Assessing the Determinants of Married Women's Internet Self-efficacy: A Case of Central Region in Taiwan
邱伊玲、吳為聖
E-mail: 9805473@mail.dyu.edu.tw
ABSTRACT
To improve the gender digital divide has emerged as a critical issue of digital literacy enhancement for all, especially for married women. This study empirically examined the relationships of antecedents in-cluding female awareness and Internet self-efficacy (ISE) for Taiwan-ese married women. A questionnaire was assigned with stratified ran-dom sampling approach to married women in the central region of Tai-wan. Data was tested against the hypotheses, path analyses, and cross-validation by structural equation
modeling. Results show that married women’s female awareness positively but slightly influence their ISE. Prior experience directly influences ISE and also indirectly influences ISE via Internet anxiety. Social support is a prominent ex-ternal factor not only for Internet self-efficacy but also for female’s awareness and Internet anxiety. Findings provide practical guidelines for designing the information technology curriculum in women education.
Keywords : Internet Self-efficacy、Female Consciousness、Prior Experience、Social Support、Internet Anxiety Table of Contents
審核頁 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． i 博碩士論文暨電子檔案上網授權書．．．．．．．．．．． ii 中文摘要 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． iii 英文摘要 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． iv 誌謝辭 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． v 內容目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． vi 表目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． viii 圖目錄 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． ix 第一章 緒論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 1 第一節 研究背景與動機．．．．．．．．．．．． 1
第二節 研究目的與問題．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 6 第三節 研究範圍與限制．．．．．．．．．．．． 6
第四節 論文架構與研究流程．．．．．．．．．． 7
第二章 文獻探討．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 8 第一節 網路自我效能．．．．．．．．．．．．． 8 第二節 先前經驗．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 14 第三節 社會支持．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 16 第四節 網路焦慮．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 18 第五節 女性意識．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 22
第三章 研究方法．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 28 第一節 研究架構．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 28 第二節 研究假說．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 29 第三節 研究對象與抽樣方法．．．．．．．．．． 37 第四節 問卷編製．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 38 第五節 資料分析方法．．．．．．．．．．．．． 44 第六節 前測施行與結果分析．．．．．．．．．． 46
第四章 研究結果．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 48 第一節 測定樣本．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 48
第二節 效化樣本．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 55 第三節 複核效化分析．．．．．．．．．．．．． 61 第四節 討論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 62
