ፕؾছඒߛਙΔڕၲ࣋ՕᖂᏺΕᓳᖞਙࢌፖՕᖂऱᣂএΔ࣋ᐈኙ ՕᖂऱጥࠫΔא່֗२ࢬଠᤜऱՕᖂၞಯᖲࠫൻਜࠐΔڶߨٻؑᖄٻऱ
ႨΔ܀ᛀီࠡփΕ؆ຝᆖᛜፖጥᖲࠫΔᣤچᎅΔؑᖄٻऱයٙսآᘊګ ᑵΔ։࣫ڕՀΚ
ʙăͿྤჄ୰ܢסѝ˚ق!
ؑᖄٻؘႊړؑሶΰmarket segmentationαፖขࡳۯΰproduct
positioningαΔ܀ᛀီؾছऱඒߛᖲዌΔڇຍԫֱ૿᧩ྥլߩΖ
ࢬᘯؑሶΔਢഗ࣍၄ृΰড়αࠀլਢԫऱᖞ᧯ΔהଚኙขऱᏁ ޣΕ၇ኪ৫ࢨ၇۩ֱ૿ױ౨ຟڶࢬฆΔຍழسขृ༉ኙءߪऱข
ൕխᙇᖗԫଡࢨᑇଡሶ᧯܂،ऱ۩ᔭؾᑑΰmarketing targetαΔאञ࠷ড়Δ
܂۩ᔭऱኙွΖ
ڇؑሶ֏৵ΔՀԫޡ༉ਢขࡳۯΔ᠙۰ড়ᆢΔᨃءߪऱข౨ജڇ
ؑխࢨড়֨խڶԫஂհچΖ
ඒߛڕ࣠ڱڇषᄎഛཬ֟ᑇऱٺᣊᏆᖄԳթΔࠀ൷࠹ඒߛऱԳ ᑇઌᅝڶૻΔঞࢬڶऱՕᖂ݁ਢဍऱᖂࢌΔ༉լԫࡳڶؑሶ֗ขࡳۯ հؘΖ܀ਢᅝՕᖂඒߛൕဍඒߛ᠏᧢Օฒ֏ඒߛࢨཏ֗֏ඒߛழΔਝྥ
ඒߛࢤᔆբขس᧢֏Δঞړؑሶፖขࡳۯ༉ڶؘΔ܀ٺՕᖂڇຍԫ
ֱ૿ऱܘԺ᧩ྥլߩΖ
ؑሶ֗ขᏝፖড়ೣړڶᣂΔڕഏऱᏦᖯΕ੍ׄՕᖂא֗ભഏऱ ९ਞᢏᜤᅩՕᖂ֗ࠡהټீΔڇຍԫֱ૿ຟઌᅝࣔ᧩Δᖂ၄ឈ࣓၆Δ܀ฅᄐسऱ
ᔆ֗ॵףᏝଖຟ౨ፖᖂسࢬבऱ၄شઌᅝΖ
ڇەᐞขࡳۯழΔسขृؘႊ٣᠖堚ขऱࢤᔆ֗ᤁञृΔᖕڼΔթ౨
ቤנขऱኙွ֗۩ᔭฃΖݺഏՕᖂݛᨠቤࡡᄎឈྥॣޡ৬ᤜലՕᖂࡳۯ
ઔߒীՕᖂΕඒᖂীՕᖂΕറᄐীՕᖂ֗षীՕᖂᣊΔ܀ᛩؾছٺՕᖂ փຝऱጥᖲࠫΕᇷᄭ։֗ᓰ࿓ቤΔࠡᛩᛩઌڬऱൻਜΔࡸآࠩ٤૿ەၦΔ ڕאઔߒૹऱՕᖂΔঞڂᏘᙰڤऱᆖ၄։Δྤऄࠩߩജऱઔߒ࿇୶ᆖ၄Ι
ۖאኔشऱீೃΔױ౨ฤٽאઔߒ࠷ٻऱေၦΰڕஃᇷऱᖂᖵαΔۖ
ڼ؈ΖሶհᑓᒫΔՈࠌٺீڇᓰ࿓Ղֶ೯ᖲᐘࢤࠐٽࠡࡳۯΖ
ʠăїኛ୩؈ΐൡོ͑!
