台灣西南海域上部斜坡海底泥火山氣體來源及甲烷通量估算

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୯ҥᆵ᡼εᏢ౛ᏢଣӦ፦ࣽᏢࣴز܌

ᅺγፕЎ

Graduate Institute of Geosciences

National Taiwan University Master Thesis

Ѡ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵੇۭݝОξ

਻ᡏٰྍϷҘ₧೯ໆ՗ᆉ

Gas Origin and Estimation of Methane Flux from Submarine Mud Volcanoes in the Upper Slope Offshore Southwest Taiwan

໳ඍ⃐

Yu Chun Huang

ࡰᏤ௲௤Ǻླྀᔾ൏ റγ

Advisor: Tsanyao Frank Yang, Ph.D.

ύ๮҇୯ 102 ԃ 8 Д August, 2013

ز܌ ܌ ܌ ܌ ܌ ܌ ܌

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(3)

ᇞ ᇞ! ᖴ

ᅺγ੤ӧ᠐ය໔ޑ೭ٿԃࢂךޑΓғύࡐ੝ձΨࡐख़ाޑၸำǴ೭ҁፕЎ ޑፍғջࢂख़ाـ᛾Ǵམ΢ࣴزಭрੇ௦ኬǵୖу୯ሞ཮᝼฻࿶ᡍ׳ࢂၸѐவٰ

҂ૈགྷႽǴૈ୼ᡏᡍӵԜ੝ձޑΓғ࿶ᡍ೿ाགᖴ଻εޑླྀླྀᔾ൏Դৣ๏ϒךуΕ

਻ᡏӦౚϯᏢჴᡍ࠻ޑᐒ཮Ƕٿԃ߻߃ٰЭډ΋ঁཥᕉნǴӧჴᡍ࠻ޑεৎྣ៝

ϐΠǴढ़ғޑᆙ஭གࡐז൩੃ѨคᙫǴᖴᖴգॺǶ

གᖴНӝނಔޑεۆᓐΏΏ୮୮ΏᅼǴவჴᡍډрੇελ٣೿ࢂی௲ךޑǴ

གᖴचच܎ڻᓉەӧךখ຾ٰਔ൩΋ޔࡐངៈךǵᔅךϩᏼჴᡍǴགᖴλλᓫےᑣӳ

൳ԛрੇޑΚਇǴགᖴٵٵ੉ᗨฅךॺـډय़ޑਔ໔όߏǴՠ؂ԛߞҹ۳ٰ೿ளډ

یࡐӭࡐ෇ޑӣᔈǴགᖴ࠹࠹ЎѺவЈۭඹᏢ׌ۂॺ๱གྷǴکգ૸ፕᏢೌၸำ္ᕴ

ࢂளډ੝ձޑགྷݤǴགᖴٰԾВҁޑറγࡕࣴز঩຃຃ҖֻܴӃғҔΚޑᚎ฼ǴН

ӝނಔӢࣁԖգॺԶ֧εǶ

! ! གᖴکך΋ଆрၸഁѦᗋԖૐԛǵᔅךϩᏼࡐӭჴᡍޑᘑᘑᅴǵ݊݊⋃ǵ৹৹൛ǵ

Luluǹགᖴ๏ךࡐӭႴᓰၟࡌ᝼ޑ᐀

᐀޹ǵՆՆ಼ǵࡌࡌҺεঢǵMonikaǹགᖴՉࡹ

շ౛٫٫๯ᆶࣤࣤզǴؒԖգॺޑ၉ךॺࡐӭ٣௃೿คݤ຾Չǹ੝ձགᖴЈЈ܃ǴӢࣁ ൩ӧᎃ০ޑᜢ߯ǴԖϙሶୢᚒᙯᓐ൩ࢂୢգǴգᕴࢂคచҹඹךှൽǶᗋԖ Walia

΋ৎǵβᝆ਻ಔޑШШᄪǵλλԀǵ୯୯ᆢǵਏਏ፣Ǵ߻շ౛εεᇁ஭ᕄЈǵᏢ׌ۂΞΞࣔǵ εᆡǵλλ١ǵଯଯ᜽๼Ǵ਻ᡏӦౚϯᏢჴᡍ࠻൩ࢂঁεৎ৥Ǵךӧ೭္Ꮲಞډࡐӭ όӕܭа۳ޑ࿶ᡍǴΨளډࡐӭࡐӭྕཪǶ

! ! གᖴᅺγ੤ӕᏢ݅݅ᓐε྆ዅکᙁᙁݓ໢Ϊ๔Ǵךவգॺ೭္ளډޑࢂ๊ჹޑЍ

࡭ᆶႴᓰǴགᖴ 237 ࣴزғ࠻ޑ࠴࠴ٍܴᑣکᒘᒘྷׇᑽǵ໡໡ฑλ׆ҐᗋԖ߉߉Ўՙՙ ঢǴӧፕЎπբ຾Չਔ 237 ᙁޔ൩ࢂಃΒঁৎǶ

! ! གᖴЦЦຐ๐Դৣǵ݅݅ҥहԴৣǵ݅݅᐀ݓԴৣǵࢫࢫቼകԴৣǵ᝵᝵ד݇Դৣ๏ך ࡐӭፕЎ΢ޑࡌ᝼ǴགᖴੇੇࣴΟဦӄᡏΓ঩ܭрੇ௦ኬਔޑڐշǴགᖴӦፓ܌ഋഋ

݊ࡾӃғගٮࡐӭၗ਑аϷᏢೌ΢ᝊ຦ޑཀـǴགᖴύѧεᏢ݅݅☰࣑շ౛ڐշၗ

਑ೀ౛ǶགᖴԋԋεӦࣽسǵѠѠεੇࣴ܌ޑܻ϶ॺ΋ޔаٰޑഉՔǴനࡕाགᖴ҉҉ ԋ౳᜔ϦљޑԴᗥکԴᗥাǴӢࣁգॺࢂךғڮύനख़ाޑΓǶ

! ! ᅺγ੤ޑғࢲа೭ҁፕЎޑֹԋԶჄΠѡᗺǴᖴᖴӧ೭ࢤය໔܌Ԗම࿶ࣁך

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ᄔ ᄔ! ा

Ѡ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵ୔ୱςዴۓԖ 13 ০ݝОξӸӧࢲ៌Ӧቔ਻ύǴ೭٤ ݝОξϩձ೏ڮӜࣁ MV1 ~ MV13Ƕ೸ၸੇࢩ؈ᑈނϐϾሜ਻ᡏϷੇНྋှ਻ᡏ ϩ݋Ǵளޕҁ୔ୱੇۭݝОξቔว਻ᡏЬाࣁҘ₧ǴᆶϿໆځдᅹణϯӝނᆶΒ

਼ϯᅹ฻Ǵ೭٤ᅹణϯӝނёૈຽрੇ߄׎ԋख़ाޑϺฅྕ࠻਻ᡏٰྍǶҁࣴز ճҔੇࣴΟဦϷੇࣴϖဦࣴزಭܭ 2011-2012 ԃૐԛǴԖس಍Ӧ௦໣ҁӦ୔ੇۭ

ݝОξຽ਻҅΢БϷڬൎ୔ୱϐੇНওय़Ȑwater columnȑϷੇۭ؈ᑈނ۟Јኬ ࠔǴа௖૸ځҘ₧ຽ਻ٰྍ٠՗ᆉځ೯ໆǶ

ੇۭ؈ᑈނ۟Јኬࠔ܌֖Ҙ₧਻ᡏϐᅹӕՏનϩ݋่݀ऊࣁ -30 ~ -50 ‰Ǵ

ࡰҢ၀୔ୱϐҘ₧਻ᡏЬाࣁ዗ϩှٰྍǴԶࡕёૈԖόӕКٯғނ܄Ҙ₧ٰྍ

ϐషࢉǶҗੇНኬࠔύྋှ਻ᡏϩ݋่݀ᡉҢǴځҘ₧ᐚࡋଯܭ҅தੇНङඳॶ 2~20 ७ǴསҢҘ₧਻җݝОξຽණԿੇНύǶ਻ݰελϩթǵݝОξቔวޑ߃ ۈచҹ೷ԋޑ΢ϲϷୁӛੇࢬ฻ӢનቹៜΑҘ₧ӧੇНύޑ౽෈ࠠᄊǴ೚ӭ᛾Ᏽ

೿ࡰӛҁࣴز୔ୱుНݝОξቔวϐҘ₧ёа೏໺ଌډభቫੇНϐύǶ

೸ၸ਻ᡏᘉණБำԄȐGas Diffusion EquationȑीᆉǴҁ୔ୱੇࢩჹε਻Ҙ

₧೯ໆࣁ 0.15 ~ 127 μmol m^-2d^-1ǹ೸ၸ Fick’s Law ीᆉ؈ᑈނჹੇࢩۭНޑҘ₧

ᘉණ೯ໆࣁ 1.14 ~ 157 μmol m^-2d^-1ǴԜ่݀ᡉҢҁ୔ୱੇۭݝОξჹੇࢩϷε਻

תᄽගٮҘ₧ޑفՅǶ຾΋؁Եቾቔ਻ቹៜޑय़ᑈǴ߃؁՗ᆉՋࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵ

ੇۭݝОξ୔ଅ᝘ډε਻ύޑҘ₧ໆࣁ؂ԃ 4.1 ᏒǶ

ᜢᗖӷǺѠ᡼ՋࠄੇୱǵੇۭݝОξǵҘ₧೯ໆǵ਻ᡏٰྍ

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Abstract

Thirteen submarine active mud volcanoes, which named MV1~ MV13, have been recognized in the area between Kaoping Canyon and Fangliao Ridge, offshore southwest Taiwan. It has been considered that these mud volcanoes are closely related to the intrusion of mud diapirs. The predominant composition of those gas seeps is methane, which may escape to the atmosphere and become an important natural source of greenhouse gas.

To estimate the methane flux emission via those mud volcanoes in this area, we have conducted three-cruise surveys during the period of 2011-2012. In this study, we traced the location of gas plume for each mud volcano by echo sonar (EK60) survey first. And then, we can collect the water column samples right above the venting mud volcanoes, and also the sediment samples by gravity corer.

The carbon isotopic data of methane gas from cored sediments range from -30 to -50 ‰. It indicates that the methane gas is mostly thermogenic in origin, and may mix with different proportions of biogenic gas source. Meanwhile, the dissolved methane concentrations of sea water above the seepages are 2-20 times higher than those in the background area. Many factors may affect the migration of dissolved methane, including the distribution of methane gas bubble sizes and upwelling / lateral current resulted by initial condition of venting. All the evidences point out the dissolved methane which supplied by deep water submarine mud volcanoes can be transferred to the shallow depth in study area.

Based on the diffusive exchange equation and Fick’s First Law, the methane flux of sediment-to-bottom water and ocean-to-air can be estimated ca. 1.14 ~ 157 and 0.15 ~ 127 μmol m^-2d^-1, respectively. The result shows that the sea water would play

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Furthermore, we can have an approximate estimation of the total methane flux of ca.

4,100 kg yr^-1in this region.