第五章 結論與建議．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 66 第一節 結論．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 66 第二節 研究貢獻．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 67 第三節 後續研究建議．．．．．．．．．．．．． 68 參考文獻 ．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 70 附錄 研究問卷．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．． 102 REFERENCES
一、中文部份Beleky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1995)，對抗生命衝擊的?人(蔡美?譯)，台?:遠?出版社，(原文 於1986年出版)。White, M., & Epston, D. (2001)，故事、知?、權?:敘事治療的力量(廖世?譯)，台?:心?工坊，(原文於1990年出版)。中華民 國內政部性別統計專區(2008)，[線上資料]，來源: http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/gender/list.html [2008 October 23]。中華民國民法，第12條
，「滿二十歲為成年。」井敏珠(1992)，已婚職業婦女生活壓力與因應策略、社會支持之研究，國立政治大學教育研究所未出版之博士 論文。方念萱，林鶴玲(2001)，本地歷來傳播研究中性別研究分析，二十一世紀台灣傳播學門回顧與展望研討會，政治大學傳播學院，
台北:國科會人文處。王日宏(2008)，探討高中生網路自我效能因素及相關研究，網路社會學通訊，70(5)，[線上資料]，來源:
http://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/70/70-05.htm [2008, De-cember 10]。王宏德(1993)，師範大學學生電腦焦慮之研究，淡江大學教育資 料科學研究所未出版之碩士論文。王美文(2001)，增權觀點之婦?學習，社會教育學刊，30，25-45。王錦玲(1996)，高雄市二度就業婦女 參與成人職業進修教育障礙之研究，國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。王齡竟(2008)，家庭衝突及社會支持對青 少年憂鬱情緒及偏差行為之影響:補償抑或緩衝作用，國立台灣大學社會工作學研究所未出版之碩士論文。皮?生、邵瑞珍(1989)，教育 心?學，台?:五南。朱嘉琦(1997)，台灣婦??性意?發展?程之研究－以三位?性主義者的生命故事為?，國?台灣師範大學教育心?與輔導就所 未出版之碩士論文。江惠瑜(2007)，寄情、惜情、傳真情:樂當家庭主婦之煮食經驗探究，國立嘉義大學家庭教育與諮商研究所未出版之 碩士論文。行政院研究發展考核委員會(2009)，本會97年度性別統計分析，[線上資料]，來源:
http://www.rdec.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=12200&CtUnit=2229&BaseDSD=7&mp=100 [2009, June 3]。吳志恆(2000)，國小學童電腦焦慮之相 關因素研究，國?花?師範學院國小科學教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。吳明隆(1996)，電腦焦慮的涵義、成因、評量與輔導策略之探究
，屏師科學教育，3，25-34。吳錦毅(2007)，?島地區國中教師接受創新程?、資訊素養、電腦焦慮與電腦自我效能之相關研究，國?台東 大學教育學系未出版之碩士論文。宋鴻燕(2004)，大學生「網路自我效能感」與學習動機特質:以「文化與心理健康」通識課程為例，通 識教育季刊，11(4)，23-44。李玉惠(1997)，國民小學女性校長工作壓力與社會支持需求之研究，國立台北師範學院國民教育研究所未出 版之碩士論文。李妮，李曼(2007)，社會轉型下女性意識的迷思，哈爾濱學院學報，28(10)，20-24。李嘉文(1999)，女性與網路─從女性 與科技出發，婦女與兩性研究通訊，52，1-5。李鴻怡(2008)，中高齡成人自我導向學習、家庭支持與網路自我效能之關係研究，國立臺 灣科技大學技術及職業教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。?春?(2005)，電腦自我效能與電腦焦慮之研究--以專業經?人之觀點?探討，國?台?
大學企業管?學系未出版之碩士?文。?雯(2002)，國小教師電腦自我效能與電腦焦慮之研究，屏東師範學院國民教育研究所未出版之碩士?
文。周君蘭(2001)，虛擬的溝通藝術－一個網路語言文化的初探性研究，清華大學網路與社會研討會，新竹:國立清華大學。周倩，林 華(1998)，中小學教育人員電腦網路焦慮感與相關因素之初探，第七屆國際電腦輔助教學研討會論文集，610-617，高雄:國立高雄師範大 學。周淑靖(2005)，影響消費者持續使用B2C電子商務網站購物之因素研究，國立高雄第一科技大學資訊管理所未出版之碩士論文。林 于詩(2005)，概化他人傳播型態與網路使用動機之關聯性研究一以台北縣市大學生為例，中國文化大學新聞研究所未出版之碩士論文。
林宇玲(2000)，解讀全球資訊網上之台灣女性網站:由網站論述表現來看性別與科技之關係，婦女與兩性學刊，11，1-33。林宇玲(2002)，
網路與性別，臺北:華之鳳科技有限公司。林宇玲(2003)，電腦恐懼的理論探究，資訊社會研究，5，327-358，嘉義:南華大學社會所。邱 天助(1992)，?性主義教育學與Mezirow觀點轉換學習，中華民國成人教育學會主編，婦?教育，197-216，台?:師大書苑。邱炫富(2003)，