ؑᖄٻऱรԲଡᐋڻਢ۩ᔭΰmarketingαऱ࢚Ζ۩ᔭೈړؑሶ
֗ขࡳۯ؆Δޓૹऱਢא၄ृᖄٻΰߠቹ 1αΖՕᖂඒߛऱפ౨հԫਢ ഛ塄ԳթΔլႛࢵگࠩߩᠰऱᖂسΔޓ౨ܮ֧ᚌߐऱᖂسΔ༉ؘႊᛜທڶܓऱ යٙΖؾছՕᖂ֧ၞ۩ᔭ࢚ΔڍᑇشڇࢵسՂΔ۟࣍ڇႥཱིΕࡳۯ֗ᓰ࿓ֱ
૿Δࡸآ౨ףᚨشΖ
1 ̾॑ڱߏዲϩय̖༐
ᖂسᏺף
၄ृᛧܓ
ΰ༉ᄐᖲᄎΕࢬα
၄ृΰ୮९Εᖂ سየრ৫α ᖂீኙᖂسञ࠷
ඒߛؑڶ
ʭăᙯڌጠ֙ନχ˚!
ኙլٵऱขۖߢΔᐙؑᖲ౨ΰmarket mechanismα່ऱڂైਢᤁञ ऱ࿓৫ΖᖕڼΔᆖᛎᖂ୮ᖕᤁञࢤലؑ։ψݙ٤ᤁञؑωΕψլݙ٤ᤁ ञؑω֗ψᗑؑωԿᣊΖᤁञऱψݙ٤ωࢨψլݙ٤ωএאࠎᚨृኙؑ
ᏝऱᐙԺࠐެࡳΔኙᏝ။ڶᐙԺृ။൷२ψݙ٤ωᤁञؑΔ။ڶ ᐙԺृঞ။൷२ψլݙ٤ωᤁञؑΖ
ݺഏඒߛਙΔૉאؑᖄٻΔࡤྤᓵਢψݙ٤ωࢨψլݙ٤ωᤁञΔ ᤁञᖲࠫլߩΔᎅࣔڕՀΚ
)Ι*ϚІࢎቋਿᐠ!
ڇᏝᖲ౨ՀΔࠎᚨृኙขᏝऱᐙԺΔਢ࠷ެ࣍ؑՂᤁञृऱᑇၦ ፖࢤᔆΔլٵऱ᜔ࠎᏁެࡳլٵऱᏝΖࢬאΔࠀڶࠡהऱᖲࠫױאؐ׳ؑΔ ՈլؘਙࢌऱեቃΔٌطᏝࠐሒګࠎᏁᓳᆏऱפ౨ΖྥؾছඒߛؑΔᖂ ᠧ၄ᐛگᑑᄷਢطਙࢌࠐᒤΔឈྥ࣋ᐈٺீڶ 10%ऱᐘࢤΔ܀່৵ᝫਢطਙࢌ
ࠐެࡳᓳ༏ΖڇਙࢌեቃՀΔඒߛؑขٵᔆࢤΔࠌ၄ृྤऄ։ᙃข
ऱฆΔՈᖄીᤁञԺऱᜳஇΖ )Π*ׯԢ໌ଝൟᐠڙޟҏ፴!