Key wordsǺoff SW Taiwan, submarine mud volcano, methane flu[, gas origin

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Ҟ Ҟ! ᒵ

ᇞ! ᖴ... I ᄔ! ा...II

Abstract... III

Ҟ! ᒵ... V კҞᒵ...VII ߄Ҟᒵ... VIII

ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ ...1

1-1

ࣴزङඳ ...1

1-2

Ў᝘ӣ៝ ...2

1-3

ࣴزҞޑ ...6

1-3-1 ΑှҘ₧ᚆ໒؈ᑈނࡕӧੇНύ౽෈ޑࠠᄊᆶচӢ...6

1-3-2 ՗ᆉѠ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵҘ₧ჹε਻ޑᕴᒡрໆ...6

ಃΒക! ࣴزБݤ ...7

2-1

ࣴز୔ୱ ...7

2-1-1 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵӦ፦ᄬ೷ङඳ...7

2-1-2 ௦ኬՏ࿼...7

2-2-2 ੇНኬࠔ௦໣Ϸϩ݋...14

2-2-3 ੇࢩ؈ᑈނϷځϾሜН௦໣Ϸϩ݋...16

2-3

਻ᡏᐚࡋඤᆉ ...18

2-3-1 ੇНྋှ਻ᡏᐚࡋीᆉ...18

2-3-2 ؈ᑈނ໔ሜ਻ᡏᐚࡋीᆉ...18

2-3-3 ਻ᡏԋҽϩ݋ϐྗዴࡋکᆒዴࡋᇤৡ...18

ಃΟക ϩ݋่݀ ...19

3-1

ੇН ...19

3-1-1 ྋှ਻ᡏϩ݋่݀...19

3-1-2 ਾӕՏનϩ݋่݀...21

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3-2-2 ϾሜН഍ᚆηϩ݋่݀...34

3-2-3 ϾሜНྋှคᐒᅹϷځᅹӕՏનϩ݋่݀...36

ಃ ಃѤക ૸ፕ ...50

4-1

ྋှҘ₧ӧੇНύᒿుࡋޑᡂϯ...50

4-2

Ҙ₧೯ໆ...55

4-2-1 ؈ᑈނύޑҘ₧೯ໆ...55

4-2-2 ؈ᑈނჹੇࢩۭНϐҘ₧೯ໆ...57

4-2-3 ੇНჹε਻ϐҘ₧೯ໆ...58

4-2-4 ࣴز୔ୱޑҘ₧ᕴᒡрໆ...62

4-3

਻ᡏٰྍ...64

4-3-1 ؈ᑈނϾሜύޑҘ₧ᅹӕՏન...64

4-3-2 ੇНওय़ޑྋှਾ਻ϷځӕՏન...66

4-4

ϾሜНྋှคᐒᅹӕՏનᆶݝОξቔวࠠᄊ࣬ᜢ܄ϐ௢ፕ ...67

4-5

Ҙ₧౽෈ኳࠠ...71

ಃϖക ่ፕ ...72

ಃϤക ୖԵЎ᝘ ...73

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კ კҞᒵ

კ 1- 1ǺҗНΠคΓၩڀȐROVȑܡឪډੇۭݝОξቔวቹႽ... 4

კ 1- 2ǺѠ᡼ՋࠄੇୱۭቫੇНҘ₧ᐚࡋϩթკ... 4

კ 2- 1ǺѠ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵ 13 ০ݝОξϷځдຽ਻ᄬ೷Տ࿼კ ... 8

კ 2- 2Ǻҁࣴز௦ኬՏ࿼კǴᙔՅ኱૶ࣁੇНওय़ǵआՅ኱૶ࣁख़Κ۟Ј ... 9

კ 2- 3ǺੇНኬࠔ௦໣Ϸϩ݋ࢬำკ... 15

კ 2- 4Ǻੇࢩ؈ᑈނኬࠔ௦໣Ϸϩ݋ࢬำკ... 17

კ 3- 1ǺੇНྋှҘ₧ᐚࡋᒿుࡋᡂϯკǶᆘՅǵᙔՅǵआՅᗺϩձࣁૐԛ OR3-1553ǵ OR3-1621 Ϸ OR3-1643 ϐϩ݋่݀... 20

კ 3- 2ǺੇНਾӕՏન A-C-M Οᆄᗺკ ... 21

კ 3- 3ǺੇࢩۭНҘ₧ྋှᐚࡋޜ໔ϩթკǴൂՏࣁ nL/L... 32

კ 3- 4Ǻ؈ᑈނϾሜ໔ྋှҘ₧਻ᡏᒿుࡋᡂϯკ... 33

კ 3- 5Ǻ؈ᑈނϾሜНύ౷ለਥᚆηᐚࡋᒿుࡋᡂϯკ ... 35

კ 3- 6ǺϾሜНྋှคᐒᅹᆶځᅹӕՏનᒿుࡋᡂϯ ... 36

კ 4- 1Ǻ਻ݰελᆶઇ຋ుࡋᜢ߯ϐኧॶኳᔕ่݀... 52

კ 4- 2ǺMV1 ܭૐԛ OR3-1553 ࣁ EK60 ࣽᏢෳుሺȐScientific Sounder Systemȑ૶ᒵ ډϐੇ׉ӣݢᖂયቹႽϷ೿දୌੇࢬሺȐAcoustic Doppler Current Profilers, ADCPȑ ܌૶ᒵډϐੇࢬރݩ ... 53

კ 4- 3ǺMV1 ܭૐԛ OR3-1621 ܌૶ᒵډϐྕᡶᒿుࡋᡂϯკǵEK60 ࣽᏢෳుკϷ௦ ኬՏ࿼ჹᔈკ ... 54

კ 4- 4Ǻ࿎Νୌੇࢬሺ܌૶ᒵډङඳઠՏੇࢬ௃ݩȐ࿶ጎࡋǺ22.1626, 120.3001ȑ .... 54

კ 4- 5ǺፄӝԄቔ਻ኳࠠኳᔕ่݀ȐSocolofsky et al., 2005ȑ ... 55

კ 4- 6Ǻҁࣴز୔ୱੇНჹε਻ϐҘ₧ᘉණ೯ໆϐᐒ౗ϩթკ ... 63

კ 4- 7Ǻૐԛ OR3-1643 GS shell ቔ਻௃׎ϷᗺՏკ ... 64

კ 4- 8ǺϾሜ໔਻ᡏ C1/C2+ ϷҘ₧ᅹӕՏનᜢ߯კ ... 65

კ 4- 9ǺՋࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵݝОξᆶݝೣΕᡏϩѲკȐഋ݊ࡾǴ2013ȑ ... 66

კ 4- 10ǺੇНύྋှਾ਻ᆶྋှҘ₧ᜢ߯კ... 67

კ 4- 11ǺMV10-CǵMV12-C Ͼሜ໔Ҙ₧ǵ౷ለਥᚆηϷྋှคᐒᅹওय़ჹᔈკ ... 69

კ 4- 12ǺMV1ǵMV3ǵMV5ǵMV6ǵMV9ǵMV10 ୁ௟ᖂયቹႽ ... 70

კ 4- 13ǺੇࣴΟဦࣽᏢෳుሺܭૐԛ OR3-1621 ૶ᒵډ MV12 ቔว௃׎... 70

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߄ ߄Ҟᒵ

߄ 1- 1ǺШࣚόӕੇۭຽ਻ᄬ೷Ҙ₧ჹε਻ଅ᝘ໆȐঅׯԾ Solomon et al., 2009ȑ... 5

߄ 2- 1ǺӚૐԛઠՏ۟Јϐ࿶ጎࡋǵНుǵߏࡋၗ਑ӈ߄ ... 10

߄ 2- 2ǺੇНኬࠔઠՏǵ࿶ጎࡋǵНుၗ਑ӈ߄...11

߄ 3- 1ǺӚૐԛੇНྋှҘ₧਻ᡏϩ݋่݀ unit: nL/L... 22

߄ 3- 2ǺӚૐԛੇНྋှΒ਼ϯᅹ਻ᡏϩ݋่݀... 26

߄ 3- 3ǺੇНྋှਾ਻ϐᐚࡋϷӕՏનಔԋ... 30

߄ 3- 4ǺOR3-1553 Ͼሜ਻ᡏǵ഍ᚆηϩ݋่݀... 37

߄ 3- 5ǺOR3-1621 Ͼሜ਻ᡏǵ഍ᚆηǵྋှคᐒᅹϷځᅹӕՏનǵϾሜ౗ϩ݋่݀ 38 ߄ 3- 6ǺOR3-1643 Ͼሜ਻ᡏǵ഍ᚆηǵϾሜ౗ϩ݋่݀ ... 43

߄ 3- 7ǺOR5-1209-2 Ͼሜ਻ᡏǵ഍ᚆηǵϾሜ౗ϩ݋่݀... 49

߄ 4- 1Ǻीᆉ؈ᑈނ໔ሜН౷ለᡶ೯ໆϷ؈ᑈނᘉණதኧ D

s

่݀ ... 56

߄ 4- 2Ǻीᆉ؈ᑈނჹੇࢩۭНϐҘ₧೯ໆϷᘉණதኧ D

s

่݀ ... 57

߄ 4- 3ǺӚੇНওय़Ҙ₧ჹε਻೯ໆीᆉ่݀... 59

߄ 4- 4Ǻҁࣴز୔ୱύ࿶җቔ਻௃׎ۓကрӚຽ਻ᄬ೷ȨගٮЬा೯ໆޑय़ᑈȩ ... 64

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ಃ

ಃ΋ക ᆣፕ

1-1

ࣴزङඳ

! ! ᖄӝ୯ၠࡹ۬਻ংᡂᎂ཮᝼ȐIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCCȑӧ 2007 ԃൔᏤࡰрǴа΋ԭԃࣁѳ֡ीᆉǵ࣬ӕൂՏख़ໆޑҘ₧ځӄౚ ཪϯወ༈ȐGlobal Warming Potential, GWPȑࢂΒ਼ϯᅹޑ 23 ७ǴҘ₧ჹܭӄౚ

਻ংᕉნޑቹៜό৒λ㉚ǶਥᏵ߻ΓࣴزёஒӦ፦ٰྍޑҘ₧ϩࣁΟᅿǴ΋ࢂО ξٰྍȐ࿶җ Fischer-Tropsch ϸᔈౢғǺ΋਼ϯᅹکణ਻ӧ࿶ၸ໽ϯϸᔈᙯඤ ࣁҘ₧ȑǵΒࢂҗ؈ᑈނ࿶ၸ዗ϩှ܌׎ԋޑҘ₧ǵΟࢂғނٰྍޑҘ₧Ǵхࡴ

Ϻฅ਻НӝނύޑҘ₧аϷੇࢩ؈ᑈނ೏༾ғނϩှ܌׎ԋҘ₧Ȑࢫ◖ҥǴ2009ǹ Morner and Etipoe, 2002ȑǶ

! ! ݝОξޑቔ਻ࢲ୏ٮᔈεໆޑӦ፦ٰྍҘ₧Ǵഌ΢ݝОξ཮ޔௗஒҘ₧ଅ᝘

ډε਻ϐύǴEtiope & MilkovȐ2004ȑ՗ᆉӄౚഌ΢ݝОξޑҘ₧ᕴଅ᝘ໆȐх

ࡴᓉᄊ௨਻کቔวȑࣁ؂ԃ 8.4 ډ 12 ԭ࿤ᏒǶԶੇۭݝОξޑࣴز߈ԃຫ೏ࣽ

Ꮲৎ܌ख़ຎǴMilkovȐ2000ȑගрϖঁࣴزੇۭݝОξޑख़ा܄Ǻ΋ǵѬॺࢂஒ Ҙ₧வ۟ҡ୮໺ଌډН୮Ϸε਻୮ޑ೯ၰǴԶҘ₧کྕ࠻ਏᔈϷ਻ংᡂᎂ৲৲࣬

ᜢǹΒǵѬॺёаԋࣁࡰҢు೽Ӧۭҡݨወᙒёૈޑ᛾ᏵǹΟǵᙖҗϩ݋ݝࢬ஥

΢ٰޑف᝟۟࿗ТёаளډݝОξӦ୔؈ᑈቫׇޑၗૻǹѤǵੇۭݝОξޑࢲ୏

཮ቹៜᢕ௖բ཰ǵઇᚯੇۭႝᢑǹϖǵکుНݝОξ࣬ᜢޑϺฅ਻Нӝނёаԋ ࣁཥᑫඹжૈྍǶ

! ! MilkovȐ2000ȑஒੇۭݝОξޑ׎ԋᐒڋکচӢϩᜪԋӦ፦ǵᄬ೷ǵӦౚϯ ᏢаϷНЎᏢ฻ѤεӢનǴаӦ፦Ϸᄬ೷ӢનёаమཱှញѠ᡼ՋࠄੇୱޑӦ፦

చҹՖаวػрݝОξǶ΢೽௹ڵזೲޑ؈ᑈೲ౗٬ளࠆቫԖᐒނ፦୴ᑈǴ؈ᑈ Ӧቫޑ಻ख़೷ԋݝೣΕᡏғԋǴу΢Տܭ݈༧Ҭࣚ஥Ǵόᘐ࿘ናᔒᓸౢғޑୁӛ ᔈΚǴගٮ೯ၰᡣԖᐒނ౽෈ډభቫ؈ᑈނύǶ