網站權益、網路焦慮與消費者因應策略之研究－以網路購物為例，元智大學國際企業學系未出版之碩士論文。施美朱(2000)，國中生電 腦學習成就相關因素之研究，臺灣師範大學工業科技教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。洪華檜(2006)，國小中高年級學生的網路行為、管 理認同態度與親子關係之研究，國立臺南大學教育經營與管理研究所未出版之碩士論。范家敏(2004)，高雄縣國小高年級學童電腦遊戲 使用行為與電腦態度、電腦自我效能之相關研究，國立臺東大學教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。翁淑緣(2000)，影響國中學生電腦學習 意願之個人特性探討，教育與心?研究，23，147-172。張如慧(2001)，性別、科技與教育─女性主義觀點的分析，教育資料與研究，42
，64-69。張玨(1991)，?性意?與婦?教育，成人教育，4，18-19。張春興(1991)，張氏心理辭典，臺北:東華。張美景(2005)，大學生電腦學 習經驗與電腦自我效能之探討，屏東科技大學資訊管理系未出版之碩士論文。張郁芬(2001)，國小教師工作壓力、社會支持與身心健康 之研究，國立嘉義大學國民教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。張維安(2002)，網路與性別，網路社會學通訊期刊，[線上資料]，來源:
http://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/23/04.htm [2008, October 10]張?文(2002)，母職是重擔？還是轉化的起點？?與?書會?性的轉化學習，
成人學習；本土經驗的實踐，151－208，台?:師大書苑。教育部國語辭典簡編本網路版(2000)，[線上資料]，來源:
http://140.111.34.46/cgi-bin/jdict/GetContent.cgi?DocNum=6619&GraphicWord=&QueryString=婦女 [2008, October 10]梁德馨(2009)，98 年度台灣寬頻網路使用調查報告，財團法人台灣網路資訊中心，[線上資料]，來源:
http://www.twnic.net.tw/download/200307/0901all.pdf [2009 February 23]。莊雅茹(1993)，台灣學生電腦焦慮之探討。教育研究資訊
，1(5)，115-127。莊雅茹(1995)，電腦焦慮測驗題目之編製與發展，資訊與教育，45，18-27。陳怜怜(2000)，高雄市高中教師電腦態度之 研究，高雄師範大學工業科學教育學系未出版之碩士論文。陳政豪(2005)，消費者網路購物焦慮之成因及後果之研究－以購物網站為例
，元智大學國際企業學系未出版之碩士論文。陳彩鳳(2003)，多重角色的職業婦女參與繼續學習經驗之研究:以國立空中大學嘉義學習指 導中心為例，國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。陳淑娟(2003)，比較職業婦女與家庭主婦的哺餵型態、知識、態 度及其相關因素，國立台北護理學院護理研究所未出版之碩士論文。陳慶民(2008)，國小高年級學童網路遊戲使用行為與電腦自我效能 之相關研究—以台北縣為例，國立臺東大學教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。游承恩(2006)，家庭主婦的網路使用行為研究，世新大學資 訊傳播學系未出版之碩士論文。黃國鑫(2005)，國中自然與生活科技職前教師學習風格與電腦網路效能信念之研究，國立彰化師範大學 科學教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。黃淑珠(2000)，高職學生電腦網路態度、素養及使用現況之調查研究，淡江大學教育科技學系未出 版之碩士論文。楊惠貞(2000)，影響資管學生學習焦崩及電腦學習成效因素之研究，國立中央大學資訊管理學系未出版之博士論文。葉 俞均(2006)，探討大學生憂鬱症狀、拒網自我效能、社會支持在網路成癮模式中之角色，國立成功大學行為醫學研究所未出版之碩士論 文。廖秀莉(2007)，影響線上學習網站採用與繼續使用之因素研究，國立臺灣科技大學資訊管理系未出版之博士論文。劉珠利(2005)，性 別(女性)與資訊化－對社會工作資訊化的啟示，社區發展季刊，111，148-157。劉蕙如(2003)，台北市在學青少年網路使用動機、使用行 為與幸福感之研究，中國文化大學心理輔導研究所未出版之碩士論文。劉宏鈺(2002)，家庭中兩性平等教育之省思:女性主義觀點，北縣 成教，21，40-49。?宏鈺(2006)，婦?學習課程方案對?性自主意?影響之研究 —以嘉義縣婦?大學為?，2006 台灣社會??學會?會暨國際學術 研討會「社會?均與社會實踐—健康、教育、就業、所得」，嘉義縣。潘明君(2001)，探索主要國家上網人口之定義與衡量機制，FIND
，[線上資料]，來源: http://www.find.org.tw/trend_disp.asp?trend_id=1131 [2008, November 22]。蔡秀美(1997)，兩性教育相關議題之探討
，成人教育雙月刊，37，16-23。蔡依婷(2007)，正視數位落差教材不友善、沙文主義、心理障礙阻隔電腦學習路，中時電子報，[線上資 料]，來源: http://www.gsrat.net/news/newsclipDetail.php?ncdata_id=4222 [2008, November 18]。鄭潓妏(2000)，女性教學者女性意識轉化 及其教學實踐之研究，國立中正大學成人及繼續教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。盧浩權(2005)，青少年網路沉迷現象與生活壓力、負面 情緒之相關研究，靜宜大學青少年兒童福利研究所未出版之碩士論文。蕭鈺貞(2006)，教師性別角色觀與性別教育關係之探討，網路社 會學通訊，52(34)，[線上資料]，來源: http://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/52/52-34.htm [2008, No-vember 1 ]。謝靜慧(2000)，國民中小 學教師之電腦焦慮、電腦自我效能、電腦因應策略與電腦素養之相關研究，國立中山大學教育研究所未出版之碩士論文。?寶鳳(1992)，
成?婦?的發展，成人教育學會主編，婦?教育，台?:師大書苑。蘇芊?(1995)，給官方與民間的新時代婦?教育，研考雙月刊，19(1)，41-47
。二、英文部份Adams, B. (1995). The Family: A Sociological Interpretation. (5th ed.) . New York: Harcourt Brace & Company.Allen, B. J.