ࢬᘯၞಯᖲࠫΔਢਐڇݙ٤ᤁञؑխΔسขृլ࠹եቃΔڶၞנؑऱ
۞طΔૉڶܓױቹΔᄅऱسขृױאၞԵؑᤁञΔ܀ૉᆖᛜլՈױא۞طಯ נΖ
ݺഏඒߛؑ२ڣࠐᙟထՕᖂՕ༏ޏࠫᏺΔբሒཏ֗ඒߛၸΰඒߛ ຝΔ2003αΔڼԫႨΔທګඒߛᆖ၄ऱඈᚲயᚨፖ։ऱլߩΔא֗ైᔆऱ Հ૾Ζඒߛຝ༼ࣙඒߛైᔆΔ༼נψՕറೃீዄઔߒࢬၞಯᖲࠫωऱਙ
ᖄٻΔڼԫዌ৸ڇၞᖲֱࠫ૿ආ࠷ψՕᖂࢵس᜔ၦጥࠫωΔᑉᒷՕറᏺߓࢬΖ ಯᖲࠫঞਢ᎖ᖄޏ᧢ᜎயլࠋऱֆمᖂீᙄᖂ᠏ীΔא֗ෟޮᙄᖂᜎயլኦऱ ߏمᖂீΖಯऱֱڤΚ1.ٽࠓΙ2.ޏࠫΙ3.ೖᙄΙ4.ᇞཋΙ5.堚ጩΖ
ᛀီඒߛຝࢬቤऱψၞಯᖲࠫωΔᔆጊृڶԿΚ
ࠡԫΔၞಯᖲࠫऱءᔆΔਢطؑᖙ܂֗ࠎᚨृ۞طެࡳΔॺطਙࢌᖙᒌ
֗եቃΖഗءՂΔඒߛຝऱऄሔ֘Աؑᆖᛎऱഗء壄壀Ζ
ࠡԲΔಯᖲࠫऱ৬مΔլ౨ૻ࣍ߏمᖂீΔֆمᖂீٍᚨᇠەၦڇփΖ ߏمᖂீڇᤁञයٙฆՀΔඒߛຝᒤߏمᖂீհಯֱڤΔڶֶֆւΖ
ࠡԿΔಯᖲࠫऱ৬مΔࠎᏁᠨֱኙؑಛஒຟᚨڶךٝऱᛵᇞΔࠀ৬مቃ ᤞߓอΔլ౨ᖇေᦸܫ֗ࢵسԳᑇ܂ಯऱഄԫࠉᖕΖ
ඒߛਙਢܡאؑᖄٻΔឈྥոཕյߠΔսڶ൶ಘऱ़ၴΖ܀
ඒߛᖲዌڇጥՂᝫਢᏁڶؑ֏ऱ৸ەΔኙඒߛऱጥࠫΔૹऱᚨਢ৬ مψװᘖژဍωऱᖲࠫΔᨃᖂسڶޓࣔᒔऱᙇீࠉᖕΔਙࢌՈױߜࢤᎈᖄඒ ߛ࿇୶ऱֱٻΖ
Ͳăඟᜦጠ֙Фݟݚγ!
৬مေᦸᖲࠫऱؾऱհԫਢᨃᖂس֗୮९ኙՕᖂڶךٝऱᛵᇞΔ܂ᙇᖗၞ
ԵୌࢬՕᖂऱࠉᖕΖᖕ G. A. Dillΰ1997αΰ֧۞ᚮᖠដΔ2000αऱऄΔ
ඒߛေᦸऱၞ۩এഗ࣍Հ٨ႈቃΚ1.ᖂ၄ऱ܅լߩא֘ਠᔆΔڂڼྤऄ ڇ၄ृऱᙇᖗՂ࿇ཀᗨᄕڶயऱਐᑑ܂شΙ2.ٺீऱᖂᔆױאড়ᨠऱֱऄ
ྒྷၦΙ3.၄ृױאࠉᖕေᦸ࣠܂נࢤऱެࡳΙ4.ᖂீૉڂေᦸ࣠լუۖ
ᖄીᖂسԳᑇՀ૾ΔᖂீᄎڂڼޏᖂᔆΖຍጟऄឈྥױאࠌ၄ृኙٺ ՕᖂڶለךٝऱಛஒΔ܀ڇՕᖂᜤەඈټࠥࣨٱွՀΔေᦸ࣠ኙ၄ृऱᐙ
ױ౨ڶૻΖ
ᖕאՂࢬ૪ΔඒߛאؑᖄٻΔؘႊ৬مԫݙᖞऱေᦸᖲࠫ֗ಯ
ᖲࠫΔթ౨ژဍޮ٭Δᨃඒߛؑ٤֏ፖ֏Δ܂၄ृᖕאެࡳᙇᖗ ᖂீऱࠉᖕΖ