(12)

ዊЬࢬරՋчБ຾Εֈֺੇ৙Ǵ֨஥೽ϩࠄੇੇНǴ຾Εҁ୔׎ԋ໵ዊ঺ࢬǴӧ Ѡ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ཮Ԗ໩/଍ਔଞޑᕉࢬҬඹౢғȐԜᕉࢬޑౢғᐒڋک྽Ӧޑ॥ᔈ Κ௽ࡋȐwind stress curlȑԖᜢȑȐWu et al., 2005ȑǶHsu et al.Ȑ2013ȑଞჹҁ୔

΢೽௹ڵݝОξ MV1 ଺ᢀჸǴว౜ੇۭݝОξޑቔ਻மࡋکዊԤଯեԖᜢǶό ӕዊНޑྕᡶ੝܄όӕǴӢࣁஏࡋόӕ܌೷ԋޑੇНϩቫǴ׎ԋ΋ቫȨࡀጨȩߔ З຾ΕੇНύޑҘ₧ᝩុӛ΢౽෈ȐKessler et al., 2011ȑǴՠӧԖୁӛࢬ൑Ӹӧ ޑ௃׎ΠǴऩݝОξቔ਻ޑ߃ۈೲ౗ၲډ΋ۓελǴ߾Ҙ₧ϝૈόڙੇНϩቫቹ ៜǴԶ೏໺ଌډభቫੇНϐύȐSocolofsky and Adams, 2005ȑǶ

! ! ᒿ๱ੇࢩ௖ෳמೌޑ຾؁ǴѠ᡼Ջࠄ೽Ӧ୔ੇۭݝОξޑ࣬ᜢࣴزΨ೏ख़ຎǴ ҁࣴزයఈૈа਻ᡏӦౚϯᏢБݤࣁ୷ᘵǴჹҁӦ୔຾Չၨࣁ၁ಒԖس಍ޑፓࢗ

πբǴа௖૸ځҘ₧ຽ਻ٰྍǵ౽෈ࠠᄊϷচӢ٠՗ᆉځ೯ໆǶ

1-2

ЎЎ᝘ӣ៝

! ! ၸѐӧѠ᡼ՋࠄੇୱԖ೚ӭᜢܭҘ₧೯ໆϐࣴزǴՠ೿໻Зܭੇࢩ؈ᑈނύ ޑҘ₧೯ໆ՗ᆉȐಷٵ੉Ǵ2006ǹࢫ◖ҥǴ2009ǹचᓉەǴ2012ȑǶࢫ◖ҥȐ2009ȑ ճҔ୏ΚᏢኳࠠȐKinetic Modelȑ՗ᆉрѠ᡼Ջࠄ೽ੇۭݝОξ୔؂ԃԖऊ 196-317ᏒޑҘ₧வు೽ଅ᝘ډభቫύǴЪε೽ϩޑҘ₧೿཮ӧభቫ؈ᑈނ೏༾

ғނբҔ੃઻௞Զό཮ຽණډੇН܈ࢂε਻ϐύǶഋ݊ࡾȐ2011ȑ৖ҢΑҗНΠ คΓၩڀȐRemotely Operated Vehicle, ROVȑܡឪډՋࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵੇۭݝО ξࢲ៌ࢲ୏ϐቹႽǴёаమཱᢀჸډݝОξቔวނ፦ޔௗа਻ݰޑ׎Ԅଅ᝘ډੇ

НϐύȐკ1- 1ȑǴԶ Chuang et al.Ȑ2006; 2010ȑΨӧѠ᡼ՋࠄੇୱޑੇࢩۭН ໆෳډଯҘ₧ᐚࡋޑૻဦȐკ1- 2ȑǴᡉҢҁ୔ୱϐݝОξࢂࣁ΋ؼӳ೯ၰёа

٬؈ᑈނύޑҘ₧ޔௗଅ᝘ډੇНϐύǶ

! ! ၸѐޑࣴزᇡࣁੇۭຽ਻ᄬ೷܌ቔวϐҘ₧Ǵ཮ӢࣁੇНύޑีញբҔϷ༾

ғނ੃઻բҔǴӧ຾Εε਻߻൩੃઻ֹ౥ǴЀځࢂНుεܭ200ϦЁϐుНຽ਻

ᄬ೷Ǵ٠ό཮ԖҘ₧ຽрੇ߄ϐᅪቾȐGrant & Whiticar, 2002; McGinnis et al.,

(13)

2006; Valentine et al., 2001ȑǴՠ Solomon et al.Ȑ2009ȑගр᛾ᏵǴ᛾ܴᏀՋঢ

᡼Ӧ୔ޑుНݝОξቔวϐҘ₧ӧੇНύޑ਼ϯբҔёа೏۹ౣǴӢࣁ਻ݰελ ϩթǵቔ਻೷ԋޑ΢ϲੇࢬ฻ǴੇНύޑҘ₧ёа೏໺ଌډభቫੇНࣗԿࢂε਻

ύǴᏀՋঢ᡼Ӧ୔ၸѐޑҘ₧ჹε਻ޑଅ᝘ໆёૈե՗Ƕ೸ၸঅ҅ࡕޑ਻ᡏᘉණ БำԄȐDiffusive exchange equationȑǴ߾ளа՗ᆉрੇНჹε਻ޑҘ₧೯ໆ ȐWanninkhof, 1992ȑǺ

Flux = kavgȐCplume- Ceqȑ Ȑ1-1ȑ

! ! CplumeࣁໆෳډϐҘ₧ᐚࡋ炷μM炸ǴCeqࣁکε਻ѳᑽਔНᡏޑҘ₧ᐚࡋ炷μM炸Ǵ kavgࣁ਻ᡏᘉණೲ౗炷cm hr^-1炸ǴۓကӵΠǺ

kavg= 0.31 uavg2

ȐSc / 660ȑ^-0.5Ȑ1-2ȑ

uavgࣁ௦ኬਔޑѳ֡॥ೲȐm s^-1炸ǴScࣁࡼஏ੝ኧȐSc = A - Bt + Ct ²- Dt³ǵ tࣁឪМྕࡋǴҘ₧ӧੇНᕉნύӚسኧࣁ A = 2039.2, B = 120.31, C = 3.4209, D

= 0.040437ȑǶ

КၨШࣚ΢ӚӦ୔όӕᜪࠠੇۭຽ਻ᄬ೷ǴҔ࣬ӕБԄ௦ኬБԄȐCTD rosette systemȑϷीᆉБݤᆉрჹε਻ޑҘ₧ଅ᝘ໆȐ߄1- 1ȑǴаНు 200ϦЁ ࣁϩࣚǴஒੇۭຽ਻ᄬ೷ϩࣁభНаϷుНǶభНຽ਻ᄬ೷ޑҘ₧ଅ᝘ໆ೿ၨు

Нຽ਻ᄬ೷ଯǴᡉҢҘ₧ᚆ໒ੇ׉ࡕǴᗨฅ཮࿶ၸғނ܄Ҙ₧਼ϯբҔԶ೏੃઻

όठᄬԋख़ाྕ࠻਻ᡏٰྍǴՠՏܭНుၨభ೽ޑຽ਻ᄬ೷ǴᗋࢂԖᐒ཮ߥӸ೽

ϩ҂೏਼ϯϐҘ₧਻ຽрੇ߄Ƕ

Ѡ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵӦ୔ςԖ13০ݝОξ೏ዴჴᒣ᛽рٰǴҗ࿶ᔮ೽ύѧ Ӧ፦ፓࢗ܌ڮӜࣁ MV1~MV13Ȑഋ݊ࡾǴ2011ȑǶԜ13০ݝОξϐഗ೽ుࡋࣁ 300~800ϦЁНుǴࣣឦܭుНݝОξǴԐයޑཷۺύҁ୔ୱੇНύޑҘ₧ჹε

਻ޑଅ᝘ໆࢂ೏۹ౣޑǶ

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კ 1- 1ǺҗНΠคΓၩڀȐROVȑܡឪډੇۭݝОξቔวቹႽ Ȑᘏڗ٠অׯԾഋ݊ࡾǴ2011ȑ

კ 1- 2ǺѠ᡼ՋࠄੇୱۭቫੇНҘ₧ᐚࡋϩթკ ȐൂՏǺnL/LȑȐChuang et al., 2010ȑ

A

B

C

D

E

F

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߄ 1- 1ǺШࣚόӕੇۭຽ਻ᄬ೷Ҙ₧ჹε਻ଅ᝘ໆȐঅׯԾ Solomon et al., 2009ȑ

Տ࿼ Ҙ₧೯ໆ

炷μmol m^-2d^-1炸

Нు

炷m炸

ຽ਻ࠠᄊ ٰྍЎ᝘

Shallow water

炷炷< 200 m炸

Paleo Dnepr Area, Black Sea 200 90 max. diffusive Schmale et al. (2005) Dnepr Shelf, Black Sea 66 < 200 max. diffusive Schmale et al. (2005) NW Black Sea 53 < 200 max. diffusive Amouroux et al. (2002) Coal Oil Point 1296 < 70 diffusive Mau et al. (2007)

Deep Water

炷> 200 m炸

Pacific Ocean open water 0.9-3.5 > 1000 diffusive Tilbrook & Karl (1995) Subtropical North Pacific 1.6 > 1000 diffusive Holmes et al. (2000)

Sargasso Sea 4.4 > 1000 diffusive Holmes et al. (2000) Sea of Okhotsk 1.5-63 100-700 diffusive Yoshida et al. (2004) Arabian Sea 4.6-13.9 > 1000 diffusive Owens et al. (1991) Sorokin Trough, Black Sea 49 2080 max. diffusive Schmale et al. (2005)

Black Sea 27 basin average diffusive Reeburgh et al. (1991) Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbon plumes -0.38-7.0 500-600 diffusive Solomon et al. (2009)

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1-3

ࣴࣴزҞޑ

1-3-1 ΑှҘ₧ᚆ໒؈ᑈނࡕӧੇНύ౽෈ޑࠠᄊᆶচӢ

! ! ੇۭݝОξޑҘ₧ቔ਻όӵഌ΢ݝОξࢂޔௗჹε਻ଅ᝘Ǵ຾ΕНᡏࡕ Ҙ₧࿶ᐕ೚ӭፄᚇޑϸᔈǴ౜໘ࢤޑੇࢩࣴز೛ഢΨၨᜤޔௗᢀჸϐǴӢԜ ҁࣴزයఈаӦౚϯᏢБݤࣁ୷ᘵǴቶયӚᅿᏢߐ଺૸ፕǴଞჹҘ₧ᚆ໒ੇ

ࢩ؈ᑈނࡕǴӧੇНύޑ౽෈ޑ׎ᄊϷځวғޑচӢǴࡌҥ΋ঁֹ᏾Զ၁ჴ ޑඔॊǴ௖૸Ҙ₧ຽණрੇ߄ޑӚᅿёૈ܄Ƕ

!

