Discovering Computers 2012Chapter 11Manage Computing Securely, Safely and Ethically

(1)

Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World

Discovering

Computers 2012 Chapter 11

Manage Computing Securely, Safely and

Ethically

(2)

Objectives Overview

Define the term, computer security risks, and briefly describe the

types of cybercrime perpetrators

Define the term, computer security risks, and briefly describe the

types of cybercrime perpetrators

Describe various types of Internet and network

attacks, and identify ways to safeguard against these attacks Describe various types of Internet and network

attacks, and identify ways to safeguard against these attacks

Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and

use

Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and

use

Identify safeguards against hardware theft

and vandalism Identify safeguards against hardware theft

and vandalism

Explain the ways software manufacturers

protect against software piracy Explain the ways software manufacturers

protect against software piracy

Discuss how encryption works, and explain why

it is necessary

Discuss how encryption works, and explain why

it is necessary

Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 11 2

See Page 555

for Detailed Objectives

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Objectives Overview

Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from

system failure Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from

system failure

Explain the options available for backing up

computer resources Explain the options available for backing up

computer resources

Identify risks and safeguards associated

with wireless communications Identify risks and safeguards associated

with wireless communications

Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders

and injuries due to computer use

Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders

and injuries due to computer use

Recognize issues related to information accuracy,

intellectual property rights, codes of conduct,

and green computing Recognize issues related to information accuracy,

intellectual property rights, codes of conduct,

and green computing

Discuss issues

surrounding information privacy

Discuss issues

surrounding information privacy

See Page 555

for Detailed Objectives

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Computer Security Risks

• A computer security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to computer hardware,

software, data, information, or processing capability

• A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act

Pages 556 - 557

Hackers

Hackers CrackersCrackers Script KiddiesScript Kiddies Corporate SpiesCorporate Spies

Unethical Employees Unethical

Employees CyberextortionistsCyberextortionists CyberterroristsCyberterrorists

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Computer Security Risks

Pages 556 – 557 Figure 11-1

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Internet and Network Attacks

• Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises

• An online security service is a Web site that evaluates your computer to check for Internet and e-mail

vulnerabilities

Page 558 Figure 11-2

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Internet and Network Attacks

Computer Virus Computer

Virus

• Affects a computer negatively by altering the way the computer works

WormWorm

• Copies itself repeatedly, using up resources and possibly shutting

down the computer or network

• Copies itself repeatedly, using up resources and possibly shutting

down the computer or network

Trojan Horse Trojan Horse

• A malicious program that hides within or looks like a legitimate program

Rootkit Rootkit

• Program that hides in a computer and allows someone from a remote location to take full control

Page 558

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Video: Attack of the Mobile Viruses

CLICK TO START

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Internet and Network Attacks

• An infected computer has one or more of the following symptoms:

Pages 558 - 559

Operating system runs much slower

than usual Operating system runs much slower

than usual

Available memory is less than

expected

Available memory is less than

expected

Files become corrupted Files become

corrupted

Screen displays unusual message

or image Screen displays unusual message

or image

Music or unusual sound plays

randomly Music or unusual

sound plays randomly

Existing programs and files disappear Existing programs and files disappear

Programs or files do not work

properly Programs or files

do not work properly

Unknown programs or files

mysteriously appear Unknown programs or files

mysteriously appear

System properties change

System properties

change Operating system does not start up Operating system

does not start up

Operating system shuts down unexpectedly Operating system

shuts down unexpectedly

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Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 11 10 Page 559

Figure 11-3

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Figure 11-6

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Internet and Network Attacks

• Users can take several precautions to protect their home and work computers and mobile devices from these

malicious infections

Page 560 – 561 Figure 11-7

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Internet and Network Attacks

• A botnet is a group of compromised computers connected to a network

– A compromised computer is known as a zombie

• A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to Internet services

– Distributed DoS (DDoS)

• A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that allow users to bypass security controls

• Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or Internet transmission appear legitimate

Pages 562 - 563

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Internet and Network Attacks

• A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s resources from intrusion

Pages 563 - 564 Figure 11-8

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Internet and Network Attacks

Intrusion detection software Intrusion detection software

• Analyzes all network traffic

• Assesses system vulnerabilities

• Identifies any unauthorized intrusions

• Notifies network administrators of suspicious behavior patterns or system breaches