(1995). Gender and computer-mediated communication. Sex Roles, 32(7), 557-563.Anderson, N., Lankshear, C., Courtney, L., & Timms, C.
(2008). ‘Because it’s boring, irrelevant and I don’t like computers’: Why female secondary school students avoid profession-ally-oriented ICT subjects. Computers and Education, 50(4), 1304–1318.Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural Equation Mod-eling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Ap-proach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.Bagozzi, R. P. (1993). Assessing construct validity in personality re-search: Applications to measures of self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 27(1), 49-87.Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency, American Psychologist, 37(2), 122-147.Bandura, A. (1986). Social Foundations of Thought and Action, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.Barbeite, F. G., & Weiss, E.
M. (2004). Computer self-efficacy and anxiety scales for an Internet sample testing measurement equivalence of existing measures and development of new scales. Computers in Human Behavior, 20(1), 1-15.Barrera, M., Jr. (1986). Distinctions between social support concepts, measures, and models. American Journal of Community Psy-chology, 14(4), 413-445.Baylor, J. (1985). Assessment of microcomputer attitudes of education students. ERIC Document Reproduction Service No, ED 264 284.Belenky, M. F., Clinchy, B. M., Goldberger, N. R., & Tarule, J. M. (1986).
Women’s Ways of Knowing. New York: Basic Book.Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and Good-ness-of-Fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psycho-logical Bulletin, 88(3), 588-600.Bentler, P. M., (1989). EQS Structural Equations Program Manual, Los Angeles:
BMDP.Bimber, B. (2000). Measuring the gender gap on the internet. Social Science Quarterly, 81(3), 868-876.Brainard, S. R., & Ommen, J. L.
(1977). Men, women, and learning styles. Community College Frontiers, 5(3), 32-36.Busch, T. (1995). Gender differences in self-efficacy and attitudes toward computers. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 12(2), 147-158.Cambre, M. A., & Cook, D. L. (1985). Computer anxiety:
Definition, measurement, and correlates. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association. ERIC Document No. ED 246 085.Cassidy, S., & Eachus, P. (2002). Developing the computer user self ef?cacy (CUSE) scale: Investigating the relationship between computer self-ef?cacy, gender and experience with computers. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 26(2), 133–153.Cattell, R.
B., & Scheier, I. H. (1961). The meaning and measurement of neuroticism and anxiety. New York:Ronald Press.Cennamo, K. S., & Lehman, J. D.
(1994). Enhancing elf-efficacy for computer technologies through the use of positive classroom experiences. Educational Technology Research and Develop-ment, 42(3), 45-62.Cernadas, J. M. C., Noceda, G., Barrera, L., Martinez, A. M., & Garsd, A. (2003). Maternal and perinatal factors Influencing the dura-tion of exclusive breast feeding during the first 6 months of life. Journal of Human Lactation, 19(2), 136-144.Chen, M. (1986).
Gender and computers: The Beneficial effects of experience of attitudes. Journal of Educational Computing Re-search, 16(5), 50-55.Chou, S. W., &
Chen P. Y. (2009). The influence of individual dif-ferences on continuance intentions of enterprise resource plan-ning (ERP). International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 67(6), 484- 496.Chu, R. J-c., Chen, H. L., Lin, C. C., & Lee, H. Y. (2008). Learning influ-ences of family support and self-directed learning upon the internet self-efficacy of middle aged and old adults. Technology Enhanced Learning Conference 2008, [Online]. Available: http://telearn2008.cl.ncu.edu.tw/program_conference_program.htm [2009, March 3].Chu, R., Weng, C., & Chu, A. (2008).
Can social supports in the classroom overcome disadvantaged backgrounds of middle aged and older adults in internet learning? In G. Richards (Ed.), Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education 2008, 3410-3417.Chua, S.
L., Chen, D., & Wong, A. F. L. (1999). Computer anxiety and its correlates: A meta-analysis. Computers in Human Be-havior, 15(5), 609
–623.Civil, R. (1994). The internet and the poor. Public Access to the Internet, 25, 175-207.Coats, M. (1994) . Women’s Education.