1-3-2 ՗ᆉѠ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵҘ₧ჹε਻ޑᕴᒡрໆ

! ! Ҙ₧ࢂख़ाޑྕ࠻ਏᔈ਻ᡏǴၸӭޑҘ₧௨ܫ཮ჹᕉნғᄊ೷ԋፂᔐǴ ԶݝОξࢂٮᔈεໆӦ፦ٰྍҘ₧຾ΕН୮Ϸε਻୮ޑӦ፦ᄬ೷ǴၸѐుН ݝОξჹε਻ޑҘ₧ଅ᝘ໆ೏ᇡࣁࢂёа۹ౣǴӢԜҁࣴزటа਻ᡏӦౚϯ ᏢБݤۓໆीᆉҁ୔ჹε਻ޑҘ₧೯ໆǴ٠Ъ຾΋؁Եቾय़ᑈाનǴ՗ᆉҁ

୔Ҙ₧ჹε਻ޑᕴᒡрໆǴ௖૸ҁ୔ޑҘ₧௨ܫࢂցჹᕉნғᄊ೷ԋቹៜǶ

(17)

ಃ

ಃΒക! ࣴزБݤ

2-1

ࣴز୔ୱ

! ! ҁࣴزჹຝࣁѠ᡼ՋࠄѦੇ΢೽௹ڵϐ 13 ০ݝОξϷځдຽ਻ᄬ೷Ȑკ 2- 1ȑǴࢂճҔ OR3-1553AȐ2011.7.25~28ȑǵOR3-1621Ȑ2012.6.25~29ȑǵOR3-1643 Ȑ2012.9.18~22ȑǵOR5-1209-2Ȑ2012.10.1~10ȑ฻ѤঁૐԛǴᕴӅ௦໣ 57 ಔੇ

Нওय़Ȑwater columnȑаϷ 30 ঁख़Κ۟ЈǶ΢೽௹ڵࢂࡰՏܭଯࡀ৙كϷܽቧ

ੇૉϐ໔ޑ୔ୱǴਥᏵ᎜ෳϷଯᆒஏϐӭॣ״Нుၗ਑ёаᛤр 8 ೀݝೣΕᡏᄬ

೷Ϸᒣ᛽р 13 ০ݝОξǴݝОξЬाϩѲӧݝೣΕᡏഗ೽ǴӢԜё௢ፕݝОξ ޑԋӢکݝೣΕᡏϐวػԖᜢȐഋ݊ࡾǴ2011ȑǶ

2-1-1 Ѡ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵӦ፦ᄬ೷ङඳ

Ѡ᡼ՋࠄੇୱՏܭኻ٥݈༧Ϸ๷ࡓᇯੇ݈༧ҬࣚೀǴࢂ۱ഌ࿘ና߻ጔᆶ

೏୏εഌᜐጔௗ᝻ϐӦ஥Ǵҁ୔ୱӸӧ๱΋سӈччՋ-ࠄࠄܿوӛޑᖩያᆶ

଍ፂᘐቫᄬ೷ȐLiu et al., 1997ȑǶ

ڙډܿч-Ջࠄوӛεഌැǵڵᄬ೷ޑቹៜǴ೭΋سӈޑᖩያᆶ଍ፂᘐቫ ᄬ೷ӧεഌڵ΢ᙯࣁࠄ-чوӛǴ٠೴ᅌଶЗวػǶቚᑈ۟ᡏന߻ᆄޑᡂ׎߻

ጔǴவଭѭ܎ੇྎޑчᆄ۳ՋчБۯ՜Ǵӧчጎ 22 ࡋѰѓ໒ۈั༾ᙯӛܿч Б٠Ъۯ՜Ǵݮ๱೭٤೴΋੃Ѩޑᖩያᆶ଍ፂᘐቫᄬ೷߻ᆄՏ࿼ǴӧѠࠄѱ ߕ߈΢ഌȐቅৎ◔Ǵ2002ȑǶ

2-1-2 ௦ኬՏ࿼

! ! ҁࣴز௦ኬՏ࿼኱Ңܭკ 2- 2Ƕૐԛ OR3-1553A Ȑ2011.7.25~28ȑа΢

೽௹ڵч೽ޑݝОξ௦ኬπբࣁЬǴԋфӧ MV1ǵMV5ǵMV7ǵMV8 ڗள ख़Κ۟ЈǴ٠ӧ MV1 Ϸ MV3 ڗளၨֹ᏾ޑੇНኬࠔኧಔǶૐԛ OR3-1621

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MV1 Ϸ MV12 ڗளၨֹ᏾ޑੇНኬࠔǶૐԛ OR3-1643Ȑ2012.9.18~22ȑа௦ ڗੇۭ؈ᑈނࣁЬाҞ኱Ǵ௦໣ MV3ǵMV4ǵMV5ǵMV7ǵMV8ǵMV9ǵ MV11 ฻ݝОξϐ۟ЈǴ٠ӧن༢ੇૉࠄᜐϐँଆפډ΋ೀܴᡉཥቔว຾Չ௦ ኬȐڮӜࣁ Gas seep shell, GS shellȑǴќѦ௦ڗభНຽ਻ᄬ೷ GT39B Ϸ G96 ϐੇНኬࠔǴԶ OR5-1209-2Ȑ2012.10.1~10ȑ߾ࢂ௦໣ٿঁ٠҂೏ڮӜޑӦ׎

ँଆೀޑख़Κ۟ЈǴϩձڮӜࣁ OR5-1209-2-MV1 Ϸ OR5-1209-2-MV2Ƕ߄ 2- 1 ࣁӚૐԛ۟ЈኬࠔϐઠՏӜᆀǵ࿶ጎࡋǵۭుϷ۟Јߏࡋၗ਑ӈ߄ǹ߄ 2- 2 ࣁӚૐԛੇНኬࠔϐ՞ՏӜᆀǵ࿶ጎࡋǵۭుϷΠܫుࡋၗ਑ӈ߄Ƕ

კ 2- 1ǺѠ᡼Ջࠄੇୱ΢೽௹ڵ 13 ০ݝОξϷځдຽ਻ᄬ೷Տ࿼კ კύБਣࣁჹᔈډკ 2-2 ϐֽ೽ܫε௦ኬՏ࿼კ

(19)

კ 2- 2Ǻҁࣴز௦ኬՏ࿼კǴᙔՅ኱૶ࣁੇНওय़ǵआՅ኱૶ࣁख़Κ۟Ј

(20)

߄ 2- 1ǺӚૐԛઠՏ۟Јϐ࿶ጎࡋǵНుǵߏࡋၗ਑ӈ߄ ૐ

ૐԛ ઠՏ ጎࡋȐ°Nȑȑ ࿶ࡋȐ°Eȑȑ ۭు炷m炸 ۟Јߏࡋ炷cm炸炸 ௦ኬᏔ

OR3-1553A

MV1-C 22°9.52' 120°23.237' 380 70 G.C.

ġ MV5-C 22°8.26' 120°18.592' 432 60 G.C.

ġ MV7-C 22°10.766' 120°18.939' 533 75 G.C.

ġ MV8-C 22°9.757' 120°17.956' 600 100 G.C.

OR3-1621

MV1-N 22°9.75' 120°23.603' 410 90 G.C.

ġ MV1-NC 22°9.646' 120°23.44' 435 45 G.C.

ġ MV1-C 22°09.555' 120°23.303' 360 49 G.C.

ġ MV1-SC 22°9.456' 120°23.078' 430 48 G.C.

ġ MV1-S 22°9.298' 120°22.905' 462 65 G.C.

ġ MV5-C 22°8.215' 120°18.564' 437 65 G.C.

ġ MV10-C 22°3.56' 120°15.473' 505 55 G.C.

ġ MV12-NCC 21°49.761' 120°33.361' 363 60 G.C.

ġ MV12-SSE 21°49.170' 120°33.635' 515 59 G.C.

ġ MV12-NE 21°50.15' 120°33.847' 593 55 G.C.

ġ MV12-C 21°49.648' 120°33.41' 360 64 G.C.

OR3-1643

MV3-C 22°9.557' 120°20.255' 475 70 G.C.

ġ MV3-NE 22°9.854' 120°20.58' 552 65 G.C.

ġ MV4-C 22°8.666' 120°19.45' 467 40 G.C.

ġ MV4-NE 22°8.757' 120°19.6' 485 35 G.C.

ġ MV4-SW 22°8.436' 120°19.125' 550 50 G.C.

ġ MV5-C 22°8.205' 120°18.657' 432 50 G.C.

ġ MV7-C 22°10.705' 120°18.948' 536 90 G.C.

MV8-C 22°9.72' 120°17.969' 610 50 G.C.

MV9-C 22°5.128' 120°14.417' 662 60 G.C.

(21)

߄ 2- 1ȐុȑǺӚૐԛઠՏ۟Јϐ࿶ጎࡋǵНుǵߏࡋၗ਑ӈ߄ ૐ

ૐԛ ઠՏ ጎࡋȐ°Nȑȑ ࿶ࡋȐ°Eȑȑ ۭు炷m炸 ۟Јߏࡋ炷cm炸炸 ௦ኬᏔ

OR3-1643ġġ

MV11-C 21°59.995' 120°20.448' 752 75 G.C.

ġ GT39B-N 21°59.559' 120°29.968' 266 50 G.C.

ġ G96-C 22°10.996' 120°24.685' 409 85 G.C.

ġ

OR5-1209-2

GS shell OR5MV1

22°4.618' 21°59.467'

120°19.946' 120°15.617'

437 739

40 139

G.C.

ġ OR5MV2 21°59.830' 120°15.733' 763 160 G.C.

G.C. = Gravity Core Ȑख़Κ۟Јȑ

߄ 2- 2ǺੇНኬࠔઠՏǵ࿶ጎࡋǵНుၗ਑ӈ߄

ૐԛ ઠՏ ጎࡋ炷°N炸炸 ࿶ࡋ 炷°E炸炸 ۭు炷m炸炸 Πܫుࡋ炷m炸炸 ௦ኬᏔ

OR3-1553A

MV1-S 22°9.446' 120°23.222' 400 350 C.R.

ġ MV1-N 22°9.62' 120°23.237' 407 350 C.R.

ġ MV1-E 22°9.52' 120°23.337' 390 350 C.R.

ġ MV1-W 22°9.519' 120°23.146' 408 350 C.R.

ġ MV1-SE 22°9.434' 120°23.327' 397 350 C.R.

ġ MV1-NW 22°9.62' 120°23.127' 417 350 C.R.

ġ MV1-NE 22°9.62' 120°23.337' 390 350 C.R.

ġ MV1-SW 22°9.455' 120°23.136' 414 350 C.R.

ġ MV3-E 22°9.516' 120°20.328' 464 430 C.R.

ġ MV3-NW 22°9.57' 120°20.247' 481 450 C.R.

ġ MV3-W 22°9.542' 120°20.246' 480 450 C.R.

(22)

߄ 2-2 ȐុȑǺੇНኬࠔઠՏǵ࿶ጎࡋǵНుၗ਑ӈ߄ ૐ

OR3-1553Aġġ

MV3-S 22°09.476' 120°20.281' 482 450 C.R.

ġ MV3-N 22°9.589' 120°20.284' 473 430 C.R.

ġ MV4-1 22°8.657' 120°19.406' 463 430 C.R.

ġ MV4-2 22°8.645' 120°19.498' 460 430 C.R.

ġ MV4-3 22°8.61' 120°19.484' 463 430 C.R.

ġ MV5-C 22°8.252' 120°18.598' 427 400 C.R.

ġ MV6-C 22°7.357' 120°17.378' 513 480 C.R.

ġ MV7-C 22°10.745' 120°18.916' 538 500 C.R.

ġ MV7-N 22°10.795' 120°18.908' 540 500 C.R.

ġ

OR3-1621

MV8-C MV1-N

22°9.8' 22°9.727'

120°17.977' 120°23.635'

600 435

550 380

C.R.

ġ MV1-NC 22°9.6' 120°23.426' 402 350 C.R.

ġ MV1-SC 22°9.436' 120°23.106' 427 380 C.R.

ġ MV1-C 22°9.508' 120°23.248' 380 320 C.R.

ġ MV1-S 22°9.302' 120°22.908' 460 400 C.R.

ġ MV5-C 22°08.246' 120°18.596' 430 380 C.R.

ġ MV5-NC 22°8.35' 120°18.821' 485 430 C.R.