Honeypot Honeypot

• Vulnerable computer that is set up to entice an intruder to break into it

Page 564

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Unauthorized Access and Use

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riz ed ac ces s is

th e u se of a c omp

ute r or

net wor

k w ith out

perm iss

ion

Unau tho

riz ed ac ces s is

th e u se of a c omp

ute r or

net wor

k w ith out

perm iss

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Unaut hori

zed us e is

th e

use of a com pu

ter o r it s

dat a fo

r u nap pro

ved or

pos sib ly ille gal

ac tivi

ties

Unaut hori

zed us e is

th e

use of a com pu

ter o r it s

dat a fo

r u nap pro

ved or

pos sib ly ille gal

ac tivi

ties

Page 564

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Unauthorized Access and Use

• Organizations take

several measures to help prevent unauthorized

access and use

– Acceptable use policy – Disable file and printer

sharing – Firewalls

– Intrusion detection software

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Unauthorized Access and Use

• Access controls define who can access a

computer, when they can access it, and what actions they can take

– Two-phase processes called identification and authentication

– User name – Password – Passphrase – CAPTCHA

Pages 565 – 567 Figure 11-11

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Unauthorized Access and Use

• A possessed object is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer or computer facility

– Often are used in

combination with a personal identification number (PIN)

• A biometric device

authenticates a person’s identity by translating a

personal characteristic into a digital code that is

compared with a digital code in a computer

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Unauthorized Access and Use

• Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and

networks

• Many areas use digital forensics

Page 569

Law enforcement

Law

enforcement Criminal prosecutors

Criminal

prosecutors Military intelligence

Military intelligence

Insurance agencies Insurance

agencies

Information security departments

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Hardware Theft and Vandalism

Hardware theft is the act of stealing

computer equipment Hardware theft is the

act of stealing

computer equipment

Hardware vandalism is the act of defacing

or destroying

computer equipment Hardware vandalism

is the act of defacing or destroying

computer equipment

Page 570

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Hardware Theft and Vandalism

• To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures

Physical access controls

Physical access controls Alarm systemsAlarm systems Cables to lock equipment Cables to lock

equipment

Real time location system

Real time location

system Passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics

Passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics

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Software Theft

• Software theft occurs when someone:

Page 571

Steals software media

Steals software

media Intentionally

erases programs Intentionally erases programs

Illegally copies a program

Illegally registers and/or activates

a program Illegally registers

and/or activates a program

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Software Theft

• A single-user license agreement typically contains the following conditions:

Page 571

Permitted to Permitted to

• Install the software on one computer

• Make one copy of the software

• Remove the software from your computer before giving it away or selling it

Not permitted to Not permitted to

• Install the software on a network

• Give copies to friends or colleagues while continuing to use the software

• Export the software

• Rent or lease the software

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Software Theft

• Copying, loaning,

borrowing, renting, or distributing software can be a violation of copyright law

• Some software requires product activation to function fully

Pages 571 – 572 Figure 11-16

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Information Theft

• Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information

• Encryption is a process of converting readable data into unreadable characters to prevent

unauthorized access

Pages 572 - 573 Figure 11-17

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Information Theft

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Information Theft

• A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, Web site, or organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender

– Often used to ensure that an impostor is not participating in an Internet transaction

• Web browsers and Web sites use encryption techniques

Page 574

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Information Theft

• Popular security techniques include

Pages 574 - 575

Digital Certificates

Transport Layer Security (TLS) Transport Layer

Security (TLS)

Secure HTTP

Secure HTTP VPN VPN

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Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 11 30 Pages 574 - 575

Figures 11-19 – 11-20

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Discovering Computers 2012: Chapter 11 31 Pages 574 - 575

Figures 11-19 – 11-20

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System Failure

• A system failure is the prolonged malfunction of a computer

• A variety of factors can lead to system failure, including:

– Aging hardware – Natural disasters

– Electrical power problems

• Noise, undervoltages, and overvoltages

– Errors in computer programs

Page 575

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System Failure

• Two ways to protect from system failures caused by electrical power variations include surge

protectors and uninterruptable power supplies (UPS)

Page 576

Figures 11-21 – 11-22

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Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

• A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or disk that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed

– To back up a file means to make a copy of it

• Offsite backups are stored in a location separate from the computer site

Page 577

Cloud Storage

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Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

• Two categories of backups:

– Full backup

– Selective backup

• Three-generation backup policy

Page 577

Grandparent Grandparent

Parent Parent

Child Child

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Wireless Security

• Wireless access poses additional security risks

– About 80 percent of wireless networks have no security protection

• War driving allows individuals to detect wireless networks while driving a vehicle through the area

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Wireless Security

• In additional to using firewalls, some safeguards improve security of wireless networks:

Page 578

A wireless access point should not broadcast an SSID

Change the default SSID

Configure a WAP so that only

certain devices can access it

Configure a WAP so that only

certain devices can access it

Use WPA or WPA2 security standards Use WPA or WPA2 security standards

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Health Concerns of Computer Use

• The widespread use of computers has led to health concerns

– Repetitive strain injury (RSI)

• Tendonitis

• Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

– Computer vision syndrome (CVS)

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Figure 11-25

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Health Concerns of Computer Use

• Ergonomics is an

applied science devoted to incorporating

comfort, efficiency, and safety into the design of items in the workplace

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Health Concerns of Computer Use

• Computer addiction occurs when the computer consumes someone’s entire social life

• Symptoms of users include:

Page 581

Craves computer

time Craves computer

time

Overjoyed when at the

computer Overjoyed when at the

computer

Unable to stop computer

activity

Unable to stop computer

activity Irritable when

not at the computer Irritable when

not at the computer

Neglects family and

friends Neglects family and

friends

Problems at work or school

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Ethics and Society

• Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers and

information systems

• Information accuracy is a concern

– Not all information on the Web is correct

Pages 581 – 582 Figure 11-28

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Ethics and Society

Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled for their work

• A copyright protects any tangible form of expression

An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specific

computer action is ethical or unethical

An IT code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specific

computer action is ethical or unethical

Page 582

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Figure 11-29

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Ethics and Society

• Green computing involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while using a computer

Pages 583 – 584 Figure 11-30

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Ethics and Society

• Information privacy refers to the right of

individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them

• Huge databases store data online

• It is important to safeguard your information

Page 584

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Figure 11-31

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Figure 11-31

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Ethics and Society

• When you fill out a

form, the merchant that receives the form

usually enters it into a database

• Many companies today allow people to specify whether they want their personal information

distributed

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Ethics and Society

• A cookie is a small text file that a Web server stores on your computer

• Web sites use cookies for a variety of reasons:

Pages 585 – 586

Allow for personalization

Store users’

passwords Store users’

passwords

Assist with online shopping Assist with

online shopping

Track how often users visit

a site

Track how often users visit

a site

Target

advertisements Target

Ethics and Society

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Ethics and Society

• Spam is an unsolicited e-mail message or

newsgroup posting

• E-mail filtering blocks e-mail messages from designated sources

• Anti-spam programs attempt to remove

spam before it reaches your inbox

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Ethics and Society

• Phishing is a scam in

which a perpetrator sends an official looking e-mail message that attempts to obtain your personal and financial information

• Pharming is a scam where a perpetrator attempts to obtain your personal and financial information via spoofing

Pages 587 - 588 Figure 11-35

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Ethics and Society

• The concern about privacy has led to the

enactment of federal and state laws regarding the storage and disclosure of personal data

– See Figure 11-36 on page 589 for a listing of major U.S.

government laws concerning privacy

• The 1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act limits the rights of others viewing a credit report to only those with a legitimate business need

Page 588

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Ethics and Society

Social engineering is defined as gaining

unauthorized access or obtaining confidential

information by taking advantage of trust and naivety Social engineering is defined as gaining

unauthorized access or obtaining confidential

information by taking advantage of trust and naivety

Employee monitoring involves the use of computers to observe, record, and review an employee’s use of a computer

Page 590

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Ethics and Society

• Content filtering is the process of restricting

access to certain material on the Web

• Many businesses use content filtering

• Internet Content Rating Association (ICRA)

• Web filtering software

restricts access to specified Web sites

Pages 590 – 591 Figure 11-37

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Summary

Potential computer risks and safeguards

Potential computer risks and

safeguards Wireless security risks and safeguards

Wireless security risks and safeguards

Computer-related health issues and preventions Computer-related health

issues and preventions

Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights,

codes of conduct, green computing, and information

privacy

Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights,

codes of conduct, green computing, and information

privacy

Page 591

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Your Interactive Guide to the Digital World

Discovering

Computers 2012 Chapter 11

Manage Computing Securely, Safely and Ethically

Chapter 11 Complete