ЁăඈିֈξಞጱШߏᖼ፟ԺٕП፟
ڇڶᓵ֗ඒߛؑᖄٻਢ᠏ᖲލࢨٲᖲհছΔ٣ಘᓵԫՀՕᖂࢬފዝ ऱߡۥΔא֗ؑ࠷ٻਢܡ࣍ࢤऱംᠲΖ٣༉รԫଡംᠲࠐΔؾছඒ ߛԫଡໂ࠹ञᓵऱᤜᠲΔ༉ਢՕᖂߒຶᚨᇠီषᄎᖲዌᝫਢٞᄐΔڕ࣠ᎁՕ
ᖂਢ᥆࣍षᄎᖲዌΔঞࠡפ౨ለೣૹ࣍ᖵΕ֮֏ऱႚࢭΔഏ୮ኙՕᖂڶᖄፖ
ᅮऱຂٚΔီՕᖂਙࢌᆖᛜΕጥऱԫຝ։ΖૉီՕᖂ᥆࣍ٞᄐΔঞؘႊא षᄎཚඨ܂ՕᖂඒߛऱؾᑑΔ֗ࠩ၄ृΰᖂس֗୮९αऱೣړΔਙࢌኙ Օᖂਢ༼ࠎຝ։ᆖ၄ऱᇖܗΔՕᖂءߪ༉ᆖᛜΕጥऱຂٚΔא֗ګءய 墿ऱᨠ࢚Ζ۟࣍รԲଡംᠲΔֱ۫ᖂृམᏅڶञᓵΖ॒ףୂՕᖂ۞طᆠ ΰLiberalismαᆖᛎᖂृࠏڕ F. A. HayekΕM. Friedman ፖ G. Stigler ᆖᛎᖂृᎁ
ؑਢࢤऱΔྥۖশ۵Օᖂऱ A. HansenΕR. Musgrave א֗ઊՠᖂೃऱ
P. A. Samuelson۞طΰLiberalαᆖᛎᖂृঞᎁਙࢌފዝထਬࠄ᎖ܗࢤפ
౨Δאַመ։ૹီؑᖄીऱլࢤΖຍࠄञᓵխΔ່༄ࠠ᧯რᆠऱਢ 1966 ڣ
ోપՕᖂऱ W. Heller ࡉ M. Friedman ऱᆖᛎਙՕᓵΖছृૹီؑᎁव ΰmarket cognitionαრᆠΔ৵ृૹီؑ၄ृΰmarket consumerαऱრᆠΔ
ڼڶࠄլٵऱऄΖ
ඒߛؑ֏ڇءધբګඒߛ࿇୶֗ಘᓵऱૹᓰᠲհԫΔؑ
ᖄٻኙඒߛۖߢΔਢ᠏ᖲލࢨٲᖲΔਢࢉࢨլࢉΔױ౨ࡸߢհመڰΔྤࡳ
ᓵΖڕ࣠ຍैᑪੌբުྥګݮΔݮګԫጟႨΔඒߛᅝݝڇ֧شຍଡᨠ࢚ழΔᚨ ᐉშΖ
۟࣍ඒߛ᧤ᙀፖؑ᧤ᙀઌٽΔਢܡڶሔඒߛऱءᔆΔඒߛᖂृለঅఎ ፖᔆጊऱኪ৫Ζ
ᄘܾΰ2000αᎁඒߛؑ֏ऱ࣠ΔྗسऱംᠲᜰࠡጁጁՕृڕᖂ
ֽᄷױ౨૾܅Ιפܓᖄٻॿ፱Օᖂᗑم۞ޣట壄壀Ι֧࿇ਙࢌΕඒߛᖲ ዌፖؑၴߡۥፖפ౨ॻৱૹᄅᓳᖞΙขᖂٽ܂ࢬขسऱՕᖂ۞ࢤໜ؈Δඒ
ߡۥࡳۯᑓᒫא֗ཕᐝತขᦞូ᥆հञኆΖ
ࣥນᆁΰ2001αٍᎁՕᖂૉᅃ٤گ൷࠹ؑᆖᛎऱጥঞΔലլ᥆࣍
ऱΰڕඒߛ֗वᢝαՈ֏Δലլᔞش࣍ؑৈપᣂএऱΰڕஃسᣂএα Ո᠏֏ؑৈપᣂএΔຍࠐऱലਢٲᖲڍ࣍ৈᖲΖ