ġ MV5-SC 22°8.106' 120°18.422' 490 450 C.R.

ġ ġ

MV10-C MV10-SE

22°3.512' 22°3.359'

120°15.386' 120°15.551'

525 596

480 550

C.R.

ġ MV10-NW 22°3.699' 120°15.272' 569 500 C.R.

ġ MV11-C 21°59.9' 120°20.436' 767 700 C.R.

ġ MV12-C 21°49.64' 120°33.392' 362 330 C.R.

(23)

߄ 2-2 ȐុȑǺੇНኬࠔઠՏǵ࿶ጎࡋǵНుၗ਑ӈ߄ ૐ

OR3-1621ġġ

MV12-N 21°50.17' 120°33.395' 548 500 C.R.

ġ MV12-SE 21°49.175' 120°33.824' 551 500 C.R.

ġ MV12-SW 21°49.12 120°32.878' 555 500 C.R.

ġ MV12-NW 21°50.107' 120°32.877' 565 500 C.R.

ġ MV12-NE 21°50.132' 120°33.869' 586 500 C.R.

ġ MV12-E 21°49.7' 120°34.011' 580 500 C.R.

ġ MV12-S 21°49.158' 120°33.377' 496 450 C.R.

ġ MV12-W 21°49.64' 120°32.889' 530 450 C.R.

ġ

OR3-1643

MV13-C MV3-C

21°46.300' 22°9.586'

120°23.806' 120°20.326'

575 462

500 400

C.R.

ġ MV4-C 22°8.656' 120°19.46' 460 400 C.R.

ġ MV5-C 22°8.282' 120°18.707' 446 400 C.R.

ġ MV8-C 22°9.678' 120°17.977' 625 550 C.R.

ġ MV shell 22°4.62' 120°20.021' 430 400 C.R.

ġ GT39B-N 21°59.6' 120°29.952' 262 250 C.R.

ġ GT39B-S 21°59.19' 120°30.019' 304 250 C.R.

ġ G96-C 22°10.999' 120°24.710' 410 350 C.R.

ġ G96-E 22°11.036' 120°24.965' 406 350 C.R.

ġ G96-N 22°11.315' 120°24.666' 440 350 C.R.

ġ G96-W 22°10.998' 120°24.388' 425 400 C.R.

ġ G96-S 22°10.766' 120°24.687' 430 400 C.R.

C.R. = CTD + Rosette

(24)

2-2

ኬኬࠔϷϩ݋Бݤ

! ! ҁࣴز٬ҔޑኬࠔϩࣁੇНϷੇࢩ؈ᑈނΒ೽ҽǶճҔੇࣴΟဦ EK60 ࣽ ᏢෳుሺȐScientific Sounder SystemȑዴᇡݝОξቔ਻ύЈࡕǴаྕᡶుሺམ

ၩ፺ዬԄ௦НᏔȐCTD Rosette SystemȑǴ௦໣ݝОξຽ਻҅΢БаϷڬൎ୔ୱ

΢БϐੇНࠟޔওय़ኬࠔǹӆҔख़Κ۟Ј௦໣Ꮤ௦໣ੇۭ؈ᑈނǶ

! ! ੇНኬࠔҔ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺȐGas Chromatographs, GCȑෳໆੇНኬࠔύྋှ਻

ᡏǴх֖Ҙ₧ǵΌ₧ǵЧ₧ϷΒ਼ϯᅹǴࡕࡷᒧҘ₧ᐚࡋଯܭङඳॶޑࠟޔও य़നௗ߈ੇ׉ΒుࡋෳໆਾӕՏનКॶǶੇۭ؈ᑈނኬࠔ߾ϩࣁ؈ᑈނϷϾሜ НǴҔ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺෳໆ؈ᑈނϾሜύޑ਻ᡏǴࡕࡷᒧҘ₧ᐚࡋ౦தϐઠՏҔҘ

₧ᅹӕՏનϩ݋ሺȐMethane Carbon Isotopes Analyzer, MCIAȑ຾Չϩ݋ǹϾሜ Н߾ճҔᚆηቫ݋ሺϩ݋Ьा഍໚ᚆηǴϷճҔ Picarro δ¹³C-DIC ϩ݋ሺෳໆྋ

ှคᐒᅹϷځᅹӕՏનǶ

! ! ख़Κ۟Јഗ೽ޑੇࢩۭН௦໣ࡕ཮ӕਔ຾Չ΢ॊੇНኬࠔϷ؈ᑈނϾሜН ϐϩ݋ࢬำǶ

2-2-2 ੇНኬࠔ௦໣Ϸϩ݋

ੇНኬࠔ௦໣Ϸϩ݋ࢬำკӵკ 2- 3 ܌ҢǺ

(1) ࣴزಭܢၲઠՏࡕΠܫ CTD ԏ໣ྕࡋǵᡶࡋ฻ၗ਑Ǵ΢ԏਔ؂ಔੇНও य़ӅԏڗΜঁόӕޑుࡋϐੇНኬࠔǴ၀ుࡋᒿӚઠՏۭు଺ፓ᏾Ƕ (2) ӃҔੇНዎࢱ 200 mL Ոమ౟ฅࡕးᅈǴᗉխޜ਻຾ΕՈమ౟ǴӆҔՈమ

ᇂϷ᎑ᇂஏ࠾Ոమ౟Ǵॹ࿼ǴԜኬࠔஒҔٰ຾Չྋှ਻ᡏϩ݋ǹҔ 0.22 μm ၸᘠᓐၸᘠੇНးᅈලՅኬࠔ౟ǴԜኬࠔஒҔٰ຾ՉྋှคᐒᅹϷځᅹӕ Տનϩ݋ǹҔ٣Ӄܜ੿ޜޑ਻ᡏ௦ኬ౟௦໣ӚੇНওय़നుΒుࡋǴԜኬ ࠔஒҔٰ຾ՉਾӕՏનϩ݋Ƕ

(3) ኬࠔ஥ӣჴᡍ࠻ࡕǴҔ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺϩ݋ੇНྋှ਻ᡏхࡴҘ₧ǵΌ₧ǵЧ

₧ǵΒ਼ϯᅹ฻Ƕ٬Ҕᇙ೷ᡞഗޜ໔БݤȐhead space methodȑࣁ߻ೀ౛Ǵ

(25)

ܜڗ 5 c.c.ਾ਻ѺΕ 200 mL Ոమ౟Ǵ٠ӕਔҔќ΋ଳృଞᓐஒ࣬ӕᡏᑈ

ੇНኬࠔ௨рǴዴߥᓸΚѳᑽǶ᎜ᕏς଺ӳᡞഗޜ໔ϐኬࠔǴ٬ੇНྋှ

਻ᡏૈ຾Εᡞഗޜ໔ϐਾ਻ύǶྗഢးԖႫک१ᡶНϐଞ฿Ϸќ΋ଳృଞ

฿ܜڗ 3 c.c.ਾ਻ӕਔஒ࣬ӕᡏᑈϐႫک१ᡶНݙΕՈమ౟ύǴஒኬࠔҔ ݙ৔ݤѺΕ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺ຾ՉෳໆǶ

კ 2- 3ǺੇНኬࠔ௦໣Ϸϩ݋ࢬำკ

(26)

2-2-3 ੇࢩ؈ᑈނϷځϾሜН௦໣Ϸϩ݋

! ! ੇࢩ؈ᑈނኬࠔ௦໣Ϸϩ݋ࢬำკӵკ 2- 4 ܌ҢǺ

(1) ஒ 3 c.c.ଞ฿Ϫନڅࡋ 0 c.c.а΢ޑ೽ϩǴҔٰۓໆ௦໣؈ᑈނǶܜڗ 15 c.c.؈ᑈނኬࠔးΕ 30 mL Ոమ౟ύǴҔႫک१ᡶН༤ᅈՈమ౟ᗉ խޜ਻຾ΕǴԜኬࠔஒҔٰ຾Չ؈ᑈނϾሜ໔਻ᡏȐpore gasȑϩ݋ǹ ܜڗ 5 c.c. ؈ᑈނኬࠔးΕଢᛉीኧ౟ύǴԜኬࠔஒҔٰ຾ՉϾሜ౗

ȐporosityȑෳໆǶ

(2) ஒځᎩޑ؈ᑈނးΕᚆЈᆅύǴӆஒᚆЈᆅܫΕᚆЈᐒύǴ٬ளϾሜ Нᆶ؈ᑈނϩᚆǴڗрϾሜНȐpore waterȑǴϩձ٬Ҕ 0.45 μm Ϸ 0.22 μm ၸᘠᓐၸᘠǴҔٰ຾Չ഍໚ᚆηȐҔٰ຾Չ໚ᚆηϩ݋ޑኬࠔा

٣ӃуΕᐚฮለȑϷྋှคᐒᅹϷځᅹӕՏનϩ݋Ƕ

(3) ኬࠔ஥ӣჴᡍ࠻ࡕǴϾሜ໔਻ᡏ٬Ҕ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺϩ݋хࡴҘ₧ǵΌ₧ǵ Ч₧ǵΒ਼ϯᅹ฻Ƕ٬Ҕᇙ೷ᡞഗޜ໔БݤȐhead space methodȑࣁ

߻ೀ౛Ǵܜڗ 5 c.c.ਾ਻ѺΕ 30 mL Ոమ౟Ǵ٠ӕਔҔќ΋٣Ӄྗഢ ӳးԖϿ೚Ⴋک१ᡶНϐଞ฿Ǵஒ࣬ӕᡏᑈੇНኬࠔ௨рǴዴߥ౟ϣ Ϸ౟ѦޑᓸΚѳᑽǶ᎜ᕏς଺ӳᡞഗޜ໔ϐኬࠔǴ٬Ͼሜ໔਻ᡏૈ຾

Εᡞഗޜ໔ϐਾ਻ύǶ٬ҔБωႫک१ᡶНଞ฿Ϸќ΋ଳృଞ฿ܜڗ

ਾ਻ӕਔஒ࣬ӕᡏᑈϐႫک१ᡶНݙΕՈమ౟ύǴஒኬࠔҔݙ৔ݤѺ Ε਻࣬ቫ݋ሺ຾ՉෳໆǶ

(4) Ҕ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺዴᇡҘ₧ᐚࡋࡕǴࡷᒧҘ₧ᐚࡋ౦தϐઠՏǴ΋ኬճҔ ᡞഗޜ໔Бݤࣁ߻ೀ౛٠٬ҔҘ₧ᅹӕՏનϩ݋ሺȐMethane Carbon Isotopes Analyzer, MCIAȑෳໆҘ₧ᅹӕՏનǶ

(27)

კ 2- 4Ǻੇࢩ؈ᑈނኬࠔ௦໣Ϸϩ݋ࢬำკ

(28)

2-3

਻਻ᡏᐚࡋඤᆉ

2-3-1 ੇНྋှ਻ᡏᐚࡋीᆉ

! ! ੇНྋှ਻ᡏᐚࡋϩ݋่݀Ǵа nL/L Ȑ਻ᡏ֖ໆ/ੇНȑࣁൂՏǶੇН ওय़ኬࠔ܌ϩ݋ډҘ₧਻ᡏᐚࡋёҗΠԄीᆉளǺ

C=ȐA ×Fȑ×R×Ȑ273.15+T_injȑ

W ×^V_V^head

inj ×10⁶ Ȑ2-1ȑ

C ࣁྋှӧੇНύޑҘ₧ᐚࡋȐnL/LȑǴA ࣁ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺໆෳډޑᑈϩय़ ᑈǴF ࣁਠ҅தኧȐmmol/AȑǴR ࣁ኱ྗ਻ᡏதኧȐ0.0821 atm L/mole KȑǴ Tinjࣁ຾ኬਔޑྕࡋ Ȑ°CȑǴW ࣁಥ਻ޑੇНᡏᑈ ȐmLȑǴVheadࣁᡞഗޜ໔ ᡏᑈ ȐmLȑǴVinjࣁ຾ኬᡏᑈȐmLȑǶ