Buckingham, England: The Society for Research into Higher Education & Open University Press.Cockburn, C. (1988). Machinery of Dominance : Women, Men and Technical Know-how. London: Plute Press.Coffin, R. J., & MacIntyre, P. D. (1999). Motivational influences on
computer-related affect states, Computers in Human Behavior, 15(5), 549-569.Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buff-ering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. (1995a). Application of social cognitive theory to training for computer skills. Information Systems Research, 6(2), 118-143.Compeau, D. R., & Higgins, C. A. (1995b). Computer self-efficacy:
Development of a measure and initial test, MIS Quarterly, 19(2), 189-211.Comrey, A. L. (1988). Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consultin-gand Clinical Psychology, 56(5), 754-761.Cooper, J. (2006). The digital divide: The special case of gender. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 22(5), 320-334.Cowan, R. S. (1976). The industrial revolution in the home: House-hold technology and social change in the 20th century. Tech-nology and Culture, 17(1), 1-23.Cutrona, C. E., & Russell, D. (1990). Type of social support and specific stress: Toward a theory of optimal matching. In I.G. Sarason, B.R. Sarason, & G.R. Pierce (Eds.). Social sup-port: An interactional view, 319-366, Now York: Wiley.Dambrot, F., Watkins-Malek, M., Silling, S., Marshall, R., & Garver, J., (1985). Correlates of sex differences in attitudes toward and involvement with computer. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 27(1), 71-86.Dorsey, O. L., & Pierson, M. J. (1984).
A descriptive study of adult learning styles in a nontraditional education program. Lifelong Learning, 7(8), 8-11.Durack, K. T. (1997). Gender, technology, and their history of tech-nical communication. Technical Communication Quarterly, 6(3), 249-260.Durndell, A., & Haag, Z. (2002).
Computer self efficacy, computer anxiety, attitudes towards the Internet and reported experience with the Internet, by gender, in an East European sample. Computer in Human Behavior. 18(5), 521-535.Ealy, D. (1999). The effects of an Internet Skill-Building Module on safety and
environmental graduate students’ Internet anxiety, likelihood to use the Internet, and learning Internet/Intranet content. West Virginia University, USA.Eastin, M. A., & LaRose, R. L. (2000). Internet self-efficacy and the psychology of the digital divide. Journal of Computer- Medi-ated Communication, 6(1), [Online]. Available: http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol6/issue1/eastin.html [2008, August 12].Edward, K. (1994). The development of a model of computer anxiety among at-risk students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Wayne State University.Edwards, P. N.
(1995). From Impact to Social Process: Computers in Society and Culture, in Jasanoff, S. (Ed.). Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 257-285. London: Sage.Farina, F., Arce, R., Sobral, J., & Carames, R. (1991). Predictors of anxiety towards computers. Computers in Human Behavior, 7(4), 263-267.Faulkner, W. (1998). Extraordinary journeys around ordinary tech-nology in ordinary lives. Science Studies of Science, 28(3), 484-489.Faulkner, W. (2000). The power and the pleasure? A research agenda for making gender stick to engineers. Science, Technology &
Human Values, 25(1), 89-119.Felner, R. D. (1984). Vulnerability in childhood: A preventative framework for understanding children’s effort to copy with life stress and transitions. Prevention of problems in childhood. Now York: Wiley.Flaherty, J. A., Gaviria, F. M., & Pathak, D. S. (1983).
The measure-ment of social support: The social support network inventory. Comprehensive, 24(6), 521-529.Flannery, D. D. (2000). Connection. In Hayes, H., & Flannery, D. D. (Eds.), Women as learners: The significance of gender in adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bess,
111-137.Fletcher-Flinn, C. M., & Suddendorf, T. (1996). Computer attitude, gender and exploratory behavior: A developmental study. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 15(4), 369-392Fornell. C., & Larcker, F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable cariables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50.Frank Feather (2001). Futureconsumer.com, Capstone Publishing Limited.Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and Self-identity. Oxford: Polity Press.Giddens, A. (1994). Beyond Left and Right: The Fu-ture of Radical Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.Gilligan, C. (1982). The influence of individual differences in skill in end-user computing. Journal of Management Information Sys-tems, 9(1), 1992, 93-111.Gist, M. E., & Mitchel, T. R. (1992), Self-efficacy: A theoretical analysis of its determinants and
malleability, Academy of Man-agement Review, 17(2), 183-211.Gist, M. E., Schwoerer, C., & Rosen, B. (1989). Effects of alternative training nethods on self-efficacy and performance in computer software training, Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(6), 884-891.Gorman-Smith, D., Tolan, P. H., & Henry, D. B. (2000). A develop-mental-ecological model of the relation of family functioning to patterns of delinquency. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 16(2), 169-198.Green, E., Owen, J., & Pain, D. (1993). Gendered by design? Infor-mation Technology and Office Systems. London: Taylor and Francis.Gross, E. F., Juvonen, J., & Gable, S. L. (2002). Internet use and well-being in adolescence. Journal of Social Issues, 58(1), 75-90.Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. L., Tatham, W. C., & Black, W. C. (1992). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings, MacMillan, (3rd ed.). New York.Hair, J.F., Anderson, R.E., Tatham, R.L., & Black, W.C. (1998). Mul-tivariate Data Analysis, New Jersey: Prentice Hall
Publishers.Hall, A. S., & Parsons, J. (2001) Internet Addiction: College student case study using best practices in cognitive behavioral therapy.
Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 23(4), 312-27.Halpern, D. F. (1996). Changing data, changing minds: What the data on cognitive sex differences tell us and what we hear. Learning and Individual Differences, 8(1), 73-82.Harrison, A.W. & Rainer R.K., Jr. (1992). The influence of individual differences on skill in end-user computing. Journal of Man-agement Information Systems, 9(1), 93-111.Healy, J. M. (1998). Failure to connect: How computers affect our children’s mind-for better and worse heavy users. European Journal of Communication, 13(2),
181-200.Henwood, F., & Wyatt, S. M. E. (2000). Persistent ineqalities: Gender and technology in the year 2000. Feminist Review, 64,
128-131.Herring, S. C. (1999). The rhetorical dynamics of gender harassment online. The Information Society, 15(3), 151-167.Hill, T., Smith, N.
D., & Mann, M. F. (1987). Role of efficacy expec-tations in predicting the decision to use advanced technologies: The case of computers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 72(2), 307-313.House, J. S., & Kahn, R. L. (l985). Social support and health. Meas-ures and concepts of social support. In Cohen, S. & Syme, L. (Eds.). 83-108.Hsu, T., & Huang, L. (2006). Developing an internet self-efficacy scale of 2006 (ISE06). In T. Reeves and S.
Yamashita (Eds.). Proceedings of World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education, 2006(1),
2000-2008.Hsu, M. H. & Chiu, C. M., (2004). Internet self-efficacy and elec-tronic service acceptance. Decision Support System, 38(3),
369-381.Humm, M. (1992). Modern feminisms: Political, literary, cultural. Now York: Columbia University Press.Huyer, S. & Sikoska, T. (2003).
Overcoming the gender digital divide: understanding ICTs and their potential for the empowerment of women. Instraw research paper series, [Online]. Available:www.un-instraw.org/en/docs/gender_and_ict/Synthesis_Paper.pdf [2008, November 30]Igbaria, M., & Iivari, J. (1995). The effects of self-efficacy on com-puter usage, Omega, 23(6), 587-605.Igbaria, M., Iivari, J., & Maragah, H. (1995). Why do individuals use computer technology? A Finnish case study, Information and Management, 29(5), 227-238.Joiner, R., Brosnan, M., Duffield, J., Gavin, J., & Maras P. (2007).
The relationship between Internet identification, Internet anxi-ety and Internet use, Computers in Human Behavior, 23(3), 1408-1420.Kaiser, H.
F. (1974). An Index of Factorial Simplicity, Psychometrika, 39(1), 31-36.Kaplan, N. & Farrell, E. (1994). Weaver of webs: A portrait of young women on the Net. Electronic Journal on Virtual Culture, 2(3).
[Online]. Available: http://serials.infomotions.com/aejvc/aejvc-v2n03-kaplan-weavers.txt [2008, November 18].Komter, L. (1989). Hidden Power in Marriage. Gender & Society, 3(2), 187-216.Kramarae, C., & Taylor, H. J. (1993). Women and men on electronic networks: A conversation or a monologue? In H.J. Taylor, C. Kramarae, & M. Ebben (Eds.), Women, information technology and scholarship. Center for Advanced Study, University of Il-linois, Urbana- Champaign. 52-61.Lam, J., & Lee, M. (2005). Bridging the digital divide - The roles of internet self-efficacy towards learning computer and the inter-net among elderly in Hong Kong, China. IEEE Computer Soci-ety. 8(8), 262-271.Larson, R. W., Branscomb, K.