ഏ؆ᖂृ McMurtryΰ1991αΕMcLaughlinΰ1994αፖ Wringeΰ1994αኙ
ඒߛؑ֏ٍڶࢬጊᐞΔጵᨠԿۯᖂृᔆጊڶԿΚࠡԫΔאؑᆖᛎऱ۞طᤁञ
ঞࠐೈඒߛՂயऱኤጤΔֱࠡऄ֗ေᏝᑑᄷਢܡւᅝΖࠡԲΔඒ
ߛؑ֏৵Δઝߓ֗ઔߒࢬऱᆜΔڇؑࠎᏁەᐞՀΔਢܡᄎ၈܅֮֏ऱᏝଖΔ ࠌਬࠄઝߓլ࠹ૹီΔඒߛ֏ࢨՠࠠ֏ΔႨല⯏႞ࠡ壄壀Δ֧࿇
ψሐᐚຯωፖψᖂאીشωऱञᤜΖࠡԿΔඒߛאؑᖄٻΔլٵऱᏝΰڕ ᖂᠧ၄ऱ၏αലܧլٵऱᔆΔᖂسڇᙇᖗᖂீழΔႊאψב၄౨Ժωছ
༼Δۖॺᖂ౨ԺፖᘋᔊΖڼᜰΔਢܡᄎףषᄎၸᐋ֏Δࠀॿ୭ᖂس࠹ඒᦞΖ
ܑਢรԿរΔO. Brianΰ֧۞ࣥນᆁΔ2001αᎁඒߛؑ֏৵ΔՕᖂഗ࣍ತਙ ՂऱᚘԺΔױ౨૰ࠌڇᆖᛜጥՂ܂נԫࠄ᧢Δ܀່ᣄឭๅऱሐᐚംᠲհԫΔ
ঁਢൎ֏षᄎլֆؓΔࠌषᆖહནᚌႨृΔאຘመඒߛؑޓףᕁࡐࠡچۯΖ ݺഏඒߛመװ࠹ਙࢌऱጥࠫ֜ڍΔᖂீऱ۞ࢤፖᐘࢤլߩΖࢬאΔ۩
ਙೃඒߛޏᐉᤜࡡᄎࢬ༿㍾ऱᨠ࢚ਢψᠾᆙωΔՈ༉ਢᆖᛎᖂՂࢬᘯऱψ۞
ط֏ωፖψᇞೈጥࠫωΔ៶ڼאሒګΚ1.໌ທֆؓᤁञऱᛩቼΙ2.ឩՕؑፖृ
ऱᦞܓΰ۩ਙೃඒޏᄎΔ1995αΖլመΔՂ૪ࠟႈؾᑑऱሒګࠀॺݙ٤ᑗᨠΔඒޏ ᄎ༼נऱጊᐞਢψ۞طᤁञխऱඒߛؑΔឈྥᄎෟޮᔆ܅٭ऱඒߛขΔྥ
ۖؑ֏ૉࠌஇႨ࠹ඒृ࠹ࠩჾ୭Δথਢषᄎֆᆠྤऄ൷࠹ऱΖڂڼΔڇᠾᆙ ழΔլࡵݙ٤אᆖᛎऱᇞೈጥࠫᒤءωΰ۩ਙೃඒޏᄎΔ1995αΖ
א࢚ؑᆖᛜඒߛΔਢኙ࣍ՕᖂԫႈᄅऱਗᖏΔޏ᧢ႚอऱᆖᛜֱڤ ࡉ᧯ᔆΔᨃՕᖂޓࠠᤁञԺΖࢬאΔؑ֏ऱࠐᜯΔլؘመ࣍ඈ؞ࢨီຜΖ ࢨڶࠄᖂृᎁؑᖄٻ৵ਙࢌڇඒߛࢬފዝऱߡۥΔړቝਢຍೋψڶݮ հ֫ωߨٻլጥࠃᆠΰlaissez-faire policyαΖBurton Clarkΰ֧۞ᚮᖠដΔ2000α
༼נඒߛψ࠰ᓳհԿߡωᑓڤΔਙࢌኙՕᖂፖؑտԵऱڍኒΔԿैԺၦऱ
९࿓৫Δጤီഏ୮ऱਙए᧯ࠫΕՕᖂ࿇୶යٙΕᆖष࿇୶֗षᄎՕฒऱႃ᧯რ ݳۖࡳΖլመΔ༉ਙࢌऱߡۥۖߢΔᚮᖠដΰ2000αᎁΔױאᙟԳԺऱᏁޣ֗