2-3-2 ؈ᑈނ໔ሜ਻ᡏᐚࡋीᆉ

؈ᑈނ໔ሜ਻ᡏᐚࡋϩ݋่݀Ǵа μL/LȐ਻ᡏ֖ໆ/ᔸ؈ᑈނȑࣁൂՏǶ

؈ᑈނኬࠔ܌ϩ݋ډϾሜ໔Ҙ₧਻ᡏᐚࡋёҗΠԄीᆉளǺ C=ȐA ×Fȑ×R×Ȑ273.15+T_injȑ

V_sed ×^V_V^head

inj ×10⁶ Ȑ2-2ȑ

C ࣁ؈ᑈނ໔ሜ਻ᡏᐚࡋȐμL/LȑǴࣁ A: ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺໆෳډޑᑈϩय़ ᑈǴF ࣁਠ҅தኧȐmmol/AȑǴR ࣁ኱ྗ਻ᡏதኧȐ0.0821 atm L/mole KȑǴ Tinjࣁ຾ኬਔޑྕࡋȐ°CȑǴVsedࣁ؈ᑈނኬࠔᡏᑈȐmLȑǴVheadࣁᡞഗޜ ໔ᡏᑈȐmLȑǴVinjࣁ຾ኬᡏᑈȐmLȑǶ

2-3-3 ਻ᡏԋҽϩ݋ϐྗዴࡋکᆒዴࡋᇤৡ

٬Ҕ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺϩ݋ኬࠔϐ߻Ǵ཮Ӄ٬Ҕ኱ྗ਻ᡏᇙբᔠໆጕǴҔа ዴߥϩ݋БݤǵኧᏵϐёߞǶ᏾ᡏԶقǴҁϩ݋س಍ϐୀෳཱུज़ࡐեǴᔠ ໆጕΨᆢ࡭ؼӳޑጕ܄ᜢ߯Ϸӆ౜܄Ƕ᏾ᡏϩ݋ᇤৡλܭ 2.5 %ȐLee et al., 2005ȑǶ

(29)

ಃ

ಃΟക ϩ݋่݀

3-1

ੇН

3-1-1 ྋှ਻ᡏϩ݋่݀

! ! ੇНύྋှҘ₧ϷΒ਼ϯᅹϩ݋่݀ӵ߄ 3- 1ǵ߄ 3- 2 ܌ҢǶҁࣴز୔

ୱޑੇНྋှҘ₧਻ᡏௗ߈ੇ׉ 50 ϦЁೀǴᐚࡋࣁ 24 ~ 1374 nL/L Ȑ߄ 3- 1 კ 3- 1ȑǶ! ! ӧ MV1ǵMV3ǵMV5ǵMV12 ฻ຽ਻ᄬ೷Ǵว౜ӧቔ਻ύЈ ௦໣ޑۭ೽ੇНኬࠔ٠όӵႣයԖനଯޑҘ₧ᐚࡋǴϸԶࢂڬᜐޑኬࠔӵ MV1-NǵMV1-EǵMV3-SǵMV3-WǵMV5-NCǵMV5-SCǵMV12-WǵMV12-S

฻ઠՏԖൂ΋ຽ਻ᄬ೷ۭНҘ₧ᐚࡋനଯॶǹќѦӧ MV1-N (1553)ǵMV1-E (1553)ǵMV1-NW (1553)ǵMV1-SW (1553)ǵMV1-S (1553)ǵMV1-N (1621)ǵ MV1-SC (1621)ǵMV1-S (1621)ǵMV3-C (1553)ǵMV3-NW (1553)ǵMV4-2 (1553)ǵMV5-C (1643)ǵMV7-C (1553)ǵMV8-C (1553)ǵMV8-C (1643)ǵ MV10-SE (1621)ǵMV12-W (1621)ǵMV12-SW (1621)ǵGT39B-N (1643)ǵ GT39B-S (1643)ǵG96-E (1643)ǵG96-N (1643)ǵG96-S (1643)ǵG96-W (1643)ǵ MV6-C (1553)ǵMV13-C (1621)ǵGS shell (1643)฻ઠՏӧຯᚆੇ׉ 100 ډ 150 ϦЁޑుࡋр౜Ҙ₧ᐚࡋനଯॶǹӧ MV1-N (1621)ǵMV1-SC (1621)ǵ MV1-NC (1621) ǵ MV4-C (1643) ǵ MV7-C (1553) ǵ MV10-NW (1621) ǵ MV12-NW (1621)ǵGT39B-N (1643)ǵGT39B-S (1643)ǵMV6-C (1553)ǵG96-E (1643)฻ઠՏ߾р౜ࢌ٤ుࡋԖᐚࡋँฅϲଯޑ౜ຝǶ΢ॊ੝ቻکੇࢬ೷ԋ ޑੇНϩቫ౜ຝϷຽ਻ࠠᄊԖᜢǴܭಃѤക཮຾΋؁૸ፕǶ

! ! ҁࣴز୔ୱӭኧઠՏௗ߈ੇН߄य़ਔǴҘ₧ᐚࡋς࿶फ़եԿௗ߈ੇНङ ඳॶǴՠ MV10-C (1621)ޑੇНྋှҘ₧ࠅࢂவੇ׉Կੇ߄Ҙ₧ᐚࡋ΋ޔᆢ

࡭ӧ 200 nL/L ΢ΠǴᡉҢ၀ઠՏޑݝОξ਻ᡏቔวΚໆёаஒҘ₧਻ᡏ஥Կ

ੇ׉߄य़ࣗԿຽрੇ߄຾Εε਻Ƕ

(30)

MV1

Methane (nL/L)

0 200 400 600

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MV1-S (1553) MV1-N (1553) MV1-E (1553) MV1-W (1553) MV1-SE (1553) MV1-NW (1553) MV1-NE (1553) MV1-SW (1553)

MV1-C (1621) MV1-N (1621) MV1-S (1621) MV1-NC (1621) MV1-SC (1621)

MV3

Methane (nL/L)

0 100 200 300 400

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MV3-C (1553) MV3-N (1553) MV3-S (1553) MV3-E (1553) MV3-W (1553) MV3-NW (1553) MV3-SW (1553) MV3-C (1643)

MV4

Methane (nL/L)

0 100 200 300 400

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MV4-1 (1553) MV4-2 (1553) MV4-3 (1553) MV4-C (1643)

MV5

Methane (nL/L)

0 100 200 300 400

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MV5-C (1621) MV5-NC (1621) MV5-SC (1621) MV5-C (1553) MV5-C (1643)

Methane (nL/L)

0 100 200 300 400

Depth (m)

0

200

400

600

MV6-C (1553) MV11-C (1621)

MV7

Methane (nL/L)

0 100 200 300 400

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MV7-C (1553) MV7-N (1553)

MV8

Methane (nL/L)

0 100 200 300 400

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MV8-C (1553) MV8-C (1643)

MV10

Methane (nL/L)

0 200 400 600

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MV10-C (1621) MV10-NW (1621) MV10-SE (1621)

MV12

Methane (nL/L)

0 500 1000 1500

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MV12-C (1621) MV12-N (1621) MV12-SE (1621) MV12-SW (1621) MV12-NW (1621) MV12-NE (1621) MV12-E (1621) MV12-S (1621) MV12-W (1621)

GT39B

Methane (nL/L)

0 100 200 300 400

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

GT39B-N (1643) GT39B-S (1643)

G96

Methane (nL/L)

0 200 400 600 800

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

G96-C (1643) G96-E (1643) G96-N (1643) G96-W (1643) G96-S (1643)

Methane (nL/L)

0 100 200 300 400

Depth (m)

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

MVshell (1643) MV13-C (1621)

კ 3- 1ǺੇНྋှҘ₧ᐚࡋᒿుࡋᡂϯკǶᆘՅǵᙔՅǵआՅᗺϩձࣁૐԛ OR3-1553ǵOR3-1621 Ϸ OR3-1643 ϐϩ݋่݀

(31)

3-1-2 ਾӕՏનϩ݋่݀

! ! ೸ၸีԖ਻ᡏ፦᛼ሺෳໆനௗ߈ੇ׉ΒుࡋϐੇНኬࠔޑྋှਾᐚࡋ ϷځӕՏનКॶȐ߄ 3- 3ȑǴ่݀ᡉҢ਻ᡏٰྍࣁӦෘϷε਻షӝǴਥᏵ A-C-M ΟᆄᗺკȐკ 3- 2ȑǴӭኧઠՏပӧӦෘٰྍКٯ 20%аΠǴϿኧပ ӧӦෘٰྍКٯ 50%а΢ǴMV12-W ёӧ࣬ӕኬࠔჹᔈԖࡐଯޑྋှҘ₧

ᐚࡋȐკ 3- 1ȑǶ

[³He/⁴He]/R_air

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

20 Ne/4 He

0 1 2 3 4

MV12-C MV12-SW MV12-S MV12-W MV10-C MV5-C MV5-NC MV13-C MV1-C

ASW

C

M

mosit-air saturated sea water at T = 29 ^oC, S = 33 %O

კ 3- 2ǺੇНਾӕՏન A-C-M Οᆄᗺკ ȐASW ࣁ਻ᡏႫکНǵC ӦෘǵM ࣁӦڄٰྍǶȑ

(32)

߄ 3- 1ǺӚૐԛੇНྋှҘ₧਻ᡏϩ݋่݀ unit: nL/L ! x : analysis failure

OR3-1553

(m) MV1-S (m) MV1-N (m) MV1-E (m) MV1-W (m) MV1-SE (m) MV1-NW (m) MV1-NE (m) MV1-SW (m) MV3-E (m) MV3-NW

30 43.7 30 44.9 30 79.2 30 58.5 30 51.3 30 42.9 30 47.7 30 43.4 50 66.5 50 16.5

70 47.2 70 43.9 70 51.3 70 45.2 70 41.6 70 39.4 70 39.0 70 39.2 110 64.5 110 24.9

120 23.8 120 28.7 120 67.3 120 37.9 120 49.1 120 27.2 120 32.3 120 44.9 170 61.6 170 30.3

170 84.1 170 68.3 170 75.0 170 71.5 170 79.3 170 60.3 170 61.4 170 93.4 240 90.7 240 34.8

220 70.3 220 47.6 220 69.0 220 66.4 220 68.1 220 47.2 220 47.3 220 100 300 74.6 300 38.9

270 109 270 80.0 270 126 270 110 270 99.6 270 110 270 52.5 270 104 340 103 340 x

290 176 290 91.5 290 132 290 101 290 112 290 81.9 290 43.1 290 128 370 91.4 370 49.7

310 138 310 140 310 84.1 310 x 310 106 310 104 310 126 310 90.5 400 139 400 74.5

330 99.3 330 246 330 422 330 165 330 101 330 228 330 272 330 109 430 144 430 224

350 178 350 161 350 304 350 235 350 260 350 192 350 260 350 140 450 186 450 188

(m) MV3-W (m) MV3-SW (m) MV3-C (m) MV3-S (m) MV3-N (m) MV4-1 (m) MV4-2 (m) MV4-3 (m) MV5-C (m) MV6-C

50 32.1 50 27.4 50 52.3 50 53.7 50 32.1 50 53.7 50 x 50 62.6 50 x 50 30.0

110 19.2 110 40.2 110 42.3 110 57.0 110 25.8 110 43.0 110 x 110 40.8 120 41.6 120 40.9

170 36.4 170 46.2 170 51.5 170 61.7 170 24.8 160 73.5 160 x 160 76.5 160 40.2 180 25.3

240 42.6 240 67.8 240 73.4 240 83.8 240 40.0 220 57.7 220 x 220 52.0 200 x 240 x

300 64.3 300 80.5 300 105 300 99.2 300 29.8 280 109 280 88.0 280 52.5 240 29.5 300 22.1

340 71.6 340 147 340 150 340 135 340 71.9 310 67.5 310 104 310 93.2 280 28.6 360 30.0