R., & Wiley, A. R. (2006). Forms and functions of family mealtimes multidisciplinary perspectives. New Directions for Child & Adolescent Development, 2006(111), 1-15.Leso, T. & Peck, K. L. (1992). Computer anxiety and different types of computer courses. Journal of Educational Computing, 8(4), 469–478.Light, J. S. (1995) The digital landscape: new space for women?. Gender Place & Culture: A Journal of Feminist Geography, 2(2), 199-146.Locke, E.A., Frederick, E., Lee, C., & Bobko, P. (1984). Effect of self-efficacy, goals, and task strategies on task
performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(2), 241-251.Loyd, B. H., & Loyd, D. E. (1985). The reliability and validity of an instrument for the assessment of computer attitudes. Educa-tional and Psychological Measurement, 45(4), 903-908.Loyd, B. H., & Gressard, C. (1984). Reliability and factorial validity of computer attitude scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 44(2), 501-505.Ma, Q., & Liu, L. (2005). The role of internet self-efficacy in the ac-ceptance of web-based electronic medical records. Journal of Organizational and End User Computing, 17(1), 38-57.Mackenzie, D., & Wajcman, J. (1985). The Social Shaping of Tech-nology. Milton Keynes, Bucks: Open University Press.Mak, B.L., &
Sockel, H. (2001). A confirmatory factor analysis of IS employee motivation and retention, Information & Management, 38(5),
265-276.Martocchio, J. J. (1994). Effects of conceptions of ability on anxiety, self-efficacy, and learning in training, Journal of Applied Psy-chology, 79(6), 819-825.Marx, D. M., & Roman, J. S. (2002). Female role models: Protecting women’s math test performance. Personality and Social Psy-chology Bulletin, 28(9), 1183–1193.Maurer, M. M. (1994). Computer anxiety correlates and what they tell us: A literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 10(3), 369-376.Mclnerney, V., Mclnerney, D. M., & Sinclair, K. E. (1994). Student teachers, computer anxiety and computer experience. Joural of Educational Computing Research, 11(1), 27-50.Meier, S. T. (1988). Predicting individual differences in performance on computeradministered tasks and tests: Development of the Computer Aversion Scale. Computers in Human Behavior, 4(3), 175-187.Mezirow, J.
(1978). Perapective transformation. Adult Education Quarterly, 28(2), 100-110.Miller, J. B. (1976). Toward a new psychology of women. Boston:
Beacon.Muller, N, (2000). Suggestions for good cyberfemme(house) keeping: Or how to party without the f*@! boy scouts! [Online] Avail-able:
http://users.skynet.be/nattyweb/housekeeping.htm [2008, December 12].Nunnally, J. L. (1978). Psychometric Theory (2th), New York: McGraw Hill Publishers.Omran, A. I. (2001). Library anxiety and internet anxiety among graduate students of a major research university, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.Pajares, F., & Miller, M. D. (1994). Role of self-efficacy and self-concept beliefs in mathematical problem solving: A path analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86(2), 193-203.Plant, S. (1995). The future looms: weaving women and cybernetics, Body and Society, 1(34), 45-64.Plant, S. (2000). Coming across the future, Bell, D. & Kennedy, B. M. (Eds.). The Cybercultures Reader, 460-470, London:
Routledge.Presno, C. (1988). Taking the byte out of Internet anxiety: instruc-tional techniques that reduce computer/Internet anxiety in the classroom. Journal of Educational Computing Research. 18(2). 147-161.Raub, A. C. (1981). Correlates of computer anxiety in college stu-dents.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Penn-sylvania.Robinson, V., & Richardson, D. (1997). The Black Hole : Women’s studies, science & technology. Introducing Women’s Studies. Now York: New York University. Press. 220-238.Rooney, R., & Osipow, S. H. (1992).
Task-specific occupational self-efficacy scale: The development and validation of a proto-type. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 40(1), 14-32.Rosen, L. D., & Weil, M. M. (1995). Computer anxiety: A cross-cultural comparison of university students in ten countries. Computers in Human Behaviors, 11(1), 45-64.Ross, J. A., Hogaboam, G. A., ＆ Hannay, L. (2001). Effects of teacher efficacy on computer skills and computer cognitions of Canadian students in grades K-3. The Elementary School Jour-nal, 102(2), 141-156.Rothschild, M. L., (1999). Cyberspace, virtuality & the text, in Marir-Laure Ryan (Ed.), Cyberspace Textuality. Computer Technology & Literacy Theory. Bloomington: Indiana Univer-sity. Press.Sam, H.
K., Othman, A. E. A., & Nordin, Z. S. (2005). Computer Self-Efficacy, Computer Anxiety, and Attitudes toward the Internet: A Study among Undergraduates in Unimas. Educa-tional Technology & Society, 8(4), 205-219.Schunk, D. H. (1989). Self-efficacy and cognitive skill learning. In C.