ਙᖄٻފዝԿጟլٵऱߡۥΚࠡԫΔਙࢌױאފዝ٘ဪृΔאঅᎽඒߛࠎ ᚨፖ၄հၴऱֆؓࢤΖࠡԲΔਙࢌױאފዝআၞृऱߡۥΔאൎ֏ඒߛऱ ࠎᚨΖࠡԿΔਙࢌՈױאފዝ֭၄ृऱߡۥࢨފዝ၄ृࢨ၄ृհזߡ ۥΖࡤྤᓵਙࢌފዝ۶ጟߡۥΔױאᎅࣔԫଡࠃኔΔਙࢌࠀآݙ٤ಯנؑΔࢨ ڍࢨ֟Δսڶૉեᖄ܂شΖ
ࠡڻΔຝ։խ؆ᖂृ֗ඒޏᄎࢬጊᐞऱਢΔؑ֏৵ΔՕᖂᆖᛜਢܡߨٻפ
ܓᖄٻΔץਔߓΰࢬα֗ᓰ࿓ऱᆜΔא֗ᖂ၄ऱ۞ط֏ΔലআࠌՕᖂऱؾᑑೣ
Ꮕۖߨٻՠࠠ֏ࢨ֏Δܑਢᙇᖗᖂீەᐞψב၄౨Ժωᚌ࣍ᖂ౨ԺᘋᔊΔ ޓᄎףषᄎऱၸᐋ֏ΖഗءՂΔඒߛؑᖄٻࠀڶசሔࢨೣᠦՕᖂඒߛ ऱءᔆፖפ౨Δݺଚլ౨࢙ฃԫଡࠃኔΔਢषᄎڇ᧢Δ࠹ඒृኙՕᖂඒߛऱᏁޣ բլٵ࣏Δᇨڕ Kerrΰ1963αࢬߢΚվֲऱՕᖂΔլᓵᑓΕפ౨Εᆖ၄ࠐᄭΕ
ิ៣ዌֱ૿ΔຟܧڍցऱଅᎎΖՕᖂڕ۶෧࠷ؑᖄٻऱۥΔڕ༼ࣙய
ΕᒔঅᔆΕڍցᆖᛜΔᨃՕᖂޓࠠᤁञᚌႨΔԾ౨ፂᥨՕᖂऱଅፖ壄壀Δ թਢڂᚨհሐΖՕᖂྤᓵਢઔߒীՕᖂࢨਢඒᖂীՕᖂΔฅᄐᖂسຟၞԵषᄎ
֗Δૉߓΰࢬα֗ᓰ࿓ऱᆜΔլ౨ᗨᄕچڃᚨشԳۯፖ၄ृऱᏁޣΔ Ոᄎ૿ᜯࢵسլߩࢨᆖᛎՂऱᚘԺΖ
۟࣍ףषᄎၸᐋ֏ΔᖂृጊᐞਢΔڇؑᖲࠫᖙ᜕ՀΔᖂீᄎאᏝ
֘ਠᔆΔஇႨගᆢב၄౨ԺڶૻΔةྤऄᙇᖗᔆړԾᔞٽ۞աᖂᘋᔊऱ ᖂீΔຍࠄ୮அહནᚌฆԾၞԵټீऱฅᄐسΔၞԵषᄎ৵Δྤᓵڇᘩࢨ༉ᄐ Ղ݁ࡺ࣍ᚌႨΔޓףᕁࡐࠡषᆖچۯΖףषᄎၸᐋ֏ऱംᠲΔࡐፖଡԳऱඒߛ
࿓৫Εᄐᣊܑ֗࠷ࢬऱ౨ԺڶᣂΔ܀ૉਙࢌऱᆖᛎ֗ತਙਙڶ؈Δທ ګࢬ։၏ऱឩՕΔ۞ٍᣄאᝩ܍Ζ
ݺഏመװՕᖂᖂ၄ਙܛഗ࣍Ղ૪طא֗ᆵኔඒߛᖲᄎ݁ऱ࢚Δਙ
ࢌኙՕᖂᖂ၄ᐛگᑑᄷףאጥࠫΔڇᇖܗլߩΔषᄎᇷᄭآ౨ڶயሎشՀΔՕᖂ ᆖ၄ܺ࿖ᐙࠡ࿇୶Ζኙ࣍Օᖂᖂ၄ਙΔᖂृଠᤜψ౨Ժב၄ωঞΔࢬ౨ Ժլ֗ृΔঞطਙࢌ၀ᇖΰݦ݁Δ1984Ι።௨سΔ1999αΖڼԫൻਜΔڇભഏڰ բ۩հڶڣΔભഏ 1972 ڣᐉᤜψඒߛऄூωΰHigh Education ActαழΔഏᄎ ᤜܛᎁΔऴ൷ᇖܗᖂسऱऄΔլᓵ༉ඒߛᖲᄎ݁ࢨ༼ඒߛᔆۖ