370 101 370 151 370 155 370 145 370 70.2 340 67.2 340 201 340 48.1 320 25.8 400 24.7

400 1467 400 127 400 207 400 161 400 74.1 370 155 370 216 370 142 350 24.1 430 x

430 180 430 152 430 135 430 204 430 155 400 151 400 91.2 400 107 380 28.1 460 178

450 235 450 203 450 127 450 232 450 203 430 222 430 190 430 233 400 x 480 133

(33)

߄ 3-1ȐុȑǺӚૐԛੇНྋှҘ₧਻ᡏϩ݋่݀

(m) MV7-C (m) MV7-N (m) MV8-C ġġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

50 47.6 50 34.1 50 43.0 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

110 8.21 110 42.4 120 50.0 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

170 50.5 170 25.3 180 x ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

240 38.1 240 39.9 240 62.4 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

300 63.5 300 69.6 300 70.2 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

360 94.2 360 81.4 360 36.4 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

400 81.7 400 109 420 99.4 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

420 198 420 145 480 123 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

480 278 480 233 530 167 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

500 166 500 xġ 550 155 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

OR3-1621

(m) MV1-N (m) MV1-NC (m) MV1-SC (m) MV1-C (m) MV1-S (m) MV5-C (m) MV5-NC (m) MV5-SC (m) MV10-C (m) MV10-SE

50 52.4 50 43.9 50 43.1 50 30.7 50 49.5 50 20.8 50 9.68 50 35.3 50 237 60 56.8

100 173 100 58.8 100 123 100 21.5 110 38.8 100 34.4 100 31.3 100 46.8 110 229 120 90.4

150 55.8 150 67.9 150 49.9 140 27.2 170 36.9 150 55.2 150 51.3 150 27.5 160 158 160 66.9

200 81.2 200 258 200 48.3 170 24.1 220 40.8 200 x 200 26.5 200 44.5 210 224 240 63.5

250 163 240 19.3 250 91.3 200 22.3 260 32.0 250 30.2 250 28.6 250 55.5 260 237 300 82.5

300 192 280 49.1 300 110 240 19.9 300 43.9 300 27.7 300 22.9 290 43.7 310 273 350 91.7

320 175 300 40.8 320 110 260 21.0 330 67.3 320 x 330 33.1 330 50.7 360 230 400 58.4

(34)

(m) MV10-NW (m) MV11-C (m) MV12-C (m) MV12-N (m) MV12-SE (m) MV12-SW (m) MV12-NW (m) MV12-NE (m) MV12-E (m) MV12-S

50 64.6 80 28.1 50 77.9 50 4.32 50 51.0 50 37.8 50 34.3 50 23.2 50 47.8 50 36.6

100 191 160 18.0 100 22.7 100 36.6 100 50.1 100 46.6 100 42.3 100 17.9 100 46.6 100 39.7

150 81.5 240 x 140 x 150 20.0 150 53.2 150 40.3 150 27.2 150 43.4 150 40.3 170 20.5

200 58.9 320 16.9 170 23.7 200 34.5 200 57.5 200 30.7 200 183 200 84.1 200 53.7 230 44.9

250 70.4 400 13.8 200 15.1 250 x 250 57.0 250 47.7 250 85.5 250 113 250 35.5 280 54.0

300 153 460 10.8 220 x 300 x 300 56.3 300 48.3 300 14.6 300 52.8 300 53.2 330 51.4

350 198 520 15.0 240 16.0 350 83.6 350 70.1 350 120 350 124 350 50.9 350 12.1 360 45.5

400 262 580 6.17 260 x 400 65.8 400 88.2 400 661 400 89.3 400 29.6 400 39.7 390 109

450 180 640 x 280 5.01 450 81.1 450 109 450 282 450 226 450 86.4 450 65.0 420 209

500 263 700 48.1 300 x 500 145 500 77.9 500 96.9 500 301 500 12.9 500 77.9 450 173

(m) MV12-W (m) MV13-C ġġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

50 45.5 50 38.4 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

110 43.2 130 32.1 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

170 102 210 33.2 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

330 176 380 171 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

(35)

OR3-1643

(m) MV3-C (m) MV4 (m) MV5 (m) MV8 (m) MV shell (m) GT39B-N (m) GT39B-S (m) G96-C (m) G96-E (m) G96-N

50 42.7 50 24.5 50 7.82 50 22.0 50 25.7 50 44.7 50 39.3 50 125 50 30.5 50 16.8

100 44.4 100 84.5 100 13.9 120 29.7 100 34.8 100 56.1 100 48.5 100 32.1 100 99.8 100 3.48

150 28.7 150 33.2 150 22.1 190 59.1 150 57.3 150 232 150 148 150 66.0 150 66.8 150 27.2

200 36.0 200 81.0 200 35.1 250 71.6 200 91.4 180 149 180 111 200 119 200 156 200 83.9

250 90.3 250 35.3 250 81.9 300 152 250 102 200 152 200 141 250 90.3 250 143 250 134

280 70.6 280 74.1 280 92.8 350 77.4 280 125 210 166 210 84.1 270 89.2 270 108 270 101

310 57.3 310 50.4 310 79.7 400 112 310 32.1 220 164 220 64.7 290 123 290 156 290 125

340 69.7 340 44.0 340 51.0 450 107 340 52.9 230 195 230 68.6 310 87.0 310 169 310 127

370 38.0 370 67.9 370 30.9 500 151 370 122 240 184 240 66.4 330 155 330 338 330 43.9

400 79.9 400 186 400 69.5 550 20.9 400 116 250 189 250 95.9 350 624 350 308 350 18.9

(m) G96-W (m) G96-S ġġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

(36)

߄ 3- 2ǺӚૐԛੇНྋှΒ਼ϯᅹ਻ᡏϩ݋่݀

unit: uL/L ! x : analysis failure OR3-1553

(m) MV1-S (m) MV1-N (m) MV1-E (m) MV1-W (m) MV1-SE (m) MV1-NW (m) MV1-NE (m) MV1-SW (m) MV3-E (m) MV3-NW

30 9.30 30 12.5 30 13.1 30 9.79 30 13.8 30 12.5 30 14.8 30 8.6 30 10.5 30 11.6

70 11.0 70 13.4 70 13.7 70 9.51 70 17.4 70 12.6 70 14.8 70 11.4 70 14.4 70 13.6

120 12.3 120 18.3 120 19.3 120 12.9 120 25.1 120 17.7 120 19.5 120 12.3 120 15.7 120 17.9

170 19.3 170 19.9 170 20.4 170 14.8 170 23.3 170 19.3 170 23.1 170 17.5 170 16.5 170 22.6

220 21.0 220 23.2 220 21.3 220 17.9 220 31.1 220 18.4 220 24.3 220 20.8 220 22.9 220 21.8

270 25.6 270 27.1 270 25.9 270 20.0 270 32.6 270 23.3 270 29.8 270 22.1 270 29.3 270 x

290 25.2 290 28.4 290 30.0 290 22.4 290 33.0 290 25.9 290 32.4 290 23.9 290 26.7 290 32.9

310 26.5 310 30.5 310 30.5 310 x 310 32.3 310 25.2 310 29.9 310 23.8 310 29.6 310 34.5

330 31.8 330 32.5 330 31.8 330 30.6 330 23.2 330 34.7 330 30.4 330 31.8 330 33.9 330 25.8

350 40.1 350 35.1 350 31.7 350 28.7 350 23.9 350 31.0 350 32.4 350 29.0 350 35.3 350 24.5

(m) MV3-W (m) MV3-W (m) MV3-C (m) MV3-S (m) MV3-N (m) MV4-1 (m) MV4-2 (m) MV4-3 (m) MV5-C (m) MV6-C

30 12.8 50 9.47 50 10.9 50 11.4 50 12.0 50 17.7 50 x 50 9.56 50 x 50 9.4

70 17.4 110 12.7 110 14.2 110 10.7 110 12.4 110 16.1 110 x 110 15.7 120 12.0 120 10.9

120 21.5 170 19.6 170 17.1 170 15.5 170 16.9 160 26.7 160 x 160 17.7 160 21.0 180 14.1

170 23.4 240 24.3 240 22.4 240 17.1 240 17.3 220 27.0 220 x 220 19.9 200 x 240 x

220 34.0 300 26.1 300 25.4 300 20.8 300 22.8 280 36.9 280 29.6 280 29.3 240 18.2 300 19.4

270 23.2 340 27.7 340 25.9 340 26.2 340 24.9 310 32.1 310 28.9 310 30.9 280 23.5 360 25.4

290 29.0 370 25.9 370 27.2 370 31.5 370 26.1 340 33.7 340 30.3 340 34.4 320 23.2 400 29.2

310 38.6 400 30.6 400 27.8 400 28.1 400 30.6 370 35.9 370 31.5 370 35.1 350 27.8 430 x

330 41.8 430 22.1 430 26.8 430 31.6 430 30.3 400 31.4 400 27.0 400 25.7 380 53.2 460 41.5

350 33.7 450 41.4 450 35.4 450 30.0 450 29.3 430 39.0 430 30.2 430 40.7 400 x 480 38.7

(37)

߄ 3-2ȐុȑǺӚૐԛੇНྋှΒ਼ϯᅹ਻ᡏϩ݋่݀

(m) MV7-C (m) MV7-N (m) MV8-C ġġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

50 14.1 50 10.6 50 10.3 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

110 0.84 110 9.01 120 11.6 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

170 17.0 170 9.88 180 x ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

240 21.9 240 12.3 240 20.1 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

300 26.0 300 15.5 300 22.1 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

360 29.7 360 20.6 360 25.7 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

400 32.1 400 23.1 420 29.6 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

420 34.2 420 29.8 480 26.1 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

480 x 480 35.2 530 39.6 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

500 44.6 500 x 550 44.1 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

OR3-1621

(m) MV1-N (m) MV1-NC (m) MV1-SC (m) MV1-C (m) MV1-S (m) MV5-C (m) MV5-NC (m) MV5-SC (m) MV10-C (m) MV10-SE

50 34.7 50 36.5 50 17.4 50 27.1 50 25.9 50 470 50 1647 50 22.4 50 x 60 40.2

100 33.3 100 17.7 100 17.2 100 25.7 110 21.2 100 46.2 100 2054 100 x 110 x 120 35.6

150 31.7 150 26.9 150 16.0 140 24.3 170 22.3 150 35.7 150 49.0 150 16.7 160 x 160 33.1

200 23.5 200 21.5 200 15.1 170 31.2 220 21.3 200 x 200 39.9 200 17.7 210 x 240 34.8

250 28.2 240 25.2 250 23.5 200 38.0 260 22.8 250 42.6 250 27.1 250 18.6 260 x 300 28.7

300 25.3 280 7.31 300 31.6 240 31.9 300 21.2 300 38.1 300 29.8 290 16.5 310 x 350 27.8

320 23.3 300 18.8 320 21.8 260 28.2 330 17.0 320 0.00 330 34.2 330 17.5 360 x 400 22.4

(38)

(m) MV10-NW (m) MV11-C (m) MV12-C (m) MV12-N (m) MV12-SE (m) MV12-SW (m) MV12-NW (m) MV12-NE (m) MV12-E (m) MV12-S

50 x 80 33.0 50 28.6 50 29.5 50 9.33 50 75.2 50 53.3 50 14.2 50 10.7 50 5.95

100 x 160 32.1 100 8.90 100 70.7 100 16.2 100 92.4 100 62.6 100 19.2 100 15.3 100 x

150 x 240 26.4 140 x 150 33.7 150 12.7 150 90.6 150 63.0 150 23.0 150 16.6 170 25.6

200 x 320 27.2 170 19.4 200 28.9 200 19.5 200 85.2 200 62.4 200 11.9 200 22.5 230 20.1

250 x 400 30.5 200 0.00 250 x 250 34.8 250 x 250 56.5 250 35.8 250 26.6 280 29.2

300 x 460 21.1 220 53.2 300 x 300 42.9 300 68.8 300 53.3 300 15.8 300 0.05 330 19.0