Ames & R. Ames (Eds.), Research on motivation in education. San Diego: Academic Press. 13-44.Scott, J. E., (1994). The measurement of information system effec-tiveness: Evaluation a measuring instrument, ACM SIGMIS Database, 26(1), 43-61.Seyal, A. H., Rahman, M. N., &
Rahim M. M., (2002). Determinants of academic use of the Internet: A structural equation model. Behaviour and Information Technology, 21(1), 77-86.Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer Addiction? A study of computer dependency. New York: Taylor & Francis.Slate, M. M., & Brinson, K.
(2002). The digital divide: Hispanic col-lege students’ views of educational uses of the internet. As-sessment & Evaluation in Higher Education,
27(1), 75-93.Stamford, Conn., (2008). Gartner Says 17 Countries to Surpass 60 Percent broadband penetration into the home by 2012.
[Online]. Available: http://www.gartner.com/it/page.jsp?id=729907 [2008, November 24].Stanley, L. & Wise, S. (1993). Breaking out again:
Feminist ontology and epistemology (2 ed.). Now York: Routledge.Sutton, R. (1991). Equality and computers in the school: A decade of research.
Reviewof Educational Research, 61, 475-503.Swindle, R.W. (1983). Social networks, perceived social support and coping with stress. In M.
Sperling (Eds.), Preventive psychol-ogy: Theory, research and practice in community intervention. Now York: Pergramon. 87-103.Taylor, S., &
Todd, P. (1995), Assessing IT usage: The role of prior experience (in research note). MIS Quarterly, 19(4), 561-570.Torkzadeh, G., Chang, J. C-J.,
& Demirham, D. (2006). A contin-gency model of computer and Internet self-efficacy. Informa-tion Management, 43(4), 541-550.Tinsley, H. E. A.,
& Tinsley, D. J. (1987). Use of factor analysis in counseling psychology research. Journal of Counseling Psy-chology, 34(4), 414-424.Torkzadeh, G.
& Koufteros X. (1994). Factorial validity of a com-puter self-efficacy scale and the impact of computer training. Educational & Psychological. 54(3), 813-821.Thatcher, B. J., Loughry, M. L., Lim, J., & McKnight D. H. (2007), Internet anxiety An empirical study of the effects of personality, beliefs, and social support. Information Management, 44(4), 353-363.Torres, J. B., & Solberg, V. S. (2001). Role of self-efficacy, stress, social integration, and family support in Latino college student persistence and health. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59(1), 53-63.Tu, Q., Vonderembse, M. A., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S., (2001). The im-pact of time-based manufacturing practices on mass customiza-tion and value to customer. Journal of Operations Management, 19(2), 201-217.Vekiri, I., & Chronaki, A. (2008). Gender issues in technology use: Perceived social support, computer self-efficacy and value be-liefs, and computer use beyond school, Computers & Education, 51(3), 1392-1404.Vries, H., Dijkstre, M., & Kuhlam, P. (1988). Self-efficacy: the third factor besides atitude and subjective norm as a predictor of be-havioral intentions. Health Education Research, 3(3), 273-282.Vryzas, K. & Tsitouridou, M. (2002). Children and computers: Greek parents’ expectations. Educational Media International, 39(3), 285-297.Wajcman, J. (1991). Feminism Confronts Technology, Cambridge: Polity.Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (2008).
[Online] Available:www.mwu.eb.com [2008, November 26].Weiler, K. (1994). Freire and a feminist pedagogy of difference, In P. McLaren and C.
Lanksher (Eds.), Politics of liberation: Paths form Freire, 12-40, London: Routledge.Wilding, F. (1998). Notes on the political condition of cyber feminism, Art Journal, 57(2), 46-59.Wilding, F. (2000). Where is feminism in the cyberspace?.
[Online]. Available: http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/fwild/faithwilding/wherefem.html [2008, December 12].Wilson, A. (1994). Family.
London: Routledge.Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989a). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 407-415.Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1989b). Social cognitive theory of organ-izational management. Academy of Management Review, 14(3), 361-384.Wood, R., & Bandura, A. (1990). Mechanisms governing organiza-tional performance in complex decision-making environments. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 46(2), 181-201.Woodgate, J., Brawley, L. R., & Shields, C. A. (2007). Social support in cardiac rehabilitation exercise maintenance: Associations with self-efficacy and
health-related quality of life. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(5), 1041-1059.Wu, Y. T., & Tsai, C. C. (2006).University students’internet attitudes and internet self-efficacy: A study at three universities in Tai-wan. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 9(4), 441-450.Yaghmaie, F. (2007).
Development of a scale for measuring user computer experience. Journal of Research in Nursing, 12(2), 185-190.Zimmerman, B. J. (1990).
Self-regulating academic learning and achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologyist, 25(1), 3-17.