ߢΔຟਢ່ڶயऱऄΰᚮᖠដΔ2000αΖࢬאΔඒߛڇؑ֏ՀΔឩՕᆖ၄
։խऱψࢬய࣠ωΰincome effectαΔऴ൷ᇖܗᖂسאൎ֏ࠡኙᖂீඒߛऱᙇᖗ ᦞ֗၇ԺΔױאᏺףᖂسᙇᖗᖂீऱᖲᄎΖഏփؾছإઔᤜലኙஇႨගᆢृ࿇
ψॹڣඒߛ੍၀ωΔլ؈ױ۩ऱऄΖ
ඒߛऱפ౨ΔೈഛߛԳթ؆ΔޓૹऱΔਢኙഏ୮ਙएΕ֮֏ᐋ૿ᐙ
ऱΔط࣍ፖഏ୮࿇୶ᣂএऱയ֊ΔࢬאΔڶԫଡਙࢌലඒߛݙ٤ٌ
طؑԺၦࠐሎ܂ΔլመΔՕᖂءߪڇփຝᛩቼޏ᧢ՀΔႚอऱᙄᖂֱڤΔױ౨ լ౨ڂᚨषᄎ֗ᖂسऱᏁޣΔᖄၞຝ։ؑऱᨠ࢚ΔڕᇞೈጥࠫΕࠨᖿᤁञΕ༼
ࣙயΕড়ᖄٻΔലڶܗ࣍ՕᖂᙄᖂᜎயऱޏΖᄷڼۖߢΔඒߛڇؑ
ሎ܂ՂΔ౨ᎅਢԫጟᄷؑΰquasi-marketαऱᖲࠫΖኙඒߛ࿇୶ۖߢΔ ਢৈᖲۖॺٲᖲΖ
ౙăඕ! ኢ
ፕඒߛڇᝬٻψߏڶ֏ωፖψؑ֏ωऱመ࿓խΔឈ࠹ഏᎾᑪੌ֗ᑛ ભՕᖂ࿇୶հᐙΔ܀Ոፖ२ڣࠐഏփਙएΕषᄎፖᆖᛎᛩቼऱޏ᧢ڶᣂΖۖՕ ᖂࢤᔆऱ᠏᧢Δطဍඒߛ᠏Օฒ֏ඒߛழΔਙࢌٍؘႊ৸ەվ৵ፖՕᖂऱᣂ এᚨڕ۶ᓳᖞΖ֧ၞψؑᖄٻωऱᨠ࢚ࠐᆖᛜፖጥՕᖂΔਙࢌፖՕᖂਢ࣍
ψ०ωᝫψࢴωٌᙑऱࠟᣄܺቼΖؑ֏ࢬൎᓳऱψࠨᖿᤁञωΕψ༼ࣙயω ፖψᒔঅᔆωਢՕᖂվ৵ޣسژፖةᥛᆖᛜؘߨऱሁΔ܀ؑ֏ऱ࣠Δਢܡ ᄎᖄીਙࢌኙՕᖂጥ؈װࠡٽऄࢤऱچۯΔא֗Օᖂءᔆፖפ౨ऱޏ᧢Δਢܡ षᄎല؈װֆؓΕإᆠΔ݁ࠌਙࢌ֗Օᖂኙؑ֏ऱ൷࠹ტጊᐞۖ፷ߩլছΖ
ᖕء֮אՂऱ։࣫ΔኙݺഏؾছඒߛؑᖄٻਙऱᛀီΔ༼נאՀ
រᓵΖࠡԫΔឈྥඒߛؑᖄٻ࠹ࠩٺഏਙࢌऱૹီፖॹᅭΔ܀ݺഏ֧
ၞڼԫᨠ࢚ழΔഗ࣍षᄎΕ֮֏હནऱฆࢤΔլࡵ৺ၞፖ٤ᒌฝᆜΔᚨီழ़
ᛩቼऱޏ᧢ΔᐉშհΖࠡԲΔؑᖄٻऱছᆜޡᨏਢψߏڶ֏ωࢨψ۞ط֏ωΔ ڇຍԫֱ૿ΔՕᖂऱၲ࣋Δਢᎈᖄؑ֏ऱᎈڂΙ۟࣍ψ۞ط֏ωΔছ༼༉ਢψᠾ ᆙωΔᨃՕᖂᖑڶޓڍऱ۞़ၴΔؾছՕᖂڇิ៣Εߓࢬ࿇୶Εא֗ԳՓ֗ᆖ၄
۞ᦞֱ૿Δ᧩ྥլߩΔਙࢌՀ࣋ऱ༏৫ᝫլജΖࠡԿΔؑᖄٻऱۥਢψᤁ ञωΕψᔆωፖψயωΔط࣍Օᖂؾছփ؆ຝᛩቼ৬ዌᖲࠫࡸآݙໂΔࢬאΔ
ඒߛؑ֏ऱයٙլߩΔսڶৱޏΖڂڼΔՈ౨ᎅΔؾছඒߛႛ౨ሒ