350 x 520 24.0 240 28.5 350 21.5 350 27.7 350 19.7 350 44.8 350 24.0 350 24.2 360 27.6

400 x 580 6.2 260 x 400 20.4 400 47.7 400 19.2 400 35.0 400 20.0 400 23.1 390 26.5

450 x 640 21.2 280 21.4 450 18.3 450 33.1 450 15.9 450 29.8 450 18.6 450 29.4 420 x

500 x 700 9.88 300 x 500 52.1 500 34.2 500 9.84 500 12.8 500 15.3 500 18.8 450 x

(m) MV12-W (m) MV13-C ġġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

(39)

OR3-1643

(m) MV3-C (m) MV4 (m) MV5 (m) MV8 (m) MV shell (m) GT39B-N (m) GT39B-S (m) G96-C (m) G96-E (m) G96-N

50 7.25 50 8.16 50 18.2 50 76.1 50 8.68 50 95.5 50 96.2 50 407 50 73.5 50 81.3

100 11.3 100 12.9 100 37.8 120 169 100 11.1 100 154 100 114 100 295 100 90.3 100 121

150 18.7 150 14.8 150 65.0 190 186 150 22.7 150 202 150 176 150 470 150 155 150 178

200 26.8 200 15.2 200 127 250 185 200 23.9 180 265 180 207 200 299 200 155 200 194

250 31.5 250 18.8 250 165 300 239 250 23.7 200 238 200 231 250 371 250 201 250 187

280 27.7 280 19.8 280 271 350 277 280 22.3 210 255 210 203 270 340 270 207 270 205

310 26.2 310 27.5 310 280 400 363 310 22.0 220 230 220 270 290 325 290 220 290 204

340 27.8 340 25.7 340 299 450 247 340 27.7 230 257 230 265 310 275 310 239 310 212

370 40.6 370 27.2 370 303 500 349 370 29.6 240 200 240 344 330 104 330 209 330 213

400 36.9 400 28.4 400 375 550 330 400 32.4 250 223 250 264 350 94.2 350 254 350 175

(m) G96-W (m) G96-S ġġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

100 93.7 100 125 ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ ġ

(40)

߄ 3- 3ǺੇНྋှਾ਻ϐᐚࡋϷӕՏનಔԋ

Site [⁴He]

(nL/L)

4He/²⁰Ne ³He/⁴Heġ (x10^-6)

Error (%) [R/RA]

MV1-C-300 (1621) 2.8 0.484 1.22 1.65 0.88

MV1-C-320 (1621) 4.6 0.454 1.22 1.58 0.88

MV5-C-380 (1621) 2.5 0.478 9.86 1.66 0.71

MV5-C-360 (1621) 276 0.386 1.39 1.53 1.00

MV5-NC-390 (1621) 2.8 0.378 1.35 1.51 0.97

MV5-NC-420 (1621) 3.7 0.396 1.24 1.57 0.89

MV10-C-480 (1621) 2.6 0.363 2.19 1.54 1.57

MV10-C-440 (1621) 2.5 0.482 1.14 1.70 0.82

MV12-C-300 (1621) 271 0.428 1.04 1.64 0.75

MV12-C-280 (1621) 3.9 0.393 1.23 1.69 0.89

MV12-SW-450 (1621) 3.6 1.060 1.28 1.66 0.92 MV12-SW-500 (1621) 1.6 0.493 1.30 1.60 0.94

MV12-S-420 (1621) 2.9 0.431 1.38 1.57 0.99

MV12-S-450 (1621) 3.3 0.357 1.34 1.53 0.97

MV12-W-450 (1621) 369 0.798 0.96 1.64 0.69

MV12-W-420 (1621) 2.6 0.702 1.22 1.56 0.88

MV13-C-500 (1621) 5.0 0.364 1.31 1.57 0.94

MV13-C-470 (1621) 3.3 0.374 0.00 1.64 0.90

ຏǺઠՏӜᆀޑಃΟ໨ࣁ௦ኬుࡋǴ؂΋ಔੇНওय़ෳໆനుΒుࡋኬࠔϐྋှਾ਻ᐚࡋ ϷځӕՏનǶ

(41)

3-2

ੇੇࢩ؈ᑈނ

3-2-1 Ͼሜ਻ᡏϷځҘ₧ᅹӕՏનϩ݋่݀

! ! ҁࣴزѤঁૐԛύӅϩ݋ख़Κ۟Ј 30 ЍǴࢂճҔ਻࣬ቫ݋ሺȐGas Chromatographs, GCȑෳໆ۟Јഗ೽НȐੇࢩۭНȑϷ؈ᑈނϾሜ਻ᡏҘ₧ǵ Ό₧ǵЧ₧ϷΒ਼ϯᅹȐ߄ 3- 4 ~߄ 3- 7ȑǴ߄ύ۟Јుࡋ኱Ңࣁ 0 Ϧϩࣁ۟

Јഗ೽Нϐၗ਑Ƕ

! ! ۟Јഗ೽НȐੇࢩۭНȑӧޜ໔΢ޑᐚࡋϩթӵკ 3- 3 ܌ҢǶϾሜྋှ

Ҙ₧ޑ่݀ӧ MV1-C(1553)ǵMV4-C(1643)ǵMV5-C(1621)ǵMV8-C(1553)ǵ MV11-C(1643)ǵMV12-C(1621)ǵMV12-NCC(1621)฻ઠՏว౜ܭੇ׉ཱུభ೽Ǵ ջԖҘ₧ᐚࡋᒿుࡋᡂుԶ΢ϲϐ੝܄ Ȑკ 3- 4ȑǹӧ MV1-C(1553)ǵ MV3-C(1643)ǵMV4-C(1643)ǵMV5-C(1553)ǵMV5(1621)ǵMV10-C(1621)ǵ MV11-C(1643)ǵM12-C(1621)ǵM12-NCC(1621)ǵM12-SSE(1621)฻ઠՏԖෳ

ໆډΌ₧Ǵ߃؁௢ፕҁ୔ݝОξቔวϐᅹణϯӝނЬाࣁ዗ϩှٰྍǶ

! ! ຾΋؁ҔҘ₧ᅹӕՏનϩ݋ሺȐMethane Carbon Isotopes Analyzer, MCIAȑ

ෳໆՏӧόӕݝೣΕᡏ΢ϐ MV4-CǵMV11-C Ҙ₧ᅹӕՏનǴ่݀ϩձࣁ-50.0

~ -47.8‰ ک -32.0 ~ -29.8‰ǴࡰҢ၀୔ୱϐҘ₧਻ᡏЬाࣁ዗ϩှٰྍǴԶ ࡕёૈԖόӕКٯғނ܄Ҙ₧ٰྍϐషࢉǶ

(42)

კ 3- 3ǺੇࢩۭНҘ₧ྋှᐚࡋޜ໔ϩթკǴൂՏࣁ nL/L

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MV1-C (OR3-1553)

Methane (uL/L) 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV5-C (OR3-1553)

Methane (uL/L) 0 100 200 300 400 500

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV8-C (OR3-1553)

Methane(uL/L) 0 300 600 900 1200 1500

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV5-C (OR3-1621)

Methane (uL/L) 0 200 400 600 800 1000

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV12-NCC (OR3-1621)

Methane (uL/L) 0 100 200 300 400 500

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV12-C(OR3-1621)

Methane (uL/L) 0 500 1000 1500 2000

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV4-C (OR3-1643)

Methane (uL/L) 0 1500 3000 4500 6000

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV4-NE (OR3-1643)

Methane (uL/L) 0 100 200 300 400 500

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV11-C (OR3-1643)

Methane (uL/L)

0 1000 2000 3000

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

კ 3- 4Ǻ؈ᑈނϾሜ໔ྋှҘ₧਻ᡏᒿుࡋᡂϯკ ȐԜೀ໻ᡉҢᒿుࡋԖᐚࡋᡂϯϐઠՏȑ

(44)

3-2-2 ϾሜН഍ᚆηϩ݋่݀

! ! ҁࣴز٬Ҕᚆηቫ݋ሺȐIon Chromatography, ICȑෳໆ۟Јഗ೽НȐੇࢩ

ۭНȑϷϾሜНύϐ഍໚ᚆηǴхࡴ౷ለਥǵෛǵࢧǵྜྷ฻഍ᚆηȐ߄ 3- 4 ~ ߄ 3- 7ȑǶ

! ! җϾሜНύ౷ለਥᚆηᐚࡋᒿ؈ᑈނుࡋᡂϯკȐკ 3- 5ȑύёаว౜Ǵ ઠՏ MV1-C (1553)ǵMV5-C (1553)ǵMV7-C (1553)ǵMV1-C (1621)ǵMV1-S (1621)ǵMV5-C (1621)ǵMV12-C (1621)ǵMV12-NCC (1621)ǵMV12-SSE (1621)

೿ԖӧభቫँฅϲଯΞΠफ़ޑ௃׎ǹMV4-C (1643)ࣁష໶คೕ߾ޑ߄౜ǹ MV8-C (1553)ǵMV10-C (1621)ǵMV12-NE (1621)ǵMV5-C (1643)ǵMV9-C (1643)ǵMV11-C (1643)߾ࢂ൳Яᆢ࡭΋ۓ௹౗Πफ़ǹMV1-N (1621)ǵMV1-NC (1621)ǵMV3-C (1621)ǵMV3-NE (1621)ǵMV4-NE (1643)ǵMV4-SW (1643)ǵ MV7-C (1643)ǵMV8-C (1643)ǵGS shell (1643)ǵGT39B-N (1643)ǵG96-C (1643)

฻ᒿుࡋؒԖᡂϯǶ

! ! ਥᏵྋှҘ₧਻ᡏϩ݋Ϸᅹለਥᚆηᐚࡋϩ݋่݀Ǵёаஒቔ਻׎Ԅϩ ࣁΟᅿǴङඳ೯ໆઠՏȐbackground siteȑǴҘ₧೯ໆߚதե܈ؒԖҘ₧೯ໆǵ

֖ᅹణϯӝނ୔ୱઠՏȐhydrocarbon bearing regionȑǴҘ₧аᘉණޑБԄ࡭ុ

ٮᔈډభቫ؈ᑈނǴMV8-C(1553)ǵMV5-C(1621)ǵMV10-C(1621)ǵMV12-C (1621)ǵMV9-C(1643) ǵMV11-C(1643)ǵOR5-1209-2-MV1ǵOR5-1209-2-MV2

฻ઠՏឦܭԜᅿຽ਻׎ԄǹаϷቔ਻ઠՏȐventing siteȑǴёҔ EK60 ᖂયᢀ ჸډቔ਻౜ຝǴҘ₧ޔௗଅ᝘ډჹۭቫੇНǴӵ MV4-C (1643)Ƕ

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MV8-C (OR3-1553)

Sulfate (mM)

0 8 16 24 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV1-C (OR3-1621)

Sulfate (mM)

16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV5-C (OR3-1621)

Sulfate (mM)

16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV10-C (OR3-1621)

Sulfate (mM)

16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV12-NE (OR3-1621)

Sulfate (mM)

16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV12-C (OR3-1621)

sulfate (mM)

16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV4-C (OR3-1643)

Sulfate (mM)

12 16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV5-C (OR3-1643)

Sulfate (mM)

16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV9-C (OR3-1643)

Sulfate (mM) 12 16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

MV11-C (OR3-1643)

Sulfate (mM)

16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0

20

40

60

80

100

OR5-1209-2-MV1

Sulfate (mM)

16 20 24 28 32

Depth (cmbsf)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

OR5-1209-2-MV2

Sulfate (mM) 5 10 15 20 25 30

Depth (cmbsf)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

კ 3- 5Ǻ؈ᑈނϾሜНύ౷ለਥᚆηᐚࡋᒿుࡋᡂϯკ ȐԜೀ໻ᡉҢᒿుࡋԖᐚࡋᡂϯϐઠՏȑ