ࠩᣊۿؑΰmarket-likeαࢨתؑ֏ΰsemi-marketαऱ࿓৫ΖࠡΔૉؑ
ᖄٻਢءધඒߛޏؘྥऱႨΔݺഏآࠐՕᖂ࿇୶ٍྤऄᆜߪ࣍؆Ζਙ
ࢌᚨᇠ೯༼נૉեൻਜΔڕ৬مݙᖞऱေᦸᖲࠫ֗ಯᖲࠫΔࠀᤩ࣋ૉ
եᎈڂΔቔᚐՕᖂཛڼԫֱٻᝬၞΔڕ࣠౨ജආ࠷ؑ֏ऱԫࠄᚌរΔԾ౨ଫ֗
Օᖂऱءᔆፖפ౨Δঞؑ֏լ؈ԫጟৈᖲࢨ᠏ᖲΔᨃՕᖂๅ઼ངΔݺഏ
࿇୶נԫଡޓუऱඒߛছནΖ
ણ҂͛ᚥ
ڹᄃԫΕᆺ୮ᘋΰ1994αΖߏԳᘋᖂհઔߒΖሉ࣍ےᖋፚΰᒳαΔᇃᢊఀى८ΰ 64-81αΖ ፕקΚছᓡΖ
۩ਙೃඒߛޏᐉᤜࡡᄎΰ1995αΖΙᒚដൢ֙ΖፕקΚ܂ृΖ
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ࣥນᆁΰ2001αΖؑ֏ඒߛऱٲᖲࢨ᠏ᖲΖϬРఀىȂ7Δ121-127Ζ
ݦ݁ΰ1984αΖྣླྀޟЖȂվᓗޟᖛΖፕקΚ֚ՀΖ
๕୮ᎌΕᢅ௯ঊΰ2002αΖխΕཽΕፕඒߛؑ֏ᄭದፖᇞΖሉ࣍ᚮᖠដΕ๕୮ᎌΕ
ڜ߶ΰᒳαΔଽ้ఀىѿൟϽᇃȃ෫ȃϛᗍ༖ϞШၶΰ 120-154αΖፕקΚ
ඒߛΖ
ඒߛຝΰ2003αΖרଽ้ఀىีೣგंـடਰൢ֙ΖፕקΚ܂ृΖ ຫ৬ൎΕພൈΰᒳαΰ2000αΖᓺ፴ఀىΖଉཽΚඒஃᄎΖ
ຫൎΰ2002αΖଉཽඒߛኙؑ֏ऱڃᚨΖሉ࣍ᚮᖠដΕ๕୮ᎌΕڜ߶ΰᒳαΔଽ
้ఀىѿൟϽᇃȃ෫ȃϛᗍ༖ϞШၶΰ 119-154αΖፕקΚඒߛΖ
ྏΰ1997αΖඒߛؑᖄٻፖઊ৸ؑᑓী৬مፖઔߒΖఀىंـၥଉȂ6ΰ3αΔ74-85Ζ ᄘܾΰ2000αΖݧߢΖሉ࣍ᚮᖠដΔଽ้ఀىޟσಀϽᇄѿൟϽΰ 1-5αΖፕקΚཆཕΖ
።௨سΰ1999αΖఀىࢇᇄఀىีΖፕקΚஃՕΖ ᚮᖠដΰ2000αΖଽ้ఀىޟσಀϽᇄѿൟϽΖፕקΚཆཕΖ
ᚮᖠដΰ2002αΖ٤֏֗ഏ୮Яؑᣂএհ᠏᧢Κඒߛؑ֏հ౧։࣫Ζሉ࣍ᚮ ᖠដΕ๕୮ᎌΕڜ߶ΰᒳαΔଽ้ఀىѿൟϽᇃȃ෫ȃϛᗍ༖ϞШၶΰ 31-49αΖ ፕקΚඒߛΖ
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